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2013 disclosures From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Further information:

The 2013 mass surveillance disclosures refer to numerous media reports beginning in June 2013 which revealed operational details of the US Agency (NSA) and its international partners' mass surveillance of foreign nationals as well as US citizens. The series of reports emanated from a cache of top secret documents leaked by ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden. On 6 June 2013, the first set of documents were published simultaneously by and , attracting considerable public attention. [1]

The practice of mass surveillance in the took off during the 1940s and was greatly expanded in the 1970s. It soon grew into a program code-named "ECHELON",[2] but did not attract much public attention until other global surveillance programs such as PRISM, XKeyscore, and were exposed in the 2013 release of thousands of documents.[3] Many countries around the world, including Western Allies and member states of NATO, have been targeted by the "" strategic alliance of , , , the UK and the USA—five English-speaking Western democracies aiming to achieve Total Information Awareness by mastering the with analytical tools such as the .[4] As confirmed by the NSA's director Keith B. Alexander on 26 September 2013, the NSA collects and stores all phone records of all American citizens.[5] Much of the data is kept in large storage facilities such as the , a US$1.5 billion megaproject referred to by as a "symbol of the spy agency's surveillance prowess."[6]

As a result of the disclosures, social movements such as have sprung up to protest against mass surveillance. Domestic spying programmes in countries such as , the UK, and have also been brought to light. On the legal front, the Electronic Frontier Foundation joined a coalition of diverse groups filing lawsuits against the NSA. Several organizations have urged the Obama administration not to prosecute, but to protect " Snowden". These groups include Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Transparency International, and the Index on Censorship.[7][8][9][10]

On 14 June 2013, Snowden was charged by US federal prosecutors under the Act of 1917 for his alleged theft of government . He was later granted temporary political asylum by the Russian government in late July 2013. This contributed to a deterioration of –United States relations.[11][12] On 6 August 2013, President Obama made a public appearance on national television where he reassured Americans that "We don't have a domestic spying program" and "There is no spying on Americans".[13]

Contents

1 Historical background 1.1 Origins of clandestine surveillance in the United States 1.2 Mass surveillance in a global context (1940–2001) 1.3 9/11 and its implications on mass surveillance (2001–2009) 1.4 Acceleration of media leaks (2010–present) 2 Summary of revealed surveillance details 2.1 Purposes 2.2 Targets 2.3 International cooperation 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Infiltration of 2.4.2 "" 2.4.3 Surveillance drones 3 2013 Disclosures by category 3.1 Court orders, memos and policy documents 3.2 Reports 3.3 Collection and programs or hardware 3.4 Relationships with corporate partners 3.5 NSA databases 3.6 directorates (SIDs) 3.7 Technical directorates 3.8 Names associated with specific targets 3.9 Uncategorized or insufficiently described codenames. 3.10 GCHQ operations 3.11 NSA operations 3.12 NSA relationships with foreign intelligence services 3.13 Suggested protective measures from surveillance 3.13.1 3.13.2 Underground 3.14 Unrelated to Edward Snowden 4 Media reports

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4.1 Chronology 4.2 Disclosures 5 Fallout 5.1 Attempts to minimize perceived damage 5.2 US Congress' attempts to limit NSA 5.3 Impact on foreign relations 5.4 Impact on trade 5.5 Perceived consequences for counter- and national security 6 Reaction 6.1 United States of America 6.1.1 Executive branch 6.1.2 Congress 6.1.3 Public 6.2 Europe 6.2.1 Governments 6.2.2 Public 6.3 Non-government organizations 6.4 and 6.5 South America 6.6 6.7 6.8 Other countries 6.9 7 List of Americans under surveillance 7.1 Activists 7.2 Celebrities 7.3 Journalists 7.4 Members of Congress 8 Media related to the disclosures 9 Comparison with previous leaks 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading

Historical background

Disclosures of the scope of a mass surveillance program involving U.S. citizens had been made in the U.S. media in 2006.[15] In early 2013, Edward Snowden handed over 15,000 – 20,000 top secret documents to various media outlets, triggering one of the biggest news leaks in the modern history of the United States.[16]

Origins of clandestine surveillance in the United States

Main article: Mass surveillance in the United States

During World War II the U.K. and U.S. governments entered into a series of agreements for sharing of signals intelligence of enemy communications traffic.[19] In March, 1946, a secret agreement, the "British-US Communication Intelligence Agreement", known as BRUSA, was established, based on the wartime agreements. The agreement "tied the two countries into a worldwide network of listening posts run by Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the U.K's biggest spying organisation, and its U.S. equivalent, the ."[20]

Wartime censorship of communications during the World Wars was paralleled by peacetime decipherment of communications by the Black Chamber (, MI-8), operating with the approval of the U.S. State Department from 1919 to 1929.[21] In 1945 the now-defunct Project SHAMROCK was created to gather all telegraphic data entering into or exiting from the United States.[21][22] communication companies such as Western Union, RCA Global and ITT World Communications actively aided the U.S. government in the latter's attempt to gain access to international message traffic.[23]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation under J. Edgar Hoover carried out wide-ranging surveillance of communications and political expression, targeting many well-known speakers such as Albert Einstein,[14][24][25] Frank Sinatra,[26][27] First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt,[28][29] Marilyn Monroe,[30] John Lennon,[31] Martin Luther King, Jr.,[32][33] A FBI memo recognized King to be the "most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country.",[34] ,[35][36] These activities were later uncovered during the course of investigation as the slowly unfolded, which eventually led to the resignation of President .[37]

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In 1952, the NSA was officially established.[21] According to The Times, the NSA was created in "absolute " by President Truman.[38] Six weeks after President Truman took office, he ordered wiretaps on the telephones of Thomas Gardiner Corcoran, a close advisor of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[39] The recorded conversations are currently kept at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, along with other sensitive documents (~233,600 pages (http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/psf.htm))

INVESTIGATIONS: Nobody Asked: Is It Moral?

It did not matter that much of the information had already been released —or leaked—to the public. The effect was still overwhelming: a stunning, dismaying indictment of U.S. intelligence agencies and six Presidents, from Franklin Roosevelt to Richard Nixon, for having blithely violated democratic ideals and individual rights while gathering information at home or conducting clandestine operations abroad...

— Time magazine, May 10, 1976[40] Due to his alleged ties to communism, the German-born physicist Albert Einstein was Mass surveillance in a global context (1940–2001) placed under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) shortly after Main article: ECHELON he emigrated to America. The FBI monitored Einstein's mail, intercepted his In 1988, an article titled "Somebody's listening" by Duncan Campbell in the , telephone calls, and searched his trash[14] described the signals intelligence gathering activities of a program code-named "ECHELON.[45] The program was engaged by English-speaking World War II Allied powers Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the and the United States (collectively know as AUSCANNZUKUS). Based on the UKUSA Agreement, it was created to monitor the military and diplomatic communications of the and its allies during the in the early 1960s.[46] Though its existence had long been known, the UKUSA agreement only became public in 2010. It enabled the U.S. and the U.K. to exchange "knowledge from operations involving intercepting, decoding and translating foreign communications." The agreement forbade the parties to reveal its existence to any third party.[20]

By the late 1990s the ECHELON system was capable of intercepting satellite transmissions, public switched telephone network (PSTN) communications (including most Internet traffic), and transmissions carried by microwave. A detailed description of ECHELON was provided by New Zealand journalist in his 1996 book "Secret Power". While the existence of ECHELON was denied by some member governments, a report by a committee of the in 2001 confirmed the program's use and warned Europeans about its reach and effects.[2] The European Parliament stated in its report that the term "ECHELON" was used in a number of contexts, but that the evidence presented indicated it was a signals intelligence collection system capable of interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail and other data traffic globally. The report to the European Parliament confirmed that this was a "global system for the interception of private and commercial communications."[46]

Due to her alleged ties to communism, the Echelon spy network revealed American actress Marilyn Monroe was placed under surveillance by the FBI. From Imagine a global spying network that can eavesdrop on every single phone call, fax or the year 1955 onwards, the federal bureau e-mail, anywhere on the planet. It sounds like science fiction, but it's true. Two of the closely monitored her social life until chief protagonists - Britain and America - officially deny its existence. But the BBC has months before her death[17] confirmation from Government that such a network really does exist..."

— The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), November 1999[47]

9/11 and its implications on mass surveillance (2001–2009)

Further information: NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)

In the aftermath of the in 2001 on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, the scope of domestic spying in the United States increased significantly. The bid to prevent future attacks of this scale led to the passage of the . Later acts include the Protect America Act (which removes the warrant requirement for government surveillance of foreign targets[51]) and the FISA Amendments Act (which relaxed some of the original FISA court requirements).

In 2005, the existence of STELLARWIND was revealed by . On 1 January 2006, days after wrote that "Bush

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Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts,[52] the President emphasized that "This is a limited program designed to prevent attacks on the United States of America. And I repeat, limited."[53]

In 2006, revealed the existence of that he had wired back in 2003.[54] In 2008, Babak Pasdar, a expert, and CEO of Bat Blue publicly revealed the existence of the "Quantico circuit", that he and his team found in 2003. He described it as a back door to the federal government in the systems of an unnamed wireless provider; the company was later independently identified as Verizon.[55]

You Are a Suspect

Every purchase you make with a , every magazine subscription you buy and medical prescription you fill, every Web site you visit and e-mail you send or receive, every academic grade you receive, every bank deposit you make, every trip you book and every event you attend -- all these transactions and communications will go into what the Defense Department describes as a virtual, centralized grand database. To this computerized dossier on your private life from commercial sources, add every piece of information that government has about you -- passport application, driver's license The American boxer was and toll records, judicial and divorce records, complaints from nosy neighbors to the [18] F.B.I., your lifetime paper trail plus the latest hidden camera surveillance -- and you targeted by the NSA's Project MINARET have the supersnoop's dream: a Total Information Awareness about every U.S. citizen.

— The New York Times, November 2002[56]

Acceleration of media leaks (2010–present)

On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and five major news outlets in Spain (El País), France (), (), the United Kingdom (The Guardian), and the United States (The New York Times) began publishing the first 220 of 251,287 leaked U.S. State department diplomatic "cables" simultaneously.[57]

Other notable media leaks include the Afghan War documents leak (considered to be one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history[58]), as well as the War documents leak (A collection of 391,832 field reports[59]), and the Guantanamo Bay files leak (779 top secret documents marked NOFORN).

On 15 March 2012, the American magazine Wired published an article with the headline "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)",[60] which was later mentioned by U.S. Rep. Hank Johnson during a congressional hearing. In response to Johnson's inquiry, NSA director Keith B. Alexander testified that these allegations made by Wired magazine were untrue.[61] South 's anti-apartheid President Nelson Mandela was closely watched by British MI6 agents[41][42] U.S. agency denies data center to monitor citizens'

"Many unfounded allegations have been made about the planned activities of the ," the NSA said in a statement, noting that "one of the biggest misconceptions about NSA is that we are unlawfully listening in on, or reading emails of, U.S. citizens. This is simply not the case.".

— , April 2013[62]

Summary of revealed surveillance details

On 6 June 2013, Britain's The Guardian newspaper began publishing a series of revelations by an as yet unknown American whistleblower, revealed several days later to be ex-CIA and ex-NSA-contracted systems analyst Edward Snowden. Snowden gave a cache of documents to two journalists: and , Greenwald later estimated that the cache contains 15,000 – 20,000 documents, some very large and very detailed, and some very small.[70][71] In over two subsequent months of publications, it became clear that the NSA had operated a complex web of spying programs which allowed it to intercept internet and telephone conversations from over a billion users from dozens of countries around the world. Specific revelations were made about China, the , , Iran and , and Australia and New Zealand, however the published documentation reveals that many of the programs indiscriminately collected bulk information directly from central servers and internet backbones, which almost invariably carry and reroute information from distant countries.

Due to this central server and backbone monitoring, many of the programs overlapped and interrelated among one another. These programs were often carried out with the assistance of US entities such as the United States Department of Justice and the FBI,[72] were sanctioned by

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US laws such as the FISA Amendments Act, and the necessary court orders for them were signed by the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Some of the NSA's programs were directly aided by national and foreign intelligence agencies, Britain's GCHQ and Australia's DSD, as well as by large private telecommunications and internet corporations, such as Verizon, ,[73] and .[74]

Purposes

According to the April 2013 summary of documents leaked by Snowden, other than to combat terrorism, these surveillance programs were employed to assess the and economic stability of other countries,[75] and to gather "commercial secrets".[76]

In a statement addressed to the National Congress of Brazil in early August 2013, journalist Glenn Greenwald maintained that the U.S. government had used counter-terrorism as a pretext for clandestine surveillance in order to compete with other countries in the "business, industrial and economic fields".[77][78][79]

In an interview with Der Spiegel published on 12 August 2013, former NSA Director admitted that "We (the NSA) steal secrets. We're number one in it". Hayden also added: "We steal [75] stuff to make you safe, not to make you rich". Princess Diana's phone calls were monitored and recorded by the NSA right According to documents seen by the news agency Reuters, these "secrets" were subsequently until she died in a 1997 Paris car crash funnelled to authorities across to help them launch criminal investigations of with Dodi Fayed[43][44] Americans.[80] Federal agents are then instructed to "recreate" the investigative trail in order to "cover up" where the information originated.[80]

Targets

According to the April 2013 summary of disclosures, the NSA defined its "intelligence priorities" on a scale of "1" (highest interest) to "5" (lowest interest).[75] It classified about 30 countries as "3rd parties", with whom it cooperates but also spies on:

Main targets: China, Russia, Iran, Pakistan and were ranked highly on the NSA's list of spying priorities, followed by France, Germany, Japan, and Brazil. The European Union's "international trade" and "economic stability" are also of interest.[75] Other high priority targets include , , and North Korea.[81] North Korea: Despite being a priority target, and despite continuous surveillance from sensors located outside the country, the NSA knew little about North Korea and Kim Jong Un.[81] Syria: Syria was being closely monitored, particularly for signs of chemical weapons use.[81] Iran: suspected nuclear sites that did not show up on satellite imagery were identified by new surveillance techniques.[81] The 7th U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan Irrelevant : From a US intelligence perspective, countries such as Cambodia, Laos and was placed under surveillance by British intelligence agents, who bugged his office Nepal were largely irrelevant, as were most European countries like , , in the lead up to the [48] Croatia and the Czech Republic.[75]

Other prominent targets included members and adherents of the internet group known as "",[75] as well as potential whistleblowers.[82] According to Edward Snowden, the NSA targeted reporters who wrote critically about the government after 9/11.[83]

As part of a joint operation with the Central (CIA), the NSA deployed secret posts in eighty U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide.[63] The headquarters of NATO were also used by NSA experts to spy on the European Union.[84]

In 2013, documents provided by Edward Snowden revealed that the following intergovernmental organizations, diplomatic missions, and government ministries have been subjected to surveillance by the "Five Eyes":

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Country/ Target Method(s) Organization Collection of records by the Brazil Ministry of Energy Establishment of Canada (CSEC)[85] Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs France Infiltration of virtual private networks (VPN)[86] Embassy of France in Washington, D.C Embassy of India in Washington, D.C Copying entire hard disk drives[87] India Permanent Representative Picking data from screenshots[87] of India to the United Nations The 8th U.N. Secretary-General Ban Hacking of e-mail accounts as part of an Ki-moon was placed under surveillance by Secretariat of Public Security operation code-named "Whitetamale"[88] U.S. diplomats, who collected iris scans, fingerprints and DNA of U.N. officials, according to leaked documents released by Council of the European Wikileaks[49][50] Union in Installation of covert listening devices[89] European Delegation to the United Hacking and infiltration of virtual private Union Nations in New York networks[90] [90] Delegation to the United Disk cloning States in Washington, D.C United Nations Headquarters United in New York Hacking of encrypted communications[90] [90] Nations International Atomic Energy Infiltration of internal video conferences Agency in Vienna According to Snowden's documents, the United Nations Headquarters and the United Nations General Assembly were International cooperation targeted by NSA employees disguised as diplomats.[63] During World War II, the BRUSA Agreement was signed by the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom for the purpose of intelligence sharing.[19] This was later formalized in the UKUSA Agreement of 1946 as a secret treaty. The full text of the agreement was released to the public on 25 June 2010.[20]

Although the treaty was later revised to include other countries such as Denmark, Germany, Ireland, , Turkey, and the ,[20] most of the information sharing has been performed by the so-called "Five Eyes",[91] a term referring to the following English-speaking western democracies and their respective intelligence agencies:

– The Defence Signals Directorate of Australia[91] – The Communications Security Establishment of Canada[91] Citing Snowden's documents, The – The Government Communications Security Bureau of New Zealand[91] Guardian reported that British officials had – The Government Communications Headquarters of the United Kingdom, which is set up fake internet cafes at the 2009 G-20 widely considered to be a leader in traditional spying due to its influence on countries that London summit to spy on the delegates' were once colonies of the .[91] use of computers, and to install – The National Security Agency of the United States, which has the biggest budget and key-logging software on the delegates' phones. This allowed British the most advanced technical abilities among the "five eyes".[91] representatives to gain a "negotiating [64] In 2013, media disclosures revealed how other government agencies have cooperated extensively advantage" at the summit with the "Five Eyes":

- The Politiets Efterretningstjeneste (PET) of Denmark, a domestic intelligence agency, exchanges data with the NSA on a regular basis, as part of a secret agreement with the United States.[92]

– The Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service) of Germany systematically transfers metadata from German intelligence sources to the NSA. In December 2012 alone, Germany provided the NSA with 500 million metadata records.[93] The NSA granted the Bundesnachrichtendienst access to X-Keyscore,[94] in exchange for Mira4 and Veras.[93] In early 2013, Hans-Georg

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Maaßen, President of the German domestic security agency BfV, made several visits to the headquarters of the NSA. According to classified documents of the German government, Maaßen had agreed to transfer all data collected by the BfV via XKeyscore to the NSA.[95] In addition, the BfV has been working very closely with eight other U.S. government agencies, including the CIA.[96]

- The SIGINT National Unit of Israel routinely receives data (including those of U.S. citizens) from the NSA.[97] (See also: Memorandum of understanding between the NSA and Israel)

- In 2011, the Japanese government was asked by the NSA to intercept fiber-optic According Snowden's interview with the cables carrying phone and Internet data from across the entire Asia-Pacific region, including , the U.S. government has been hacking numerous China. However, the Japanese government refused to comply.[98] non-military targets in China for years. Other high-priority targets include - The Algemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst (General Intelligence and Security academic institutions such as the Service) of the Netherlands has been receiving and storing user information gathered by U.S. prestigious in intelligence sources such as PRISM.[99] [65]

– The Defence Ministry of and its Security and Intelligence Division have been secretly intercepting much of the fibre optic cable traffic passing through the Asian continent. Information gathered by the is transferred to the Government of Australia as part of an intelligence sharing agreement. This allows the "Five Eyes" to maintain a "stranglehold on communications across the ".[100]

– The National Defence Radio Establishment of (codenamed Sardines)[101] has been working extensively with the NSA, and it has granted the "five eyes" access to underwater cables in the .[101]

- The Federal Intelligence Service (FSI) of regularly exchanges information with the NSA, based on a secret agreement.[92][102] In addition, the NSA has been granted The Council of the European Union, with its headquarters at the Justus Lipsius access to Swiss monitoring facilities in Leuk (canton of Valais) and Herrenschwanden (canton building in Brussels, was targeted by NSA [92] of Bern). employees working near the headquarters of NATO. An NSA document dated

Top secret documents leaked by Edward Snowden revealed that the "Five Eyes" have gained access to the majority of internet and telephone communications flowing throughout Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world.

Left: SEA-ME-WE 3, which runs across the Afro-Eurasian supercontinent from Japan to Northern Germany, is one of the most important submarine cables accessed by the "Five Eyes". Singapore, a former British colony in the Asia-Pacific region (blue dot), plays a vital role in intercepting internet and telecommunications traffic heading from Australia/Japan to Europe, and vice versa. An intelligence sharing agreement between Singapore and Australia allows the rest of the "Five Eyes" to gain access to SEA-ME-WE 3.[100] Right:TAT-14, a telecommunications cable linking Europe with the United States, was identified as one of few assets of "Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources" of the USA on foreign territory. In , currently the world's leader in 2013, it was revealed that British officials "pressured a handful of telecommunications and internet offshore deepwater drilling, is a companies" to allow the British government to gain access to TAT-14.[103] "prominent" target of the U.S. government[68] According to the leaked documents, aside from the Five Eyes, most other Western countries also participatied in the NSA surveillance system and sharing information with each other.[104] However,

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being a partner of the NSA did not automatically exempt a country from being targeted by the NSA. According to an internal NSA document leaked by Snowden, "We (the NSA) can, and often do, target the signals of most 3rd party foreign partners."[105]

Methods

Infiltration of smartphones

As worldwide sales of smartphones began exceeding those of feature phones, the NSA decided to take advantage of the boom. This is particularly advantageous because the smartphone combines a myriad of data that would interest an intelligence agency, such as social contacts, user behavior, interests, location, photos and credit card numbers and passwords.[106] From 2002 to 2013, the German Chancellor was targeted by An internal NSA report from 2010 stated that the spread of the smartphone has been occurring the U.S. Special Collection Service[69] "extremely rapidly"—developments that "certainly complicate traditional target analysis."[106] According to the document, the NSA has set up task forces assigned to several smartphone manufacturers and operating systems, including Apple Inc.'s iPhone and iOS , as well as Google's Android mobile operating system.[106] Similarly, Britain's GCHQ assigned a team to study and crack the BlackBerry.[106]

Under the heading "iPhone capability," the document notes that there are smaller NSA programs, known as "scripts," that can perform surveillance on 38 different features of the iPhone 3 and iPhone 4 operating systems. These include the mapping feature, and photos, as well as The "Five Eyes" of Australia, Canada, New , Facebook and Yahoo! Messenger.[106] Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States

A secret NSA presentation, leaked to Laura Poitras and Der Spiegel, introduces the NSA's iPhone Location Services:[107]

First slide: "Who knew in 1984..."(A reference to George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four)

Second slide:"...that this would be big brother..." (Referring to Steve Jobs of Apple Inc. and the iPhone brand)

Third slide:"...and the Zombies would be paying customers?"

"Mastering the Internet"

"Mastering the Internet" (MTI) is part of the Interception Modernisation Programme (IMP) of the British government that involves the insertion of thousands of DPI (deep packet inspection) "black boxes" at various internet service providers, as revealed by the British media in 2009.[108]

In 2013, it was further revealed that the NSA had made a £17.2 million financial contribution to the project, which is capable of vacuuming signals from up to 200 fibre-optic cables at all physical points of entry into Great Britain.[109]

Mastering the Internet

October 2007 – As part of the British government's 2007 Spending Review, the GCHQ is secretly allocated £1 billion to store and

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monitor online communications[110]

May 3, 2009 – The British media, led by The Register and , reveals the GCHQ's plan to monitor the Internet[111][112]

May 3, 2009 – The GCHQ explicitly denies these allegations[112]

August 1, 2013 – The Guardian, citing documents leaked by Edward Snowden, reveals that both the NSA and the GCHQ are "Mastering the Internet", with the latter receiving a £17.2 million payment from the former.[113][114]

A classified NSA powerpoint slide about the importance of monitoring the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) usage of "typical" Internet users. Notice the orange bar on top with the following line of text: "TOP SECRET//COMINT//REL TO USA, AUS, CAN, GBR, NZL". This is used to indicate that the presentation is part of a top secret document about communications intelligece (COMINT) that is related to the "Five Eyes" of the United States, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and New Zealand.

Surveillance drones

On 19 June 2013, FBI Director told the Committee on the Judiciary that the federal government had been employing surveillance drones on U.S. soil in "particular incidents".[115] According to Mueller, the FBI is currently in the initial stage of developing drone policies.[115]

Earlier in 2012, Congress passed a US$63 billion bill that will grant four years of additional funding to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Under the bill, the FAA is required to provide military and commercial drones with expanded access to U.S. airspace by October 2015.[116]

In February 2013, a spokesman for the Los Angeles Police Department explained that these drones would initially be deployed in large public gatherings, including major protests. Over time, tiny drones would be used to fly inside buildings to track down suspects and assist in investigations.[117] According to The , the main advantage of using drones is that they offer "unblinking eye-in-the-sky coverage". They can be modified to carry high-resolution video cameras, infrared sensors, license plate readers, listening devices, and be disguised as sea gulls or other birds to mask themselves.[117]

By 2020, about 30,000 unmanned drones are expected to be deployed in the United States for the purpose of surveillance and law enforcement.[118] 2013 Disclosures by category

Further information: List of government surveillance projects

Court orders, memos and policy documents

Memorandum of understanding between the NSA and the Israel SIGINT National Unit (ISNU) April 2013 FISC Order demanding that Verizon hand over all telephony metadata to NSA. The order had been initially granted in May 2006. In 2009 the FISC discovered that the government had made repeated and substantial misrepresentations to the court about its use, and had routinely been "running queries of the metadata using querying terms that did not meet the required standard for querying." It further concluded that the violations had been routine and systematic.[119] Legal Justification of the bulk telephony metadata collection (officially released)[120] 2009 NSA Procedures for Targeting Foreigners for Surveillance 2009 NSA Procedures for Minimizing collection on US Persons 2011 NSA Procedures for Minimizing collection on US Persons (officially released)[121] Reference to a 2011 Change in the court-approved Minimization Procedures allowing analysts to run search queries using US persons' identifiers if there is "effective" oversight by NSA (it is not publicly known if such oversight has been established, or if any such searches have been conducted).[122] The court order mentioned was later officially released.[123] October 2011 Court decision finding NSA's program, which collected tens of thousands of non-target communications, to have violated the law. It held, citing multiple Supreme Court precedents, that the Fourth Amendment applies to the

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contents of all communications, whatever the means (they are "papers"). It also finds that the NSA's minimization and targeting policies to be legally and/or constitutionally deficient, and recommends changes. (officially released).[123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132] Additional findings: The collection of Upstream data had begun before a court order approving it, in violation of 50 USC § 1809(a), which makes it a crime to engage in, use or disseminate surveillance knowing, or having reason to know such surveillance was not authorized. [133] March 2009 FISC ruling showing a consistent pattern of misrepresentations of the bulk telephone metadata collection program by the government to the Court. It also held that the data was being routinely queried in ways that did not meet "reasonable articulatable suspicion", demonstrating inadequate safeguards in the software and training of analysts. Showing that "thousands of violations resulted from the use of identifiers that were not "RAS-approved by analysts who were not even aware that they were accessing BR metadata," and that in 2006 "there was no single person [in the NSA] who had a complete understanding of the BR FISA system architecture," a situation which persisted until February 2009 or later. RAS is shorthand for Reasonable Articulatable Suspicion. The Court nonetheless reapproved the collection of bulk phone metadata, while mandating additional safeguards and training, and "end-to-end system engineering reviews," and reports from the review. (Officially released by court order)[134][135][136][137][138][139][140] October 2012 Presidential Policy Directive 20 (PPD20), outlining . 2007 memo proposing broader powers. April 2013 list of US Spying targets and topics by priority. The top priority countries are: Iran, Russia, China, Pakistan, North Korea and Afghanistan. Germany, France, the European Union, and Japan are mid-level priorities; and Spain rank lower.[141][142] FY 2013 Intelligence "Black Budget" Summary.[81][143] A memorandum of understanding concerning US sharing of raw SIGINT with Israel. The data has not been scrubbed to eliminate US persons, it asks Israel not to deliberately target US persons, however the agreement allows Israel to retain US person data for one full year. The memorandum is not legally binding. A separate document states "And there are other kinds of CI threats that are right on our midst. For example, one of NSA's biggest threats is actually from friendly intelligence services, like Israel.", it continues "Balancing the SIGINT exchange between US and Israeli needs has been a constant challenge. In the last decade, it arguably tilted heavily in favor of Israeli security concerns. 9/11 came and went, and with NSA's only true Third Party CT relationship being driven almost entirely driven by the needs of the partner." [144] September 13, 2013 FISC Court order declassifing all the legal opinions relating to Section 215 of the Patriot Act written after May 2011 that aren't already the subject of Freedom of Information Act litigation. The FISA Court ruled that the must identify the opinions in question by October 4, 2013.[145][146][147]

Reports

2009 OIG report on STELLARWIND Extracts from reports relating to XKeyscore. One entitled "Tales from the Land of Brothers Grimm" and others detailing the successes of said software, another is a note from an analyst who felt that he always had one foot in prison when using it. XKeyscore is also described as "big and scary, strong and powerful" and lets an analyst do whatever they like.[148] Reports detailing thousands of violations[149] Numerous reports relating to drones, including "Threats to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", a report summarizing attempts to shoot down, intercept, control or otherwise spoof drones. While the report details vulnerabilities of specific aircraft, the document itself has not been published, but only excerpts described. Other reports detail American spin efforts, suggesting that the phrases "drone strike," "kill list," "robot warfare," "Aerial Assassins" be avoided, offering "lethal UAV operations" instead, and also terms like "Pre-emptive and Preventive Military Action" and "Inherent Right of Self Defense." Likewise, reports detail efforts by Al-Qaeda to spin, portraying attacks as cowardly and immoral. Analysts also questioned whether America was losing rhetorical battle in courts, media, and public opinion. Another report stated that drone strikes "could be brought under increased scrutiny, perceived to be illegitimate, openly resisted or undermined."[150] The US learned that Pakistan engaged in a pattern of extrajudicial killings, mostly against militants. However, not all targets militants, Pakistan also planned to murder a human rights activist, , while she was on a visit to India. The plot was aborted when she learned of it. The US sought to avoid public disclosure of this, and other incidents.[151][152] The NSA and GCHQ have access to user data in , , and Android phones. They are able to read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes.[153]

Collection and analysis programs or hardware

Boundless Informant – Computer program that physically performs the data collection.[154] – A program that specifically targets foreign embassies and diplomats XKeyscore – A program which allows searching collected data in a variety of ways.[155][156] SHELLTRUMPET – A metadata program that targets international communications.[157] Unified Targeting Tool (UTT) – A graphical frontend for querying databases.[155][158] LOPERS – A software based system to spy on PSTNs[159] TURBULENCE – Includes cyber-warfare capabilities, such as targeting enemies with . (updates to existing knowledge) JUGGERNAUT – A system to intercept mobile networks, including voice, fax, data, and text.[159]

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SPYDER[155] CHALKFUN[155] VLR – Visitor Location Register[155] TransX[155] RAGTIME – A blanket term for any of four different surveillance programs[155][160] Special Collection Service – Joint CIA/NSA eavesdropping team focused based in about 80 US embassies and consulates around the world. There are known branches in Frankfurt and Vienna. According to Der Spiegel, many of their operations are a direct violation of at least 3 signed treaties: "The Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of 1946, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, and a signed an agreement in 1947 that rules out all undercover operations.[161] STATEROOM – Surveillance on embassies and consulates. Highly Classified.[161] BULLRUN, named after the Battle of Bull Run. - Bullrun refers to the NSA's set of codebreaking capabilities, including the use of Computer Network Exploitation (hacking) to obtain keys, weakening of encryption standards and providing backdoors to the same.[162] The following codenames are known to be related to BULLRUN: APERIODIC, AMBULANT, AUNTIE, PAINTEDEAGLE, PAWLEYS, PITCHFORD, PENDLETON, PICARESQUE, and PIEDMONT. No further explanation of the above codenames has been provided to date.[163] Edgehill, named after the Battle of Edgehill - A program similar to BULLRUN, operated by the GCHQ.[162]

Relationships with corporate partners

Special Source Operations (SSO) – Is a division of the NSA responsible for all programs which collaborate with corporate entities.[72]

Upstream collects data from fiber-optic cables and internet backbones.[164][165] Codenames of companies participating in Upstream: BLARNEY (a surveillance program which was established by the NSA with AT&T and which operates at or near key fiber-optic landing points in the U.S. to capture foreign communications coming in and out of the country),[166][167] STORMBREW, FAIRVIEW (a highly classified program for tapping into the world's intercontinental fiber-optic cables according to NSA whistleblower Thomas Andrews Drake),[167] and OAKSTAR. There are conflicting sources: some that call these "programs",[166][168][169] versus the official statement called "The National Security Agency: Missions, Authorities, Oversight and Partnerships" that describes them as codenames of cooperating companies.[170][171] A third source, just released groups them with describes them as "programs authorized to collect cable transit traffic passing through US Gateways with both sides of the communication being foreign.[155]The FY 2013 budget for the above programs is as follows:[172] BLARNEY – $65.96 million FAIRVIEW – $94.06 million STORMBREW – $46.06 million OAKSTAR – $9.41 million Miscellaneous codenames of companies: LITHIUM[170] RAMPART – Described as being part of Special Source operations, there is at least one known subdivision.[173] RAMPART-T – Started in 1991 or earlier, documents describe this program as: "Penetration of hard targets at or near leadership level". The information is intended for "the president and his national security advisers". Rampart-T is aimed at China, Russia, and Eastern European countries, there are around 20 nations targeted.[161] allows the NSA to bypass encryption on Outlook.com. Names and Codenames of companies assisting GCHQ: Verizon Business (codenamed "Dacron") British Telecommunications (codenamed "Remedy") Cable (codenamed "Gerontic") Global Crossing (codenamed "Pinnage") Level 3 (codenamed "Little") Viatel (codenamed "Vitreous") Interoute (codenamed "Streetcar")

NSA databases

PINWALE – Stores and text[174] NUCLEON – Stores voice data[175] MAINWAY – Stores telephony metadata (ie call records)[176] MARINA – Stores Internet metadata[174][176] TRAFFICTHIEF – Stores metadata from a subset of assigned targets. CLOUD/ABR[155] [155] FASTSCOPE[155] SIGINT NAVIGATOR[155]

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TRACFIN - A database of financial information.[155][177] TUNINGFORK[155] OCTAVE – A database with a graphical frontend[155][158] ANCHORY – A database of completed SIGINT reports.[155][175] Nymrod – Apparently a database of names (appears in UTT Screenshot)[158]

Signals intelligence directorates (SIDs)

PRINTAURA – According to Ambinder, "NSA Unit involved in data filtering for TRAFFICTHIEF"[175] Protocol Exploitation – Sorts data types into specific databases[165][175]

Technical directorates

SCISSORS – This team sorts data types for analysis.[165][175]

Names associated with specific targets

Apalatchee = The EU mission by the East River, in New York.[161] Magothy = The EU embassy in Washington, DC. This embassy had its internal videoconferencing, and other areas of the computer network tapped. Both by the US, and by the Chinese. The US effort was conducted by the team working for the BLARNEY program.[161] Wabash = French diplomatic office in Washington. This office was bugged.[178] Blackfoot = French diplomatic office in the UN in New York. This office was bugged and computer screen captures obtained.[178] KATEEL = Brazilian embassy in Washington.[179] POCOMOKE = Brazilian Permanent Mission to the UN in New York.[179]

Uncategorized or insufficiently described codenames.

CERF CALL MOSES1[159] CONVEYANCE – Provide filtering for PRISM.[165] EVILOLIVE- Collects internet traffic and data.[157] FACELIFT[173] FALLOUT – Provides filtering for PRISM .[165] LONGHAUL - Involved in the process of decrypting communications.[162] MATRIX[159] MOONLIGHTPATH[157][180][181] SPINNERET[157][180][181] STEELKNIGHT[182] CASPORT[155] DANCINGOASIS[161]

GCHQ operations

Main articles: Government Communications Headquarters and Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom

The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is the main British intelligence agency responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance to the British government and armed forces.

Tempora – Collects data from transatlantic fibre-optic cables of major telecommunications corporations by directly tapping on them and from Internet backbones. Tempora uses intercepts on the fibre-optic cables that make up the backbone of the internet to gain access to swaths of internet users' . The intercepts are placed in the United Kingdom and overseas, with the knowledge of companies owning either the cables or landing stations. It is a GCHQ program to create a large-scale "Internet buffer" which stores Internet content for three days and metadata for up to 30 days.[165][183][184] Britain runs a large-scale intercept station in the , capable of tapping underwater fiber-optic cables and satellites, and extracting email, telephone, and web traffic. The information is then passed to the GCHQ and shared with the NSA. The operation costs around £1 billion and is still being assembled. It is part of the "Tempora" project.[185] Edward Snowden disputes 's claim that he, or anyone he has had direct contact with is the source of this information.[186] Süddeutsche Zeitung's fiber optic revelations were also described as having been obtained from GC-Wiki by Snowden.[103] GCHQ is believed to have forced some six global telecommunications and Internet companies to allow them to access more than 14 fiber optic cables that transport telephone communications.[103] The six companies, BT, Vodafone, Viatel, Interoute, Verizon and Level-3, gave GCHQ access to the cables in return for payment, it is believed the companies had no choice in this decision.[103] Three of the cables' terminal stations are on German territory; two of the cables are partially owned by Deutsche Telekom, who have denied knowledge of or participation in GCHQ's activities.[103]

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Spying on the 2009 Summit in London. Life and times of GCHQ employees. GC-Wiki – An internal wiki at GCHQ.[185] Access to the majority of Internet and telephone communications throughout Europe, and occasionally as far as the United States.[103] GCHQ has a team dedicated to cracking encrypted traffic on Hotmail, Google, Yahoo and Facebook.[162] The Belgian telecom company Belgacom reports that it had been hacked, and has filed criminal charges, and will be cooperating with the investigation into the hacking. "The inquiry has shown that the hacking was only possible by an intruder with significant financial and logistic means," they said. "This fact, combined with the technical complexity of the hacking and the scale on which it occurred, points towards international state-sponsored cyber espionage." [187] According to documents released by Der Spiegel, the operation against Belgacom was entitled 'Operation Socialist' and was done by the GCHQ for the purpose of enabling Man-in-the-middle attacks against smartphones.[188][189]

NSA operations

Hacking Tsinghua University, and also Pacnet in China. Spying on Latin America with the help of Global Crossing. The NSA operates "Special Collection Services," a global monitoring network, that collects from more then 80 embassies and consulates worldwide, often without the knowledge or consent of the host country.[90][190] The NSA spied on a UN videoconferencing system, in violation of the US agreement with the UN not to do so. In the process NSA discovered that the Chinese had already done so, and then started analyzing what the Chinese were taking. Shortly thereafter, the NSA gained access to approximately 500 other UN channels of communications.[90][190][191] Additional details of the raid on 's Abbotabad, Pakistan compound. The work of Tailored Access Operations, in installing spyware on phones is highlighted. Also highlighted are the roles of the CIA, other agencies, and the Navy SEALs.[192] The NSA's Network Analysis Center cracked the reservation system for , and also hacked , accessing specially protected material, according to a document dated in 2006.[67] The NSA hacked the French Foreign Ministry, and bugged the French diplomatic offices in Washington and New York in 2010.[178] The NSA conducted extensive spying on Enrique Peña Nieto, and his aides, accessing their emails. Likewise, the NSA spied on the communications of , and her aides, and also created a two hop contact graph. The source document is dated June 2012, it is unclear whether the operation is ongoing.[193][194][195] The NSA and GCHQ target banks and credit card companies by various means including "Tailored Access Operations", specifically by targeting printer traffic from banks. VISA has also been targeted. According to a GCHQ document, the collection involves "bulk data" containing "rich personal information" that is mostly "not about our targets".[177] From collection points outside the United States, the NSA gathers contact lists belonging to users of e-mail and instant messaging services, including Yahoo, Hotmail, Facebook and .[196]

NSA relationships with foreign intelligence services

Payments to GCHQ from NSA totaling at least £100 million Relationships with Germany's BND, exchange of technology: (XKeyscore, and the German programs and bulk metadata (500 Million records in one month alone)). The US directly spies on most of its allies, even those with intelligence sharing agreements, with only the Five Eyes being immune.[148]

Suggested protective measures from surveillance

Encryption

In , encryption is the process of encoding information in such a way that eavesdroppers or hackers cannot read it, but that authorized parties can. According to Snowden's recommendations published by The Guardian Edward in September 2013 ,[197] properly implemented strong crypto systems were among the few things which one can rely on. However, endpoint security is often too weak to prevent the NSA from finding ways around it.[197]

Underground bunkers

In September 2013, it was reported by the press that a number of countries deemed by the US and its allies to be rogue states, such as Syria, Iran and North Korea, had successfully evaded U.S. government surveillance by constructing secret bunkers deep below the Earth's surface.[198]

China's underground megaproject, the 816 Nuclear Military Plant in Chongqing (now declassified and opened to tourists), was reported to be "most worrying" for the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency.[198]

Libya evaded surveillance by building "hardened and buried" bunkers at least 40 feet below ground level.[198]

Unrelated to Edward Snowden

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In 2002, the NSA, in cooperation with the FBI, and in cooperation with , monitored nearly all communications in the Salt Lake area in the six months surrounding the Olympic games.[166][199][200] Since 2005, Canada has been running a bulk phone metadata, email and text message program.[201][202][203] The NYPD is engaging in mass surveillance, particularly of Muslims, in mosques, in social gatherings, and even at home. The department employs "rakers" to troll Muslim neighborhoods. The unit employing said rakers, was once called "The Demographics Unit," the name was changed in 2010 to the "Zone Assessment Unit" to mask the appearance, though not change the actual fact of racial profiling. Knowledge of this program was kept from the city council.[204] Devices made by the American company Blue Coat Systems, which are used for Internet surveillance and censorship, have turned up repeatedly in countries that censor and surveil the Internet, and have a record of human rights abuses, such as Iran, Syria, China, Burma (Myanmar) and Sudan.[205][206][207][208] The ACLU has released a report on the proliferation of license plate readers and on the retention of data from them.[209][210] The FBI has been pressuring ISPs to install surveillance software, referred to as the "harvesting program".[211] The FBI has been using malware and hacking to surveil suspects. Reports indicate however, that hacking and malware usage remains a last resort, and that warrants are sought for individual cases.[212][213] The NSA collects the contents of emails that transit from the US to abroad, and searches them for keywords.[214] The Post Office scans all envelopes, outsides of packages and postcards.[215] France's Equivalent of PRISM India will be building a mass domestic surveillance program called the "Central Monitoring System", which will be able to track all voice, fax, and text across all telephone networks in the country. It will also contract the Israeli company Verint Systems to monitor encrypted Gmail, BlackBerry, and Yahoo! mail.[216][217] More than 230 thousand people were questioned under The United Kingdom's Schedule 7 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11 /schedule/7) of the Terrorism act of 2000 between April 2009 and March 2012.[218] New Zealand passed a bill allowing domestic spying against its citizens and residents, by a narrow margin (61–59).[219][220] , on 19 June gave an interview to Boiling Frogs Post, in which he expanded his previous disclosures. Specifically he names persons who had been wiretapped by the NSA, namely: , , Diane Feinstein, Colin Powell, Evan Bayh, and many others including journalists and political groups. He asserts that all telephony content is collected.[221] Blueprints of the Utah Data Center[222] "The Find," the NSA can locate even unpowered cellphones.[223] The DEA's and IRS's use of NSA data to start criminal investigations against US citizens, and their method of "Parallel Construction" to conceal the true origins of their evidence.[224][225] CIA operative De Sousa, convicted in absentia in Italy in the case of Osama Mustapha Hassan Nasr AKA Abu Omar goes on camera describing the case.[226] – policy requiring federal employees to report "high-risk persons or behaviors" from among co-workers, as well as to punish those who fail to report such colleagues.[227] In 2013, the NSA planned to investigate over 4000 cases.[81] The German Federal Office for Information Security has warned that Windows 8 has a built-in , that could allow Microsoft, and by extension the NSA to access many Windows 8 machines via the Trusted Platform Module that comes embedded on many Windows 8 machines.[228][229] Of the subset of CIA applicants whose backgrounds raised flags, one fifth were found to have ties to either terrorism or foreign hostile intelligence.[230] The NSA has admitted about a dozen cases of willful violations by analysts over the last 10 years.[231] One common form, in which an analyst spies on a love interest, has been dubbed "LOVEINT"[232] The Hemisphere Project, a secret partnership between federal and local drug officials and AT&T since September 2007. Law enforcement has access to electronic call detail records for any telephone carrier that uses an AT&T switch to process a telephone call. Records go back to 1987 and about 4 billion are added every day. Officials are instructed to obfuscate the existence of the program, by a method similar to "Parallel Construction" in which a separate subpoena is obtained for records which had already been returned by the Hemisphere project, thus disguising the true origin of the data.[233][234] Sweden is helping the GCHQ tap fiber-optic cables and has become, effectively, a member of the 'Five Eyes', according to Duncan Campbell in a hearing of the EU parliament's LIBE committee. He further states that the codename for the tapping operation is "Sardine" and is classified several levels above top secret, and that the information about Sweden was withheld from publication in the Guardian, The New York Times, and Pro Publica.[235][236][237] CIA, BND and the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ran Projekt 6 (P6 for short) from 2005 to 2010. It's aim was to gather intelligence on suspected jihadists and terrorism supporters. An American query request for the internal database, code name PX contains the passport number, date of birth and name of German investigative journalist Peter Buchen.[238] The ACLU released a 69 page report on the FBI entitled "Unleashed and Unaccountable" detailing warrantless wiretapping, spying on political activists and journalists, biased training and racial profiling, proxy detentions in foreign countries, use of the no-fly list as a means of pressuring people to becomes informants, bulk data collection (eGuardian and bulk telephony metadata), dodging oversight and misleading the public.[239][240] The NSA purchases zero-day exploits from Vupen, as revealed in a FOIA request. In response, the CEO of Vupen suggested that a FOIA request also be made for Raytheon, and Northrop, because they also sell exploits.[241]

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Media reports

Chronology

In April 2012, Snowden began downloading sensitive NSA material while working for the American computer corporation Inc..[243]

By the end of 2012, Snowden had made his first contact with journalist Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian.[244] In January 2013, Snowden contacted documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras.[245]

In March 2013, Snowden took up a new job at in , specifically to gain access to additional top-secret documents that could be leaked.[243] In April 2013, Poitras asked Greenwald to meet her in .[244]

In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy.[246] The Mira in Hong Kong, where On 20 May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong.[247] Edward Snowden, Laura Poitras, Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill met After The Guardian's editor held several meetings in New York City, it was decided that Greenwald, together and published their first Poitras and "veteran" reporter Ewen MacAskill would fly to Hong Kong to meet Snowden. On 6 June disclosure a week later[242] 2013, the first media disclosure was published simultaneously by Greenwald (The Guardian) and Poitras (The Washington Post).[242][248]

In October 2013 The Guardian revealed that the NSA had been monitoring telephone conversations of 35 world leaders after being given the numbers by an official in another US government department. A confidential memo revealed that the NSA encouraged senior officials in such Departments as the White House, State and , to share their "Rolodexes" so the agency could add the telephone numbers of leading foreign politicians to their surveillance systems. Reacting to the news, German leader Angela Merkel, arriving in Brussels for an EU summit, accused the US of a breach of trust, saying: "We need to have trust in our allies and partners, and this must now be established once again. I repeat that spying among friends is not at all acceptable against anyone, and that goes for every citizen in Germany."[249]

Disclosures

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News outlet Type of media Summary of disclosures The Guardian and the Washington Post both reported that the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has been monitoring Internet traffic in realtime via PRISM.[250][251] In addition, the Guardian reported that:

The NSA collected data from over 120 million Verizon subscribers (This was the very first revelation, published on 6 June)[252] The NSA collected global electronic information via Boundless Informant During the 2009 G-20 London Summit, the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) had intercepted the communications of foreign diplomats.[64] The GCHQ has been intercepting and storing mass quantities of fiber-optic traffic via Tempora[253] The NSA collected, from 2001 to 2011 via , vast amounts of records detailing the email and internet usage of Americans,[254] and after the program end of Stellar Wind due to operational and resource reasons other programs such as ShellTrumpet.[157] A method of bugging encrypted fax machines used at an EU embassy is codenamed Dropmire[255] Microsoft "developed a surveillance capability to deal" with the interception of encrypted chats on Outlook.com, within five months after the service went into testing. NSA had access to Outlook.com emails because “Prism collects this data prior to encryption.”[256] The Guardian revealed that XKeyscore allows analysts to search with no prior authorization through vast databases containing emails, online chats and the browsing histories of millions of individuals.[174][257][258] British daily The NSA paid GCHQ over £100 Million between 2009 and 2012, in exchange for The Guardian newspaper these funds GCHQ "must pull its weight and be seen to pull its weight." Documents referenced in the article explain that weaker laws regarding spying are "a selling point". GCHQ is also developing the technology to "exploit any at any time."[259] The NSA has under a legal authority a secret backdoor into its databases gathered from large Internet companies enabling it to search for US citizens' email and phone calls without a warrant.[260][261] Summary of The Guardian revelations as of 21 August 2012 regarding the NSA and GCHQ.[262] The Privacy and Oversight Board urged the U.S. intelligence chiefs to draft stronger US surveillance guidelines on domestic spying after finding that several of those guidelines have not been updated up to 30 years.[263][264] After the Foreign Secret Intelligence Court ruled in October 2011 that some of the NSA's activities were unconstitutional paid millions of dollars to cover the costs of major internet companies involved in the Prism surveillance program[265] The NSA routinely shares raw intelligence data with Israel without first sifting it to remove information about US citizens.[97][266] The NSA has been monitoring telephone conversations of 35 world leaders.[249] The U.S. government's first public acknowledgment that it tapped the phones of world leaders was reported on October 28, 2013 by the Wall Street Journal after an internal U.S. government internal review turned up NSA monitoring of some 35 world leaders.[267] The GCHQ has tried to keep its mass -surveillance programmessecret because it feared a "damaging public debate" on the scale of its activities which could lead to legal challenges against its mass-surveillance programmes.[184]

PRISM revelation, simultaneously with The Guardian.[223][268]

U.S. daily Upstream revelation.[165] The Washington Post newspaper An internal NSA audit from May 2012 identified 2776 incidents i.e. violations of the rules or court orders for surveillance of Americans and foreign targets in the U.S. in

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News outlet Type of media Summary of disclosures the period from April 2011 through March 2012, while U.S. officials stressed that any mistakes are not intentional.[155][160][164][269][270][271][272] The FISA Court that is supposed to provide critical oversight of the U.S. government's vast spying programs has limited ability to do and it must trust the government to report when it improperly spies on Americans.[273] A letter drafted by the Obama administration specifically to inform Congress of the government's mass collection of Americans’ telephone communications data was withheld from lawmakers by leaders of the House Intelligence Committee in the months before a key vote affecting the future of the program.[274][275] A legal opinions declassified on August 21, 2013 revealed that the NSA intercepted for three years as many as 56,000 electronic communications a year of Americans who weren’t suspected of having links to terrorism, before FISC court that oversees surveillance found the operation unconstitutional in 2011.[124][125][126][127][128] By the Corporate Partner Access Project for major U.S. telecommunications providers these providers receive hundreds of millions of dollars a year from the NSA for for clandestine access to their communications networks and filtering vast traffic flows for foreign targets.[172] The NSA's Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) collects intelligence on foreign targets by "hacking into their computers and telecommunications systems, cracking passwords, compromising the computer security systems protecting the targeted computer, stealing the data stored on computer hard drives, and then copying all the messages and data traffic passing within the targeted email and text-messaging systems", in a process known as 'computer network exploitation' (CNE).[276] In an effort codenamed GENIE, computer specialists can control foreign computer networks using "covert implants,” a form of remotely transmitted malware on tens of thousands of devices annually.[277][278][279][280] The NSA collected in 2010 data on ordinary Americans’ cellphone locations, but later discontinued it because it had no “operational value.”[281] The NSA is harvesting hundreds of millions of contact lists from personal e-mail and instant messaging accounts around the world.[282][283][284][285][286][287]

U.S. Law-enforcement agencies use tools used by computer hackers to gather information on suspects.[288][289] The NSA has built a surveillance network that has the capacity to reach roughly U.S. international 75% of all U.S. Internet traffic.[166][290][291] The Wall Street Journal daily newspaper Even if there is no reason to suspect U.S. citizens the CIA's National Counterterrorism Center is allowed to examine the government files of for possible criminal behavior. Previously the NTC was barred to do so, unless a person was a terror suspect or related to an investigation.[292]

The N.S.A. is not just intercepting the communications of Americans who are in direct contact with foreigners targeted overseas, but also searching the contents of vast amounts of e-mail and text communications into and out of the country by U.S. international Americans who mention information about foreigners under surveillance.[293] The New York Times daily newspaper The N.S.A. uses the analysis of phone call and e-mail logs of American citizens to create sophisticated graphs of their social connections that can identify their associates, their locations at certain times, their traveling companions and other personal information.[294]

US intelligence analysts have deliberately broken rules designed to prevent them U.S. international from spying on Americans by choosing to ignore so-called "minimisation news agency procedures" aimed at protecting privacy[295][296][297]

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News outlet Type of media Summary of disclosures During specific episodes within a four-year period, the NSA hacked: Several Chinese mobile-phone companies[298] South China Morning Post newspaper based The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Tsinghua University in Beijing[299] in Hong Kong The Asian fiber-optic network operator Pacnet[300]

Documents provided by Edward Snowden and seen by Der Spiegel revealed that the NSA spied on various diplomatic missions of the European Union (EU), including:

The EU's delegation to the United States in Washington D.C.[89] The EU's delegation to the United Nations in New York[89] The Council of the European Union in Brussels[89] The United Nations Headquarters in New York[90] The NSA hacked the French foreign ministry and bugged the French diplomatic offices in Washington and New York.[178]

Only Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK are explicitly exempted from NSA attacks, whose main target in the EU is Germany.[301]

Snowden also confirmed that was cooperatively developed by the United States and Israel.[302]

The NSA gave the German intelligence agencies BND and BfV access to X-Keyscore.[94] In return, the BND turned over copies of two systems named Mira4 and Veras, reported to exceed the NSA's SIGINT capabilities in certain areas.[93] The NSA also provided the BND with analysis tools so that the BND can monitor foreign data streams flowing through Germany.[303][304]

The BND is providing the NSA metadata collected from German systems. In December 2012 alone, Germany provided the NSA with 500 million metadata records.[305][306][307] German news Der Spiegel The US runs a top-secret surveillance program, code name Special Collection Service, magazine based in over 80 consulates and embassies worldwide, including Frankfurt Germany and Vienna, .[90] The NSA hacked the United Nations' video conferencing system in Summer 2012 in violation of a UN agreement.[90]

The NSA spied on the EU embassies in New York and Washington, code names Apalachee and Magothy. It deployed listening devices, copied hard drives and hacked internal networks.[90]

The NSA spied on the Al Jazeera and gained access to its internal communications systems.[308]

A NSA branch called "Follow the Money" (FTM) widely monitors international payments, banking and credit card transactions and later stores the collected data in the NSA's own financial databank "".[309]

The NSA monitored the president's public email account of former Mexican president Felipe Calderón (thus gaining access to the communications of high ranking cabinet members), the E-Mails of several high-ranking members of Mexico's security forces and text and the mobile phone communication of current Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto.[310][311]

The mobile phone of German Chancellor Angela Merkel might have been tapped by US intelligence.[312][313][314][315][316][317] According to the Spiegel this monitoring goes back to 2002[318][319][320] and ended in the summer of 2013,[267] while the New York Times reported that Germany has evidence that the NSA's surveillance of Merkel began during George W. Bush's tenure.[321]

The NSA spied on millions of emails and calls of Brazilian citizens.[322][323] Australia and New Zealand have been aiding the United States in their surveillance Brazilian O Globo and Globo program.[324][325] newspaper; Network The National Security Agency directly targeted the communications of president television network Dilma Rousseff and her top aides.[326] The NSA spied on Brazil's oil firm Petrobras as well as French diplomats and gained

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News outlet Type of media Summary of disclosures access to the private network of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France and the SWIFT network.[327] Canada's Communications Security Establishment used a software program called Olympia to the Brazil's Mines and Energy Ministry communications by targeting "metadata" of phone calls and emails from and to the Brazilian ministry.[328][329]

British Government Communications Headquarters is collecting all data transmitted to and from the United Kingdom and Northern Europe via the undersea fibre optic telecommunications cable SEA-ME-WE 3. Singaporean intelligence co-operates with The Sydney Morning Australian Australia in accessing and sharing communications carried by the SEA-ME-WE-3 cable. The Herald newspaper Australian Signals Directorate, is also in a partnership with British, American and Singaporean intelligence agencies to tap undersea fibre optic telecommunications cables that link Asia, the Middle East and Europe and carry much of Australia's international phone and internet traffic.[100] Australian news * The Australian Federal Government knew about the internet spying program PRISM ABC News (Australia) service months before Edward Snowden made details public.[330][331] Documents leaked by Edward Snowden and jointly disclosed by Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) and Norddeutscher Rundfunk revealed that several telecom operators have played a key role in helping the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) tap onto worldwide fiber-optic communications.[332][333] The telecom operators are:

Verizon Business (codenamed "Dacron")[334] British Telecommunications (codenamed "Remedy")[334] Vodafone Cable (codenamed "Gerontic")[334] Global Crossing (codenamed "Pinnage")[334] Level 3 (codenamed "Little")[334] Viatel (codenamed "Vitreous")[334] Süddeutsche Zeitung German newspaper Interoute (codenamed "Streetcar")[334]

Each of them were assigned a particular area of the international fiber-optic network for which they were individually responsible. The following networks have been infiltrated by the GCHQ:

TAT-14 (Europe-USA)[103] Atlantic Crossing 1 (Europe-USA)[103] Circe South (France-UK)[103] Circe North (The Netherlands-UK)[103] Flag Atlantic-1[103] Flag Europa-Asia[103] SEA-ME-WE 3 (-Middle East-Western Europe)[103] [103] Norddeutscher Rundfunk Public broadcaster SEA-ME-WE 4 (Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe) Solas (Ireland-UK)[103] UK-France 3[103] UK-Netherlands 14[103] ULYSSES (Europe-UK)[103] Yellow (UK-USA)[103] Pan European Crossing[103]

Telecommunication companies who participated were "forced" to do so and had "no choice in the matter".[103] Some of the companies were subsequently paid by GCHQ for their participation in the infiltration of the cables.[335] According to the SZ the GCHQ has access to the majority of internet and telephone communications flowing throughout Europe, can listen to phone calls, read emails and text messages, see which websites internet users from all around the world are visiting.[334] It can also retain and analyse nearly the entire european internet traffic.[333]

Germany's domestic security agency Bundesverfassungsschutz transmitted regularly informations of persons monitored in Germany to the NSA, CIA and seven

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News outlet Type of media Summary of disclosures other members of the US Intelligence community in exchange for information and espionage software.[336][337][338]

French intelligence agencies are cooperating under the codename "" with the Five Eyes alliance by systematically providing them with information after France signed a cooperation treaty with the alliance. Israel, Sweden and Italy are also cooperating with American and British intelligence agencies.[339]

The Guardian and the New York Times reported on secret documents leaked by Snowden independent showing that the NSA has been in "collaboration with technology companies" as part of Pro Publica, The Guardian journalists; British "an aggressive, multipronged effort" to weaken the encryption used in commercial and The New York Times and American daily software, that the GCHQ has a team dedicated to cracking "Hotmail, Google, Yahoo and newspapers Facebook" traffic, and other revelations.[162][340][341][342][343][344] * The NSA targeted in France both people suspected of association with terrorist activities as well as people belonging to the worlds of business, politics or French state administration. The NSA monitored and recorded the content of telephone French daily communications and the history of the connections of each target i.e. the metadata. Le Monde [345][346] newspaper

Le Monde also disclosed new PRISM and Upstream slides (See Page 4, 7 and 8) coming from the "PRISM/US-984XN Overview" presentation.[347]

Fallout

Shortly after the disclosures were published, US President Barack Obama asserted that the American public had no cause for concern because "nobody is listening to your telephone calls",[348] and "there is no spying on Americans".[349]

On 21 June 2013, the Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper issued an apology for

giving false testimony under oath to the , which is a felony under 18 USC s. 1001. Earlier in March that year, Clapper was asked by Senator Ron Wyden to clarify the alleged surveillance of U.S. citizens by the NSA:

Senator Wyden: "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?" U.S. President Barack Obama on the importance of surveillance: "... They help [350] Director Clapper: "No, Sir." us prevent terrorist attacks. And the modest encroachments on the privacy that are involved in getting phone numbers or In an interview shortly after Snowden's disclosures were first published, Clapper stated that he had duration without a name attached and not misunderstood Wyden's question and answered in what he thought was the "least untruthful looking at content, that on net, it was manner".[351] Later, in his letter of apology, Clapper wrote that he had only focused on Section 702 worth us doing ..." of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act during his testimony to Congress, and therefore, he "simply didn't think" about Section 215 of the Patriot Act, which justifies the mass collection of telephone data from U.S. citizens.[352] Clapper said: "My response was clearly erroneous—for which I apologize".[352]

To increase transparency and because it is in the public interest the Director of National Intelligence authorized the declassification and public release of the following documents pertaining to the collection of telephone metadata pursuant to Section 215 of the PATRIOT Act on 31 July 2013.[353] These documents were:

1. Cover Letter and 2009 Report on the National Security Agency’s Bulk Collection Program for USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization[354] 2. Cover Letters and 2011 Report on the National Security Agency's Bulk Collection Program for USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization[355] 3. Primary Order for Business Records Collection Under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act[356]

In a press conference on 9 August 2013 President Obama announced four steps to reform U.S. intelligence gathering measures, to increase transparency and restore public trust in surveillance by NSA, but made no indication to alter the NSA's ongoing mass collection of phone data and surveillance of internet communications in the short term.[357][358] These four steps are:[359][360][361]

1. Reform Section 215 of the Patriot Act which allows the National Security Agency to collect telephone data from millions of communications without a warrant.[359]

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2. More transparency: Declassification of the legal rationale for the US government's phone-data collection,[171][362][363][364] release of NSA information that details its mission, authorities, and oversight,[170][171][365] installation of a "civil liberties and privacy officer" at the National Security and a website created by the American intelligence community to inform Americans and the world what the intelligence community does and what it doesn’t do, how it carries out its mission, and why it does so.[359] 3. More balance between security and privacy at the Federal Intelligence Surveillance Court by appointing an adversarial voice – such as a lawyer assigned to advocate privacy rights[366] – to argue against the US government to ensure to make sure civil liberties concerns have an independent voice in appropriate cases.[359] 4. Review of all US government intelligence and communications technologies by a group of external experts (composed of former intelligence officials, civil liberties and privacy advocates, and others)[366] which shall provide an interim report in 60 days and a final report by the end of 2014 outlining how the US government can maintain the trust of the people, how it can make sure that there absolutely is no abuse in terms of how surveillance technologies are used and how surveillance impacts US foreign policy.[359] Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper has been directed on 13 August 2013 to form and review the new Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, which is to brief Obama on its interim findings within 60 days of the establishment of the group. A final report and recommendations are to be submitted through Clapper to the president no later than 15 December 2013.[365][367][368] The group's purpose is to assess whether the US "employs its technical collection capabilities in a manner that optimally protects our national security and advances our foreign policy while appropriately accounting for other policy considerations, such as the risk of unauthorized disclosure and our need to maintain the public trust."[369]

In a reaction to Obama above reform proposals responsible for overseeing the program which collects Americans’ telephone communications data in bulk say that they felt in recent years limited in their ability to challenge its scope and legality. They pointed out to intelligence officials who would not volunteer details if questions were not asked with absolute precision in regular meetings; hearing only from government officials steeped in the legal and national security arguments for aggressive spying; and House members must rely on the existing committee staff, many of whom used to work for the spy agencies they are tasked with overseeing, while Senate Intelligence Committee members can each designate a full-time staffer for the committee who has full access. Additional obstacles stemmed from the classified nature of documents, which lawmakers may read only in specific, secure offices; rules require them to leave their notes behind and restrict their ability to discuss the issues with colleagues, outside experts or their own staff.[370]

On 12 August 2013, President Obama announced the creation of an "independent" panel of "outside experts" to review the NSA's surveillance programs. The panel is due to be established by the Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper, who will consult and provide assistance to them.[371] The "independent" panel of "outside experts" is composed of intelligence insiders, former White House officials and Obama advisers, who did not discuss any changes to the National Security Agency's controversial activities at its first meeting.[372]

On 19 July 2013, Human Rights Watch sent a letter to the Obama administration, urging it to allow companies involved in the NSA's surveillance to report about these activities and to increase government transparency.[373]

On 18 August 2013, Amnesty International asserted that if journalists maintain their independence and report critically about governments, they too may be "targeted" by the British government.[374]

On 20 August 2013, Index on Censorship argued that the British government's "threat of legal action" against The Guardian was a "direct attack on press freedom in the UK".[375]

On 4 September 2013, U.N. Special Rapporteur Frank La Rue stressed that the "protection of national security secrets must never be used as an excuse to intimidate the press into silence."[376]

Attempts to minimize perceived damage

Press censorship: British government officials issued a confidential DA-Notice to several press organizations, with the aim of restricting their ability to report on these leaks.[377] According to the U.S. Army, its decision to block The Guardian website was based upon the need to prevent service personnel from accessing press coverage and online content related to these disclosures.[378]

Detention without charge: On 18 August 2013, David Miranda, partner of journalist Glenn Greenwald, was detained under Schedule 7 of the United Kingdom's Terrorism Act of 2000. Miranda was returning from Berlin, carrying 58,000 GCHQ documents on a single computer file[379] to Greenwald in Brazil. Greenwald described Miranda's detention as "clearly intended to send a message of intimidation to those of us who have been reporting on the NSA and GCHQ".[380][381][382][383] The Metropolitan Police and Home Secretary Teresa May argued that Miranda's detention "legally and procedurally sound".[384] However, Lord Falconer of Thoroton, responsible for introducing the bill in the House of Lords, said that under the act, police can only detain someone "to assess whether they are involved in the commission, preparation or instigation of terrorism". He said "I am very clear that this does not apply, either on its terms or in its spirit, to Mr Miranda."[385] Antonio Patriota the Brazilian Minister of External Relations said that Miranda's detention was "not justifiable". The reasons for Miranda's detention were sought from the police by British politicians and David Anderson QC, the independent reviewer of terrorism legislation.[386] The United States government later said that British officials had given them a "heads up" about Miranda's detention, while adding that the decision to detain him had been a British one.[386]

Destruction of evidence: Guardian editor said the newspaper had received legal threats from the British government and was urged to surrender all documents leaked by Snowden. Security officials from the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) later made a visit to the newspaper's London headquarters to ensure that all computer hard drives containing Snowden's

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documents were destroyed.[384][387]

Editing of interview transcript: After the NSA Director of Compliance John Delong was interviewed by The Washington Post regarding these disclosures, the White House sent a "prepared" statement to The Post and ordered that "none of Delong's comments could be quoted on the record". The Post refused to comply.[388][389]

Forced landing of Morales' plane: Five Latin American countries – , Cuba, , Nicaragua and Venezuela – voiced their concerns to the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon after the plane of Bolivia's President was denied entry by a number of western European countries, and was forced to reroute to Austria based on "suspicion that United States whistleblower Edward Snowden was on board".[390] Ban said it was important to prevent such incidents from occurring in the future and emphasized that "A Head of State and his or her aircraft enjoy immunity and inviolability".[390]

US Congress' attempts to limit NSA

In response to the information released by Snowden, Rep. Justin Amash (R-Mich.) and Rep. (D-Mich.) proposed the "Amash- Coyers Amendment" to the National Defense Authorization Act.[391] If passed, the amendment would have curtailed "the ongoing dragnet collection and storage of the personal records of innocent Americans." The House rejected the amendment by a vote of 205–217.[392] An analysis indicated that those who voted against the amendment received 122% more in campaign contributions from defense contractors than those who voted in favor.[393]

In September 2013, Senators , Richard Blumenthal, and Ron Wyden introduced a "sweeping surveillance reform" proposal.[394] Called the most comprehensive proposal to date, the "Intelligence Oversight and Surveillance Reform Act" seeks to end the bulk collection of communication records made legal in section 215 of the Patriot Act and to reign in other "electronic eavesdropping programs".[395] Wyden told the Guardian the Snowden disclosures have "caused a sea change in the way the public views the surveillance system". The draft bill is a blend of 12 similar proposals as well as other legislative proposals.[396]

Impact on foreign relations

The media leaks caused tension in the bilateral relations of the United States with several of its allies and economic partners as well as in its relationship with the European Union:

Brazil

The Brazilian government expressed outrage at the revelations that the National Security Agency directly targeted the communications of president Dilma Rousseff and her top aides.[326] It called the incident an "unacceptable violation of sovereignty" and requested an immediate explanation from the U.S. government.[397]

Brazil's government signaled it would consider cancelling Rousseff's state visit to Washington – the only state visit for a foreign leader scheduled this year.[398] A senior Brazilian official stated the country would downgrade commercial ties unless Rousseff receives a public apology.[398] That would include ruling out the $4 billion dollar purchase of Boeing F-18 Super Hornet fighters and cooperation on oil and biofuels technology, as well as other commercial agreements.[398]

China

According to Huang Chengqing, Director of China's Computer emergency response team, about 2.91 million mainframe computers in China have been hijacked by more than 4,000 servers based in the United States.[399] On 17 June 2013, two weeks after the first disclosure was published, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry said:

"We believe the United States should pay attention to the international community's concerns and demands and give the international community the necessary explanation"[400]

France

On 21 October, 2013, France summoned Charles Rivkin, the U.S. Ambassador to France, to clarify and explain the NSA's surveillance of French citizens.[401] Speaking to journalists in the French seaport of Lorient, President François Hollande said:

"We cannot accept this kind of behaviour between partners and allies...We ask that this immediately stop."[402]

Germany

On 1 July 2013, the German Foreign Ministry summoned Philip D. Murphy, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, over allegations that the NSA had spied on institutions of the European Union.[403] On 24 October 2013, the Foreign Ministry summoned John B. Emerson, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, to clarify allegations that the NSA had tapped into Chancellor Angela Merkel’s mobile phone.[404][405]

In early August 2013, Germany canceled largely symbolic Cold War-era administrative agreements with Britain, the United States and France, which had granted the Western countries which had troops stationed in the right to request surveillance operations to protect those forces.[406]

At the end of August 2013, on orders of the German domestic intelligence agency, a federal police helicopter conducted a low-altitude flyover of the United States Consulate in Frankfurt, apparently in search of suspected clandestine eavesdropping facilities. A German official called it a

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symbolic "shot across the bow."[407]

Italy

Italy's Prime Minister Enrico Letta asked , the U.S. Secretary of State, to clarify if the NSA had illegally intercepted telecommunications in Italy.[408] On 23 October 2013, the Italian Interiro Minister Angelino Alfano told reporters in Rome:

"We have a duty to (provide) clarity to Italian citizens - we must obtain the whole truth and tell the whole truth, without regard for anyone."[409]

Mexico

On 24 October 2013, the Mexican Foreign Minister José Antonio Meade Kuribreña met with U.S. Ambassador Earl Anthony Wayne to clarify surveillance details revealed by Snowden.[410]

Spain

On 25 October 2013, the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy summoned James Costos, the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, to clarify reports about the NSA's surveillance of the Spanish government.[411] Spanish EU Minister, Inigo Mendez de Vigo, said such practices, if true, were "inappropriate and unacceptable". An EU delegation was to meet officials in Washington to convey their concerns.[412]

European Union

Early July 2013, the European Commissioner for Home Affairs, Cecilia Malmström, wrote to 2 US officials that "mutual trust and confidence have been seriously eroded and I expect the U.S. to do all that it can to restore them".[413]

On 20 October 2013, a committee at the European Parliament backed a measure that, if enacted, would require American companies to seek clearance from European officials before complying with United States warrants seeking private data. The legislation has been under consideration for two years. The vote is part of efforts in Europe to shield citizens from online surveillance in the wake of revelations about a far-reaching spying program by NSA.[414]

The European Council meeting at the end of October 2013 in its statement signed by all 28 EU leaders while stressing that "intelligence gathering is a vital element in the fight against terrorism" and noting "the close relationship between Europe and the USA and the value of that partnership", said that this must "be based on respect and trust," a lack of which "could prejudice the necessary cooperation in the field of intelligence gathering".[415][416]

Impact on trade

Late October 2013 There has been a notable dropoff of computer hardware and analytic software in the Chinese market. [2] (http://www.testosteronepit.com/home/2013/10/17/nsa-revelations-kill-ibm-hardware-sales-in-china.html) This has been highly attributed to the Snowden document releases, not market saturation or downticks.

Perceived consequences for counter-terrorism and national security

Late June 2013, Keith B. Alexander, the director of the NSA, asserted that these media leaks had caused "significant" and "irreversible" damage to the national security of the United States and this "irresponsible" release of will have a "long-term detrimental" impact on the intelligence community's ability to detect future attacks. Furthermore, these leaks have "inflamed and sensationalized" the work that the intelligence community does lawfully under "strict oversight and compliance".[417]

In early October 2013, former GCHQ director Sir , speaking of how useful for Russia's intelligece services Snowden's stay in Russia could be, told the BBC: "Part of me says that not even the KGB in its heyday of Philby, Burgess and Maclean in the 1950s could have dreamt of acquiring 58,000 highly classified intelligence documents."[418] Snowden stated that he had not leaked any documents to Russia.[419]

Andrew Parker, the director general of the UK Security Service maintained in October 2013 that the exposing of intelligence techniques had given extremists the ability to evade the intelligence agencies; he said,"It causes enormous damage to make public the reach and limits of GCHQ techniques. Such information hands the advantage to the terrorists. It is the gift they need to evade us and strike at will."[420]

Shortly afterwards, The editorialised that security chiefs were "right to be alarmed, knowing that terrorists can change their modus operandi in response to new information on their capabilities" and there was "no firm evidence that the intelligence agencies are using these new collection capabilities for malign ends."[379] Reaction

United States of America

Executive branch

In early June 2013, the U.S. Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper, referring to the surveillance activities reported in The Washington Post and Guardian shortly prior, stressed that those were lawful and conducted under authorities approved by the US Congress and that "significant misimpressions" had resulted from those articles; he called the disclosures of "intelligence community measures used to keep Americans safe" "reckless".[421] He condemned the leaks as having done "huge, grave damage" to the U.S. intelligence capabilities.[422] The

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NSA formally requested that the Department of Justice launch a criminal investigation into Snowden's actions.[421]

On June 14, 2013, US federal prosecutors filed a sealed complaint, made public on June 21,[423] charging Snowden with theft of government property, unauthorized communication of national defense information, and willful communication of classified intelligence to an unauthorized person; the latter two charges being under the Espionage Act.[424]

In June 2013, the U.S. military blocked access to parts of the Guardian website related to government surveillance programs for thousands of defense personnel across the country, and to the entire Guardian website for personnel stationed in Afghanistan, the Middle East, and .[425][426] A spokesperson described the filtering as a routine "network hygiene" measure intended to mitigate unauthorized disclosures of classified information onto the Department of Defense's [DOD] unclassified networks.[425]

On Sunday, August 4, Chairman of the was shown on the weekly ABC interview show This Week saying that Snowden "has caused us some considerable damage to our intelligence architecture. Our adversaries are changing the way that they communicate."[427]

United States President Barack Obama was dismissive of Snowden in late June, saying, "I'm not going to be scrambling jets to get a 29-year-old hacker."[428][429] In early August, Obama said that Snowden was no patriot and that Americans would have been better off if they had remained unaware of the NSA surveillance activities that Snowden revealed.[430] Obama also said that he had "called for a thorough review of our surveillance operations before Mr. Snowden made these leaks.... My preference, and I think the American people's preference, would have been for a lawful, orderly examination of these laws; a thoughtful fact-based debate that would then lead us to a better place."[430] On August 9, Obama announced that he was ordering Director of National Intelligence to arrange for "a high-level group of outside experts to review our entire intelligence and communications technologies.”[431][432] Director of National Intelligence James Clapper acknowledged that Snowden may have done a public service and started a needed debate about the balance between privacy and security. “As loath as I am to give any credit for what’s happened here, which was egregious, I think it’s clear that some of the conversations that this has generated, some of the debate, actually probably needed to happen,” he said, “It’s unfortunate they didn’t happen some time ago, but if there’s a good side to this, that’s it.”[433][434]

Congress

Reactions to Snowden's disclosures among members of Congress initially were largely negative.[435] Speaker of the House [436] and senators [437] and Bill Nelson[438] called Snowden a traitor, and several senators and representatives joined them in calling for Snowden's arrest and prosecution.[437][439][440]

Representative was one of few members of Congress to question the constitutional validity of the government surveillance programs and suggest that Snowden should be granted immunity from prosecution.[441] Senators Ted Cruz[442] and Rand Paul[443] offered tentative support for Snowden, saying they were reserving judgment on Snowden until more information about the surveillance programs and about Snowden's motives were known. Senator Paul said, "I do think when history looks at this, they are going to contrast the behavior of James Clapper, our National Intelligence Director, with Edward Snowden. Mr. Clapper lied in Congress in defiance of the law, in the name of security. Mr. Snowden told the truth in the name of privacy."[444] Paul later called Snowden a "civil disobedient", like Martin Luther King Jr., but who faced life imprisonment.[445] Representative John Lewis made comparisons between Snowden and Gandhi, saying the leaker was appealing to a "higher law".[446]

Senator Bill Nelson, "What Edward Snowden did amounts to an act of ."[447] Similar comments have also been made by Rep. Peter T. King, Rep. John Boehner, and Sen. Dianne Feinstein.[448]

On July 25, the US Senate Committee on Appropriations unanimously adopted an amendment by Senator to the " 2014 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill"[449] that would seek sanctions against any country that offers asylum to Snowden.[450][451][452]

In response to the information release by Snowden, Rep. Justin Amash (R-Mich.) and Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) proposed an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act[453] to curtail the NSA gathering and storage of the personal records, but the House rejected it by a narrow margin of 205–217.[454] Amash subsequently told that Snowden was "a whistle-blower. He told us what we need to know."[455]

On the Sunday ABC interview show This Week, Rep. , D-, of the United States House Select Committee on Intelligence was asked by Raddatz, "Are efforts being thwarted in trying to get information for members of Congress?" He replied,

"...[S]ince this incident occurred with Snowden, we've had three different hearings for members of our Democratic Caucus, and the Republican Caucus, where General Alexander has come with his deputy, Chris Inglis, to ask any questions that people have as it relates to this information. And we will continue to do that because what we're trying to do now is to get the American public to know more about what's going on....But we can do better. I have to educate my caucus more, the Democratic Caucus. And we're trying to declassify as much as we can."[456]

U.S. Senator John McCain (R-AZ) said on the August 11 edition of Fox News Sunday that Snowden had become a hero to young Americans, as he reminded them of the Jason Bourne character. McCain attributed it to generation change and a lack of confidence in the federal government. "Right now there's kind of a generational change," he said. "Young Americans do not trust this government."[457]

Gordon Humphrey, the conservative Republican senator for New Hampshire from 1979–1991, expressed support for Snowden.[458] Glenn Greenwald revealed that Humphrey, a former member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, had been in contact with Snowden via email. Humphrey told Snowden, "Provided you have not leaked information that would put in harms way any intelligence agent, I believe you have done the right thing in exposing what I regard as massive violation of the United States Constitution."[459] Humphrey cited Snowden as a "courageous whistle-blower".[460]

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Tom McClintock (R-Calif) came out in favor of amnesty for Snowden, saying "I think it would be best if the American government granted him amnesty to get him back to America where he can answer questions without the threat of prosecution... We have some very good laws against sharing secrets and he broke those laws. On the other hand, he broke them for a very good reason because those laws were being used in direct contravention of our 4th Amendment rights as Americans."[461]

Public

Polls conducted by news organisations following Snowden's disclosures about government surveillance programs to the press indicated that American public opinion on Snowden's actions was divided. A poll conducted June 10–11, 2013 showed 44 percent of Americans thought it was right for Snowden to share the information with the press while 42 percent thought it was wrong.[462] A USA Today/Pew Research poll conducted June 12–16 found that 49 percent thought the release of information served the public interest while 44 percent thought it harmed it. The same poll found that 54 percent felt a criminal case should be brought against Snowden, while 38 percent thought one should not be brought,[463][464] while a Washington Post/ABC News poll conducted between the same dates as the Pew poll cited 43 percent of respondents saying Snowden ought to be charged with a crime, while 48 percent said he ought not.[465] Another poll in early July found 38 percent of Americans thought he did the wrong thing, 33 percent said he did the right thing, and 29 percent were unsure.[466] A WSJ/NBC poll conducted July 17–21 found that 11% of Americans viewed Snowden positively while 34% had a negative view.[467] A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll conducted June 28 – July 8 found that in the wake of Snowden's disclosures, more Americans said that government goes too far in restricting civil liberties as part of the war on terrorism (45 percent) than said that government does not go far enough to adequately protect the country (40 percent).[468] That finding was evidence of a massive swing in public opinion since an earlier Quinnipiac poll, conducted in 2010, when only 25 percent of respondents had said government goes too far in restricting civil liberties while 63 percent had said government does not go far enough. The same poll found that 55 percent of Americans regarded Snowden as a whistleblower while 34 percent saw him as a traitor.[468] Quinnipiac showed that a majority of Americans, by a wide margin, still regarded Snowden as a whistleblower rather than a traitor when it repeated the poll July 31 – August 1.[469]

After the June 2013 release, mass protests against government surveillance were reported in many parts of the world. In the United States, a political movement known as "Restore the Fourth" was formed and it gained momentum rapidly. In early July, Restore the Fourth was responsible for protests in more than 80 cities including , , Denver, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City. These protests were loosely coordinated via online messaging services and involved protestors from all over the United States.[470] Towards the end of July, it was reported in the media that the German intelligence agency BND had been actively cooperating with the NSA, which sparked demonstrations in 40 German cities involving thousands of protestors all over the country.[471]

On 26 October 2013, an anti-NSA rally in Washington, D.C. supported by a diverse coalition of over 100 advocacy groups attracted thousands of protestors calling for an end to mass surveillance.[472] Many marchers carried signs saying "Thank you, Edward Snowden". In a statement written by Snowden and read to the crowd, Snowden said, "This isn't about red or blue party lines, and it definitely isn't about terrorism. It's about being able to live in a free and open society."[473]

Glenn Greenwald, one of the journalists who received the documents, praised Snowden for having done a service by revealing the surveillance on the American public.[474][475] John Cassidy, also of , called Snowden "a hero", and said that "in revealing the colossal scale of the US government's eavesdropping on Americans and other people around the world, [Snowden] has performed a great public service that more than outweighs any breach of trust he may have committed."[476] CNN columnist Douglas Rushkoff also called Snowden's leak an act of heroism.[477] Amy Davidson, writing in The New Yorker, was thankful for the "overdue" conversation on privacy and the limits of domestic surveillance.[478]

American political commentators and public figures such as ,[479] Chris Hedges,[480] ,[481] Cornel West,[482] Glenn Beck,[481] Matt Drudge,[483] Alex Jones,[484] Andrew Napolitano,[485] ,[486] Michael Savage,[487] and [488] praised Snowden for exposing secret government surveillance.

Other commentators were more critical of Snowden's methods and motivations.[489] Jeffrey Toobin, for example, denounced Snowden as "a grandiose narcissist who deserves to be in prison."[490] Writing in the The New Yorker, Toobin argued that the programs exposed were not illegal, therefore Snowden was not a whistleblower. Further, Toobin questioned "whether the government can function when all of its employees (and contractors) can take it upon themselves to sabotage the programs they don’t like".[490]

Former Vice President , suggested in June 2013 that Snowden might be a spy working for the Chinese government.[491]

Stewart Baker, a former NSA general counsel in the early 1990s, said at a July 18, 2013 hearing, "I am afraid that hyped and distorted press reports orchestrated by Edward Snowden and his allies may cause us – or other nations – to construct new restraints on our intelligence gathering, restraints that will leave us vulnerable to another security disaster."[492]

Former CIA and NSA chief General Michael Hayden in late June 2013 welcomed the public debate about the balance between privacy and security that the leaks had provoked: "I am convinced the more the American people know exactly what it is we are doing in this balance between privacy and security, the more they know the more comfortable they will feel."[493][494] In September 2013, Hayden stressed the indisputable legality of "what the NSA is doing" and called Snowden a "troubled young man", albeit "morally arrogant to a tremendous degree"; he also said about his prospects in Russia: "I suspect he will end up like most of the rest of the defectors who went to the old Soviet Union: Isolated, bored, lonely, depressed -- and most of them ended up alcoholics."[495]

Some former U.S. intelligence officials speculated that Chinese or Russian intelligence agents might have gleaned additional classified material from Snowden,[496][497][498] a view shared by some former Russian agents.[499] Snowden, however, told Greenwald in July that "I never gave any information to either government, and they never took anything from my laptops."[500]

In late June 2013, Former US President said: "He's obviously violated the laws of America, for which he's responsible, but I think the invasion of human rights and American privacy has gone too far ... I think that the secrecy that has been surrounding this invasion of

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privacy has been excessive, so I think that the bringing of it to the public notice has probably been, in the long term, beneficial."[501]

The editors of Bloomberg News argued that, while the government ought to prosecute Snowden, the media's focus on Snowden took attention away from issues of U.S. government surveillance, the interpretations of the Patriot Act, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) court actions, all of which are "what really matters in all this."[502] Greenwald accused the media in the U.S. of focusing on Edward Snowden instead of on wrongdoing by Clapper and other U.S. officials.[503] In an op-ed, author Alex Berenson argued that the federal government should have flown a representative to Hong Kong to ask Snowden to give testimony in front of the U.S. Congress and offer him a fair criminal trial, with a view to preventing further unintended disclosures of classified information to other countries.[504]

On June 9, a We the People petition was launched on the whitehouse.gov website to seek "a full, free, and absolute for any crimes [Snowden] has committed or may have committed related The petition to pardon Snowden at the to blowing the whistle on secret NSA surveillance programs". The petition attained 100,000 White House website signatures within two weeks, thus meeting the threshold and requiring an official response from the White House.[505] In October 2013, the Administration still had not responded to the petition, but gave no excuse for the four month delay.[506][507]

On August 8, 2013, , a Texas-based secure email service provider reportedly used by Snowden, abruptly announced it was shutting down operations after nearly 10 years of business.[508] The owner, Ladar Levison, posted a statement online saying he would rather go out of business than "become complicit in crimes against the American people."[508] He also said that he was barred by law from disclosing what he had experienced over the preceding 6 weeks, and that he was appealing the case in the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.[508] Multiple sources speculated that the timing of the statement suggested that Lavabit had been targeted by the US government in its pursuit of information about Snowden.[508][509][510][511][512] The following day, a similar email service, Silent Circle, preemptively shut down in order to "prevent spying".[513] Snowden said about the Lavabit closure, "Ladar Levison and his team suspended the operations of their 10-year old business rather than violate the Constitutional rights of their roughly 400,000 users. The President, Congress, and the Courts have forgotten that the costs of bad policy are always borne by ordinary citizens, and it is our job to remind them that there are limits to what we will pay." He said that "internet titans" like Google should ask themselves why they weren't "fighting for our interests the same way small businesses are".[514]

Europe

Governments

British Foreign Minister William Hague admitted that Britain's GCHQ was also spying and collaborating with the NSA, and defended the two agencies' actions as "indispensable."[515][516][517] Meanwhile, UK Defence officials issued a confidential DA-Notice to British media asking for restraint in running further stories related to surveillance leaks including the PRISM programme and the British involvement therein.[518]

Documents from Snowden show that cooperation between Berlin and Washington in the area of digital surveillance and defense intensified considerably during time of Chancellor Merkel. The Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), the foreign intelligence agency of Germany, is directly subordinated to the Chancellor's Office. Although Merkel denied knowing about surveillance, Germans take the claims seriously. According to Hansjörg Geiger, former head of the BND, findings/claims are Orwellian and mutual political and economic espionage would be explicitly forbidden.[519]

In the European Parliament, the Greens–European Free Alliance and European United Left–Nordic Green Left nominated Snowden for the 2013 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, which includes €50,000.[520][521]

Public

An opinion poll carried out by Emnid at the end of June revealed that 50% of Germans consider Snowden a hero, and 35% would hide him in their homes.[522]

Jürgen Trittin a German Green politician wrote in The Guardian Europe on July 2, 2013 "Edward Snowden has done us all a great service. The man who revealed that our US and UK allies are spying on us ought to be given refuge by an EU country. [...] If ever a case demonstrated why we need the protection of whistleblowers, this is it."[523]

Non-government organizations

After Amnesty International met Edward Snowden in in mid July 2013, the organization said: Demonstration against PRISM in Berlin, "What he has disclosed is patently in the public interest and as a whistleblower his actions Germany were justified. He has exposed unlawful sweeping surveillance programmes that unquestionably interfere with an individual’s . States that attempt to stop a person from revealing such unlawful behaviour are flouting international law. Freedom of expression is a fundamental right."[525]

Widney Brown, Senior Director of Amnesty, feared that Snowden would be at "great risk" of human rights violations if forcibly transferred to the United States,[526] and urged no country to return Snowden to the US. Michael Bochenek, Director of Law and Policy at Amnesty International deplored the US pressure on governments to block Snowden's asylum attempts, saying "It is his unassailable right, enshrined in international

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law".[527]

Human Rights Watch said that if Snowden were able to raise the issue of NSA mass surveillance without facing espionage charges, he would not have left the United States in the first place.[528] Human Rights Watch writes that any country where Snowden seeks asylum should consider his claim fairly and protect his rights under international law, which recognizes that revealing official secrets is sometimes justified in the public interest.[529]

Index on Censorship condemned the U.S. government for its "mass surveillance of citizens’ private communications" and urged all government officials to uphold the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. A statement released by Index on Censorship said: "Whistleblowers such as Edward Snowden — as well as journalists reporting on the Prism scandal, who have come under fire , the United Nations' High — should be protected under the first amendment, not criminalised."[530] Commissioner for Human Rights, said: "Without prejudging the validity of any Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said: "Snowden's case has asylum claim by Snowden, I appeal to all shown the need to protect persons disclosing information on matters that have implications for States to respect the internationally human rights, as well as the importance of ensuring respect for the right to privacy".[524] guaranteed right to seek asylum."[524]

Transparency International, International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms and Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler awarded Snowden the German Whistleblowerpreis 2013.[531]

The Humanist Union awarded him the Fritz Bauer Prize 2013.[532]

China and Hong Kong

The South China Morning Post published a poll of Hong Kong residents conducted while Snowden was still in Hong Kong that showed that half of the 509 respondents believed the Chinese government should not surrender Snowden to the United States if Washington raises such a request; 33 percent of those polled think of Snowden as a hero, 12.8 percent described him as a traitor, 23 percent described him as "something in between."[533]

Referring to Snowden's presence in the territory, Hong Kong chief executive Leung Chun-Ying assured that the government would "handle the case of Mr Snowden in accordance with the laws and established procedures of Hong Kong [and] follow up on any incidents related to the privacy or other rights of the institutions or people in Hong Kong being violated."[534] Pan-democrat legislators Gary Fan and Claudia Mo said that the perceived U.S. prosecution against Snowden will set "a dangerous precedent and will likely be used to justify similar actions" by authoritarian governments.[535] During Snowden's stay, the two main political groups, the pan-democrats and Pro-Beijing camp, found rare agreement to support Snowden.[536][537] The pro-Beijing DAB party even organised a separate march to Government headquarters Hong Kong demonstration at US Consulate on June 15 in support of Snowden for Snowden.

The People's Daily and the Global Times editorials of June 19 stated respectively that the central Chinese government was unwilling to be involved in a "mess" caused by others, and that the Hong Kong government should follow the public opinion and not concern itself with Sino-US relations.[538] A Tsinghua University communications studies specialist, Liu Jianming, interpreted that the two articles as suggesting that the mainland government did not want further involvement in the case and that the Hong Kong government should handle it independently.[538]

After Snowden left Hong Kong, Chinese-language newspapers such as the Ming Pao and the Oriental Daily expressed relief that Hong Kong no longer had to shoulder the burden of the Snowden situation.[539] Mainland experts said that, although the Central Government did not want to appear to be intervening in the matter, it was inconceivable that the Hong Kong government acted independently in a matter that could have far-reaching consequences for Sino-US relations. One expert suggested that, by doing so, China had "returned the favor" for their not having accepted the asylum plea from Wang Lijun in February 2012.[540] The official Chinese Communist Party mouthpiece, the People's Daily denied the US government accusation that the PRC central government had allowed Snowden to escape, and said that Snowden helped in "tearing off Washington's sanctimonious mask."[541]

South America

Robert Menendez, chairman of the United States foreign relations panel, warned Ecuador that accepting Snowden "would severely jeopardize" preferential trade access the United States provides to Ecuador.[542] Ecuador's President responded by abdicating US trade benefits.[543] A government spokesman said that Ecuador would offer the US "economic aid of US$23 million annually, similar to what we received with the trade benefits, with the intention of providing education about human rights."[544]

Correa criticized the US media for centering its focus on Snowden and countries supporting him, instead of focusing on the global and domestic privacy issues implicated in the leaked documents.[545]

After Bolivian president Morales' plane was, reacting to a false tip that Snowden was on board, denied access to Spanish, French, and Italian airspace during a return flight from Moscow, the presidents of Uruguay, Argentina, Venezuela and Suriname joined Correa and a representative

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from Brazil, in Cochabamba, Bolivia to discuss the incident.[546] Presidents Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela and of Nicaragua offered Snowden asylum after the meeting.

Brazil

In September 2013, Brazil's Chamber of Deputies Foreign Relations Committee decided to send a representative to speak to Edward Snowden about the espionage activities of the NSA in Brazil.[547] Petrobras announced that it was investing R$21 billion over five years to improve its .[548]

United Nations

Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that "the Snowden case is something I consider to be misuse" and that digital communications should not be "misused in such a way as Snowden did."[549] , an Icelandic legislator, criticized Ban for expressing a personal view while speaking in an official capacity. She said that Ban "seemed entirely unconcerned about the invasion Glenn Greenwald (right) and his partner, of privacy by governments around the world, and only concerned about how whistleblowers are Brazilian David Miranda (left), speaking to misusing the system."[549] the National Congress of Brazil about US spying activity in that country. Other countries

Russia, Turkey and South Africa reacted angrily after it was revealed that their diplomats had been spied on during the 2009 G-20 London summit.[550]

Whistleblowers

Daniel Ellsberg, the whistleblower and leaker of the top-secret in 1971, stated in an interview with CNN that he thought Snowden had done an "incalculable" service to his country and that his leaks might prevent the United States from becoming a surveillance state. He said Snowden had acted with the same sort of courage and patriotism as a soldier in battle.[551] In an op-ed the following morning, Ellsberg added that "there has not been in American history a more important leak than Edward Snowden's release of NSA material ... including the Pentagon Papers."[552] Ray McGovern, a retired CIA officer turned political activist, agreed with Ellsberg and added, "This time today I'm feeling much more hopeful for our democracy than I was feeling this time yesterday."[553]

William Binney, a whistleblower who disclosed details of the NSA's mass surveillance activities, said that Snowden had "performed a really great public service to begin with by exposing these programs and making the government in a sense publicly accountable for what they're doing." After Snowden cited a conversation with a "reliable source" about allegations that the US was "hacking into China", Binney felt he was "transitioning from whistle-blower to a traitor."[554]

Thomas Drake, former senior executive of NSA and whistleblower, said that he feels "extraordinary kinship" with Snowden. "What he did was a magnificent act of civil disobedience. He's exposing the inner workings of the surveillance state. And it's in the public interest. It truly is."[554][555]

WikiLeaks founder hailed Snowden as a "hero" who has exposed "one of the most serious events of the decade – the creeping formulation of a mass surveillance state."[556] After charges against Snowden were revealed, Assange released a statement asking people to "step forward and stand with" Snowden.[557] Following President Obama's assurances that changes are planned for the NSA surveillance program, Assange said in a written statement that Obama had "validated Edward Snowden's role as a whistle-blower".[558][559]

Shamai Leibowitz, who leaked details about an FBI operation, said that the legal threats and "smear campaign" against Snowden are a "grave mistake" because "If the government really wanted to keep more secrets from coming out, they would do well to let this man of go live his life in some other country."[560]

In October 2013, four US whistleblowers and activists visited Moscow to present Snowden with an award for truth-telling titled The for Integrity in Intelligence.[561][562] Thomas Drake, one of the presenters, told reporters after the event that the US had "unchained itself from their own constitution" by banning the "real law and [using] a secret law and secret interpretations of law." He further explained that Snowden "had to escape the US to ensure any chance of freedom", claiming the US had made Snowden stateless by revoking his passport while in Russia, leading to his temporary asylum in the country. Drake praised Russia, saying it had "actually recognized the international law and granted him political asylum".[563] List of Americans under surveillance

Further information: Mass surveillance in the United States

In September 2013, names of prominent figures in the United States were released to public following an Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel-mandated declassification by the NSA of relevant documents, and in response to an appeal by the National Security Archive at George Washington University.[566]

Activists

Martin Luther King, Jr, a leader of the African-American , was subjected to NSA surveillance right up until the day of his assasination.[566]

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Celebrities

Muhammad Ali, a former heavyweight boxing champion, was targeted by Project MINARET of the NSA, according to documents declassified in September 2013.[566]

Journalists

Art Buchwald, a columnist for The Washington Post, was nominated by the FBI to be placed under NSA surveillance, according to documents declassified in September 2013[566]

Tom Wicker, a columnist for The New York Times, was among those included in the Enemies List of the White House[566]

Members of Congress

Frank Church, a U.S. Senator from , was placed on the NSA watch list because of his "irresponsible" political views and criticism of the .[566]

Howard Baker, a Senate Majority Leader from Tennessee, was placed on the NSA watch list, In 2013, the CIA admitted that it had spied [564][565] according to documents declassified in September 2013[566] on Noam Chomsky

Media related to the disclosures

Court order demanding that Verizon hand over all Procedures used to target Foreigners. metadata to NSA.

Procedures used to Minimize collection on US 2009 OIG Draft Report on Stellar Wind. persons.

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2007 Memos by Michael Mukasey requesting Presidential Policy Directive – PPD 20 Signed By Broader powers. Barack Obama Relating to Cyberwarfare

NSA report on privacy violations. What's a 'privacy violation'

FISA Court finds NSA surveillance "deficient on Targeting Rationale Guidelines statutory and constitutional grounds" but nonetheless recertifies it.

Extracts of FY 2013 Intelligence Budget, volume 1 FY 2013 Intelligence Budget, additional tables

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SilverZephyr Slide Dropmire Slide.

Documents relating to spying on the 2009 G20 Cover page of the PRISM presentation. Summit

Map of global internet bandwidth. Names of the PRISM content providers and which services they typically provide.

Dates each content provider joined PRISM. Flowchart of the PRISM tasking process.

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PRISM dataflow. Explanation of PRISM case names.

REPRISMFISA web application. Upstream and PRISM.

A week in the life of Prism A 2008 Presentation of the XKeyscore program. (PDF, 27.26 MB)

Geopolititical Trends: Key Challenges Geopolitical trends: Global Drivers

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Benefits of contact graph analysis. Benefits of contact graph analysis.

Contact graph. Hops in a contact graph.

2 hop contact graph. Spying against Enrique Peña Nieto and his associates.

Details of the process in the Nieto operation. Emails from Nieto detailing potential cabinet picks.

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Spying effort against Dilma Rousseff and her Details of the process in the Rousseff operation (2 advisers. hop contact graph)

Details of the process in the Rousseff operation (2 Benefits of contact graph analysis. hop contact graph)

Exploitation of Common Internet Encryption Technologies.

Comparison with previous leaks

Main Year Disclosure Size Major publisher(s) Source(s) 1971 Pentagon Papers 4,100 pages Daniel Ellsberg The New York Times United States diplomatic 251,287 diplomatic Chelsea The Guardian, The New York Times. Der Spiegel, Le Monde, El 2010 cables leak cables Manning Pais, Wikileaks Mass surveillance 15,000 – 20,000 Edward The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington 2013 disclosures documents Snowden Post, Der Spiegel, Le Monde,

See also

2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters Terrorist Finance Tracking Program

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Top Secret America

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Said to Search Content of suggest NSA collects millions of Americans’ address books" Messages to and From U.S." (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/us (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/leaks- /broader-sifting-of-data-abroad-is-seen-by-nsa.html?pagewanted=all). by-edward-snowden-suggest-nsa-collects-millions-of-americans- The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2013. address-books/2013/10/15/ce043b56-359f- 294. ^ and Laura Poitras (28 September 2013). "N.S.A. 11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story.html). The Washington Post. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens" Retrieved 18 October 2013. (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/us/nsa-examines-social- 283. ^ Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani (15 October 2013). "NSA networks-of-us-citizens.html?_r=0&pagewanted=all). The New York collects millions of e-mail address books globally" Times. Retrieved 30 September 2013. 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564. ^ John Hudson. "Exclusive: After Multiple Denials, CIA Admits to 566. ^ a b c d e f g MATTHEW M. AID. "Secret Cold War Documents Reveal Snooping on Noam Chomsky" (http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts NSA Spied on Senators" (http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles /2013/08 /2013/09/25/it_happened_here_NSA_spied_on_senators_1970s). /13/after_multiple_denials_cia_admits_to_snooping_on_noam_chomsk Foreign Policy. Retrieved 25 September 2013. "...That's according to a y). Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 September 2013. recently declassified NSA history, which called the effort "disreputable 565. ^ Nikhil Kumar. "Memo shows CIA ‘did keep file on Noam Chomsky’" if not outright illegal." For years the names of the surveillance targets (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/memo-shows- were kept secret. But after a decision by the Interagency Security cia-did-keep-file-on-noam-chomsky-8760093.html). The Independent. Classification Appeals Panel, in response to an appeal by the National Retrieved 27 September 2013. Security Archive at George Washington University, the NSA has declassified them for the first time. The names of the NSA's targets are eye-popping."

Further reading

"The NSA Files" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/the-nsa-files). The Guardian. Politico Staff. "NSA leaks cause flood of political problems (http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/nsa-leaks-cause-flood-of-political- problems-92703.html)." Politico. 13 June 2013. NSA inspector general report on email and internet data collection under Stellar Wind (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive /2013/jun/27/nsa-inspector-general-report-document-data-collection) as provided by The Guardian on 27 June 2013. "Putin talks NSA, Syria, Iran, drones in exclusive RT interview (FULL VIDEO) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33oIF-ggK5U)." Russia Today. 12 June 2013. Ackerman, Spencer. "NSA warned to rein in surveillance as agency reveals even greater scope (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world /2013/jul/17/nsa-surveillance-house-hearing)." The Guardian. 17 July 2013. Ackerman, Spencer. "Slew of court challenges threaten NSA's relationship with tech firms (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul /17/nsa-court-challenges-tech-firms)." The Guardian. Wednesday 17 July 2013. Ackerman, Spencer and Paul Lewis. "NSA amendment's narrow defeat spurs privacy advocates for surveillance fight (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/25/narrow-defeat-nsa-amendment-privacy-advocates)." The Guardian. Thursday 25 July 2013. Ackerman, Spencer and Dan Roberts. "US embassy closures used to bolster case for NSA surveillance programs (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/05/us-embassy-closure-nsa-surveillance)." The Guardian. Monday 5 August 2013. Greenwald, Glenn. "Members of Congress denied access to basic information about NSA (http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree /2013/aug/04/congress-nsa-denied-access)." The Guardian. Sunday 4 August 2013. "Obama’s former adviser ridicules statement that NSA doesn’t spy on Americans (http://rt.com/usa/us-obama-surveillance-snowden- 296/)." (Archive (http://archive.is/sLrba)) Russia Today. 9 August 2013. MacAskill, Ewen. "Justice Department fails in bid to delay landmark case on NSA collection (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul /25/justice-department-case-nsa-collection)." The Guardian. Thursday 25 July 2013. Rushe, Dominic. "Microsoft pushes Eric Holder to lift block on public information sharing (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/jul /16/microsoft-eric-holder-permission-information-national-security)." The Guardian. Tuesday 16 July 2013. Perez, Evan. "Documents shed light on U.S. surveillance programs (http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/09/politics/nsa-documents- scope/index.html)." (Archive (http://archive.is/Mqsdk)) CNN. 9 August 2013. Gellman, Barton. "NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national- security/nsa-broke-privacy-rules-thousands-of-times-per-year-audit-finds/2013/08/15/3310e554-05ca-11e3-a07f- 49ddc7417125_story.html)." Washington Post. Thursday 15 August 2013. Roberts, Dan and Robert Booth. "NSA defenders: embassy closures followed pre-9/11 levels of 'chatter' (http://www.theguardian.com /world/2013/aug/04/nsa-us-embassy-closures-terrorist-threat)." The Guardian. Sunday 4 August 2013. Greenwald, Glenn. "The crux of the NSA story in one phrase: 'collect it all' (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jul/15/crux- nsa-collect-it-all)." The Guardian. Monday 15 July 2013. Sanchez, Julian. "Five things Snowden leaks revealed about NSA’s original warrantless wiretaps (http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy /2013/07/5-things-snowden-leaks-revealed-about-nsas-original-warrantless-wiretaps/)." Ars Technica. 9 July 2013. Forero, Juan. "Paper reveals NSA ops in Latin America (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/paper-reveals-nsa-ops- in-latin-america/2013/07/09/eff0cc7e-e8e3-11e2-818e-aa29e855f3ab_story.html)." Washington Post. 9 July 2013. Jabour, Bridie. "Telstra signed deal that would have allowed US spying (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/12/telstra- deal-america-government-spying)." The Guardian. Friday 12 July 2013. Ackerman, Spencer. "White House stays silent on renewal of NSA data collection order (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul /18/white-house-silent-renewal-nsa-court-order#start-of-comments)." The Guardian. Thursday 18 July 2013. Naughton, John. "Edward Snowden's not the story. The fate of the internet is (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/jul /28/edward-snowden-death-of-internet)." The Guardian. 28 July 2013. Adams, Becket. "MAD MAGAZINE USES ICONIC CHARACTERS TO HIT OBAMA OVER GOV’T SURVEILLANCE (http://www.theblaze.com

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/stories/2013/08/08/mad-magazine-uses-iconic-characters-to-hit-obama-over-govt-surveillance/)." The Blaze. 8 August 2013. Howerton, Jason. "HERE IS THE PRO-NSA SURVEILLANCE ARGUMENT (http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/06/10/here-is-the- pro-nsa-surveillance-argument)." The Blaze. 10 June 2013. "Edward Snowden NSA files: secret surveillance and our revelations so far – Leaked National Security Agency documents have led to several hundred Guardian stories on electronic privacy and the state (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/21/edward- snowden-nsa-files-revelations)" by the Guardian's James Ball on 21 August 2013 2013-07-29 Letter of FISA Court president Reggie B. Walton to the Chairman of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Patrick J. Leahy about certain operations of the FISA Court (http://www.leahy.senate.gov/download/honorable-patrick-j-leahy); among other things the process of accepting, modifying and/or rejecting surveillance measures proposed by the U.S. government, the interaction between the FISA Court and the U.S. government, the appearance of non-governmental parties before the court and and the process used by the Court to consider and resolve any instances where the government entities notifies the court of compliance concerns with any of the FISA authorities. "The Spy Files" (http://wikileaks.org/the-spyfiles.html). Wikileaks. December 1, 2011. A collection of documents relating to surveillance. "The Spy Files" (http://wikileaks.org/spyfiles/list/releasedate/2011-12-08.html). Wikileaks. December 8, 2011. Part 2 of the above. "Spy Files 3" (http://wikileaks.org/spyfiles3.html). Wikileaks. September 4, 2013. Part 3 of the above. "Veja os documentos ultrassecretos que comprovam espionagem a Dilma" (http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2013/09/veja- os-documentos-ultrassecretos-que-comprovam-espionagem-dilma.html) (in Portuguese). 2 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013. Documents relating to the surveillance against Dilma Roussef and Enrique Peña Nieto NSA surveillance: A guide to staying secure - The NSA has huge capabilities – and if it wants in to your computer, it's in. With that in mind, here are five ways to stay safe (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-how-to-remain-secure-surveillance) by The Guardian's Bruce Schneier on September 5, 2013.

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