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Confronting Fiji Futures

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Confronting Fiji Futures Index A’ana, 6, 7, 29, 57, 59 America, 56; early contacts Ponape, 73; Administration: changes to New Guinea influence on Nanpei, 78; Republican protectorate, 20; of Marshall Islands, ideas Ponape, 75, 90; war with Spain, 19; of New Guinea, 19; Ponape, role 77­9; Lauaki’s call to, 58, 61; partition in crushing revolt, 106­13; see also of Samoa, 31; resistance to German Colonial administration; District ad­ sovereignty Samoa, 18, 28; settler ministration claims to land Samoa, 26 Admiralty, B & G, 169 American Board of Commissioners for Admiralty Islands, 22, 125, 140, 194, Foreign Missions, see Boston Missionary 209­10; description of, 152­3; pacifica­ Society tion of, 152­8 American Samoa, see Samoa, American Advisory council: New Guinea, to American traders, see Traders Governor, 161; Ponape, Nanpei’s, Ancestors, New Guinea, Germans mis­ 90­1, 92, 98, 115, 116, 203, 209, 220; taken for, 164 see also Puin en lolokon\ Samoa, to Anchorite Islands, 125 Governor, 53 A ngala, see ‘Big m an’ Africa, 21, 22, 34, 71, 99 Angaur, 112, 118 African colonies, 21 Angoram, 195 Agreement, Spain and Germany 1885, 79 Annexation: Caroline Islands, 74; New Agriculture: New Guinea, expanding, Guinea, 125­6, 164 140; Ponape, potential, 80; Samoa, 51, Ant Islands, 78, 89, 90, 91, 93, 115 (extent 1914) 70, (limitations) 39; see Anut, 163, 168 also Plantations Apalberg, 109 Ahi people, 191 Apia, 18, 26, 27, 30, 49, 53, 56, 57, 59, A’iga, 7, 60, 62 61, 71; base for Godeffroys, 16; de­ Aimeliik, 118 scription of, 4, 27; see also Municipality Aitape, 22, 161, 170, 183, 192, 194, Apolima, 3, 6 195 Arcona, SMS, 63 Aleniang, 75, 76 Arms trade: New Guinea (New Ireland) Alexishafen, 186 138, (part of copra trade) 120, 123; Ali’i, 6 , 11 Ponape, 77, 83; Samoa, 35, (growth Ali’i Sili, 34, 38, 55, 57, 67, 69, 71, 214, in) 26­8 218; question of succession, 55­6; Asiata Taetoloa, 62, 63 solution to succession, 67­9; see also Astrolabe Bay, 163, 164, 167, 173, 177­ Paramount chieftaincy. 81, 186; coast of, 14 Alliances, New Guinea: Madang villages, Atua, 6, 7, 29, 59 168; of Tolai districts, 127­31 Australasian Wesleyan Methodist Mis­ Alualua, 124, 130, 131, 135 sionary Society, 119; see also Methodist Ambunti, 172 Mission 247 Index Australian colonies, 126; pressure to Bismarck Range, 14 annex New Guinea, 18 Bitarebarebe, 127, 129, 131 Authority: New Guinea (traditional Blanche Bay, 14, 119­40 passim structures) 14­15; Ponape (changes to) Blood revenge, 208 206, (in German hands) 115, Boeder, Carl, 98­106, 110, 112, 205­19 (traditional structure) 10­11, 74; passim', attitude to Ponapeans, 102­3, Samoa (German, 46); see also Social 105­6, 207; death, 105; native policy, authority 99­104, 1*06 Auxiliary troops, see Collaborators Bogadjim, 177­86 passim Awak, 77, 78, 81, 92, 97, 101, 107, 117 Bogia, 195 Azera people, 192, 193 Boluminski, Franz, 151 Bongu, 163, 164, 167, 180­6 passim Babelthuap, 118 Born Upon the Ditch, 91; see also Ipwin Babwaf, 193 pohn warawar Bagobag Island, 185 Bösch, Rev., m urdered, 177 Baining Mountains, 14, 142, 193; Boston Missionary Society, 73­90passim', massacre in, 147­50, 195, 204, 207, 211 hostility to Spain, 75 Baining people, 14, 11, 119, 137, 138; Bougainville, 14, 141, 142, 152, 158, 160, resist Catholic mission, 147­50 194, 196 Barff, Charles, 25 Brandeis, Eugen, 28 Barmen, 183 Brauckmann, Secretary, 101, 104, 105 Beachcombers, 201; Ponape, 73; Samoa, Britain, 17, 18, 20, 22, 30­1; navy in 26 Pacific, 23; settler claims to land Beche de mer, as item of trade, 73, 119 Samoa, 26; treaty with Samoa 1870s, Bennigsen, Rudolf von, 154; portrait, 140 27; Vice Consul Apia, 63, 66 Berg, Victor, 82­6 passim, 96, 97, 105; Brown, Rev. George, 119, 120, 122 attitude to Ponapeans, 82­3; death, 84 Buka, 126, 157 Berghausen, 187 Bukaua, 190, 191 Bergmann, Rev., 168, 179, 187 Bullet­proof ointment, 127­31 Berlin, 20, 23, 28, 40, 41, 62­108 passim, Billow, Chancellor, 21 136­52 passim, 180 Bundralis, 157 Berlin Conference, 29, 31, 52 Busum, 166 Berlinhafen, 164, 178, 183 ‘Big man’, 120­3, 127, 129, 135­68 California, 78 passim, 221­2; definition of, 15; Cameroons, 23, 68 Emma as, 125; manipulate clan land, Cape Arcona, 190, 192 124; powers of, 15; see also A ngala Cape Croiselles, 163, 189 Bilia, 168, 185, 188­9; people, 181­2, Cape Gazelle, 123, 125 188 Cape Lambert, 170 Bilibili Island, 177; people, 167, 181, Cape Raluana, 123 182, 186, 189 Capuchin Mission, 86, 93, 101, 110, 116; Biretava, 129 Fathers, 74­117 passim Bismarck, Prince, 17­20, 28, 74, 79, 170; Cardaso, Don Luis, 75, 76 change in colonial policy, 17; dis­ Cargo cults, 203 enchantment with colonies, 20 Cargo myth, New Guinea, at Madang, Bismarck Archipelago, 12, 39, 40, 119­80 184­6, 189, 194, 211 passim, 193, 194 Caroline Islanders, social structure of, 10 248 Index Caroline Islands, 16­20, 74­118 passim', Cocoa, Samoa: European production, attempted annexation 1885, 18; sold 70; native production, 69; limits on to Germany, 18, 79 growing of, 39 Catholic Mission: New Guinea, 140, 146, Coconut oil, trade in, 16 (history) 136­7, 178­80, 186, (MSC Coconuts: New Guinea, 120, 125, 128, and St Paul massacre) 147­50, (MSC 133, 173, (early rates of exchange) 123; and Pominis) 155­7; Ponape, 75­107 Ponape, 83, 89, 114, (potential) 80, passim, (conflict with Nanpei) 116­17, (planted by Nanpei) 77­8; Samoa, 51, (relations with German administra­ (native plantings) 70, (planting ordi­ tion) 84­6, 93—4, 116­17; see also nance) 35 Capuchin Mission; Samoa, see Marist Coerper, Rear Admiral, 62­4 Fathers Collaborators: importance in history Catholics: in Kulturkampf, 74; Ponape, German rule, 219­22; New Guinea conflict with Protestants, 76, 77, 81, (with George Brown) 122, (in Varzin 85, 90, 92, 94, 116­17, 220; Samoa, war) 146, (role of auxiliary troops) 196, 41, 47, 52 (M adang people) 194, (Nalon) 182, Centre Party, Germany, see fentrums­ 185, (Pominis) 155­7, 221­2, (To partei Bobo) 130, 131, 134, 220, 221; Chamorros, 88, 94 Ponape (role during Sokehs revolt) Chancellor, see Bismarck, Bülow 107­12, (Nanpei) 78, 90­3, 115­17, Charisma: definition, 220; of resistance 220­1, (Soumadau) 100, 103; Samoa leaders, 215­16 (against Lauaki) 59­62, 206, (district Chartered Company, Bismarck’s model, officials) 36, (Faipule) 47­8, 51, (Saga 19; see also New Guinea Company and Taumei) 60­1 Charter rule, 19, 173­4 Colonial administration: history of struc­ Cheyne, Andrew, 73 ture, 19­24; civilian nature in Pacific, Chief Judge, Samoa (Schultz), 68 22­3; reforms to, 21; changing atti­ Chiefs, effect of German rule on, 218; tudes 1914, 70­1; New Guinea (by Ponape, 10, 73­116 passim; Samoa, New Guinea Company) 126, 132, 169, 36­58 passim, 217 (Reich takes over) 173, (Hahl’s 3 year China, policy on coolies, Samoa, 65 plan) 196; Ponape (approach up to Chinese, in New Guinea, 166 1907) 81­6, (new priorities 1907) 95; Christianity: and colonialism, 68; New Samoa (instructions 1900) 34­5 Guinea (conversion to) 123­4, 185­6, Colonial control: limits of, 216­18; New 191, 194, (impact on Bainings) 148­50, Guinea (by Missions) 176, 178­80, (indifference to) 175, 178, 185­6, 191­2, (by 1914) 193­7, (by navy) (Neuendettelsau presentation) 190­1; 170­1, (fragility of) 138­9, 147, 149­ Ponape (Boston Mission tradition) 74, 50, 153­4, 183­5, 192, (under NGC) (conversion to) 74; Samoa (conversion 126, 137­9, 173­4, 180, 183, (Hahl’s to) 52, (nature of conversion) 25­6, approach) 134­5, 139­41, 183, 191, (effect on Lauaki) 64 193, (Rose’s solution) 171; Ponape Civil war: Ponape, 1898­99, 77­9, (Boeder’s approach) 99­103, (fra­ (threat of) 93; Samoa, 1899, 18, 29­30, gility of) 79­81, 87, 94­7; Samoa, 62, (threat of) 59­62 35, 49, (difficulties of) 32, (Solf’s Clans: New Guinea (in Madang) 168; approach) 67­8; see also Colonial Ponape, 81, 104, (Soumadau’s con­ administration nections) 97, (support for Sokehs) 107 Colonial Council, see Kolonialrat 249 Index Colonial Department, 20, 22, 35, 41, 49, Consuls, Samoa, 18, 34, 42, 66; inter­ 79, 85, 136, 146, 156, 166; policy for ference in Samoan politics, 26, 28; Ponape, 79­80, 82­3; instructions to rivalries, 27; see also Vice Consul Solf, 34 Coolies, Samoa, 41; difficulties over Colonial development, see Development import, 65 Colonialism: assumptions of, 204; New Co­operative, Samoa, 45, 203; see also Guinea (Hahl’s philosophy) 132, 141, Oloa (planter philosophy) 160­2; Samoa Copra: beginnings of trade, 16; German (Solf’s philosophy) 54 export of in Micronesia, 79, 80; New Colonial Office, 21, 54, 66­7, 87­9, 95, Guinea (earliest exports) 123, (exports 97, 99; administrative priorities, 21, 1899) 173, (exports 1914) 158, (New 86; attitude to Ponape, 95­6; attitude Guinean production) 127, 134, 143; to Solf system, 65­7 Ponape (as tax) 89, (difficulties pro­ Colonial policy: of new Colonial Office, ducing) 80; Samoa (co­operative 86; limitations of, 105­6; New Guinea attempt) 43­50, (DHPG production) (Hahl’s) 132; Ponape (in 1900) 79­80, 70, (Samoan production 1909­14) 69, (during revolt) 108, 112; Samoa (importance to Samoans) 43, 51, 202 (German expectations) 36, (Solf’s) 53­ Cormoran, SMS, 69, 103, 108, 117 5, 67­8 Corvee labour, 205, 216; New Guinea Colonial reform, under Dernburg, 21­2; (at Madang) 180, (regulations) 141­2; see also Colonial administration Ponape, 94­101, 117, (as part of Colonial Secretary, 86, 95; Dernburg, reforms) 89, (under Boeder) 99­104; 66; Solf, 68 Samoa (pressure for) 40­1, 53, (during Colonial troops: size in Germany’s Saipan exile) 71 colonies, 23; New Guinea (police used Cotton, New Guinea, 125, 128, 140 as) 195­6; Samoa (pressure for) 65­6,
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