Orivaldo Leme Biagi O IMAGINÁRIO E a GUERRA DA

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Orivaldo Leme Biagi O IMAGINÁRIO E a GUERRA DA Orivaldo Leme Biagi O IMAGINÁRIO E A GUERRA DA IMPRENSA: Estudo sobre a cobertura realizada pela imprensa brasileira da Guerra do Vietnã na sua chamada “fase americana” (1964-1973) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Departamento de Pós-Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Ítalo Arnaldo Tronca Este Exemplar Corresponde à Redação Final da Dis- sertação de Mestrado Defendida e Aprovada pela Comissão Julgadora em 15/03/96. Banca: Profa. Dra. Maria Stella Bresciani Prof. Dr. Paulo Miceli Prof. Dr. Alcir Lenharo Março - 1996 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. O Imaginário e a Guerra da Imprensa “All We are Saying is Give Peace a Chance.” Lennon & McCartney Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer em primeiro lugar ao CNPQ e ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de Campinas pelo apoio e financiamento desta dissertação de mestrado. São muitas as pessoas a quem sou imensamente grato e com quem compartilho a realização deste trabalho. A começar pelo professor Ítalo Tronca, que com suas sugestões profundas e seriedade profissional ajudou decisivamente a dar os parâmetros da pesquisa presente. Agradeço profundamente a Bernardo Kucinski que, em sua entrevista concedida a mim, iluminou muitos caminhos que pareciam escuros. Alberto Dines, nome essencial para a compreensão da imprensa nesta segunda metade de século, também fez comentários vitais para este trabalho. Não poderia deixar de mencionar o pessoal da secretaria da pós-graduação do IFCH, sempre delicados e atenciosos, principalmente nos momentos de dificuldade. Quero agradecer também o pessoal da biblioteca, em particular ao José Carlos, que sempre me atendeu com alegria, além da sua grande competência profissional. A meus grandes e queridos amigos, que pouco me viram nos momentos da confecção da tese, mas que não foram esquecidos, como, aliás, nunca serão. Um grande abraço para vocês: Alberto, Tiago, Zeca, Alejo, Evandro, Wando, Tadeuzão, Jéssica, Maringá, Fabinho, Cláudia, João (de Bragança), a todos os colegas da pós -graduação, em particular para a Valéria que enfrentou comigo momentos de intensa dificuldade. A todos que não citei, não por desconsideração, mas por que são tantos e tão importantes na minha vida, que não caberiam neste papel. Mas estão em meu coração. Agradeço minha família maravilhosa, que me deu forças nos momentos mais difíceis, que não foram poucos. Agradeço a meu pai, Vadão, pessoa da qual me orgulho muito; agradeço minha mãe, Suely, que vale por um milhão de mães; agradeço meu irmão Gilson, que sempre me trouxe um sorriso nos piores momentos da minha vida; agradeço minhas duas avós, Amélia e Augusta que, com certeza, estão orgulhosas do seu netinho. Amo todos vocês. Logicamente que não poderia esquecer da minha garota, doce, inteligente, que sem sua prestigiosa ajuda e intenso amor essa tese não seria possível: Cristina. Hemingway comentava que a gente escreve para a pessoa que ama. Neste caso, escrevi esta tese para você, minha doce Cris. Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer em primeiro lugar ao CNPQ e ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de Campinas pelo apoio e financiamento desta dissertação de mestrado. São muitas as pessoas a quem sou imensamente grato e com quem compartilho a realização deste trabalho. A começar pelo professor Ítalo Tronca, que com suas sugestões profundas e seriedade profissional ajudou decisivamente a dar os parâmetros da pesquisa presente. Agradeço profundamente a Bernardo Kucinski que, em sua entrevista concedida a mim, iluminou muitos caminhos que pareciam escuros. Alberto Dines, nome essencial para a compreensão da imprensa nesta segunda metade de século, também fez comentários vitais para este trabalho. Não poderia deixar de mencionar o pessoal da secretaria da pós-graduação do IFCH, sempre delicados e atenciosos, principalmente nos momentos de dificuldade. Quero agradecer também o pessoal da biblioteca, em particular ao José Carlos, que sempre me atendeu com alegria, além da sua grande competência profissional. A meus grandes e queridos amigos, que pouco me viram nos momentos da confecção da tese, mas que não foram esquecidos, como, aliás, nunca serão. Um grande abraço para vocês: Alberto, Tiago, Zeca, Alejo, Evandro, Wando, Tadeuzão, Jéssica, Maringá, Fabinho, Cláudia, João (de Bragança), a todos os colegas da pós -graduação, em particular para a Valéria que enfrentou comigo momentos de intens a dificuldade. A todos que não citei, não por desconsideração, mas por que são tantos e tão importantes na minha vida, que não caberiam neste papel. Mas estão em meu coração. Agradeço minha família maravilhosa, que me deu forças nos momentos mais difíceis, que não foram poucos. Agradeço a meu pai, Vadão, pessoa da qual me orgulho muito; agradeço minha mãe, Suely, que vale por um milhão de mães; agradeço meu irmão Gilson, que sempre me trouxe um sorriso nos piores momentos da minha vida; agradeço minhas duas avós, Amélia e Augusta que, com certeza, estão orgulhosas do seu netinho. Amo todos vocês. Logicamente que não poderia esquecer da minha garota, doce, inteligente, que sem sua prestigiosa ajuda e intenso amor essa tese não seria possível: Cristina. Hemingway comentava que a gente escreve para a pessoa que ama. Neste caso, escrevi esta tese para você, minha doce Cris. ÍNDICE · APRESENTAÇÃO.............................................................................................................. 1 · INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................................15 · CAPÍTULO 1 - Discussão Bibliográfica.................................................................................39 · CAPÍTULO 2 - Vietnã e a Imprensa Brasileira até 1964......................................................... 62 · CAPÍTULO 3 - 1965/1967................................................................................................... 104 · CAPÍTULO 4 - 1968/1969.................................................................................................141 · CAPÍTULO 5 - 1970/1973.................................................................................................176 · CONCLUSÕES.................................................................................................................209 · BIBLIOGRAFIA................................................................................................................215 Apresentação Problemática da Pesquisa Pretendemos com esta pesquisa estudar as representações criadas pela imprensa escrita brasileira na cobertura da Guerra do Vietnã, na sua chamada “fase americana”, ou seja, dando ênfase aos anos de 1964 até 1973. A imprensa (e as assim chamadas mídias) procura, de uma maneira quase inconsciente, criar uma imagem que aponte para uma ordem, uma organização nos elementos que constituem o real da sociedade. Tais elementos estão impregnados, na maioria das vezes, de paixão, de compone ntes irracionais que coabitam com a razão. Neste sentido, a mídia manipula o real, mas também é manipulada por ele, na relação entre o real e as representações, entre o real e o imaginário social - relação esta que, em síntese, é instituinte da História. Entendemos como imaginário a definição dada por Castoriadis, ou seja: “O imaginário não é a partir da imagem do espelho ou no olhar do outro. O próprio “espelho” e sua possibilidade, e o outro como espelho são antes obras do imaginário, que é a criação ex nihilo. (...) O imaginário de que falo não é imagem de. É criação incessante e essencialmente indeterminada (social-histórica e psíquica) de figuras/formas/imagens, a partir das quais somente é possível falar-se de “alguma coisa”. Aquilo que denominamos “realidade” e “racionalidade” são seus produtos”.1 A partir dessa definição, podemos concluir que as sociedades humanas estão imersas dentro de imaginários, que são, justamente, os elementos que dão suas formas e seus conteúdos, mas isso de um modo mais geral e amplo. Para se trabalhar historicamente, precisamos sair dessa imersão total, precisamos definir os imaginários, buscar as representações, pois são através delas que os imaginários se manifestam.2 A Guerra do Vietnã existiu, indiferentemente do que possamos imaginar em relação a ela. Porém, interessa que ela foi representada pela imprensa, num momento de intensas transformações tecnológicas que interferiram na própria representação, o que vem a tornar ainda mais complexas essas relações. O interesse desta pesquisa é verificar as mudanças ocorridas nas representações da imprensa brasileira, que também foi matizada por mudanças tecnológicas, utilizando a Guerra do Vietnã como condutor. Trabalharemos com o imaginário que se formou ainda durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, um imaginário amplo, que denominaremos de imaginário da Guerra Fria. O Imaginário da Guerra Fria Com o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, vários problemas colocaram-se no mundo no tocante à nova ordem internacional, principalmente do ponto de vista econômico e político. A Europa apresentava-se arrasada, com suas velhas potências (Inglaterra, França, Itália e Alemanha) sem forças para fazer valer seus interesses. O Japão, antiga potência asiática e igualmente destruída pela guerra, apresentava o mesmo quadro. Duas novas potências emergiram do conflito: os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética. Um novo equilíbrio mundial de poder acabaria por impor-se, tendo como pólos antagônicos estas
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