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Problems in Introductory Physics

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Problems in Introductory Physics Problems in Introductory Physics B. Crowell and B. Shotwell 2 Copyright 2016 B. Crowell and B. Shotwell. This book is licensed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution-ShareAlike license, version 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/3.0/, except for those photographs and drawings of which we are not the author, as listed in the photo credits. If you agree to the license, it grants you certain privileges that you would not otherwise have, such as the right to copy the book, or download the digital version free of charge from www.lightandmatter.com. Contents 1 Measurement 7 1.1 The SI . 7 1.2 Significant figures . 7 1.3 Proportionalities . 7 1.4 Estimation . 8 Problems . 9 2 Kinematics in one dimension 15 2.1 Velocity . 15 2.2 Acceleration . 15 Problems . 18 3 Kinematics in three dimensions 31 3.1 Vectors . 31 3.2 Motion . 33 Problems . 35 4 Newton's laws, part 1 43 4.1 Newton's first law . 43 4.2 Newton's second law . 44 4.3 Newton's third law . 44 Problems . 46 5 Newton's laws, part 2 51 5.1 Classification of forces . 51 5.2 Friction . 51 5.3 Elasticity . 51 5.4 Ropes, pulleys, tension, and simple machines . 53 5.5 Analysis of forces . 53 Problems . 55 6 Circular motion 69 6.1 Uniform circular motion . 69 6.2 Rotating frames . 69 6.3 Nonuniform motion . 69 6.4 Rotational kinematics . 69 Problems . 71 7 Conservation of energy 79 7.1 Conservation laws . 79 7.2 Work . 80 7.3 Kinetic energy . 81 3 4 CONTENTS 7.4 Potential energy . 81 Problems . 83 8 Conservation of momentum 97 8.1 Momentum: a conserved vector . 97 8.2 Collisions . 97 8.3 The center of mass . 98 Problems . 99 9 Conservation of angular momentum 105 9.1 Angular momentum . 105 9.2 Rigid-body dynamics . 105 9.3 Torque . 106 9.4 Statics . 106 Problems . 108 10 Fluids 121 10.1 Statics . 121 10.2 Dynamics . 122 Problems . 123 11 Gravity 127 11.1 Kepler's laws . 127 11.2 Newton's law of gravity . 127 11.3 The shell theorem . 127 11.4 Universality of free fall . 128 11.5 Current status of Newton's theory . 128 11.6 Energy . 128 Problems . 130 12 Oscillations 141 12.1 Periodic motion . 141 12.2 Simple harmonic motion . 141 12.3 Damped oscillations . 141 12.4 Driven oscillations . 142 Problems . 143 13 Waves 151 13.1 Free waves . 151 13.2 Bounded waves . 151 Problems . 152 14 Electrical interactions 157 14.1 Charge and Coulomb's law . 157 14.2 The electric field . 157 14.3 Conductors and insulators . 158 14.4 The electric dipole . 158 CONTENTS 5 14.5 The field of a continuous charge distribution . 158 14.6 Gauss's law . 158 14.7 Gauss's law in differential form . 159 Problems . 160 15 The electric potential 167 15.1 The electric potential . 167 15.2 Capacitance . 167 15.3 Dielectrics . 168 15.4 Poisson's equation and Laplace's equation . 168 15.5 The method of images . 168 Problems . 170 16 Circuits 175 16.1 Current . 175 16.2 Resistance . 175 16.3 The loop and junction rules . 175 Problems . 176 17 Basics of relativity 183 17.1 The Lorentz transformation . 183 17.2 Length contraction and time dilation . 184 Problems . 185 18 Electromagnetism 187 18.1 Electromagnetism . ..
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