DOCSLIB.ORG

History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 Cover photo: UN Photo #136694 by Fred Noy. Major General L.K.F. Aprezi (right), Force Commander of the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), shaking hands with Marthinus Vanstaden, South African Officer leading UN military and police officers, on arrival in Darfur, Sudan. 28 December 2006. Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. © 2018 Peace Operations Training Institute. All rights reserved. Peace Operations Training Institute 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA www.peaceopstraining.org First edition: March 2007 This course was developed under a generous grant from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) and Trisha Langley: The Angelworks Inc. Toronto, Canada. The material contained herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the eaceP Operations Training Institute (POTI), the Course Author(s), or any United Nations organs or affiliated organizations. The Peace Operations Training Institute is an international not-for-profit NGO registered as a 501(c)(3) with the Internal Revenue Service of the United States of America. The Peace Operations Training Institute is a separate legal entity from the United Nations. Although every effort has been made to verify the contents of this course, the Peace Operations Training Institute and the Course Author(s) disclaim any and all responsibility for facts and opinions contained in the text, which have been assimilated largely from open media and other independent sources. This course was written to be a pedagogical and teaching document, consistent with existing UN policy and doctrine, but this course does not establish or promulgate doctrine. Only officially vetted and approved UN documents may establish or promulgate UN policy or doctrine. Information with diametrically opposing views is sometimes provided on given topics, in order to stimulate scholarly interest, and is in keeping with the norms of pure and free academic pursuit. Versions of this course offered in other languages may differ slightly from the primary English master copy. Translators make every effort to retain the integrity of the material. History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 Table of Contents Method of Study x Lesson 1 The Period of Retrenchment 1995-1999 11 Section 1.1 Peacekeeping in the Early 1990s 12 Section 1.2 Retrenchment of Peacekeeping in the Mid-1990s 13 Section 1.3 The Changed Face of Peacekeeping 14 Section 1.4 Missions During the First Period of Retrenchment 15 Section 1.5 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) 15 Section 1.6 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) 17 Section 1.7 United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) 19 Section 1.8 United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) 23 Lesson 2 The Ongoing Retrenchment of UN Peacekeeping 31 Section 2.1 Continued Retrenchment 32 Section 2.2 The Impact of Retrenchment 33 Section 2.3 The Growing Financial Crisis 34 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE V HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Section 2.4 The 50th Anniversary of UN Peacekeeping 37 Section 2.5 The Impact of UN dPkO on retrenchment 37 Section 2.6 Missions During the Continued Retrenchment 38 Section 2.7 United Nations Civilian Police Support Group (UNPSG) 38 Section 2.8 United Nations Mission in the Central African republic (MINUrCA) 40 Section 2.9 United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) 46 Lesson 3 The End of Retrenchment: UNMIK and UNTAET 53 Section 3.1 The Changing Peacekeeping Paradigm 54 Section 3.3 The UN Peacekeeping Transition Strategy 57 Section 3.4 The Missions During 1999 57 Section 3.5 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in kosovo (UNMIk) 57 Section 3.6 United Nations Transitional Administration in east Timor (UNTAeT) 67 Lesson 4 The End of Retrenchment: UNAMSIL and MONUC 77 Section 4.1 Various Reforms 78 Section 4.2 Missions in the Latter Half of 1999 79 Section 4.3 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 79 Section 4.4 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 89 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VI HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Lesson 5 The Resurgence of UN Peacekeeping 109 Section 5.1 The Beginning of the Resurgence 110 Section 5.2 The Brahimi Report 111 Section 5.3 Peacekeeping, the UN, and AIdS 112 Section 5.4 Women in Peacekeeping Operations 113 Section 5.5 Issues Facing Peacekeeping During the Period of Resurgence 113 Section 5.6 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) 114 Section 5.7 United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) 122 Section 5.8 United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) 129 Lesson 6 The Expansion of Peacekeeping in the Early Twenty- First Century 143 Section 6.1 The Resurgent United Nations 144 Section 6.2 The Need for More Peacekeepers 147 Section 6.3 The Impact of Peacekeeping in Africa 147 Section 6.4 African Initiatives 148 Section 6.5 The AU’s Peace and Security Council 148 Section 6.6 Missions Between 2004 and 2006 149 Section 6.7 United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (MINUCI) 149 Section 6.8 United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) 156 Section 6.9 United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) 168 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VII HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Lesson 7 The Problematic Missions in the Early Twenty-First Century 183 Section 7.1 Economic Impacts 184 Section 7.2 Failure 185 Section 7.3 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) 186 Section 7.4 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) 196 Lesson 8 UN Peacekeeping Organization in 2006 213 Section 8.1 The Multinational United Nations Standby Forces High Readiness Brigade (SHIrBrIG) 214 Section 8.2 The United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (dPkO) 217 Section 8.3 The Challenge of Peacekeeping in the Twenty-First Century 228 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VIII HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Appendices Appendix A: List of Acronyms 231 Appendix B: Past Peacekeeping Missions 241 Appendix C: Current Peacekeeping Missions 242 Instructions for the End-of-Course Examination 244 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE IX HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Method of Study This self-paced course aims to give students flexibility in their approach to learning. The following steps are meant to provide motivation and guidance about some possible strategies and minimum expectations for completing this course successfully: • Before you begin studying, first browse through the entire course. Notice the lesson and section titles to get an overall idea of what will be involved as you proceed. • The material is meant to be relevant and practical. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive to understand concepts and overall perspectives in regard to the United Nations system. • Set personal guidelines and benchmarks regarding how you want to schedule your time. • Study the lesson content and the learning objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, orient yourself to the main points. If possible, read the material twice to ensure maximum understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. • At the end of each lesson, take the end-of-Lesson Quiz. Clarify any missed questions by rereading the appropriate sections, and focus on retaining the correct information. • After you complete all of the lessons, prepare for the end-of-Course examination by taking time to review the main points of each lesson. Then, when ready, log into your online student classroom and take the End-of-Course Examination in one sitting. » Access your online classroom at <www.peaceopstraining.org/users/user_login> from virtually anywhere in the world. • your exam will be scored electronically. If you achieve a passing grade of 75 per cent or higher on the exam, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you score below 75 per cent, you will be given one opportunity to take a second version of the end-of-Course examination. • A note about language: This course uses english spelling according to the standards of the Oxford english dictionary (United kingdom) and the United Nations editorial Manual. Key Features of Your Online Classroom » • Access to all of your courses; • A secure testing environment in which to complete your training; • Access to additional training resources, including multimedia course supplements; • The ability to download your Certificate of Completion for any completed course; and • Forums where you can discuss relevant topics with the POTI community. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE X HISTORY OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM RETRENCHMENT TO RESURGENCE: 1997 TO 2006 LESSON The Period of Retrenchment 1 1995-1999 The setbacks experienced by the United Nations (UN) in Somalia, Bosnia, and rwanda were a backdrop to the reality of the changes in global conflicts. UN Photo #104043 by Eskinder Debebe. In this lesson » Lesson Objectives » Section 1.1 Peacekeeping in the Early 1990s • know the political background to the changing face of peacekeeping in the context of the Section 1.2 Retrenchment of Peacekeeping in the Mid- failures of the 1990s. 1990s • Understand why retrenchment in peacekeeping Section 1.3 The Changed Face of Peacekeeping occurred. Section 1.4 Missions During the First Period of • Learn the role and composition of UNTMIH. Retrenchment • Learn the role and composition of MIPONUH. Section 1.5 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) • Gain a basic knowledge of MICAH.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Organized Crime
    SIPRI Background Paper February 2018 MULTILATERAL PEACE PROJECT SUMMARY w The New Geopolitics of Peace OPERATIONS AND THE Operations III: Non‑traditional Security Challenges initiative CHALLENGES OF was launched with support from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, co‑sponsored ORGANIZED CRIME by Ethiopia, and in continued partnership with the Friedrich‑ jaÏr van der lijn Ebert‑Stiftung (FES). This phase of the initiative seeks to enhance understanding I. Introduction about peace operations and non‑traditional security Multilateral peace operations are increasingly confronting a set of challenges such as terrorism interrelated and mutually reinforcing security challenges that are relatively and violent extremism, new to them, that do not respect borders, and that have causes and effects irregular migration, piracy, which cut right across the international security, peacebuilding and organized crime and environmental degradation. It development agendas.1 Organized crime provides one of the most prominent aims to identify the various examples of these ‘non-traditional’ security challenges.2 perceptions, positions and There are many different definitions of organized crime depending on the interests of the relevant context, sector and organization. The United Nations Convention against stakeholders, as well as to Transnational Organized Crime defines an ‘organized criminal group’ as stimulate open dialogue, ‘a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time cooperation and mutual and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes understanding by engaging key or offences . in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other stakeholders and mapping the material benefit’.3 However, this definition is not unchallenged.
    [Show full text]
  • Un Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Ocha)
    OCTOBER 2005 UN OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) TABLE OF CONTENTS NUMBERS................................................................................................................ 1 A............................................................................................................................. 2 B ........................................................................................................................... 13 C........................................................................................................................... 16 D........................................................................................................................... 28 E ........................................................................................................................... 32 F ........................................................................................................................... 36 G .......................................................................................................................... 40 H........................................................................................................................... 43 I ............................................................................................................................ 47 J............................................................................................................................ 54 K ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Index and Abbreviations DIPLOMATIC BLUEBOOK 2005
    Index and Abbreviations DIPLOMATIC BLUEBOOK 2005 Index <Notes> 1. This index is comprised of terms that can be found in the main text (including charts), columns, and topics. 2. The figures indicate the page numbers on which references to the terms appear. Italicized figures denote terms that appear in the charts, columns or topics. Numbers 13, 15, 18, 19, 34, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 57, 150th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic rela- 58, 59, 60, 63, 73, 137, 139, 139, 140, 157, 159, 162, tions between the two countries [Japan and Russia]: 167, 168, 169, 170, 177, 184, 187, 201, 218, 253 87, 91 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): 5, 18, 56, 138, 140, 142 1993 Tokyo Declaration: 88 B 386 generation: 32 3R: 9, 172, 174, 185, 187 barrier: 104 3rd Africa-Asia Business Forum: 118, 121 Bills Concerning Responses to Armed Attack Situations: 4th plenary session of the 16th Central Committee: 38 218 9/11 Commission: 66 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): 153, 156, 157 biometrics: 239 A Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE): 63, 65, 70 abduction: 47, 98, 235, 237, 239 Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative: 114, 115, abduction and murder of a Japanese national: 235 116 abduction cases involving Japanese nationals [in Iraq]: 239 Byrd Amendment: 65, 166 abduction issue: 3, 11, 21, 24, 26, 69, 191, 192 C Abu Dhabi Meeting: 13, 100 Action Plan for Prevention of Terrorism: 140 Central Asia Plus Japan: 14, 87, 93 Additional Protocol: 8, 111, 133, 133, 153, 155, 218 Central Asian Cooperation Organization (CACO): 92, 93 Additional
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 14 December 2017
    United Nations A/72/649 General Assembly Distr.: General 14 December 2017 Original: English Seventy-second session Agenda item 149 Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2017 Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report provides information on the financial position of 29 closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2017. Of those missions, five had net cash deficits in the total amount of $86.0 million (in comparison with $86.1 million as at 30 June 2016) as a result of outstanding payments of assessed contributions from Member States. The remaining 24 closed peacekeeping missions had net cash surpluses available for credit to Member States totalling $85.3 million (in comparison with $67.7 million as at 30 June 2016). 17-22541 (E) 281217 *1722541* A/72/649 Abbreviations MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala MINURCA United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic MINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MIPONUH United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ONUB United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUCA United Nations Observer Group in Central America ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique ONUSAL United Nations Observer
    [Show full text]
  • Inquiry Into Recognition of Service with the Commonwealth Monitoring Force – Rhodesia 1979-80
    INQUIRY INTO RECOGNITION OF SERVICE WITH THE COMMONWEALTH MONITORING FORCE – RHODESIA 1979-80 LETTER OF TRANSMISSION Inquiry into Recognition of Service with the Commonwealth Monitoring Force – Rhodesia 1979-80 Senator the Hon David Feeney Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Parliamentary Secretary, I am pleased to present the report of the Defence Honours and Awards Tribunal on the Inquiry into Recognition of Service with the Commonwealth Monitoring Force – Rhodesia 1979-80. The inquiry was conducted in accordance with the Terms of Reference. The panel of the Tribunal that conducted the inquiry arrived unanimously at the findings and recommendations set out in its report. Yours sincerely Professor Dennis Pearce AO Chair 8 November 2010 2 CONTENTS LETTER OF TRANSMISSION.............................................................................................2 CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................3 TERMS OF REFERENCE .....................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................5 RECOMMENDATION...........................................................................................................6 REPORT OF THE TRIBUNAL.............................................................................................7 Conduct of the Inquiry....................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • The Protection of Children in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Processes
    The Protection of Children in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Processes Ilene Cohn* I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Despite increased international attention to and awareness of children's rights, children are largely overlooked in the peacemaking and peacekeeping process. Rules of engagement for peacekeepers disregard children, and re- construction and reconciliation programs that emerge from negotiations ignore the differential impact on and particular needs of children. The effect is to marginalize persistent problems like the rehabilitation and reintegra- tion of child soldiers and, more broadly, to miss the opportunity to address widespread systemic problems common to war-torn societies. Children suffer disproportionately in war, and they benefit disproportion- ately less in peace. The international community has recognized the deficiency of the international bill of rights in addressing specific classes of injustice or the status of entire groups of persons, and it has acknowledged the need for programmatic tools to address the special needs of vulnerable communities. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), to which I refer throughout as a guidepost for children-oriented initiatives, is the most widely ratified human rights treaty and obliges States to take positive measures to ensure the protection of children's rights both in peace and in war.1 A similar approach is both warranted and reasonable in peace proc- * Program Officer, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, United Nations. Visiting Fellow, Harvard Law School Human Rights Program (1997- 1999). I would like to express special thanks to Peter Rosenblum for his encouragement, advice and edito- rial wisdom, and to the Harvard Human Rights Program for offering me an environment so conducive to research and writing.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Inquiry Into Service in Peacekeeping Operations Post 1947
    INQUIRY INTO RECOGNITION FOR DEFENCE FORCE PERSONNEL WHO SERVED AS PEACEKEEPERS FROM 1947 ONWARDS LETTER OF TRANSMISSION Inquiry into recognition for Defence Force personnel who served as peacekeepers from 1947 onwards Senator the Hon David Feeney Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Parliamentary Secretary, I am pleased to present the report of the Defence Honours and Awards Tribunal on the Inquiry into recognition for Defence Force personnel who served as peacekeepers from 1947 onwards. The inquiry was conducted in accordance with the Terms of Reference. The panel of the Tribunal that conducted the inquiry arrived unanimously at the findings and recommendations set out in its report. Yours sincerely Professor Dennis Pearce AO Chair 1 November 2010 2 CONTENTS LETTER OF TRANSMISSION.....................................................................................2 CONTENTS......................................................................................................................3 TERMS OF REFERENCE .............................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................5 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................7 REPORT OF THE TRIBUNAL.....................................................................................8 Conduct of the Inquiry ................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED NATIONS MEDALS Page
    17 May 2019 CHAPTER 5 UNITED NATIONS MEDALS Page 03 United Nations Service Medal – Korea 05 General Information UN Medals 07 UN Emergency Force (Egypt) UNEF 08 UN Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine UNTSO 09 UN Observer Group in Lebanon UNOGIL 10 UN Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan UNGOMAP 11 Office of the Secretary-General in Afgh. & Pakistan OSGAP 12 UN Military Observation Group in India and Pakistan UNMOGIP 13 Organisations des Nations Unies au Congo ONUC 14 UN Temporary Executive Authority in West New Guinea UNTEA 15 UN Yemen Observation Mission UNYOM 16 UN Force in Cyprus UNFICYP 18 UN India Pakistan Observation Mission UNIPOM 19 UN Emergency Force Middle East UNEFME 20 UN Disengagement Observer Force (Golan Heights) UNDOF 21 UN Interim Force in Lebanon UNIFIL 22 UN Iran / Iraq Military Observer Group UNIIMOG 23 UN Transition Assistance Group in Namibia UNTAG 24 UN Observer Group in Central America ONUCA 25 UN Iraq / Kuwait Observer Mission UNIKOM 26 UN Angola Verification Mission II UNAVEM 27 UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MINURSO 28 UN Observer Group in El Salvador ONUSAL 29 UN Protection Force (former Yugoslavia) UNPROFOR 32 UN Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia UNCRO 33 UN Advanced Mission in Cambodia UNAMIC 34 UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAC 35 UN Operations in Somalia UNOSOM 36 UN Operations in Mozambique ONUMOZ 37 UN Observer Mission Uganda / Rwanda UNOMUR 38 UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda UNAMIR 39 UN Observer Group for the Verification of the Elections in Haiti
    [Show full text]
  • UNEP Report on "Greening the Blue Helmets"
    Greening the Blue Helmets Environment, Natural Resources and UN Peacekeeping Operations United Nations Environment Programme About UNEP’s Disasters and Conflicts Programme The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) seeks to minimize threats to human well-being from the environmental causes and consequences of conflicts and disasters. Through its Disasters and Conflicts programme, it conducts field based environmental assessments and strengthens national environmental and resource management capacity in countries affected by conflicts and disasters. Since 1999, UNEP has operated in more than 35 countries and published over 20 environmental assessment reports. Based on this expertise, UNEP is providing technical assistance to a number of UN and international actors, including the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO), the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), the Department of Field Support (DFS), the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the European Commission, in assessing the role of natural resources and the environment in conflict and peacebuilding. The main objective of this technical cooperation is to help member states identify conflict risks and peacebuilding opportunities from natural resources and the environment. The aim is to promote the use of natural resources in ways that create jobs, sustain livelihoods and contribute to economic recovery and reconciliation while avoiding new forms of grievances or major environmental degradation. About this report This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how peacekeeping operations affect and are affected by natural resources and environmental conditions. The report is divided into two main parts. Part 1 reviews the environmental management of peacekeeping operations and showcases good practices, technologies and behaviours that have already been adopted.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Political Missions – Report of the Secretary-General
    UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL MISSIONS REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL MISSIONS UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL MISSIONS: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL Summary This report is submitted pursuant to resolution 67/123, whereby the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General “to submit a report on the overall policy matters pertaining to special political mis- sions, including their evolution, trends, as well as their role in the activities of the Organization relating to the maintenance of international peace and security and to make recommendations to increase their overall transparency and effectiveness”. Contents I. Introduction . 2 II. Historical evolution of special political missions . 3 III. The present role of special political missions in the peace and security activities of the Organization . 7 IV. Key policy issues and challenges . 16 V. Recommendations to improve transparency and effectiveness . 24 Annex . 26 1 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL I. INTRODUCTION 1. At the heart of conflict, more often than not, are political issues. It should come as no surprise, therefore, that political missions have been at the very centre of United Nations efforts to maintain international peace and security since the establishment of the Organization. From the deploy- ment of Count Folke Bernadotte to the Middle East in 1948 to the establishment of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia in 2013, political missions have, in different forms, played a vital role in conflict prevention, peacemaking and peacebuilding.
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficacy of Peacekeeping 1
    BABCOCK: THE EFFICACY OF PEACEKEEPING 79 The Efficacy of Peacekeeping 1 Sandy Babcock Director General Operational Research Department of National Defence, Canada Canadian Forces Experimentation Centre National Defence Headquarters Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Sandy Babcock is pursuing his Ph.D. in history at Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. His doctoral thesis relates to the impact of professionalism on the Royal Canadian Air Force, 1945-1964. He recently retired from the Canadian Forces after a 29-year career and began a second career conducting operational research for the Canadian Department of National Defence. His current employment is with the Canadian Forces Experimentation Centre, where he is the acting team leader responsible for the identification and development of future concepts. ABSTRACT This study seeks to assess the efficacy of United Nations peacekeeping missions. Using qualitative analysis to categorize these missions as successful, partially successful or unsuccessful, the location, timing, duration, size, interstate versus intrastate peacekeeping, and peacekeeper density of missions are then examined against the level of success encountered. The results of this study suggest that some of these factors do provide limited indications of the chances for mission success. INTRODUCTION For more than 50 years, United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions have been one of the cornerstones of international efforts to restore or support governance and stability. Since
    [Show full text]
  • MEDALS of the IRISH DEFENCE FORCES MEDALS of the IRISH DEFENCE FORCES
    Óglaigh na hÉireann MEDALS OF THE IRISH DEFENCE FORCES MEDALS OF THE IRISH DEFENCE FORCES 1st Edition (October 2010) CONTENTS SECTION TITLE PAGE No. Irish Defence Forces Medals 7 - 26 UN Medals 27 - 67 EU Medals 69 - 80 UN Mandated Medals 81 - 90 War of Independence Medals 91 - 96 Wearing of Medals 97 - 105 Index 106 - 107 Acknowledgements and References 108 INTRODUCTION The award of medals for services rendered is generally associated with the military. Military medals are bestowed in recognition of specific acts or service which can vary in significance from routine duty to bravery and valour. Irrespective of their provenance, military medals are highly valued and are regarded as representing all that is best in the field of human endeavour. They are seen as being earned and merited by the recipient and in the Defence Forces this sense of worth is enhanced by the strict conditions attaching to the awards. Medals in the Defence Forces fall into two broad categories: medals awarded by the Minister for Defence on the recommendation of the Chief of Staff and medals awarded to qualifying personnel for service overseas on Government approved missions. The first category comprises the Military Medal for Gallantry and the Distinguished Service Medal, which can be awarded for acts of bravery, gallantry, courage, leadership or devotion to duty and the Military Star, a posthumous decoration awardable to personnel killed as a direct result of hostile action. These medals may only be awarded following rigorous investigation by a board of officers appointed by the Chief of Staff. Also in this category are the Service Medal, which recognises service in the Defence Forces for a minimum fixed period and the United Nations Peacekeepers Medal, which recognises service overseas with a UN mandated mission.
    [Show full text]