History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 Cover photo: UN Photo #136694 by Fred Noy. Major General L.K.F. Aprezi (right), Force Commander of the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), shaking hands with Marthinus Vanstaden, South African Officer leading UN military and police officers, on arrival in Darfur, Sudan. 28 December 2006. Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. © 2018 Peace Operations Training Institute. All rights reserved. Peace Operations Training Institute 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA www.peaceopstraining.org First edition: March 2007 This course was developed under a generous grant from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) and Trisha Langley: The Angelworks Inc. Toronto, Canada. 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History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from Retrenchment to Resurgence: 1997 to 2006 Table of Contents Method of Study x Lesson 1 The Period of Retrenchment 1995-1999 11 Section 1.1 Peacekeeping in the Early 1990s 12 Section 1.2 Retrenchment of Peacekeeping in the Mid-1990s 13 Section 1.3 The Changed Face of Peacekeeping 14 Section 1.4 Missions During the First Period of Retrenchment 15 Section 1.5 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) 15 Section 1.6 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) 17 Section 1.7 United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) 19 Section 1.8 United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) 23 Lesson 2 The Ongoing Retrenchment of UN Peacekeeping 31 Section 2.1 Continued Retrenchment 32 Section 2.2 The Impact of Retrenchment 33 Section 2.3 The Growing Financial Crisis 34 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE V HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Section 2.4 The 50th Anniversary of UN Peacekeeping 37 Section 2.5 The Impact of UN dPkO on retrenchment 37 Section 2.6 Missions During the Continued Retrenchment 38 Section 2.7 United Nations Civilian Police Support Group (UNPSG) 38 Section 2.8 United Nations Mission in the Central African republic (MINUrCA) 40 Section 2.9 United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) 46 Lesson 3 The End of Retrenchment: UNMIK and UNTAET 53 Section 3.1 The Changing Peacekeeping Paradigm 54 Section 3.3 The UN Peacekeeping Transition Strategy 57 Section 3.4 The Missions During 1999 57 Section 3.5 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in kosovo (UNMIk) 57 Section 3.6 United Nations Transitional Administration in east Timor (UNTAeT) 67 Lesson 4 The End of Retrenchment: UNAMSIL and MONUC 77 Section 4.1 Various Reforms 78 Section 4.2 Missions in the Latter Half of 1999 79 Section 4.3 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 79 Section 4.4 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 89 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VI HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Lesson 5 The Resurgence of UN Peacekeeping 109 Section 5.1 The Beginning of the Resurgence 110 Section 5.2 The Brahimi Report 111 Section 5.3 Peacekeeping, the UN, and AIdS 112 Section 5.4 Women in Peacekeeping Operations 113 Section 5.5 Issues Facing Peacekeeping During the Period of Resurgence 113 Section 5.6 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) 114 Section 5.7 United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) 122 Section 5.8 United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) 129 Lesson 6 The Expansion of Peacekeeping in the Early Twenty- First Century 143 Section 6.1 The Resurgent United Nations 144 Section 6.2 The Need for More Peacekeepers 147 Section 6.3 The Impact of Peacekeeping in Africa 147 Section 6.4 African Initiatives 148 Section 6.5 The AU’s Peace and Security Council 148 Section 6.6 Missions Between 2004 and 2006 149 Section 6.7 United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (MINUCI) 149 Section 6.8 United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) 156 Section 6.9 United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) 168 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VII HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Lesson 7 The Problematic Missions in the Early Twenty-First Century 183 Section 7.1 Economic Impacts 184 Section 7.2 Failure 185 Section 7.3 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) 186 Section 7.4 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) 196 Lesson 8 UN Peacekeeping Organization in 2006 213 Section 8.1 The Multinational United Nations Standby Forces High Readiness Brigade (SHIrBrIG) 214 Section 8.2 The United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (dPkO) 217 Section 8.3 The Challenge of Peacekeeping in the Twenty-First Century 228 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE VIII HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Appendices Appendix A: List of Acronyms 231 Appendix B: Past Peacekeeping Missions 241 Appendix C: Current Peacekeeping Missions 242 Instructions for the End-of-Course Examination 244 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE IX HOIST ry OF UNITed Nations PeACekeePING OPerations FrOM reTrenchmeNT TO reSUrGeNCe: 1997 TO 2006 Method of Study This self-paced course aims to give students flexibility in their approach to learning. The following steps are meant to provide motivation and guidance about some possible strategies and minimum expectations for completing this course successfully: • Before you begin studying, first browse through the entire course. Notice the lesson and section titles to get an overall idea of what will be involved as you proceed. • The material is meant to be relevant and practical. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive to understand concepts and overall perspectives in regard to the United Nations system. • Set personal guidelines and benchmarks regarding how you want to schedule your time. • Study the lesson content and the learning objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, orient yourself to the main points. If possible, read the material twice to ensure maximum understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. • At the end of each lesson, take the end-of-Lesson Quiz. Clarify any missed questions by rereading the appropriate sections, and focus on retaining the correct information. • After you complete all of the lessons, prepare for the end-of-Course examination by taking time to review the main points of each lesson. Then, when ready, log into your online student classroom and take the End-of-Course Examination in one sitting. » Access your online classroom at <www.peaceopstraining.org/users/user_login> from virtually anywhere in the world. • your exam will be scored electronically. If you achieve a passing grade of 75 per cent or higher on the exam, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you score below 75 per cent, you will be given one opportunity to take a second version of the end-of-Course examination. • A note about language: This course uses english spelling according to the standards of the Oxford english dictionary (United kingdom) and the United Nations editorial Manual. Key Features of Your Online Classroom » • Access to all of your courses; • A secure testing environment in which to complete your training; • Access to additional training resources, including multimedia course supplements; • The ability to download your Certificate of Completion for any completed course; and • Forums where you can discuss relevant topics with the POTI community. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE X HISTORY OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM RETRENCHMENT TO RESURGENCE: 1997 TO 2006 LESSON The Period of Retrenchment 1 1995-1999 The setbacks experienced by the United Nations (UN) in Somalia, Bosnia, and rwanda were a backdrop to the reality of the changes in global conflicts. UN Photo #104043 by Eskinder Debebe. In this lesson » Lesson Objectives » Section 1.1 Peacekeeping in the Early 1990s • know the political background to the changing face of peacekeeping in the context of the Section 1.2 Retrenchment of Peacekeeping in the Mid- failures of the 1990s. 1990s • Understand why retrenchment in peacekeeping Section 1.3 The Changed Face of Peacekeeping occurred. Section 1.4 Missions During the First Period of • Learn the role and composition of UNTMIH. Retrenchment • Learn the role and composition of MIPONUH. Section 1.5 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) • Gain a basic knowledge of MICAH.