List of Peacekeeping Operations 1948 - 2020 Acronym Mission Name Start Date End Date
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U.N. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa
U.N. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa September 23, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45930 SUMMARY R45930 U.N. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa September 23, 2019 Many Members of Congress have demonstrated an interest in the mandates, effectiveness, and funding status of United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping operations in Africa as an integral Luisa Blanchfield component of U.S. policy toward Africa and a key tool for fostering greater stability and security Specialist in International on the continent. As of September 2019, there are seven U.N. peacekeeping operations in Africa: Relations the U.N. Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Alexis Arieff Republic (MINUSCA), Specialist in African Affairs the U.N. Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), the U.N. Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), Lauren Ploch Blanchard Specialist in African Affairs the U.N. Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), the U.N. Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), and the U.N. Mission for the Organization of a Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO). The United States, as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council, plays a key role in establishing, renewing, and funding U.N. peacekeeping operations, including those in Africa. For 2019, the U.N. General Assembly assessed the U.S. share of U.N. peacekeeping operation budgets at 27.89%; since the mid-1990s Congress has capped the U.S. payment at 25% due to concerns that the current assessment is too high. During the Trump Administration, the United States generally has voted in the Security Council for the renewal and funding of existing U.N. -
S/RES/2387 (2017) Security Council
United Nations S/RES/2387 (2017) Security Council Distr.: General 15 November 2017 Resolution 2387 (2017) Adopted by the Security Council at its 8102nd meeting, on 15 November 2017 The Security Council, Recalling its previous resolutions and statements on the Central African Republic (CAR), in particular resolutions 2121 (2013), 2127 (2013), 2134 (2014), 2149 (2014), 2181 (2014), 2196 (2015), 2212 (2015), 2217 (2015), 2262 (2016), 2264 (2016), 2281 (2016), 2301 (2016), 2339 (2017), as well as resolution 2272 (2016), and its Presidential Statements S/PRST/2014/28 of 18 December 2014, S/PRST/2015/17 of 20 October 2015, S/PRST/2016/17 of 16 November 2016, S/PRST/2017/5 of 4 April 2017 and S/PRST/2017/9 of 13 July 2017, Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of the CAR, and recalling the importance of the principles of non-interference, good-neighbourliness and regional cooperation, Reaffirming the basic principles of peacekeeping, including consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force, except in self-defence and defence of the mandate, recognizing that the mandate of each peacekeeping mission is specific to the need and situation of the country concerned, and recalling, in this regard, its Presidential Statement S/PRST/2015/22 of 25 November 2015, Recalling that the CAR Authorities have the primary responsibility to protect all populations in the CAR in particular from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and, in this regard, recalling -
Q:\Web\Publications\02-1998 to 2008\DCR\Rhodesia\Rhodes-1.Wpd
UNIDIR/95/41 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Rhodesia/Zimbabwe Paper: Jeremy Ginifer Questionnaire Compilation: LT Col J.W. Potgieter, Military Expert, DCR Project Project funded by: the Ford Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, the Winston Foundation, the Ploughshares Fund, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Finland, France, Austria, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Argentina, and the Republic of South Africa. UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1995 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/95/41 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.95.0.28 ISBN 92-9045-109-2 Table of Contents Page Preface - Sverre Lodgaard ...................................... v Acknowledgements .......................................... vii Project Introduction - Virginia Gamba ............................ix Project Staff............................................... xvii List of Acronyms............................................xix Part I: Case Study ..................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................ 3 2. Political and Historical Context of Demilitarization in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia ...................... 5 2.1 The Civil War ....................................... 6 3. The Role of External Intervention in the Demilitarization Settlement .......................... 10 4. Negotiating the Demilitarization Mandate .................. -
The United Nations and Its Agencies: Unequal Financial Allocations, Mistreatment of Israel, and Straying from Its Mandates
The United Nations and its Agencies: Unequal Financial Allocations, Mistreatment of Israel, and Straying from its Mandates Ran Bar-Yoshafat Tevet 5779 – January 2019 Policy Paper no. 44 Attorney Ran Bar-Yoshafat Deputy Director of the Kohelet Policy Forum Ran is active in the fields of constitutional and international law, and public diplomacy. Ran received a Law degree from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, a Masters in Business from Tel-Aviv University, and a Masters in American Jewish History from Haifa University. The United Nations and its Agencies: Unequal Financial Allocations, Mistreatment of Israel, and Straying from its Mandates Ran Bar-Yoshafat Tevet 5779 – January 2019 Policy Paper no. 44 The United Nations and Its Agencies: Unequal Financial Allocations, Mistreatment of Israel, and Straying from its Mandates Attorney Ran Bar-Yoshafat Printed in Israel, January 2019 ISBN 978-965-7674-55-0 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 United Nations General Assembly (GA) .................................................................. 7 United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) ............................................ 11 Security Council Peacekeeping Operations and Political Missions .........13 Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process (UNSCO) ............17 Economic -
Appendix I: All UN Peacekeeping Mandates, 1948-2016
Appendix I: All UN Peacekeeping Mandates, 1948-2016 Appendix I lists all new mandates for UN peace operations issued per year categorized by Chapter of the UN Charter invoked in the mandate. There are three lists in this appendix: Chapter VI mandates, Chapter VII mandates, and mandates that shifted between Chapter VI and Chapter VII. Missions are listed chronologically and recorded in each category in which they received a mandate. A mission that shifts mandates will therefore appear on all three lists. 1 Appendix I: All UN Peacekeeping Mandates, 1948-2016 Table 1: Chapter VI Mandates (year indicates authorization of mission) Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) (1948) Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) (1949) Emergency Force I (UNEF I) (1956) Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) (1958) Security Force in West New Guinea (NSF) (1962) Yemen Observation Mission (UNYOM) (1963) Mission of the SG's Representative in the Dominican Republic (DOMREP) (1965) India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM) (1965) Emergency Force II (UNEF II) (1973) Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) (1974) Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) (1978) Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) (1988) Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) (1988) Angola Verification Mission I (UNAVEM I) (1989) Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) (1989) Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) (1989) Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) (1991) Angola Verification Mission II (UNAVEM II) (1991) Angola Verification Mission III -
General Assembly Distr.: General 14 December 2017
United Nations A/72/649 General Assembly Distr.: General 14 December 2017 Original: English Seventy-second session Agenda item 149 Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2017 Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report provides information on the financial position of 29 closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2017. Of those missions, five had net cash deficits in the total amount of $86.0 million (in comparison with $86.1 million as at 30 June 2016) as a result of outstanding payments of assessed contributions from Member States. The remaining 24 closed peacekeeping missions had net cash surpluses available for credit to Member States totalling $85.3 million (in comparison with $67.7 million as at 30 June 2016). 17-22541 (E) 281217 *1722541* A/72/649 Abbreviations MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala MINURCA United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic MINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MIPONUH United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ONUB United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUCA United Nations Observer Group in Central America ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique ONUSAL United Nations Observer -
Inquiry Into Recognition of Service with the Commonwealth Monitoring Force – Rhodesia 1979-80
INQUIRY INTO RECOGNITION OF SERVICE WITH THE COMMONWEALTH MONITORING FORCE – RHODESIA 1979-80 LETTER OF TRANSMISSION Inquiry into Recognition of Service with the Commonwealth Monitoring Force – Rhodesia 1979-80 Senator the Hon David Feeney Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Parliamentary Secretary, I am pleased to present the report of the Defence Honours and Awards Tribunal on the Inquiry into Recognition of Service with the Commonwealth Monitoring Force – Rhodesia 1979-80. The inquiry was conducted in accordance with the Terms of Reference. The panel of the Tribunal that conducted the inquiry arrived unanimously at the findings and recommendations set out in its report. Yours sincerely Professor Dennis Pearce AO Chair 8 November 2010 2 CONTENTS LETTER OF TRANSMISSION.............................................................................................2 CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................3 TERMS OF REFERENCE .....................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................5 RECOMMENDATION...........................................................................................................6 REPORT OF THE TRIBUNAL.............................................................................................7 Conduct of the Inquiry....................................................................................................7 -
Nicaragua and El Salvador
UNIDIR/97/1 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Nicaragua and El Salvador Papers: Paulo S. Wrobel Questionnaire Analysis: Lt Col Guilherme Theophilo Gaspar de Oliverra Project funded by: the Ford Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, the Winston Foundation, the Ploughshares Fund, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the governments of Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Finland, France, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1997 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/97/1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.97.0.1 ISBN 92-9045-121-1 Table of Contents Page Previous DCR Project Publications............................... v Preface - Sverre Lodgaard ..................................... vii Acknowledgements ...........................................ix Project Introduction - Virginia Gamba ............................xi List of Acronyms........................................... xvii Maps.................................................... xviii Part I: Case Study: Nicaragua .......................... 1 I. Introduction ....................................... 3 II. National Disputes and Regional Crisis .................. 3 III. The Peace Agreement, the Evolution of the Conflicts and the UN Role.................................... 8 1. The Evolution of the Conflict in Nicaragua............ 10 2. -
A. Nature of Allegations Reported for Peacekeeping Operations And
A. Nature of allegations reported for peacekeeping operations and special political missions, for entities other than peacekeeping and special political missions and for non-United Nations forces, in 2017 United Non-United Mechanism United Nations Office of the United Nations Entity Peacekeeping Nations for Office for the United United Relief and International United Nations Nations for Gender operations/ forces International Coordination of Nations Nations Works Agency World Food Organization High Office for Equality and special under a Total Criminal Humanitarian Children ’s Population for Palestine Programme 1 for Migration 1 Commissioner Project the political Security Tribunals Affairs Fund Fund 1 Refugees in the for Refugees 2 Services 3 Empowerment missions Council Near East Nature of allegation of Women mandate Adult Rape 1 – – 2 – – 1 1 – – 1 – 6 Sexual assault – – – 4 1 – – – 1 – 2 – 8 Other forms of sexual violence 4 – – – – – – – – – – 1 1 Transactional sex – – – 3 – – – – – – 16 – 19 Solicitation of transactional sex 2 – – 3 – 1 – – – – 3 – 9 Exploitative relationship 1 – – 12 2 1 – – – – 23 – 39 Trafficking for sexual – – – – – – – – – – – – – exploitation and abuse Other 1 – – 9 – – 1 2 – 1 1 – 15 Child Rape 2 – 1 – 2 – – – – 1 12 – 18 Sexual assault – 1 – 1 1 – 1 3 – – 4 – 11 Solicitation of child 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – – prostitution 2 Trafficking for sexual – – – – – – – – – – – – – exploitation and abuse Other forms of sexual violence – – – – 2 – – – – – – – 2 against children 5 Other 1 – – 4 – – – 2 – 1 – – 8 Total 9 1 1 39 8 2 3 8 1 3 62 1 138 __________________ 1 The victims under “adult - other” would be “child – other” if it is confirmed that the victims are children. 2 The age of the nine victims under “exploitative relationship” was not available at the time of preparing this report. -
The Central African Republic
GENOCIDE PREVENTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC by CLAIRE WEIL A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science June 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Martin, Professor Slovic and Professor Frank for helping me to fully examine the specific topic and consider the various perspectives and contexts related to this subject matter. I am sincerely grateful for Professor Martin’s patience and guidance not only during the thesis process but throughout my past four years at the University of Oregon. His teachings have shifted my understanding of peace and have given me hope for the future. I would like to thank Professor Slovic for introducing me to a whole new way of considering the relationship between ethics and violence. I wish to also thank Professor Frank without whom I would not have had all the life changing learning opportunities here at the university. I believe that it would also be suitable for me to thank Professor Jennings who has taught me all that I know about international law and conflict in Africa. His valuable insight and expertise on the subject have been crucial for the success of this research. iii Acronyms and Abbreviations APB Atrocity Prevention Board APRD People’s Army for the Restoration of Democracy ASF African Standby Force AU African Union CAR Central African Republic CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy CEWS Continental Early Warning System -
The Protection of Children in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Processes
The Protection of Children in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Processes Ilene Cohn* I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Despite increased international attention to and awareness of children's rights, children are largely overlooked in the peacemaking and peacekeeping process. Rules of engagement for peacekeepers disregard children, and re- construction and reconciliation programs that emerge from negotiations ignore the differential impact on and particular needs of children. The effect is to marginalize persistent problems like the rehabilitation and reintegra- tion of child soldiers and, more broadly, to miss the opportunity to address widespread systemic problems common to war-torn societies. Children suffer disproportionately in war, and they benefit disproportion- ately less in peace. The international community has recognized the deficiency of the international bill of rights in addressing specific classes of injustice or the status of entire groups of persons, and it has acknowledged the need for programmatic tools to address the special needs of vulnerable communities. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), to which I refer throughout as a guidepost for children-oriented initiatives, is the most widely ratified human rights treaty and obliges States to take positive measures to ensure the protection of children's rights both in peace and in war.1 A similar approach is both warranted and reasonable in peace proc- * Program Officer, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, United Nations. Visiting Fellow, Harvard Law School Human Rights Program (1997- 1999). I would like to express special thanks to Peter Rosenblum for his encouragement, advice and edito- rial wisdom, and to the Harvard Human Rights Program for offering me an environment so conducive to research and writing. -
May 30, 2014 the Honorable John F. Kerry Office Of
May 30, 2014 The Honorable John F. Kerry Mr. Brian C. Deese Office of the Secretary of State Office of the Director United States Department of State Office of Management and Budget 2201 C Street, NW, Room 7226 1650 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Room 252 Washington, DC 20520 Washington, DC 20503 Dear Secretary Kerry & Deputy Director Deese: We write today as organizations greatly concerned about the crisis in the Central African Republic (CAR) and strongly supportive of international efforts to restore order and ameliorate the severe human suffering. In light of the decision by the Security Council to authorize a UN peacekeeping mission in CAR and vote of support from the U.S. Mission to the UN, we urge the Administration to take all necessary steps to ensure that the peacekeeping operation is fully funded in FY2015. Specifically, we urge the Administration to immediately issue a formal request to Congress requesting funding for the UN Peacekeeping mission in CAR, MINUSCA. We are concerned that, absent a formal budget request, Congress will not provide sufficient FY2015 funding for MINUSCA. As the absence of funding for the UN Mali peacekeeping mission in the FY2014 Omnibus Appropriations bill clearly demonstrated, Congress has been hesitant to appropriate money for UN missions that are not formally requested in the President’s budget. An explicit FY2015 budget request for MINUSCA – either under Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account or the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) account with language calling for assessed expenses of MINUSCA to be paid out of PKO – is thus vital to ensuring that a mission in CAR be funded.