RADIO, MUSIC, and GENDER in GREATER MEXICO, 1923-1946 By

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

RADIO, MUSIC, and GENDER in GREATER MEXICO, 1923-1946 By SHAPING MÉXICO LINDO: RADIO, MUSIC, AND GENDER IN GREATER MEXICO, 1923-1946 By Sonia Robles A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY History 2012 ABSTRACT SHAPING MÉXICO LINDO : RADIO, GENDER AND MUSIC IN GREATER MEXICO, 1923-1946 By Sonia Robles This dissertation studies the early history of radio in Mexico by analyzing the complex ways in which border stations, Mexico City national networks and the Mexican government interacted and competed over the Mexican audience in the United States between 1923 and 1946. Following the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the government implemented an extensive reconstruction project which sought to unify Mexico and transform its people through cultural and educational reform. Radio, along with rhetoric, art and educational policy were enlisted by the government to inculcate literacy, nationalism, notions of citizenship, sobriety, hygiene and hard work. My research shows that as early as 1923 commercial and official stations in Mexico targeted the Mexican population in the rural areas of the nation and in the United States through powerful transmitters. To station owners, the airwaves were intended to project the true national folklore of Mexico, display the best manifestations of Mexican culture through music, and, through advertisements and songs, create consumers. The study of radio in Great Mexico proves that the U.S.-Mexico border region had not accounted for a border since the 1920s due to the absence of legislation banning these transmissions and the power of radio to send signals across great distances. This dissertation argues that the interests of the Mexican government concerning its radio industry went beyond the national boundaries of Mexico. Situating radio within the industrialization, urbanization and mass communications technological innovations of the twentieth century redefines the role of mass media and industry growth and development within Mexico. What is more, by mid-century the results were unforeseen: the government’s plan failed to materialize and singers and artists migrating back and forth between Mexico and the United States along the circuit provided by radio realized they had to leave Mexico in order to become true cultural ambassadors. Copyright by SONIA ROBLES 2012 Dedication To my parents: J. Ascención Robles Flores, whose stories of life in Mexico City during the 1940s inspired me to take this journey and tell a story and to my mother, Connie Robles, whose enthusiasm for life will always keep me looking up. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the financial support of Michigan State University. A University Enrichment Fellowship allowed me to focus solely on course work and dissertation research for two years, which eased my transition from undergraduate to graduate school. In the in-between years, I benefitted from a Tinker Foundation grant which provided preliminary research trip to Mexico City. Most recently, a Dissertation Completion Fellowship from the Graduate School allowed me to focus on completing this dissertation in a timely manner. Staff members at various archives and libraries in Mexico and the United States were invaluable tools in this process. In the United States, archivist Michael Stone at U.C.L.A. shared some valuable insight into the history of “Mexican” Los Angeles with me. Colin Gunkel and Josie Martin, other graduate students at U.C.L.A., also offer valuable help and conversation. In Mexico City, the archivists at the various places I visited including the Archivo General de la Nacion, Archivo de Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores , the Fideicomiso Archivo Francisco Torreblaca and the Hemeroteca Nacional . Many thanks to Roberto at the Archivo Histoico de la Secretaria de Educacion Publica for help and great conversation. I am grateful for the support I have received from my dissertation committee over the years. I’d like to begin by thanking my advisor, Dr. Javier Pescador, for his belief in this project, his honesty and respect for me as a scholar. I’ve learned just as much from watching him teach as I have from our conversations and mostly, I’ve been encouraged knowing he believed that in this dissertation I was creating something that was important. vi Dr. Dennis Valdés, whom I quote often in class, has also been influential in the formation of this process and most importantly, in my arrival at Michigan State. I have always been challenged by his pursuit of knowledge, and I admire his life-long dedication to both writing and exploring the plight of Mexicans in the United States. Dr. Erica Windler, who challenged me to think about gender in Latin America, has been a supportive in this process from the beginning. As a T.A. for her class, I learned the challenged of teaching Gender and I admire her approach and dedication to this field of study. Lastly, Dr. Ben Smith has been extremely valuable in shaping my graduate school experience. Not only was he always available and eager to talk about Mexican current events, culture, and history, but his knowledge motivated me to seek reliable sources and to look beyond the “obvious.” A number of graduate student colleagues from Michigan State have offered their assistance during this process including Heath Bowen, Andrea Vicente, Lindsey Gish, Micalee Sullivan, Jamie McLean Dalyrymple, and Ahimsa Bodhrain. Outside of Michigan State I’d like to extend my gratitude to Susanne Eineigel and David Carletta, friends and colleagues who opened up their home to me during the darkest of times and offered shelter, food, support encouragement, good conversation and much, much more. There is no doubt in my mind that this dissertation would have been completed had it not been for them. I remain eternally grateful! My family in Mexico and the United States has cheered me on since my first day of graduate school. In Mexico City, I was fortunate to have the support of my aunt, Maria Elena Robles Valenzuela, and my cousins, Jovita and Jorge. Not only did they fill my days with stories, laughter and good food, but living with them and talking about what I was doing each day helped me put the entire dissertation project, and academia in general, in perspective. The vii greatest of thanks to other members of my family including my brother and sister and in Mexico my uncles Pablo and Raúl, my aunt Gloria, my cousins Alejandra, Ulises, Omar, Israel, Gilberto, Gerardo, Ernesto, Pilar and their families. The encouragement of personal friends and loved ones such as Sarah Postma, Kate Jones, Brook Albanis, Tamar Lawrence-Samuel, Ernesto Medina, Carlos Zavala, Kelly McGlynn, Jason Fenton and Chris Flecknoe motivated me to not lose sight of the end result. And, finally, to my parents, Chon and Connie Robles, for their unending support and love over this difficult and at times, unnerving journey, los quiero mucho! viii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I: THE BIRTH OF “LA NUEVA MARAVILLA” : RADIO ARRIVES IN MEXICO ................................................................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER II: FROM “LA HORA DEL HOGAR” TO “LA HORA NACIONAL” : NATION- BUILDING AND OFFICIAL RADIO BROADCASTING IN MEXICO ............................... 59 CHAPTER III: CREATING LISTENERS THOUGH THE AIR: MEXICAN BORDER RADIO ENTREPRENEURS AND THEIR OVERSEAS AUDIENCE, 1930-1950 .............. 91 CHAPTER IV: CRAFTING AN AUDIENCE: MUSIC, MASS MEDIA AND RADIO IN “MÉXICO DE AFUERA” ......................................................................................................... 124 CHAPTER V: FROM MICHOACÁN TO THE MILLION DOLLAR: MEN, WOMEN AND MUSIC IN THE TRANSNATIONAL RADIO INDUSTRY ...................................... 166 CHAPTER VI: CULTURAL AMBASSADORS OF THE AIR: THE INTERNATIONAL CAREERS OF RADIO SINGERS ................................................................................................. 201 EPILOGUE: THE END OF AN ERA: CENSORSHIP, TELEVISION AND SINGLE- NETWORK CHAINS ....................................................................................................................... 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 259 ix Introduction Radio was a force aimed to unify and shape Mexican communities in post-revolutionary Mexico. It was an excellent educator, training listeners how to love, laugh, sing, forget, dream, cry, and, by the middle of the twentieth century, become first-rate consumers. Radio transmissions crossed geographic terrain with ease and thus had an advantage over other cultural forms like theater or film connecting communities in Mexico to the U.S. Southwest. In the United States, radio gave Mexican audiences the opportunity to feel connected to other members of the Patria, or Motherland, wherever they were located; in Mexico, it taught and reminded the population that the nation was growing, modernizing and that the future was promising. The arrival of radio to Mexico in 1923 coincided with important national events; most notably the post-revolutionary cultural project of the Mexican government which claimed art, music, folklore and other objects as part of the official discourse. “Revolutionary educational policy sought to inculcate literacy,
Recommended publications
  • Jolgorio Y Diversiones En El México De Ayer
    Jolgorio y diversiones en el México de ayer Santiago Ávila Sandoval • María Elvira Buelna Serrano • Lucino Gutiérrez Herrera Edelmira Ramírez Leyva • Guadalupe Ríos de la Torre • Alejandro Ortiz Bullé Goyri UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD AZCAPOTZALCO UNIVERSIDAD AUTONÓMA METROPOLITANA Eduardo Abel Peñalosa Castro Rector General José Antonio de los Reyes Heredia Secretaria General UNIDAD AZCAPOTZALCO Roberto Javier Gutiérrez López Rector Norma Rondero López Secretario División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Miguel Pérez López Director en funciones Miguel Pérez López Secretario Académico en funciones Marcela Suárez Escobar Jefa del Departamento de Humanidades Elvia Espinosa Infante/Gonzalo Carrasco González/Alejandro Segundo Valdés/ José Hernández Prado/Antonio Marquet Montiel Consejo Editorial CSH Teresita Quiroz Ávila/Begoña Arteta Gamerdinger/Tomás Bernal Alanís/Alejandro Caamaño Tomás Alejandra Herrera Galván/Edelmira Ramírez Leyva/María Dolores Serrano Godínez/Alejandro De la Mora Ochoa María Elvira Buelna Serrano/Héctor Cuahutémoc Hernández Silva/Mario Guillermo González Rubi Comité Editorial CyAD División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño Marco Vinicio Ferruzca Navarro Director Salvador Úlises Islas Barajas Secretario Académico Jorge Ortiz Leroux Jefe del Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño en el Tiempo Manuel Martín Clavé Almeida Jefe del Área de HIstoria del Diseño Gloria María Castorena Espinoza/Gabriel Salazar Contreras/Irma López Arredondo/Eduardo Ramos Watanave Consejo Editorial CyAD Gabriel Salazar Contreras/Elizabeth Espinosa Dorantes/Luis Yoshiaki Ando Ashijara/Gloria María Castorena Espinoza Irma López Arredondo/Eduardo Ramos Watanave/Luis Franco Arias Ibarrondo Comité Editorial CyAD Jolgorio y diversiones en el México de ayer ISBN 978-607-28-1331-1 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco Av. San Pablo No. 180 Col.
    [Show full text]
  • PORTADA AMARC Feb2
    ASOCIACIÓN MUNDIAL DE RADIOS COMUNITARIAS, AMARC, AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE. Estudio de validación con grupos de jóvenes, adultos y directivos de radio en América Latina y el Caribe de la producción de la radionovela sobre Preparación y Respuesta de Inuenza (H1N1), OPS Informe de Resultados Estudio de validación con grupos de jóvenes, adultos y directivos de radio en América Latina y el Caribe de la producción de la radionovela sobre Preparación y Respuesta de Inuenza (H1N1), OPS INDICE INFORME DE RESULTADOS Equipo de trabajo 2 Resumen 3 Presentación 4 Diseño Metodológico 5 Universo 5 Grupos focales 5 Entrevistas semi-estructuradas 5 Convocatoria de los grupos focales 6 Guía de entrevista a directores de la radio 6 Listado de directores entrevistados 7 Listado de participantes de grupos focales 8 Resultados Generales 10 Interacción con el programa 10 Reacción positiva hacia el programa 12 Comprensión del mensaje 13 Identicación de los personajes 14 Recursos sonoros 16 Emisión 16 Reacción negativa hacia el programa 19 Idioma y voces de la serie radiofónica 19 Tono del mensaje 20 ¿Qué hay que aprender para mejorar su prevención? 21 MUNDIAL DE RADIOS COMUNITARIAS, ASOCIACIÓN Y EL CARIBE. AMÉRICAAMARC, LATINA Conclusiones 22 AMARC ASOCIACIÓN MUNDIAL DE RADIOS COMUNITARIAS, ASOCIACIÓN Y EL CARIBE. AMÉRICAAMARC, LATINA AMARC Equipo de Investigación: Mónica Valdés Directora Programa de Formación AMARC ALC [email protected] Coordinación General Coordinadores Equipo de Trabajo Argentina: Natalia Albanese Facilitador: Ariel Sandoval Bolivia:
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican-American Press and the Spanish Civil War”
    Abraham Lincoln Brigades Archives (ALBA) Submission for George Watt Prize, Graduate Essay Contest, 2020. Name: Carlos Nava, Southern Methodist University, Graduate Studies. Chapter title: Chapter 3. “The Mexican-American Press and The Spanish Civil War” Word Count: 8,052 Thesis title: “Internationalism In The Barrios: Hispanic-Americans and The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.” Thesis abstract: The ripples of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) had a far-reaching effect that touched Spanish speaking people outside of Spain. In the United States, Hispanic communities –which encompassed Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, Spaniards, and others— were directly involved in anti-isolationist activities during the Spanish Civil War. Hispanics mobilized efforts to aid the Spanish Loyalists, they held demonstrations against the German and Italian intervention, they lobbied the United States government to lift the arms embargo on Spain, and some traveled to Spain to fight in the International Brigades. This thesis examines how the Spanish Civil War affected the diverse Hispanic communities of Tampa, New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Against the backdrop of the war, this paper deals with issues regarding ethnicity, class, gender, and identity. It discusses racism towards Hispanics during the early days of labor activism. It examines ways in which labor unions used the conflict in Spain to rally support from their members to raise funds for relief aid. It looks at how Hispanics fought against American isolationism in the face of the growing threat of fascism abroad. CHAPTER 3. THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN PRESS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR During the Spanish Civil War, the Mexican-American press in the Southwest stood apart from their Spanish language counterparts on the East Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Centrality of Telenovelas in Latin America's
    The centrality of telenovelas in Latin America’s everyday life: Past tendencies, current knowledge, and future research Antonio C. La Pastina Texas A&M University [email protected] Cacilda M. Rego University of Kansas [email protected] Joseph D. Straubhaar University of Texas at Austin [email protected] Every evening, millions of viewers throughout Latin America tune in their television sets to watch telenovelas. For more than thirty years now telenovelas have dominated primetime programming on most of the region’s television. And here Latin America refers to more than a geographic area: it covers a culturally constructed region that goes from the southern tip of South America to the United States, where one can watch daily telenovelas on the two Hispanic networks, Univision and Telemundo,[i] and Canada. In the last few decades Brazilian and Mexican telenovelas, and to a lesser extent Venezuelan, Colombian, Argentineans and others, have been exported to more than a hundred nations around the world (Melo, 1988). In this increasingly international scenario, Latin American telenovelas have been aired in other Portuguese and Spanish speaking markets, and in dubbed and sometimes edited versions in many different national contexts (Allen, 1995; McAnany, 1984; Melo, 1988; Sinclair, 1996; Straubhaar, 1996). This international presence has challenged the traditional debate of cultural imperialism and North-South flow of media products (Sinclair, 1996; Wilkinson, 1995). Telenovelas’ popularity has lead to its increased scrutiny among scholars and the media industry, and yet it seems that not everyone is talking about the same thing. A number of arguments start with the contention that Latin American telenovela is a mere showcase for “bourgeois society” with the pernicious effect of mitigating – through the illusion of abundance – the unfulfilled material aspirations of its audience, all the while legitimating a way of life that takes consumerism to the extreme (Oliveira, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • New Spain and Early Independent Mexico Manuscripts New Spain Finding Aid Prepared by David M
    New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts New Spain Finding aid prepared by David M. Szewczyk. Last updated on January 24, 2011. PACSCL 2010.12.20 New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Table of Contents Summary Information...................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History.........................................................................................................................................3 Scope and Contents.......................................................................................................................................6 Administrative Information...........................................................................................................................7 Collection Inventory..................................................................................................................................... 9 - Page 2 - New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Summary Information Repository PACSCL Title New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Call number New Spain Date [inclusive] 1519-1855 Extent 5.8 linear feet Language Spanish Cite as: [title and date of item], [Call-number], New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts, 1519-1855, Rosenbach Museum and Library. Biography/History Dr. Rosenbach and the Rosenbach Museum and Library During the first half of this century, Dr. Abraham S. W. Rosenbach reigned supreme as our nations greatest bookseller.
    [Show full text]
  • RPTF: Caucus on Spanish Language and Bilingual Radio
    1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS + + + + + RADIO PRESERVATION TASK FORCE + + + + + SAVING AMERICA'S RADIO HERITAGE: RADIO PRESERVATION, ACCESS, AND EDUCATION + + + + + SESSION: CAUCUS ON SPANISH LANGUAGE AND BILINGUAL RADIO + + + + + SATURDAY FEBRUARY 27, 2016 + + + + + The Caucus convened in the University of Maryland College Park Hornbake Library, Prange Lobby, 4130 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland, at 1:30 p.m., Ines Casillas, Caucus Chair, presiding. CAUCUS MEMBERS INES CASILLAS, Caucus Chair; UC-Santa Barbara BILL CRAWFORD, Border Radio Research Institute CHRISTINE EHRICK, University of Louisville GENE FOWLER, Border Radio Research Institute KATHY FRANZ, Smithsonian Museum of American History JOSE LUIS ORTIZ GARZA, Universidad Panamericana SONIA ROBLES, Brenau University MONICA DE LA TORRE, Washington University NEAL R. GROSS COURT REPORTERS AND TRANSCRIBERS 1323 RHODE ISLAND AVE., N.W. (202) 234-4433 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005-3701 www.nealrgross.com 2 P-R-O-C-E-E-D-I-N-G-S (1:42 p.m.) CHAIR CASILLAS: Thank you so much for coming. I'm Ines Casillas from UC Santa Barbara and someone who's been researching and writing about Spanish language radio, in the U.S. specifically, for the past five years. So I'm very excited about the possibility of this caucus. So what we're going to do, we're going to start with two of us who do more U.S.-based, kind of, Spanish language radio, work our way to two others who do more border-related, and then end up in Latin America, okay? So my research highlights how U.S. Spanish language radio across the 20th century has really capitalized, very lucratively, on the conversation around immigration.
    [Show full text]
  • RACE, TECHNOLOGY, and the BODY in the MESTIZO STATE by Copyright © 2015 David S. Dalton Submitted
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KU ScholarWorks EMBODYING MODERNITY IN MEXIO: RACE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE BODY IN THE MESTIZO STATE By Copyright © 2015 David S. Dalton Submitted to the graduate degree program in Spanish and Portuguese and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson, Stuart A. Day ________________________________ Luciano Tosta ________________________________ Rafael Acosta ________________________________ Nicole Hodges Persley ________________________________ Jerry Hoeg Date Defended: May 11, 2015 ii The Dissertation Committee for David S. Dalton certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: EMBODYING MODERNITY IN MEXICO: RACE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE BODY IN THE MESTIZO STATE ________________________________ Chairperson Stuart A. Day Date approved: May 11, 2015 iii ABSTRACT Mexico’s traumatic Revolution (1910-1917) attested to stark divisions that had existed in the country for many years. After the dust of the war settled, post-revolutionary leaders embarked on a nation-building project that aimed to assimilate the country’s diverse (particularly indigenous) population under the umbrella of official mestizaje (or an institutionalized mixed- race identity). Indigenous Mexican woud assimilate to the state by undergoing a project of “modernization,” which would entail industrial growth through the imposition of a market-based economy. One of the most remarkable aspects of this project of nation-building was the post- revolutionary government’s decision to use art to communicate official discourses of mestizaje. From the end of the Revolution until at least the 1970s, state officials funded cultural artists whose work buoyed official discourses that posited mixed-race identity as a key component of an authentically Mexican modernity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican Political Fracture and the 1954 Coup in Guatemala (The Beginnings of the Cold War in Latin America)
    Culture & History Digital Journal 4(1) June 2015, e006 eISSN 2253-797X doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2015.006 The Mexican political fracture and the 1954 coup in Guatemala (The beginnings of the cold war in Latin America) Soledad Loaeza El Colegio de México [email protected] Submitted: 2 September 2014. Accepted: 16 February 2015 ABSTRACT: This article challenges two general assumptions that have guided the study of Mexican foreign policy in the last four decades. First, that from this policy emerges national consensus; and, secondly that between Mexico and the US there is a “special relation” thanks to which Mexico has been able to develop an autonomous foreign policy. The two assumptions are discussed in light of the impact on Mexican domestic politics of the 1954 US- sponsored military coup against the government of government of Guatemala. In Mexico, the US intervention re- opened a political fracture that had first appeared in the 1930’s, as a result of President Cárdenas’radical policies that divided Mexican society. These divisions were barely dissimulated by the nationalist doctrine adopted by the gov- ernment. The Guatemalan Crisis brought some of them into the open. The Mexican President, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ priority was the preservation of political stability. He feared the US government might feel the need to intervene in Mexico to prevent a serious disruption of the status quo. Thus, Ruiz Cortines found himself in a delicate position in which he had to solve the conflicts derived from a divided elite and a fractured society, all this under the pressure of US’ expectations regarding a secure southern border.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPÍTULO 1 MARCO REFERENCIAL 1.1 Antecedentes De La Telenovela
    CAPÍTULO 1 MARCO REFERENCIAL “‘Gutierritos’ despertó el interés masivo y también la interrogante: ¿acaso las telenovelas sólo sirven para provocar el llanto del auditorio” Mauricio Peña. 1.1 Antecedentes de la Telenovela Molina y Carvajal (1999:2), en su artículo “Trayectoria de la telenovela Latinoamericana” nos señalan que el género telenovela tuvo sus antecedentes en 1790 en Francia e Inglaterra con las representaciones populares, tomadas de las formas y modos de los espectáculos de ferias, donde el tema a escenificar dependía de la literatura oral de la región, en los que destacan cuentos de miedo, misterio y relatos de terror. A mediados del siglo XIX, nació un nuevo medio de comunicación dirigido a las masas, el folletín, el cual, sirve de modelo para la realización de telenovelas. Villanueva, M., en su artículo “El melodrama, la telenovela en América y su nacimiento en México” (2000:1), apunta que: “este género literario de origen francés, se inició con la publicación en el diario Le siècle de la traducción —como pliego suelto— de El lazarillo de Tormes. Los principales exponentes de esta forma narrativa fueron, entre otros, Eugene Sue, Dumas (padre), Dickens y Balzac. Las historias rebosaban intriga, romance y suspenso, lo que atrapaba el interés de los lectores, que las seguían diariamente para conocer el final” Lataban (1995:8) en su Tesis Consumo de telenovelas por estudiantes de universidades privadas señala que dentro de sus fases, encontramos la función ideológica, la cual presentaba una novela donde “triunfaban el sentido común, los buenos pensamientos, el orden y la moral”, dejando atrás la constante vigilancia de la sociedad y convirtiéndose en una fantasía de ésta.
    [Show full text]
  • [Ángeles Mastretta] Arráncame La Vida
    Arráncame la vida Ángeles Mastretta ARRÁNCAME LA VIDA ÁNGELES MASTRETTA ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO I ..........................................................................3 CAPÍTULO II .........................................................................8 CAPÍTULO III ......................................................................13 CAPÍTULO IV.......................................................................14 CAPÍTULO V........................................................................20 CAPÍTULO VI.......................................................................25 CAPÍTULO VII .....................................................................33 CAPÍTULO VIII ....................................................................37 CAPÍTULO IX.......................................................................41 CAPÍTULO X........................................................................46 CAPÍTULO XI.......................................................................50 CAPÍTULO XII .....................................................................52 CAPÍTULO XIII ....................................................................57 CAPÍTULO XIV.....................................................................60 CAPÍTULO XV......................................................................64 CAPÍTULO XVI.....................................................................69 CAPÍTULO XVII ...................................................................73 CAPÍTULO XVIII ..................................................................75
    [Show full text]
  • La Emigración Republicana Española: Una Victoria De México
    Maurico Fresco La emigración republicana española: una victoria de México 2003 - Reservados todos los derechos Permitido el uso sin fines comerciales Maurico Fresco La emigración republicana española: una victoria de México Dedicatoria A tres Presidentes de la República Mexicana Al general LÁZARO CÁRDENAS, que sin apartarse un ápice de las normas de la política internacional, puso en práctica su firme resolución de cooperar con el pueblo español en su lucha para defender la República Española; y, así presento a México como la nación abanderada de aquella noble causa; al general MANUEL ÁVILA CAMACHO, que sosteniendo los mismos principios que invocara gallardamente su antecesor, siguió los lineamientos de la política internacional y continuó prestando la ayuda generosa del pueblo y del Gobierno de México a los emigrantes republicanos españoles; al licenciado MIGUEL ALEMÁN, que como Secretario de Gobernación en el Gabinete del Presidente general M. Ávila Camacho, encauzó con gran acierto la emigración de los republicanos españoles; y luego, como Jefe de Estado, sostiene la política de sus antecesores, reafirmando su fe en los destinos de los regímenes democráticos. [8] [9] Prefacio Emprendo la tarea de hacer este libro, por tres razones: a) porque como miembro del Cuerpo Diplomático y Consular de México acreditado en el extranjero, me tocó actuar en los días aciagos de la guerra mundial y de la revuelta militar española, como uno entre muchos funcionarios mexicanos, para resolver las solicitudes de extranjeros que pedían asilo en México para salvar sus vidas; b) porque de tiempo en tiempo han aparecido en algunos diarios y revistas de México, críticas a los que estuvimos encargados de otorgar los permisos necesarios a los extranjeros aludidos, afirmándose que procedimos sin cuidar la selección de los inmigrantes; c) porque, 11 años más tarde de aquellos días, podemos valorar si nuestra misión, que entonces estaba inspirada sólo en el noble propósito de salvar vidas de refugiados, fue o no benéfica.
    [Show full text]
  • The War and Fashion
    F a s h i o n , S o c i e t y , a n d t h e First World War i ii Fashion, Society, and the First World War International Perspectives E d i t e d b y M a u d e B a s s - K r u e g e r , H a y l e y E d w a r d s - D u j a r d i n , a n d S o p h i e K u r k d j i a n iii BLOOMSBURY VISUAL ARTS Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY VISUAL ARTS and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2021 Selection, editorial matter, Introduction © Maude Bass-Krueger, Hayley Edwards-Dujardin, and Sophie Kurkdjian, 2021 Individual chapters © their Authors, 2021 Maude Bass-Krueger, Hayley Edwards-Dujardin, and Sophie Kurkdjian have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Editors of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgments on p. xiii constitute an extension of this copyright page. Cover design by Adriana Brioso Cover image: Two women wearing a Poiret military coat, c.1915. Postcard from authors’ personal collection. This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives Licence. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third- party websites referred to or in this book.
    [Show full text]