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Mao and the Economic Stalinization of China, 1948–1953 MAO AND THE ECONOMIC STALINIZATION OF CHINA, 1948-1953 The Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series Series Editor Mark Kramer, Harvard Un iversity Resistance with the People: Repression and Resistance in Eastern Germany, 1945-1955 Gary Bruce Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Tra nsition Marjorie Castle Redrawing Na tions: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948 Edited by Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak Mao and the Economic Stalinization of China, 1948-1953 Hua-yu Li MAO AND THE EC ONOMIC STALINIZATION OF CHINA , 1948-1953 Hua-yu Li ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Oxford ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com P. O. Box 317, Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication InformationAvailable Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Li, Hua-yu Mao and the economic Stalinization of China, 1948-1953 I Hua-yu Li. p. cm. - (The Harvard Cold War studies book series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4053-8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7 425-4053-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. China-Economic policy-1912-1949. 2. China-Economic policy-1949-1976. 3. Mao, Zedong, 1893-1976-Philosophy. 4. Marxian economics. 5. Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953-Influence. I. Title. II. Series. HC427.8.L475 2006 330.951 '055-dc22 2005024181 Printed in the United States of America Q™ 'CJ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992. To my late father Li Shaopeng To my mother Fujita Emi Contents List of Abbreviations forFrequently Cited Journals ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1 The Historical Background and Contemporary Setting 13 2 Mao, Stalin, and TransformingChina 's Economy, 1948-1952 61 3 Stalin's Short Course and Mao's Socialist Economic Transformationof China in the Early 1950s 95 4 Mao's Formulation of the General Line forSocialist Transition, October 1952-September 1953 121 5 Mao's General Line forSocialist Transition, October-December 1953 149 Conclusion: Mao, Stalin, and China's Road to Socialism 185 Appendix 1 Table of Contents of Lenin and Stalin on Economic Construction, Volumes 5 and 6 191 Appendix 2 The Soviet Experience in Building Socialism: Selected Articles fromXuexi and New China 197 - vii - Vlll Contents References in English 203 References in Chinese 211 Index 241 About the Author 251 Abbreviations for Fre quently Cited Jo urnals AJCA Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs BNC Bainianchao [A tide of a hundred years] CQ China Quarterly Bulletin Cold Wa r International History Project Bulletin DW Dangde wenxian [Party documents] DYZ Dangshi yanjiu ziliao [Party history research materials] DY Dangshi yanjiu [Party history research] PEA Fa r Eastern Affairs JCWS Journal of Cold Wa r Studies NC Neibu cankao [Internal reference] xx Xuexi [Study] ZDY Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu [ CCP party history research] ZDZ Zhonggong dangshi ziliao [ CCP party history materials] -IX- Ac knowledgments OMPLETING THIS BOOK HAS BEEN A LONG PROCESS, and I am grateful for the Csupport I received from mentors, the scholarly community, friends, and loved ones. My mentors, Professors Thomas P. Bernstein and Andrew J. Nathan, directed my dissertation research and writing and continued to be helpful as I revised my dissertation and turned it into a publishable book. With his keen eye fordetail and knowledge of Soviet history and politics, Professor Bernstein read the entire book manuscript and made important comments forchanges. I am lucky to have two great scholars as my mentors and appreciate their support and encouragement, and I owe each of them a tremendous intellectual debt. I have also benefitedfrom discussions with various scholars. I am especially grateful to the late Professors Benjamin I. Schwartz and Adam Ulam, and to Professors Stuart Schram, Janos Konai, Jean C. Oi, Andrew Walder, William C. Kirby, Richard Kraus, and Linda Grove fortheir knowledge and wisdom. Pro­ fessor Elizabeth J. Perry offered valuable suggestions at the early stages of the project, and Professor Robert S. Ross generously shared with me his collection of Chinese materials. Dr. Balazs Szalontai, a Hungarian scholar, read the en­ tire book manuscript and, drawing upon his intimate familiaritywith Eastern European history and politics, made valuable suggestions for changes. I ap­ preciate his humor and friendship. I am also thankful for the constructive comments made by outside reviewers. Special thanks go to scholars and friendsin China fortheir insights and gen­ erosity. Lin Yunhui provided special help and opened many doors for me. I have also received help from other scholars: Li Haiwen, Li Danhui, the late Li Shenzhi, Shen Zhihua, Yang Kuisong, Xie Chuntao, and Zhao Baoxu. I would - XI - xii Acknowledgments like to express my thanks for the many others in China who helped me but have chosen to remain nameless. My old friend Zang Jian has been an important source of support. She and her husband, Pan Qingde, always made my stay at Beida as comfortable and rewarding as possible, and I deeply appreciate their help and friendship. I would like to express my appreciation to three senior colleagues at Oregon State University, where I began my teaching career in 1996. Professors Lisa Ede and Erlinda Gonzales-Berry and Dean Kay F. Schaffer, each in her own way, gave me moral support during the writing process. I am grateful for their kindness, encouragement, and wisdom. While writing the book, I benefitedfrom thesupport of several institutions. A summer travel grant from the Stanford University East Asia National Re­ source Center in 1998 made it possible for me to use the Hoover Library. Three Valley Library Travel Grants from Oregon State University-in 1997, 1999, and 2002-enabled me to travel to Beijing and Hong Kong to conduct library research. While on leave in 2000-2001, Professor Dali L. Yang kindly sponsored me as an associate member of the Center forEast Asian Studies at the University of Chicago. I was able not only to have access to the East Asian collection at the university library, but also to participate in the activities of the Center. A somewhat differentversion of chapter 3 was published by Rus­ sian History/Histoire Russe as a journal article, and the journal has kindly given me permission to publish it as part of the book. It has been wonderfulworking with Dr. Mark Kramer, the series editor for this book. With his extensive knowledge of the world Communist system, Stalin, Mao, and their relationship, he has been an important source of ideas relating to my research and of suggestions for improvements in the manu­ script. I very much appreciate all the support he has given me throughout the process of writing this book. My thanks also go to several individuals at Rowman & Littlefield:April Leo in editorial production; Jessica Gribble, the associate editor; and Matt Evans, the copyeditor. April and Jessica helped me through the production process and always responded to my queries promptly. Matt went through the entire book manuscript carefullywith a keen editorial eye. My family has been a constant source of support for me. My mother, a strong Japanese woman, has set a moral example for her children through the way she has lived her life and inspired them by her hard work and professional dedication, first in China, and then in Japan. She kept the faith throughout the project. My father, Li Shaopeng, a professor of Russian studies, did not live long enough to see me begin this study, but if he had, he would have been sur­ prised at my choosing a topic involving the Soviet Union, where he studied during his youth. This book is dedicated to them. My in-laws have been kind, Acknowledgments Xlll generous, and supportive of my scholarly pursuits. It is very sad that my father-in-law, the late Professor Hiram J. McLendon, who was so interested in my book project, could not live to see the completion of this work. My husband, Jim McLendon, not only shared my frustration in writing the book but also made himself available to discuss ideas with me. He forcedme to explain and clarifymy ideas so that I could express them more effectively. I have often wondered how our marriage survived so many heated discussions concerning Stalin and Mao's views on socialism. Of course, I alone bear responsibility forany mistakes or shortcomings of the book. Corvallis, Oregon Fall 2005 Introduction N LATE SEPTEMBER 1953, more than six months afterJoseph Stalin's death and Itwo months afterthe Korean War armistice, Mao Zedong forthe first time publicly announced a new policy platform called the "general line forsocial­ ist transition." Inspired by Stalin's general line of 1929 and its approach to building socialism in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and 1930s, Mao called forthe transformation of the capitalist economy and forsocialist industrial­ ization and collectivization in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Aimed at accelerating China's transition to socialism, the general line reflected Mao's determination to eliminate the existing economic structure based on private ownership and to replace it with a new one based solely on state and collec­ tive ownership. Public statements promised gradualism, but Mao knew that drastic measures would be necessary to achieve his objectives.
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