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Kazajstán República De Kazajstán OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Kazajstán República de Kazajstán La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. MARZO 2021 reparte entre pequeñas comunidades de judíos, budistas, católicos y testigos Kazajstán de Jehová. Forma de Estado: la Constitución, en vigor desde el 30 de agosto de 1995, establece que Kazajstán es una República unitaria con un régimen presi- dencial. División Administrativa: Kazajstán está dividido administrativamente en 17 RUSIA unidades territoriales: 14 regiones y 3 de “ciudades de importancia repu- Petropavlovsk blicana”. Las 14 regiones (Oblast) son: Akmolinskaya, Aktyubinskaya, Al- Qostanay Pavlodar matinskaya, Atyrauskaya, Kazajstán del Este, Zhambylskaya, Kazajstán del Oral ASTANÁ Oskemen Oeste, Karagandinskaya, Kostanaiskaya, Kyzylordinskaya, Mangistauskaya, Aqtobe Karaganda Pavlodarskaya, Kazajstán del Norte y Turkestán. Las 3 ciudades de impor- tancia republicana son la capital Nur-Sultan, Almaty y Shymkent. También Atyrau el Cosmódromo de Baikonur ostenta un estatuto diferenciado, pues tanto el Lago Balkhash Cosmódromo como sus instalaciones anejas están alquilados a Rusia hasta Baikonur el año 2050. Aqtau Mar Aral 85 inscritos en el Registro de Matrícula Consular (a Almaty Residentes españoles: Mar Caspio UZBEKISTÁN Taraz 16 de febrero de 2021). Shymkent KIRGUISTÁN CHINA TURKMENISTÁN 1.2. Geografía © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Con una superficie de 2.724.900 km2, Kazajstán es el noveno país más Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. grande del mundo. Se ubica en Asia Central. La mayor parte del país es estepa con una altitud media de 387 metros sobre 1. DATOS BÁSICOS el nivel del mar. Solamente el 1,7 % de su superficie está ocupada por agua. 1.1. Características generales El clima es continental extremo, con temperaturas de hasta -50º C en invier- no y hasta 40º C en verano. Las precipitaciones son relativamente escasas. Nombre oficial: República de Kazajstán Superficie: 2.724.900 km². 1.3. Indicadores Sociales Límites: Kazajstán se encuentra situado en Asia Central, en el epicentro de Población total (2020): 18,6 millones la denominada Eurasia. Tiene fronteras en el Norte y Oeste con Rusia (7.644 Densidad de población (hab. / km2) (2020): 7 Km), en el Este con la República Popular China (1.765 Km) y en el Sur con PIB per cápita (2019 est.): 9.139 USD Kirguistán (1.212 Km), Uzbekistán (2.330 Km) y Turkmenistán (413 Km). PIB per cápita ajustado PPP (2019 est.): 28.849 USD Es el noveno país del mundo por extensión territorial (2.724.900 Km2). Índice de GINI (2017): 27,5 Capital: fue trasladada el 10 de diciembre de 1997 desde Almaty a Astaná, Coeficiente GINI (2018): 0,289 luego rebautizada Nur-Sultan el 23 de marzo de 2019. Su población estima- Esperanza de vida al nacer (2018 est.): 73,15 da de 1.144.800 habitantes. Crecimiento de población % (2018 est.): 1,3 Idioma: el kazajo y el ruso son lenguas oficiales. IDH (valor numérico/nº orden mundial) (2018): 0,817 / 50 Otras ciudades: Almaty (población estimada de 1.927.700 habitantes), Tasa de natalidad (2019 est.): 21,73/1000 Shymkent (población estimada de 1.042.200 habitantes) y Karaganda (po- Tasa de mortalidad (2019 est.): 7,19/1000 blación estimada de 496.700 habitantes). Tasa de fertilidad (2019 est.): 2,7 Moneda: la moneda nacional es el tengue (KZT) 1 euro = 505,8 KZT (a 16 Tasa mortalidad infantil (2019 est.): 8,37/1.000 de febrero de 2021). Fuentes: FMI. Banco Mundial. UNDP Human Development Report 2019. The World Religión: los principales grupos religiosos son el musulmán (70% de la po- Factbook. The Economist Intelligence Unit. Comité de Estadística de Kazajstán. blación) y el cristiano ortodoxo 24% de la población), el restante 6% se 2 FICHA PAÍS KAZAJSTÁN 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto. 2017 de grabación o reproducción de sonido, aparatos de grabación o reproducción de imagen y sonido en televisión, y las partes PIB % y accesorios de estos aparatos 11,23% Agricultura, silvicultura, pesca 4,7 Manufacturas de fundición, de hierro o acero 6,71% Industria y minería 34,1 Vehículos automóviles, tractores, velocípedos y demás Servicios (comercio y transporte) 61,2 vehículos terrestres; sus partes y accesorios 6,09% Fuente: The World Factbook Combustibles minerales, aceites minerales y productos de su destilación; materias bituminosas; ceras minerales 4.07% 1.5. Coyuntura económica Plásticos y sus manufacturas 3,51% Fuente: Trademap AÑO 2016 2017 2018 2019 (EST.) PIB mill. de USD precios corrientes 137.300 166.800 179.300 176.600 PIB % crecimiento real 1,1 4,1 4,1 4,1 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA Tasa de inflación % 8,5 7,3 5,3 5,6 Tasa de paro (desempleo) % 5,1 4,9 4,9 4,9 2.1 Política interior Balanza c/c miles mill. de USD -8,9 -5,4 -0,3 -5,0 Déficit público (% PIB) 19,7 19,9 20,3 20,7 Situación política reciente Tipo cambio por USD (medio) 342,1 326,0 344,7 379,3 Fuente: FMI Kazajstán fue la última de las ex-Repúblicas soviéticas en proclamar su in- dependencia, el 16 de diciembre de 1991. 1.6. Comercio exterior (en millones de USD) La Constitución kazaja, adoptada por referéndum en 1995, establece como AÑO 2016 2017 2018 2019 (EST.) forma de Estado una República, territorialmente centralizada y fuertemente Importación FOB -26.200 -30.600 -34.200 -37.300 presidencialista y personalista. Exportación FOB 35.500 47.300 59.800 56.500 Saldo 9.300 16.700 25.600 19.200 Desde la independencia del país, la Presidencia fue ostentada de forma inin- Tasa de cobertura (%) 135 154,5 175 151,5 terrumpida por Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, elegido en 1992 y reelegi- Fuente: FMI do en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas (1999, 2005, 2011 y 2015), siempre con abrumadoras mayorías. 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. 2019 Tras su renuncia voluntaria el 19 de marzo de 2019 y, de acuerdo con la CLIENTES 2016 2017 2018 2019 Constitución, asumió la Presidencia de manera interina el Presidente del Italia 20,3% 17,9% 19,3% 14,5% Senado, Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev, quien luego resultó vencedor en las elec- China 11,5% 12% 10,3% 13,6% ciones presidenciales anticipadas celebradas el 9 de junio de 2019. Rusia 9,5% 9,3% 8,5% 9,7% Países Bajos 8,9% 9,8% 10,2% 7,6% En ninguna de las elecciones (presidenciales y legislativas) celebradas hasta Francia 4,9% 5,9% 6,3% 6,3% la fecha, las sucesivas misiones de observación electoral enviadas por la Fuente: Trademap OSCE pudieron calificar los comicios como libres y justos, al no ajustarse a los mínimos estándares internacionales. PROVEEDORES 2016 2017 2018 2019 Rusia 36.3% 39,2% 38,1% 36,67% A pesar de su renuncia, el Sr. Nazarbayev, que conforme a la Constitución China 14,6% 16% 2,8% 17,04% goza de inmunidad total y vitalicia, sigue siendo el principal actor de la Corea 1,8% 1,9% 5% 8,8% política kazaja en tanto que primer presidente y “Elbasy” (en kazajo, Líder Italia 3,2% 3,2% 4,6% 4,12% de la Nación), presidente del Consejo de Seguridad Nacional, presidente Alemania 5,3% 5% 5% 3,7% del Partido oficialista “Nur Otan”, senador vitalicio y miembro vitalicio del Fuente: Trademap Tribunal Constitucional. 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2019 El 10 de enero de 2021 se celebraron elecciones al Mazhilis o Cámara de Diputados (Cámara Baja). Con una participación del 63,3% resultó vencedor EXPORTACIONES 2019 el gubernamental partido Nur-Otan con un 71,09% de los votos y 76 esca- Combustibles minerales, aceites minerales y productos ños, seguido del Partido Democrático de Kazajstán Ak Zhol (10,95% de los de su destilación; materias bituminosas; ceras minerales 67,07% sufragios y 12 escaños) y el Partido Popular de Kazajstán con (9,1% de los Fundición, hierro y acero 6,02% votos y 10 escaños). La misión de observación electoral de la OSCE conside- Minerales metálicos, escorias y cenizas 4,72% ró que los comicios no fueron libres ni justos, al no ajustarse a los mínimos Cobre y sus manufacturas 4,54% estándares internacionales. Productos químicos inorgánicos; compuestos inorgánicos u orgánicos de los metales preciosos, de los elementos Poder Ejecutivo: Desde la reforma constitucional de 2007, las elecciones radioactivos, de metales de las tierras raras o de isótopos 3,84% presidenciales tienen lugar cada 5 años (antes de dicha reforma eran cada Cereales 2,34% 7 años) y nadie puede ser reelegido más de dos mandatos consecutivos, a Fuente: Trademap excepción del primer presidente Nazarbayev. IMPORTACIONES 2019 El primer ministro (en la actualidad, el Sr. Askar Mamin) y los demás miem- Máquinas, aparatos y artefactos mecánicos, reactores bros del Consejo de Ministros son nombrados por el presidente previa apro- nucleares, calderas; partes de estas máquinas o aparatos 21,30% bación del Parlamento. Máquinas, aparatos y material eléctrico, y sus partes; aparatos 3 FICHA PAÍS KAZAJSTÁN Datos biográficos Kassym-Zhomart TOKAYEV, presidente de la República de Kazajstán Nacido el 17 de mayo de 1953 en la ciudad de Alma-Ata (hoy Almaty). Graduado por el Instituto Estatal de Relaciones Internacionales de Moscú (MGIMO) en 1975. Realizó una pasantía de pre-diploma en la Embajada de la URSS en la República Popular China. Entre 1983 y 1984 se formó en el Instituto de Lingüística de Beijing.
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