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Pharmaceutical Redemption: Reconfigurations of Care in Austerity-Laden Athens

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Pharmaceutical Redemption: Reconfigurations of Care in Austerity-Laden Athens Pharmaceutical Redemption: Reconfigurations of Care in Austerity-Laden Athens A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Letizia Bonanno Social Anthropology School of Social Sciences Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................ 5 Acronyms ....................................................................................................... 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 7 Declaration ..................................................................................................... 8 Copyright Statement ...................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... 9 Maps ............................................................................................................. 11 Timetable of the Greek Crisis (2009- 2015) ................................................ 15 Foreword ...................................................................................................... 20 Introduction .................................................................................................. 22 Crafting the crisis into an ethnographic object ........................................ 24 ‘We are not the state!’ What the state should be, but is not. What the state should do, but does not. ........................................................................... 32 ‘You’ve become the state.’ The bureaucratisation of care ....................... 36 Biomedical redemption: the pharmaceutical conundrum ........................ 40 The state of women and their ethnographic (ir)relevance: the labour of care beyond kinship and the state .................................................................... 44 Care as an ethnographic category and as a methodological approach ..... 50 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................. 64 Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................... 65 The suffering of others: grassroots responses to the economic crisis, and the ambiguous horizon of humanitarianism ....................................................... 65 The local production of the humanitarian crisis ....................................... 67 The birth of the social clinics of solidarity: the moral imperative to care for those who suffered the most ..................................................................... 70 Statistical fetishism: quantifying the crisis .......................................... 70 Multiple crises ...................................................................................... 74 Deprivation, material lack, and the language of deliverance in ‘exceptional states of misfortune’ ................................................................................. 77 The making of the suffering body: producing the political at the intersection of the medical and the social ................................................ 85 Collective suffering from the crisis, individual suffering for the crisis85 2 The waning of the disease .................................................................... 89 Tackling the urgency of the present ......................................................... 92 Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................... 94 At the intersection of kinship and the state: distributing care, managing neglect .......................................................................................................... 94 ‘We are not the State’ ............................................................................... 95 The distance from the state and the distance of the state: negotiable needs .................................................................................................................. 99 Τhe bureaucracy of care: performing transparency, managing neglect . 107 Contesting, enticing and deserving care................................................. 115 ‘We are the family they never had’: the urban poor, the imagined community of the patients and the volatility of entitlement .................. 119 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................... 125 The unwaged labour of care: women, volunteerism, and new labour regimes of care under austerity ................................................................................ 125 A sentimental education ......................................................................... 126 The social pharmacy of women: social reproduction, gendered sociability and the ethnographic absence of men .................................................... 129 The making of modern women: suffering and complaining, labouring and volunteering............................................................................................ 135 Gossiping, judging, positioning: assessing the self while assessing the other.................................................................................................... 135 The refined art of complaints: voicing a successful suffering and the discursive production of womanhood ................................................ 138 Labouring and volunteering: domesticating the space, disciplining the objects and carrying the burden of caring for others.......................... 145 Care as unwaged work: shifting perspective on female labour of care and its reorganisation under austerity ........................................................... 150 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................... 155 The will to be medicalised: pharmaceutical compliance, chronicity and dependency. ................................................................................................ 155 The state of pharmacies .......................................................................... 156 How illness interrogates austerity in its somatic aspects: dependence, chronicity and pharmaceutical scarcity .................................................. 163 ‘Through illness you can perceive the state’ .......................................... 170 Through pharmaceuticals you can be seen by the state ......................... 179 The will to be medicalised ..................................................................... 183 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................... 189 Beyond the biomedical value: pharmaceuticals at the intersection of the social and the economic........................................................................................ 189 3 Symptoms without disease: pharmaceuticals as an idiom of illness ...... 193 Illness, loss, dependence: socialising experiences of pharmaceutical care to make sense of institutional neglect ........................................................ 198 Values and social lives of pharmaceuticals ............................................ 205 Pharmaceuticals as objects of affection: money, materiality and the affective responses to the crisis .............................................................. 212 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 219 The pharmaceuticalisation of care ............................................................. 219 Afterword ................................................................................................... 226 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 229 Word Count 74,830 4 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Greece. ( Drawn by the author)........................................ 11 Figure 2: Map of Athens according to the distribution of the neighbourhoods. (Drawn by the author) .................................................................................. 12 Figure 3: Map of Athens in detail. (Drawn by the author)........................... 13 Figure 4: A sketch of the KIA. (Drawn by the author) ................................ 14 Figure 5: ‘Solidarity or Death! Medicines for All’ (Drawn by the author) . 66 Figure 6: A conversation with Foucault on technologies of power and bureaucracy. ( Drawn by the author)............................................................ 94 Figure 7: A collective medical examination at the KIA. (Drawn by author) .................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 8: Ethnographic encounters. (Drawn by the author) ....................... 155 Figure 9: Sorting pills in the social pharmacy. (Drawn by the author) ...... 189 5 Acronyms ANEL Party of Independent Greeks DIMAR Democratic Left Party EC European Commission ECB European Central Bank EOF (Ethnikòs Organismòs Farmàkon) National Organisation for Medicines EOPYY Greek National Health Service Organisation IKA Institute for Social Insurance IMF International Monetary Fund ISA (Iatrikos Syllogos Athenon) Medical Organisation of Athens KIA (Koinonikò Iatreìo Allileggiì) Social clinic of Solidarity KKE Greek Communist Party ND New Democracy. Right wing conservative party in the
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