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(Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) Parasitic on Fishes and Sea Urchins

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(Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) Parasitic on Fishes and Sea Urchins Revision of the Taeniacanthidae (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) Parasitic on Fishes and Sea Urchins MASAHIRO DOJIRI and ROGER F. CRESSEY I SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 447 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 447 Revision of the Taeniacanthidae (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) Parasitic on Fishes and Sea Urchins Masahiro Dojiri and Roger F. Cressey SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS, Washington, D.C. 1987 ABSTRACT Dojiri, Masahiro, and Roger F. Cressey. Revision of the Taeniacanthidae (Cope- poda: Poecilostomatoida) Parasitic on Fishes and Sea Urchins. Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology, number 447, 250 pages, 166 figures, 5 tables, 1987.—The poecilos- tome family Taeniacanthidae, copepods parasitic on marine fishes and sea urchins, currently consists of 14 genera and 91 species (including 14 new species described in this revision). Three genera (Clavisodalis, Echinirus, and Echinosocius) live in the esophagi of sea urchins. Eleven genera (the type genus Taeniacanthus, Anchistrotos, Cirracanthus, Irodes, Metataeniacanthus, Nudisodalis, Phagus, Pseudotaeniacanthus, Sco- lecicara, Taeniacanthodes, and Taeniastrotos) are parasites of marine fishes. Parataen- iacanthus is placed in synonomy with Taeniacanthus, and two new genera {Cirracanthus and Nudisodalis) are described. Keys are provided for all taeniacanthid genera and species parasitic on fishes (keys to the species of the genera associated with echinoids are found elsewhere). A descriptive account of the external morphology of this family is given. The detailed morphology of the general habitus, rostral area, first and second antennae, postantennal process, oral appendages, and legs is discussed in relation to their taxonomic significance. The first record of aggregative behavior of a poecilostome copepod is reported. Individuals of Taeniacanthodes gracilis form a cluster on the fins of their host, Paralichthys squamilentus. The individuals are arranged in single-file or a staggered pattern. Taeniacanthids exhibit a high degree of host specificity at both the generic and specific levels. Host-parasite relationships between taeniacanthids and tetraodonti- form fishes are discussed. The known zoogeographic distribution suggests that the greatest diversity in genera and species of taeniacanthids occurs in the Indo-West Pacific. Taeniacanthus is the most ubiquitous genus, but more extensive collections for taeniacanthids must be made before conclusions on the distribution of these copepods can be reached. Phylogenetic relationships within the bomolochiform complex, comprised of the Bomolochidae, Taeniacanthidae, and Tuccidae, are discussed. The Tuccidae is considered the most derived family. The Bomolochidae and Taeniacanthidae have a mosaic of plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters. A phylogenetic analysis must be done before conclusions can be made concerning familial relationships. The relationship of the Telsidae to the complex is discussed. Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are included. Scanning electron micrographs of selected species are provided to augment the line drawings. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Lin- naeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Dojiri, Masahiro Revision of the Taeniacanthidae (Copepoda—Poecilostomatoida) parasitic on fishes and sea urchins. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 447) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27 : 47 1. Taeniacanthidae—Classification. 2. Fishes—Parasites. 3. Sea-urchins—Parasites. 4. Crustacea—Clas- sification. 5. Echinodermata—Parasites. I. Cressey, Roger F., 1930-. II. Title. Ill Series. QL1.S54 no. 447 591s 86-600258 (QL444.C78] [595.3'4] Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 2 TAENIACANTHIDAE Wilson, 1911 2 External Morphology 2 Key to Genera of Taeniacanthidae Females 6 Taeniacanthus Sumpf, 1871 7 Key to Species of Taeniacanthus Females 8 Taeniacanthus carchariae Sumpf, 1871 11 Taeniacanthus acanthocepolae Yamaguti, 1939 11 Taeniacanthus aluteri (Avdeev, 1977), new combination 16 Taeniacanthus anguillaris (Devi and Shyamasundari, 1980), new combination 22 Taeniacanthus balistae (Claus, 1864) 26 Taeniacanthus coelus Wilson, 1922 32 Taeniacanthus comparatus, new species 32 Taeniacanthus cynoglossi (Rangnekar and Murti, 1960), new combination 36 Taeniacanthus dentatus Sebastian, 1964 36 Taeniacanthus digitatus, new species 37 Taeniacanthus fugu Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959 41 Taeniacanthus glomerosus, new species 41 Taeniacanthus inimici (Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959), new combination . 48 Taeniacanthus kitamakura Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959 48 Taeniacanthus lagocephali Pearse, 1952 54 Taeniacanthus longicaudus Pillai, 1963 60 Taeniacanthus longicervis (Pillai, 1963), new combination 60 Taeniacanthus miles (Pillai, 1963), new combination 66 Taeniacanthus moa (Lewis, 1967), new combination 71 Taeniacanthus narcini Pillai, 1963 76 Taeniacanthus neopercis Yamaguti, 1939 76 Taeniacanthus nudicauda, new species 80 Taeniacanthus occidentalis (Wilson, 1924), new combination 84 Taeniacanthus ostracionis (Richiardi, 1870), new combination 87 Taeniacanthus papulosus, new species 87 Taeniacanthus pectinatus Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959 95 Taeniacanthus petilus, new species 96 Taeniacanthus platycephali (Yamaguti, 1939), new combination 96 Taeniacanthus pollicaris, new species 103 Taeniacanthus pseudorhombi (Yamaguti, 1939), new combination 109 Taeniacanthus pteroisi Shen, 1957 114 Taeniacanthus rotundiceps (Shiino, 1957), new combination 119 Taeniacanthus sauridae Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959 124 Taeniacanthus sebastichthydis Yamaguti, 1939 124 Taeniacanthus similis, new species 128 Taeniacanthus tetradonis (Bassett-Smith, 1898) 128 Taeniacanthus williamsi, new species 131 Taeniacanthus xvilsoni A. Scott, 1929 137 Taeniacanthus yamagutii (Shiino, 1957) 137 Taeniacanthus zeugopteri (T. Scott, 1902), new combination 142 iii jv SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Anchistrotos Brian, 1906 142 Key to Species of Anchistrotos Females 143 Anchistrotos gobii Brian, 1906 143 Anchistrotos caligiformis (Gurney, 1927), new combination 147 Anchistrotos kojimensis Do and Ho, 1983 147 Anchistrotos laqueus Leigh-Sharpe, 1935 148 Anchistrotos lucipetus Holmes, 1985 152 Anchistrotos onosi (T. Scott, 1902) 152 Cirracanthus, new genus 152 Key to Species of Cirracanthus Females 153 Cirracanthus monacanthi (Yamaguti, 1939), new combination 153 Cirracanthus spinosus, new species 157 Clavisodalis Humes, 1970 161 Clavisodalis salmacidis Humes, 1980 161 Echinirus Humes and Cressey, 1961 161 Echinosocius Humes and Cressey, 1961 162 Irodes Wilson, 1911 162 Key to Species of Irodes Females 163 Irodes gracilis (Heller, 1865) 163 Irodes remipes, new species 169 Irodes sauridi (Pillai, 1963), new combination 176 Irodes upenei (Yamaguti, 1954), new combination 180 Metataeniacanthus Pillai, 1963 184 Key to Species of Metataeniacanthus Females 185 Metataeniacanthus synodi Pillai, 1963 185 Nudisodalis, new genus 190 Nudisodalis acicula, new species 190 Phagus Wilson, 1911 194 Phagus muraenae (Brian, 1906) 194 Pseudotaeniacanthus Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959 200 Key to Species of Pseudotaeniacanthus Females 200 Pseudotaeniacanthus congeri, Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959 200 Pseudotaeniacanthus coniferus, new species 205 Pseudotaeniacanthus longicauda Pillai and Hameed, 1974 211 Pseudotaeniacanthus muraenesocis Devi and Shyamasundari, 1980 211 Pseudotaeniacanthus puhi Lewis, 1967 211 Scolecicara Ho, 1969 211 Taeniacanthodes Wilson, 1935 212 Key to Species of Taeniacanthodes Females 212
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