Administrado Por Vía Oral O Del Imidacloprid/Moxidectina (Advocate

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Administrado Por Vía Oral O Del Imidacloprid/Moxidectina (Advocate Fourie et al. Parasites & Vectors 2015, 8:187 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/8/1/187 INVESTIGACIÓN Open Access Eficacia del fluralaner (BravectoTM) administrado por vía oral o del imidacloprid/moxidectina (Advocate®) aplicado de forma tópica contra la demodicosis generalizada en perros Josephus J Fourie1*, Julian E Liebenberg1, Ivan G Horak2, Janina Taenzler3, Anja R Heckeroth3 and Regis Frénais4 Resumen Antecedentes: Este estudio de laboratorio comparó la eficacia de Bravecto™ (fluralaner), formulado como comprimido masticable, con la eficacia de Advocate® (imidacloprid/moxidectina), formulado para su administración tópica, contra la demodicosis generalizada adquirida naturalmente en perros. Métodos: Dieciséis perros, todos diagnosticados con sarna demodécica generalizada, se asignaron de forma aleatoria a dos grupos iguales. Los comprimidos masticables de Bravecto™ se administraron una vez de forma oral a una dosis mínima de 25 mg de fluralaner/kg de peso corporal a un grupo de perros, mientras que el segundo grupo se trató de forma tópica en tres ocasiones a intervalos de 28 días con Advocate® a una dosis mínima de 10 mg de imidacloprid/kg de peso corporal y de 2,5 mg de moxidectina/kg de peso corporal. Se contabilizaron los ácaros en raspados cutáneos y las lesiones demodécicas se evaluaron en cada perro antes del tratamiento a intervalos de 28 días desde ese momento y durante un periodo de estudio de 12 semanas. Los raspados cutáneos profundos (~4 cm2) se realizaron en las mismas cinco zonas en cada perro en cada examen subsecuente. Resultados: Tras una única administración oral de comprimidos masticables Bravecto™, el número de ácaros en los raspados cutáneos se redujo en un 99,8 % el Día 28 y en un 100 % los Días 56 y 84 del estudio. El número de ácaros en perros tratados de forma tópica en tres ocasiones a intervalos de 28 días con Advocate® se redujeron en un 98,0 % el Día 28, en un 96,5 % el día 56 y en un 94,7 % el Día 84. De forma estadísticamente significativa (P ≤ 0,05) se encontraron menos garrapatas los Días 56 y 84 en los perros tratados con Bravecto™ en comparación con los perros tratados con Advocate®. Se observó un marcado descenso en la aparición de manchas eritematosas, costras, caspas y escamas en los perros tratados con Bravecto™ y en la aparición de manchas eritematosas en los perros tratados con Advocate®. Con la excepción de un perro en cada grupo tratado, todos los perros mostraron un recrecimiento del pelo de ≥ 90 % al final del estudio, en comparación con su manto de pelo al comienzo del mismo. (Continued on next page) * Correspondence: [email protected] 1ClinVet International, Uitsigweg, Bainsvlei, 9338 Bloemfontein, Free State, Sudáfrica Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2015 Fourie et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Fourie et al. Parasites & Vectors 2015, 8:187 Page 2 of 8 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/8/1/187 (Continued from previous page) Conclusiones: La administración única vía oral de comprimidos masticables Bravecto™ es altamente efectiva contra la demodicosis generalizada, sin ácaros detectables en los días 56 y 84 tras el tratamiento. En comparación, Advocate®, administrado tres veces a intervalos de 28 días, también es altamente efectivo contra la demodicosis generalizada, pero la mayoría de los perros seguían presentando ácaros en todos los puntos temporales de evaluación. Ambos tratamientos dieron como resultado una marcada reducción de las lesiones cutáneas y el aumento del recrecimiento del pelo 12 semanas después del tratamiento inicial. Palabras clave: Bravecto™, Comprimidos masticables, Fluralaner, Advocate®, Punto, Imidacloprid, Moxidectina, Eficacia, Perros, Demodicosis generalizada, Demodex canis, Sarna Antecedentes conformidad con la extensión de las lesiones. La demodi- Históricamente, el único ácaro folicular que se con- cosis localizada se muestra solo en pequeñas áreas de alo- sideraba capaz de infestar a los perros era la Demodex pecia, normalmente en el rostro y en las patas delanteras. canis [1], pero se han descrito otros dos ácaros más Es una enfermedad benigna y en la mayoría de los casos subsecuentemente. Desch y Hillier [2] describieron la se resuelve espontáneamente en seis u ocho semanas. La Demodex injai, un ácaro que es considerablemente más demodicosis se considera generalizada cuando cinco o larga que la D. canis, mientras que Tamura et al. [3] más áreas del cuerpo están afectadas, o cuando se observa describieron un ácaro que es considerablemente más pododemodicosis en dos o mas pies, o cuando una zona corta que la D. canis, pero no le pusieron nombre. completa del cuerpo esté afectada [8,9]. La demodicosis En la bibliografía disponible, ahora este ácaro se deno- también puede categorizarse como juvenil (en perros de mina normalmente Demodex cornei. Las tres especies hasta 18 meses de edad), adulta (en perros generalmente difieren en longitud, tal y como describe Izdebska and mayores de cuatro años de edad sin historial previo de la Fryderyk [4], en referencia a los valores medios. Los enfermedad) o crónica generalizada (enfermedad persis- ácaros adultos hembra de D. canis midieron a 226,0 μm, tente durante al menos seis meses) [10,11]. La susceptibili- y los macho, a 195,2 μm. Los ácaros adultos hembra de dad de los perros a las infestaciones con las especies D. injai se midieron a 330,9 μm y los macho a 371,8 μm. Demodex y a la progresión de la enfermedad clínica se ve Los ácaros adultos hembra de D. cornei se midieron a influida por numerosos factores, incluyendo (listados en 139,4 μm, y las macho, a 120,8 μm. Se han llevado a orden decreciente de importancia): estado inmune, que cabo varios estudios moleculares para determinar las puede verse afectado por enfermedades debilitantes, en- identidades específicas de los tres ácaros. Basándonos en doparasitismo, raza, edad, así como estado nutricional y los resultados obtenidos de los marcadores mitocon- hormonal, otros desórdenes inmunológicos tales como driales 16S rADN y en la Citocromo Oxidasa I (COI) defectos genéticos y alteración de la bioquímica y de la para los tres morfotipos de D. canis, De Rojas et al. estructura de la piel [12]. Aunque la D. canis sigue siendo [5] concluyeron que hay polimorfia dentro de las mis- la especie/morfotipo más común encontrada en la demo- mas especies. Por otro lado, el análisis filogenético de cosis, la alopecia moderada y la dermatitis grasienta se- las tres especies, basado en secuencias parciales de borréica del tronco dorsal de los perros, también se han 16 s rADN, llevó a Sastre et al. [6] a proponer que la asociado cada vez más casos con un aumento del número D. canis ylaD. injai son especies válidas separadas, y de la D. injai [13]. Además, se ha descrito un caso en el la D. cornei una variante morfológica de la D. canis. que la D. injai causó una otitis bilateral ceruminosa en un Un año más tarde, análisis similares llevados a cabo sabueso [7]. El D. cornei aparecería como un habitante de por Milosevic et al. [7] confirmaron que la D. injai es la capa córnea [5], y Shipstone [11] menciona que el D. una especie válida. Está claro que se necesitan más cornei se ha encontrada asociada con una dermatitis gen- estudios para asegurar el estado específico el ácaro cono- eralizada, prurítica y escamosa, con los ácaros presentes cido como D. cornei. en las escamas superficiales. Los ácaros de la subespecie Demodex (la D. canis, D. La demodicosis crónica generalizada es una enfermedad injai,yD. cornei) son comensales normales de la piel del cutánea frustrante y difícil de tratar [14–16]. En otros per- perro, parasitando las glándulas sebáceas conectadas a ros, que por lo demás están sanos, la forma generalizada los folículos pilosos. Si su número aumenta mucho, son de la enfermedad es muy improbable que se resuelva sin capaces de producir una enfermedad conocida como tratamiento [10]. Las opciones de tratamiento que están demodicosis canina o sarna demodécica. La demodicosis actualmente disponibles incluyen amitraz, ivermectina, canina es una enfermedad cutánea inflamatoria parasitaria milbemicina oxima y moxidectina, y la mayoría se admin- que puede clasificarse como localizada o generalizada, de istran en múltiples ocasiones por periodos de tres meses o Fourie et al. Parasites & Vectors 2015, 8:187 Page 3 of 8 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/8/1/187 más [16–18]. Para ser efectivos, estos regímenes de trata- El estudio se diseñó como un grupo paralelo, ciego, miento requieren un cumplimiento estricto por parte de aleatorizado, de centro único y de eficacia controlada de los dueños durante un amplio periodo de tiempo. forma positiva. El estudio se llevó a cabo de conformidad El ingrediente activo del Bravecto™, el fluralaner, es un con el Código de normas federales de la Dirección insecticida y acaricida sistémico nuevo y de larga dura- Federal de Fármacos y Alimentos (FDA): Buenas Prácticas ción y un acaricida que pertenece a la clase isoxazolina de Laboratorio para Estudios No Clínicos de Laboratorio de los parasiticidas de isoxazolina con la inhibición 2009 [24], y todos los procedimientos cumplían con el selectiva de los canales de cloro activados por el ácido Estándar Nacional de Sudáfrica “SANS 10386:2008: El γ–aminobutírico y los canales de cloro abiertos por el Cuidado y el Uso de Animales para Fines Científicos” [25]. L-glutamato de los artrópodos [19].
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