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Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the Full Respect of Their Human Rights

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Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the Full Respect of Their Human Rights INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 47/13 30 December 2013 Original: Spanish INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN VOLUNTARY ISOLATION AND INITIAL CONTACT IN THE AMERICAS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FULL RESPECT OF THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS 2013 Internet: http://www.cidh.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the full respect of their human rights / [Prepared by the Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L) ISBN 978-0-8270-6114-9 1. Human rights--America. 2. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights-- America. I. Title. II. Series: OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.47/13 The preparation of this report has been possible thanks to the financial support of the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on December 30, 2013 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS MEMBERS José de Jesús Orozco Henríquez Tracy Robinson Felipe González Dinah Shelton Rodrigo Escobar Gil Rosa María Ortiz Rose-Marie Belle Antoine ****** Executive Secretary: Emilio Álvarez-Icaza L. Assistant Executive Secretary: Elizabeth Abi-Mershed INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN VOLUNTARY ISOLATION AND INITIAL CONTACT IN THE AMERICAS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FULL RESPECT OF THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 II. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND ....................................................................... 4 A. Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation ............................................. 4 B. Indigenous peoples in initial contact ..................................................... 5 C. Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact in the Americas ...................................................................................... 6 III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN VOLUNTARY ISOLATION OR INITIAL CONTACT .............................................. 8 A. Self-determination and the principle of no contact ............................... 9 B. Participation and prior, free, and informed consultation .................... 12 IV. SOURCES OF LAW AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS.................................................. 14 A. Protections in the inter-American human rights system ..................... 14 1. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man ........ 14 2. American Convention on Human Rights ................................ 15 3. Draft American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples .................................................................................. 16 B. ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries .................................................................... 18 C. Instruments of the universal human rights system ............................. 19 1. The international covenants .................................................. 19 2. Convention against Genocide ................................................ 21 3. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ............................................................ 21 4. Guidelines of protection for the indigenous peoples in isolation and initial contact of the Amazon region, the Gran Chaco, and the Eastern Region of Paraguay ........... 23 D. Other regional protection efforts ........................................................ 25 v Page E. Domestic legislation ............................................................................. 27 1. Specific legislation and policies ............................................. 29 2. Territorial protection ............................................................. 33 V. MAIN THREATS TO THE FULL ENJOYMENT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLES IN VOLUNTARY ISOLATION AND INITIAL CONTACT .......................... 43 A. Contact ................................................................................................. 44 B. Pressures on their lands and territories ............................................... 46 C. Extraction of natural resources ............................................................ 53 D. Contagious and Other Diseases ........................................................... 65 E. Direct attacks ....................................................................................... 70 F. Tourism projects .................................................................................. 74 G. Drug trafficking .................................................................................... 75 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 77 vi INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN VOLUNTARY ISOLATION AND INITIAL CONTACT IN THE AMERICAS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FULL RESPECT OF THEIR HUMAN RIGHTS I. INTRODUCTION 1. The western hemisphere is home to the largest number of indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation and initial contact in the world. They are the last peoples who were not colonized and who do not have permanent relations with today’s predominant national societies. These peoples and their ancestors have lived in the Americas since long before current States came into existence. Today, very few of them survive, and many are at risk of disappearing entirely. 2. Indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation and initial contact are holders of human rights in a unique situation of vulnerability, and among the few who cannot advocate for their own rights. This reality makes ensuring respect for their rights especially important. Given the impossibility of them advocating for their own rights, States, international organizations, members of civil society, and other actors in the defense of human rights must ensure that their human rights are respected to the same extent as those of all inhabitants of the Americas, taking into account the particularities of their situation.1 3. Given the national and international demand for the natural resources –lumber, hydrocarbons, fossil fuels, minerals, and water resources– found in the territories with a presence of indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation it is possible to appreciate the vulnerability to which these persons are exposed. In this context the challenge for States, human rights bodies and human rights defenders is to secure protection for the rights of indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact or be witnesses to their disappearance. 4. For the inter-American system, the protection and respect of the rights of indigenous peoples is a matter of special importance. In 1972, the Inter- American Commission (hereinafter “IACHR”, “Inter-American Commission” or “Commission”) or affirmed that for historical reasons, and based on moral and humanitarian principles, States had a sacred duty to provide special protection to 1 IACHR. Indigenous and tribal peoples’ rights over their ancestral lands and natural resources: Norms and jurisprudence of the inter‐American human rights system. OEA/Ser.L/V/II, December 30, 2009, para. 81 (“[S]pecial care must be taken in adopting measures to guarantee territories of sufficient extent and quality to peoples in voluntary isolation, peoples in initial contact, binational or plurinational peoples, peoples at risk of disappearance, peoples in reconstitution processes, shifting cultivators or pastoralist peoples, nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples, peoples displaced from their territories, or peoples whose territory has been fragmented, inter alia.”). 2 indigenous peoples2. Since the 1980s, the Commission has systematically spoken on the rights of indigenous peoples in special reports; and through the case system, in admissibility reports, country reports, reports on friendly settlements, the mechanism of precautionary measures, as well as through requests for orders and provisional measures filed with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (hereinafter “Court” or “Inter-American Court”). Furthermore, the Commission has addressed the situation of some indigenous peoples in isolation through precautionary measures, the system of petitions and cases, and thematic hearings. 5. The organs of the inter-American system for the protection of human rights have developed jurisprudence that recognizes the collective rights of indigenous peoples. Throughout, the Commission has insisted on the need for special protection for the right of indigenous peoples to their lands and resources, because the full exercise of that right not only implies the protection of an economic unit, but also the protection of the human rights of a community whose economic, social, spiritual, and cultural development is based on its relationship to the land. 6. As the Inter-American Commission has stated, in the case of indigenous peoples “there is a direct relation between self-determination and land and resource rights” that takes on particular importance in the case of peoples in voluntary isolation or initial contact.3 Respect for the human rights of the peoples in isolation and initial contact requires a framework fully respectful of their right to self-determination, the right to life and the right to physical, cultural, and mental integrity of the peoples and their members, the right to health, and their
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