Gaps in the Application of Ecuadorian Public Policies and Their Relationship with Small and Medium Enterprises

ISSN 2310-340X RNPS 2349 -- COODES Vol. 7 No. 1 (January-April) Marcillo Parrales, D.V., Domínguez Junco, O. “Gaps in the application of 2019 Ecuadorian public policies and their relationship with small and medium enterprises” p. 129-144 Available at: http://coodes.upr.edu.cu/index.php/coodes/article/view/202

Gaps in the application of Ecuadorian public policies and their relationship with small and medium enterprises

Vacíos en la aplicación de políticas públicas ecuatorianas y su relación con las pequeñas y medianas empresas

Diana Victoria Marcillo Parrales1, Osvaldo Domínguez Junco2

1Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí. Ecuador. Email: [email protected] 2Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Cuba. Email: [email protected]

Received: June 6th, 2018. Accepted: January 22nd, 2019.

ABSTRACT RESUMEN The autonomous decentralized Los gobiernos autónomos governments of the cantons of Ecuador, as descentralizados de los cantones del established by the Organic Code of Ecuador, según lo establece el Código Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Orgánico de Ordenamiento Territorial Decentralization, are able to generate Autonomía y Descentralización, están en their own territorial policies. Public capacidad de generar sus propias políticas administrators, depending on compliance territoriales. Los administradores públicos, with the goals of economic reactivation en función del cumplimiento de las metas and the internal market, must manage de reactivación económica y del mercado development programs in terms of growth interno, deben gestionar programas de in production and microenterprises. Public desarrollo en términos de crecimiento de policies are an instrument that is used in la producción y de las microempresas. Las the administrations of public bodies to políticas públicas son un instrumento que achieve economic and social growth. The se emplea en las administraciones de los present research, carried out in the canton organismos públicos para alcanzar el Jipijapa of Manabí Province in the Republic crecimiento económico y social. La of Ecuador, allowed to determine the presente investigación, realizada en el importance and impact that the public cantón Jipijapa de la Provincia de Manabí policies have in the development of the en la República del Ecuador, permitió small and medium enterprises through the determinar la importancia e impacto que analytical descriptive method with a tienen las políticas públicas en el bibliographical revision from the desarrollo de las pequeñas y medianas theoretical approach. It identifies some of empresas, a través del método the existing public policies of a productive descriptivo-analítico, con una revisión nature and their relationship with small bibliográfica desde el enfoque teórico. Se and medium-sized enterprises. Their identifican algunas de las políticas públicas

Translated from the original in Spanish ISSN 2310-340X RNPS 2349 -- COODES Vol. 7 No. 1 (January-April) Marcillo Parrales, D.V., Domínguez Junco, O. “Gaps in the application of 2019 Ecuadorian public policies and their relationship with small and medium enterprises” p. 129-144 Available at: http://coodes.upr.edu.cu/index.php/coodes/article/view/202

applicability and evaluation were analyzed de índole productiva existentes y su with the efficiency, effectiveness and relación con las pequeñas y medianas effectiveness indicators, a diagnosis was empresas. Se analizó su aplicabilidad y made applying surveys in valoración con los indicadores de microenterprises identified as object of eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad, se realizó study, and interviews with the political un diagnóstico aplicando encuestas en las authorities of each decentralized microempresas identificadas como objeto autonomous government that make up or de estudio y entrevistas a las autoridades are part of the Jipijapa canton. To validate políticas de cada gobierno autónomo the results, statistical software Statistical descentralizado que conforman o son Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) parte del cantón Jipijapa. Para validar los version 22.0 was used. The existence of resultados se empleó el software gaps that prevent the correct application estadístico Statistical Package for the of public policies and development Social Sciences, versión 22.0. Se programs was determined. determinó la existencia de vacíos que impiden la correcta aplicación de políticas Keywords: public policies; micro- públicas y programas de desarrollo. enterprises; administration; autonomous governments; local development. Palabras claves: políticas públicas; microempresas; administración; gobiernos autónomos; desarrollo local.

INTRODUCTION

Public policies are the result of the Local development is the set of economic, interaction between a cognitive process social, cultural, political and territorial (world view, ideas), a defence or processes through which a community, on promotion of particular interests or groups the basis of its own potential and the and the influence of both formal opportunities offered by the environment, institutions (the State, public has access to well-being, without administration, trade unions, etc.) and exclusion or discrimination, and informal institutions (culture, the market, guarantees the conditions for future etc.) (Secretaría Desarrollo Económico, generations to do so (Carvajal Burbano, 2009). 2011).

Small and medium enterprises are an In Ecuador, the boom in microenterprises economic unit of production and decision occurred during the 1990s due to the that through the organization and increase in underemployment and coordination of a series of factors (capital unemployment caused by the crisis of the and work), seeks to make a profit by 1980s. Most of them were constituted producing and marketing products or without planning programs and with high providing services in the market interest rates, causing the Ecuadorian (Andersen, 1999). State to look for alternatives that would maximize the advantages. Thus, in 1992, the Ministry of Foreign Trade (MICIP)

created the National Chamber of theoretical references in the contextual Microenterprises (CNM), as a grouping framework, taking as object of study the organization of formal and informal canton Jipijapa, located south of the microenterprises, microentrepreneurs province of Manabí, between 01 degrees with microcapitals throughout the national 10 minutes and 01 degrees 47 minutes territory, organized in cantonal chambers, south latitude and between 80 degrees 25 parishes, federations and sector-based minutes and 80 degrees 52 minutes west organizations of microenterprises (López, longitude. It has a surface of 1540Km², 2015). there is an isolated and irregular mountain massif that develops between Jipijapa and Ecuador is a potentially productive Manta, surrounded to the north and west country, among its main natural resources by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the are: mining, marine resources, Jipijapa Valley and to the east by the aquaculture resources and fertile lands for Portoviejo River. The climate is tropical production. The aforementioned aspects dry. The average temperature is 24 project it as a state that with a well- degrees Celsius with an average annual managed development model would rainfall of 1,280 cubic millimeters [Plan de generate a growing economy; however, Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial, the inadequate exploitation of its natural cantón Jipijapa (PDOT, 2015)]. resources by businessmen and industries creates, each time, an environment of It was proceeded to establish a greater economic and social socioeconomic situational diagnosis with disadvantages within the population. information determined through surveys of microentrepreneurs, using a population La población rural es el sector que selection method and a sample of the total directamente se ve perjudicado al carecer database of microenterprises legally de los recursos humanos, técnicos y los registered in the Internal Revenue Service conocimientos necesarios para una of Ecuador, Jipijapa branch. The formula producción eficiente. La inherencia was: gubernamental en la última década, la carencia de políticas de crecimiento empresarial, junto con la mala administración de los gobiernos de turno crean un escenario poco motivante para la iniciativa microempresarial, donde los proyectos de inversión por parte de instituciones privadas, públicas, estatales e internacionales, en la mayoría de las In order to measure the results of the ocasiones no pueden ser aprovechadas, application of the public policies developed relegándose a simples ayudas que no for the microenterprise sector by the transforman ni mejoran niveles de vida. decentralized autonomous government of the canton of Jipijapa through the fulfillment of plans, programs and projects MATERIALS AND METHODS planned, budgeted and executed, the method of evaluation of management Different methods were used in the indicators of the State Comptroller development of this research. The General's Office 2005 was used, as bibliographic documentary analysis, to detailed below: determine the system of concepts and

Efficiency:

Efficacy:

Effectiveness:

In order to validate the results of the through a good methodology for a socioeconomic situational diagnosis, the government. statistical analysis method was used through the Statistical Package for the Public policy is "the action of public Social Sciences (SPSS), whose tabulation authorities within society" and "a and interpretation of data was used with programme of action by a public authority" the correlation analysis of data between (Bogotá, 2009). Aguilar sees it as "a set of the effectiveness of the application of decisions and strategies adopted by a public policies and the level of legitimate authority to solve complex development of small and medium-sized public problems" (Semplades, 2011). enterprises, according to the interviewees and the result of the tabulation of the From this approach it can be said that surveys. public policies are mechanisms established as guides that, through strategic actions, provide adequate and inherent solutions to the main problems of the community and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION to the different segments of a society.

Theoretical references of public Public policies constitute the main policies instrument of action of a government, represented by this action in the management of the destiny of a country, The interest in politics as a science at local, territorial and national levels, originated from the ideas of state oriented to the solution of collective interventionism and in the forms of social problems (Boscan & Quintero, 2014). life of communities; for economists its study is found in the variations of public policies, in economic factors and in the Faced with this scenario, public policies need to help political decision-makers have become a tool for carrying out an

administrative activity within public capacity of resolution and execution, institutions that meet the requirements or stability, adaptability, coherence and needs of the community. It is also an coordination. element of guidance for government institutions in the development of their Public policies arise as a product of a goals and objectives vis-à-vis the societies political-administrative system, where a that govern them. To focus this analysis, group of individuals must be able to Gutiérrez defines public administration as exercise a hierarchy and stability, in the the focus of government activities from performance of certain functions, where the public sector, and describes it as a the main component must be a conscious "complex system of state organizations in execution of activities planned in charge of managing government policies, coherence with the needs, within a programs, based on state policies, laws framework of reference of organizations. and legal norms in force and an assigned Public policies are those that condition the budget" (Torres, 2016). When public way in which potential resources, policies are analyzed by governments, it is especially in underprivileged areas, are inevitable to think that there are used to achieve local development, determining factors at the moment of their inasmuch as they define the limits of the application and emergence, from social functioning of economic agents. and administrative practice. Today's societies cannot speak of Therefore, the author agrees in the development but rather of articulating the existence of four elements for the production of resources and the capacities emergence of public policies such as: the of communities to satisfy needs and be implication of the government, the able to supply others. One way to foster perception of problems, and the definitions production is through the emergence of of objectives and processes (Roth, 2002). small and medium-sized enterprises. Microenterprises play an important role, A serious observance is recommended since they are the most effective ways for when designing public policies, since they communities to directly influence local will serve as goals that will delimit the development; in Latin America their scope of the proposals and projects of the contribution in terms of employment has entities of the State; some authors been important, as shown in table 1 propose as elements of quality: the below:

Table 1. - Latin America: Weight of small and medium enterprises

Proportion of establishment by company size (Percentages) Country Micro Small Medium Large Argentina 81,6 16.1 1,9 0,4 Brazil 85,4 12,1 1,4 1,0 Chile 90,4 7,8 1,1 0,6 Colombia 93,2 5,5 1,0 0,3 El Salvador 95,4 3,8 0,6 0,2 Ecuador 96,8 2,5 0,5 0,2

Mexico 95,5 3,6 0,8 0,2 Peru 98,1 1,5 0,34 0,02 Uruguay 83,8 13,4 3,1 0,6 Trinidad and Tobado 79,6 17,5 2,4 0,5

Source: Sela, 2014

According to the 2014 Latin American and minority when compared to countries of Caribbean Economic System, small and the Organization for Economic medium-sized enterprises have generated Cooperation and Development (OECD), a substantial contribution to employment such as Italy, Spain, Germany and France and Gross Domestic Product, but their (Graph 1). contribution to exports is still marginal and

Graph 1. - Companies that export directly and indirectly, according to size, by region, 2009-2010 (percentages) Source: Based on information from the World Bank (Companies Survey), 2009-2010, OCDE 2012)

The delineation of public policies to implemented as mere palliatives to strengthen small and medium-sized mitigate the ravages of unemployment; enterprises must provide the mechanisms once that sector is in a stage of structural and tools to be able to respond to market changes that positions it within the market demand, with the aim of generating as a solid sector, then policies to promote greater promotion and growth for these microenterprises will be taken as units. fundamental with a long-term vision (Díaz Arreguín, 2010). Giaoutzi (2007) rightly proposes that policies to promote the microenterprise Like Giaoutzi (2007), the author considers sector in the short term should be that public policies should be defined as

the mechanisms to establish processes, Local governments, as well as steps, forms of behavior that induce the microfinance banks, should undertake development of small and medium promotional activities that induce small enterprises in different business areas entrepreneurs to register their businesses, (production, technology, finance, etc.), in order to have access to microcredit and but it is necessary to consider the training in management skills. Promotion objectives and goals of those who must of registration may encounter resistance elaborate the policies and enforce them, from those companies that prefer to these must also be able to make the best remain unregistered in order to evade tax use of the resources that society has. collection (Albornoz Guarderas, Oleas & Ricaurte, 2011). Authors such as Saavedra, Tapia and Aguilar propose some aspects in the In any case, the effectiveness of policies elaboration of policies for focused on small and medium enterprises, microenterprises, the author considers the rather than having large programs or following to be relevant: interventions, consist of small actions, at the local or regional scale and are usually • Financing and training support the result of diagnoses made from the should be guided by considering perspective of the organizations the business segments, based on themselves (Díaz Arreguín, 2010). the life cycle phases in which companies find themselves; taking However, the National Economic and into account the industry, Social Policy Council (CONPES) document commerce and services sectors. on "Policy Guidelines for Enterprise • Consideration should be given to Development" for 2004 states that "given an evaluation system for small and the existence of a large number of policies medium-size enterprises that and programs available to the business defines indicators that can measure sector, it is necessary to evaluate them the impact of support for and, where necessary, reorient them to microenterprises. prepare and strengthen the productive • It is necessary to link the education apparatus in the face of the challenges of sector in order to generate its own international competition" (Ospina López technology according to the & Rodríguez Agudelo, 2007). characteristics and needs of this sector, as well as to promote Historical references of public policies innovation in all areas of small and in Ecuador medium enterprises. • The entrepreneurial culture in the From the Ecuadorian context, the public microenterprise segment should be policies for the development of small and fostered; empirically managing medium enterprises arose through your company is an aspect that reforms in the different government generates many limitations periods; these were designed as a means (Saavedra García, Milla Toro, & for the strengthening of businesses of gold Sánchez, 2013). washing, collection of laurel wax, tagua, vanilla or sarsaparilla by the peoples of Freije (2001) recommends facilitating the Quijos or Napo, peoples from the East and registration of new companies: it should in the whites of Quijos in the first years of become an easy and quick procedure. constitution, which allowed for the

exchange of indigenous products for beads the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE). In or goods such as fabrics, tools and others. October 1943 a tax of 0.5 % of the total The public administrations were directed credits on all operations of loans and to protect these trades in many cases. discounts to the commercial banks was decreed, to be carried out by the banks, In the 1930s and 1970s, the Ecuadorian and of 1 % for one time for mortgage loans government opted for import substitution (Romero Alemán, 1996). policies, centralized economic growth, and the production of private industries and In 1968, with the discovery of oil in the businesses. Ecuadorian East, hydrocarbon exports acquired greater importance, transforming Already in 1938, with a new reform, the the Ecuadorian economy and society. policy of protection to the development of Foreign exchange earnings from exports the productive sectors arose; this reform went from 300 million dollars in 1972 to declared that "no one could import goods, around 2500 million in 1980, encouraging regardless of their class, without having investment policies in basic infrastructure previously obtained permission from the (productive and social), and the financing Central Bank of Ecuador. Also from this of accumulation for the emergence of a date and during 90 days more, this bank productive structure of an industrial type, will not sell foreign currencies to the oriented towards the internal market (IX commercial banks, it was prohibited to Regional Planning Council, 1992). these and commercial houses to receive or to conserve deposits of the public in In Ecuador, the formulation of public foreign currency"; this reform would last policies for the development of small and only five months, due to its scarce medium-sized enterprises until the 1990s applicability in view of the social was formulated under the import necessities (Romero Alemán, 1996). substitution model; then, the neoliberal policies implemented and the In 1941, with an inflationary process disappearance of production planning highly costly for the country and with the institutions, as well as the cut in public need to finance the war with the budgets, limited support for this sector, neighboring country of Peru, the state resulting in the disappearance of some of established the policy of issuing money these business units. At the end of the that would serve to cover the expenses 1990s, the concept of globalization and incurred in these wars and productive competitiveness prompted government activities. Two years later, in view of the economies to turn their attention to this demands of development and progress, forgotten sector, especially in Ecuador, the banks were forced to invest in where a new institutional framework was agricultural activities; that year also saw established; however, public policies did the emergence of Decree No. 1046 of July not have the expected scope for small and 13, which sought to avoid the effects of medium-sized enterprises, support the increase in foreign exchange and the programs were insufficient and few increase in money in the economy, relevant (Nabernegg, 2015). forming the "stabilization fund", which would serve to satisfy the demand for In recent decades, with the process of money in the post-war period. Banks were change created by the spaces established obliged to invest 20 % of their deposits in by the governments in office, public the purchase of gold certificates issued by policies have been drawn up with a focus

on improving the economic-productive problems. The implementation must component. In the 2008 constitution, a strengthen the capacity of those involved, new legal and juridical environment is especially if the results are to be reflected presented, where the formulation, and maintained in the long term, and not execution, evaluation and control of public remain as intentions. policies must be for the strengthening of the diverse sectors to make good living Situational diagnosis effective. For the identification of legally constituted Article 293 of the 2008 Constitution microenterprises in the canton of Jipijapa, establishes the need to generate a the data provided in the database of the National Development Plan or National Internal Revenue Service of Ecuador, Plan for Good Living in order to implement Jipijapa agency, were used as references. the State's general budget. The National From a total population of 105580, a Plan for Good Living establishes national sample of 368 individuals was obtained, policies and the main constitutional who carry out activities in the elements that guide the establishment of microenterprise sector, who provided rights; it also establishes guidelines and adequate information, the results of which strategies that guide the approval of the are presented below: National Development Plan of the State, the strategy of accumulation, distribution In the question: have you ever been and redistribution in the long term; selected to participate in any project or likewise, it seeks to promote economic program of the canton government for the activities, implement incentive functioning of your activity? mechanisms in economic activities, especially in the popular and solidarity • 66 % of respondents say that sector, as well as in small and medium beneficiaries of programmes and enterprises. This document was updated projects are generally participants for the years 2017 to 2021 in the who want to be part of projects, government of the new president Lenín programmes or plans; 34 % Moreno Garcés. indicate that beneficiaries are selected according to a specific The Organic Law of Popular and Solidarity sector, being people who are part Economy also formulates public policies to of an association or social group. encourage the organization of micro- producers, associations and cooperatives, On the question: Which of the following with the use of existing social capital and public entities do you consider important includes differentiated contribution for the development management of the categories for specific groups; it also microenterprise sector? encourages affiliation to social security. • 61 % of those surveyed indicate Finally, a policy must provide solutions to that it is local governments that social problems, for which the participation should manage the development of of those involved in the community is the microenterprise sector; 10 % necessary. Policies for the development of that it is public institutions such as: microenterprises must be designed ministries, national secretariats, without ambiguity in terms of hierarchies etc.; 13 % that it is non-profit of objectives and precision in identifying organizations; 8 % that it is the

community and 7 % that it is the On the question: how do you think public university. policies should be managed for the development of your business activities? On the question: how do you evaluate the execution of the public management of the • 30 % of those surveyed state that Decentralized Autonomous Government the public policies they implement (GAD) of the Jipijapa canton in the should strengthen the development and strengthening of organizational structures of microenterprises? microenterprises; 48 % indicate that they should be able to open • 13 % of those surveyed say that markets, since this is one of the the municipal government's needs of microenterprises and 20 management is very successful; 18 % consider that public policies % that it is successful; 31 % that it should be based on projects and is moderately successful; 16 % plans that are above all integrated that it is not very successful; 12 % with the different public and private that it is not very successful and 10 institutions of the canton. % that the management is not successful. However, good Correlation of the variables Local management is not evident in the Development and Local Public results. Management

On the question: do you know of any Of the 368 respondents in Jipijapa canton public policies developed by the local GAD in the study of variables, with the use of for the strengthening of microenterprises? cross tables were analyzed the variables local development and the practice of • 24 % know of other types of public public management, giving as results: policies such as equity, but are not related to the microenterprise The correlation between public sector and 76 % indicate that they management and local development is do not know which public policies inversely high, as shown in table 2, whose strengthen their activities. value is less than 1, which is demonstrated in the survey on the consideration of the On the question: do you know if GAD has existence of public management (very managed plans, programs, processes that successful, moderately successful, benefit microenterprises, yes or no, and scarcely successful, not successful). The which ones? following results were obtained: 13 % of those surveyed state that municipal • Respondents say that the municipal government management is very GAD has generated programs and successful; 18 % that it is successful; 31 projects that induce productive % that it is moderately successful; 16 % growth in the territorial areas of the that it is not very successful; 12 % that it canton. 100 % issued various is not very successful and 10 % that it is names of programs and plans that not successful. When asked whether local are carried out by municipal and development in the canton is high, parish authorities, as well as at the medium and low, 27 % answered that it is national level. high, 30 % of respondents said it is

medium and 43 % of respondents indicate that development is low.

Table 2. - Symmetric measures

Source: Prepared by the authors, based on data from SPSS version 22.0

The data in table 3 indicate that the have greater impact and participation in development and growth desired by the microenterprises and that the state community has not yet been achieved. It provides greater support. is important that strategies and policies Table 3. - GPL*DL cross tabulation

Source: Prepared by the authors, based on data from SPSS version 22.0

Correlation of public management The results obtained from the 368 variables and microenterprises respondents in Jipijapa canton in the analysis of variables, with the use of cross tables on the growth of microenterprises

and the practice of public management, % that it is moderately successful; 16 % show that there is a high correlation in the that it is scarcely successful; 12 % that it negative axis, as well as poor public is unsuccessful and 10 % that the management that leads to low growth in management is unsuccessful. In addition, agricultural microenterprise units. This the majority of those surveyed consider it demonstrates the insufficiency that exists important to propose a management in this field of research. model that better articulates public policies for the development of the The answers on the consideration of the economic sector. Thus, of the 368 existence of a very successful public respondents, 90 % state that the management, moderately successful, management model for the development scarcely successful, unsuccessful, yielded of agricultural microenterprises should be the following results: 13 % of those improved and 10 % indicate that it should surveyed stated that municipal first start from the recognition of a growth government management is very management to induce the agricultural successful; 18 % that it is successful; 31 microenterprise sector, as shown in graph 2.

Graph 2. - Public Management Variables and Microenterprise Growth Source: Own elaboration, based on data from SPSS version 22.0

The results of the application of public microenterprise sector by the policies implemented in the decentralized autonomous government of

the canton of Jipijapa, through the public policies and programs, that allow to fulfillment of plans, programs and projects identify their weaknesses in order to feed planned, budgeted and executed, with the them back, modify them and improve the method of evaluation of management instruments or strategies used. indicators of the State Comptroller General's Office 2005, were: the efficiency of the Decentralized Autonomous Government of Jipijapa canton in relation to the programmed expenditure that was REFERENCES budgeted of $4070000.00 in the Plan of Territorial Ordination 2015, in the Albornoz Guarderas, V., Oleas, S., & programs and projects to execute, Ricaurte, M. (2011). La according to the calculation, obtained a informalidad en el Ecuador 2000- value of 1.79 %; the efficiency determined 2009. Quito: Corporación de in function of the programmed goals Estudios para el Desarrollo - projected in 15 programs against the CORDES-. achieved ones that were seven programs, with respect to the real time of four years Andersen, A. (1999). Diccionario de and programmed was of 46.7 %; the economía y negocios. Espasa effectiveness of the achieved and Calpe. Recuperado a partir de programmed goals was of 46.7 %. https://books.google.com.cu/book s/about/Diccionario_de_econom% In conclusion, it should be pointed out that C3%ADa_y_negocios.html?id=Eor there is little coordination between -AQAACAAJ programmes, action plans and instruments in the public administration of Bogotá, A. D. (2009). Marco conceptual y local governments, which reflects the lack metodológico para la formulación of a comprehensive and long-term vision de políticas pública en el sector of public policies, which has led in some desarrollo económico. Bogotá cases to duplicate efforts and work, D.C.: Aurora. generating a loss of potential synergies between the different programmes and, Boscán, O., & Quintero, J. (2014). therefore, the lack of continuity over time Políticas públicas y sistemas of many interventions. productivos locales innovadores en el sector agrícola. Revista OIDLES, Public policies for the development of (17). Recuperado a partir de microenterprises in Ecuador present http://www.eumed.net/rev/oidles/ difficulties in achieving practical results. 17/agricultura.html There is still a clear difficulty in generating actions to increase the number of Carvajal Burbano, A. (2011). companies or maintain in the long term DESARROLLO LOCAL: Manual those that are already established, Básico para Agentes de Desarrollo because there are no programs to solve Local y otros actores (Primera the problem of lack of human talent, edición). Madrid, España: EDITA: natural resources and financial resources. CERSA. Recuperado a partir de http://desarrollolocalteoriaypractic At present, there are no systematic a.blogspot.com/2011/06/desarroll mechanisms or researches that evaluate o-local-manual-basico.html

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Translated from the original in Spanish