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Academic Journal of Modern Philology. Vol. 3 Academic Journal of Modern Philology Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw– Branch Philological School of Higher Education in Wroclaw– Academic Journal of Modern Philology e-ISSN 2353-3218 ISSN 2299-7164 Vol. 3 (2014) Editor-in-chief Piotr P. Chruszczewski Honorary Editors Franciszek Grucza Stanisław Prędota Associate Editors Katarzyna Buczek Aleksandra R. Knapik Jacek Mianowski Wrocław 2014 ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF MODERN PHILOLOGY Editor-in-chief Piotr P. Chruszczewski Honorary Editors Franciszek Grucza Stanisław Prędota Associate Editors Katarzyna Buczek, Aleksandra R. Knapik, Jacek Mianowski Scientific Board of the Committee for Philology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław Branch: Piotr Cap (Łódź), Camelia M. Cmeciu (Galati, Romania), Piotr P. Chruszczewski (Wrocław), Józef Darski (Poznań), Marta Degani (Verona, Italy), Robin Dunbar (Oxford, UK), Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (Poznań), Francesco Ferretti (Rome, Italy), Jacek Fisiak (Poznań), James A. Fox (Stanford, USA), Stanisław Gajda (Opole), Piotr Gąsiorowski (Poznań), Franciszek Grucza (Warszawa), Philippe Hiligsmann (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), Rafael Jiménez Cataño (Rome, Italy), Henryk Kardela (Lublin), Ewa Kębłowska-Ławniczak (Wrocław), Tomasz P. Krzeszowski (Warszawa), Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (Łódź), Ryszard Lipczuk (Szczecin), Lorenzo Magnani (Pavia, Italy), Witold Mańczak (Kraków), Marek Paryż (Warszawa), Michał Post (Wrocław), Stanisław Prędota (Wrocław), John R. Rickford (Stanford, USA), Hans Sauer (Munich, Germany), Aleksander Szwedek (Poznań), Elżbieta Tabakowska (Kraków), Marco Tamburelli (Bangor, Wales), Kamila Turewicz (Łódź), Zdzisław Wąsik (Wrocław), Jerzy Wełna (Warszawa), Roland Willemyns (Brussels, Belgium), Donald Winford (Columbus, USA), Tadeusz Zabrocki (Poznań) Board of Reviewers Andrei Avram (Bucharest, Romania), Justyna Bajda (Wrocław), Tommaso Bertolotti (Pavia, Italy), Władysław Chłopicki (Kraków), C. Jac Conradie (Johannesburg, South Africa), Anna Dąbrowska (Wrocław), Tomasz P. Górski (Wrocław), Adam Jaworski (Hong-Kong), Ronald Kim (Poznań), Konrad Klimkowski (Lublin), Richard L. Lanigan (Washington, D.C., USA), Maria Katarzyna Lasatowicz (Opole), Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld (Kraków), Piotr Sawicki (Wrocław), Dennis Scheller-Boltz (Innsbruck, Austria), Wojciech Soliński (Wrocław), Marek Stachowski (Kraków), Dieter Stellmacher (Göttingen, Germany), Agnieszka Stępkowska (Warszawa), Waldemar Skrzypczak (Toruń), Magdalena Wolf (Wrocław), Przemysław Żywiczyński (Toruń) Proofreading Graham Crawford Ronald Kim Christian Dumais Peter Chmiel Editorial reading / korekta wydawnicza: Barbara Woldan Cover design / opracowanie graficzne okładki: Małgorzata Tyc-Klekot, Konstancja Górny DTP: Dorota Bazan © Copyright by Oddział Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu & Wyższa Szkoła Filologiczna we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2014 All rights reserved e-ISSN 2353-3218 ISSN 2299-7164 Published by / adres wydawcy: Oddział Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu 50-449 Wrocław, ul. Podwale 75 www.pan.wroc.pl Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Filologicznej we Wrocławiu 50-335 Wrocław, ul. Sienkiewicza 32 tel. (+48 71) 328 14 14, fax (+48 71) 322 10 06 http://www.wsf.edu.pl, e-mail: [email protected] Committee for Philology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław Branch / Komisja Nauk Filologicznych PAN, Oddział we Wrocławiu Chairperson / przewodniczący: prof. dr hab. Piotr P. Chruszczewski Secretary / sekretarz: dr Jacek Mianowski, dr Aleksandra R. Knapik TABLE OF CONTENTS Alessandra Chiera Language in Interaction: The Role of Conscious Processes in Conversation 7 Katarzyna Klimkowska Entrepreneurial Potential of the Students of Applied Linguistics Programme, Majoring in Translation 17 Mariola Majnusz-Stadnik Zu Funktionen von Phraseologismen und phraseologischen Modifikationen in deutschen und polnischen Werbeanzeigen 27 Teresa Miążek Terminy nīras, nirastā w opowiadaniach Agjeja. Ślady sanskryckiej teorii estetyki rasa we współczesnej literaturze hindi 43 Szymon Napierała A Hypothesis on the Catastrophic Emergence of Syntax and Phonetics 55 Serena Nicchiarelli Formulaic Language: A Living Linguistic Fossil for a Holistic Protolanguage 67 Carmen Florina Savu More on the Rhotic Tap and the Implications of Its Structure 75 Michał Szawerna Metaphorical Underpinnings of Panels in Comics 89 Kamila Turewicz Języki i kultury etniczne w Zjednoczonej Europie z historią Dyirbala w tle. Rozważania językoznawcy kognitywnego 109 Maciej Widawski Lexical Creation in African American Slang 119 Marcin Zabawa Language Contact in the Semantic Field of Computers and the Internet: The Newest English Lexical Loans in Polish 127 Piotr Zazula Neoarystoteliczna wizja natury ludzkiej w ekopoezji i eseistyce Gary’ego Snydera 137 REVIEWS AND POLEMICS Agata Draus-Kłobucka Recenzja książki Roberto Mansbergera Amorosa pt. La Joven Europa y España: la cuestión de «el arte por el arte». Barcelona, 2013: Laertes. ISBN 978-84-7584-916-4, 466 stron 157 Maksymilian Drozdowicz Recenzja książki Piotra Sawickiego i Jitki Smičekovej pt. Srovnávací frazeologie a paremiografie. Vybrané studie ze slovanských a románských jazyků / Frazeologia i paremiografia porównawcza. Wybrane studia z zakresu języków słowiańskich i romańskich. Ostrava, 2010: Ostravská univerzita v Ostravě. ISBN 978-80-7368-851-6, 198 stron 163 Dennis Scheller-Boltz Barbara Alicja Jańczak Deutsch-polnische Familien: Ihre Sprachen und Familienkulturen in Deutschland und in Polen (Sprache – Kultur – Gesellschaft, Beiträge zu einer anwendungsbezogenen Sozio- und Ethnolinguistik, Bd. 11). Frankfurt am Main u. a., 2013: Peter Lang Verlag. ISBN: 978-3-631-62525-5, 270 Seiten 169 Academic Journal of Modern Alessandra Chiera Philology Doctoral School in Cognitive Science, Messina, Italy e-ISSN 2353-3218 ISSN 2299-7164 Language in Interaction: The Role of Conscious Vol. 3 (2014) 7–16 Processes in Conversation Abstract Consistent with the well-established tradition of cognitive pragmatics, this work hinges on the idea that human communication has to be considered inferential in nature. Starting from the empirically-based insights of Relevance Theory, I will focus on the role of pragmatic inference processes in real language use, specifically in conversation. In order to address this question, I pursue a twofold goal. On the one hand, I intend to characterize the nature of conversational exchanges, by identifying the main features that underlie their elaboration. On the other hand, my goal is to provide some indications about the cognitive underpinnings of such conversational properties. Relevance account states that language in context can be described as a matter of expressing and recognizing intentions and that this procedure is driven by the expectations of relevance automatically processed. In accordance with the claim that the core of conversations lies in conveying and catching each other’s intentions, I will take into account the strategies employed by interlocutors and the cognitive mechanisms involved in this kind of process. Although Relevance theorists account for some important features of language in use, my hypothesis is that they falter in explaining some non-marginal aspects of real-time conversation because of two problematic issues: a) the propensity to emphasize the comprehension process omitting to account for the production process; b) the idea that it all comes down to processing relevance by means of a modular automatic device. Against these claims, I will argue that: a) conversation is a joint activity performed in coordination and requires complex abilities as on the side of the hearer as on the side of the speaker; b) automatic mechanisms cannot underlie some essential aspects inherent in conversation which are better explained by the role of conscious processes. Although the relation between language and consciousness has been traditionally neglected, the idea of putting consciousness back into the reflection on language in context has important theoretical and empirical implications. Keywords: pragmatic inference, communicative intentions, conversation, miscommunication, consciousness. Alessandra Chiera 1. “What do you mean?” 8 Consider the following conversation between Paul and Frank: Paul: “Would you come to the beach with us?” Frank: “I’m finishing an article about pragmatics” Why are everyday human communicative interactions deeply characterized by such indirect forms of sentences? Actually, Frank should have replied (A): “No, I can’t” which is a kind of answer more related to the type of question made by Paul. But people usually do not talk with each other making use of statements like (A). Not too often, at least! People use to converse in everyday life as Paul and Frank do. They convey meanings without specifying too much details and by saying ambiguous and incomplete expressions combined with gestures and other nonverbal elements. In other words, people widely communicate in implicit terms much more than in literal sense. And usually interlocutors comprehend the implicatures conveyed by a speaker looking beyond the conventional form assigned to an utterance. So the point at issue is why humans do not simply use language applying literal meanings and how it is possible to communicate without the “safe” unambiguousness of conventional codes. Cognitive pragmatics is the research program that deals with these specific questions in a cognitive perspective. Looking at the ways speakers use words to say much more than they literally mean, cognitive pragmatics investigate the endless ambiguities of language and outlines an uncommon
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