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China's Eurasian Foreign Policy: Region-Building Through State-Building Since 1991 Zenel Garcia [email protected]

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China's Eurasian Foreign Policy: Region-Building Through State-Building Since 1991 Zenel Garcia Zegarc@Fiu.Edu Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-27-2018 China's Eurasian Foreign Policy: Region-Building Through State-Building Since 1991 Zenel Garcia [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006886 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Garcia, Zenel, "China's Eurasian Foreign Policy: Region-Building Through State-Building Since 1991" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3750. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3750 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida CHINA’S EURASIAN FOREIGN POLICY: REGION-BUILDING THROUGH STATE-BUILDING SINCE 1991 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Zenel Garcia 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International & Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Zenel Garcia, and entitled China’s Eurasian Foreign Policy: Region-Building Through State-Building Since 1991, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _____________________________________ Benjamin Smith _____________________________________ Jin Zeng _____________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi _____________________________________ Thomas Breslin, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 27, 2018 The dissertation of Zenel Garcia is approved. _____________________________________ Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs _____________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2018 ii DEDICATION To my beloved mother, Mayulis Calvo, whose unwavering support in the face of adversity made it possible for me to be where I am today. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A dissertation is a single-author rite of passage. However, reaching its completion is the product of many important individuals that have helped me grow as a scholar and as a person throughout my years at Florida International University. I am grateful to my committee which has been instrumental in the development and completion of this study. I thank my advisor, Dr. Thomas A. Breslin, for his endless support and providing me with much-needed counsel. He has been a continued source of inspiration for me and I am grateful for him instilling in me a passion for history and attention to detail. His open door policy and timely feedback were crucial to my development. I would also like to thank Dr. Mohiaddin Mesbahi for his guidance and engendering in me an interest in political narratives, without which this study would not have been conceived. I am also very thankful to Dr. Jin Zeng whose feedback and advice has always been valuable to me. Finally, I am thankful to Dr. Benjamin Smith for his support. Outside of the committee, I would also like to thank important individuals who have also had a significant impact in my development. I am very grateful to Dr. Harry D. Gould who has played an important role in my socialization into the discipline, my productivity as a scholar, and my theoretical development. I would also like to thank Dr. Susanne Zwingel whose entrance into the PIR program marked an important juncture in my development as a scholar. Furthermore, her relentless support in her capacity as Graduate Program Director during a challenging period of my graduate career is a major reason I can present this study. My appreciation is also extended to Dr. Felix Martin, Dr. Ronald W. Cox, Dr. Astrid Arraras, Dr. Marcie Washington, and Dr. John F. Clark for aiding me in my iv academic endeavors throughout my graduate career. I would also like to extend a much- deserved thank you to Maria W. Diaz, Martha Rodriguez, Maria Gil, Mayte Rodriguez, and Katrina Manning. Their love and support make PIR feel like a family and a home away from home. Last by not least, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues Melissa Balos, Jessy Abouarab, Bibek Chand, Onur Erpul, Saeed Mousavi, Christine Bianco, Maria Gabryszewska, Kevin Modlin, Phillip Guerreiro, Mohamed Ghumrawi, Michelle Fields, and Umer Rahman. Your friendship and encouragement made this study possible. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION CHINA’s EURASIAN FOREIGN POLICY: REGION-BUILDING THROUGH STATE-BUILDING SINCE 1991 by Zenel Garcia Florida In te rnational U nivers ity, 2018 Miami, F l orida Professor Thomas A. Breslin, Major Professor Abstract Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, its leaders have been preoccupied with efforts to increase state capacity in order to exercise more effective control over their western frontier by controlling their minority population and generating the conditions for economic development in the area. Although these state-building initiatives have always incorporated an international component, the collapse of the USSR, the transnational characteristics of development, and China’s concern around the challenges of terrorism, separatism, and extremism have necessitated an accompanying region-building project in Eurasia. Using a synthesis of the region-building approach and the concept of regionalization, this study traces how Chinese domestic elite-led narratives about security and development generate domestic state-building initiatives which in turn produce region-building projects. Furthermore, this study assesses how region-building projects are promoted through narratives embedded in foreign policies that establish the historicity of China’s engagement in Eurasian affairs and norms of non-interference and vi co-development. Finally, it traces the empirical construction of regions through integrative infrastructure. By revealing the three symbiotic phases of Chinese domestic state-building and region-building, this study demonstrates how region-building projects have facilitated China’s ability to increase state capacity, control, and development in its western frontier. Furthermore, China’s region-building projects have gradually transformed Eurasia in a manner that has resulted in its eastward orientation through the usage of connective infrastructure and co-development projects that place China at the center of Eurasia. This project demonstrates how China has emerged as a dominant power in Eurasian affairs that not only exercises significant political and economic power, but more importantly, ideational power. Key Words: China, Eurasia, Foreign Policy, region-building, state-building, Belt Road Initiative vii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER PAGE i. Preface ............................................................................................................................. 1 ii. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 7 The Three Phases of China’s Eurasian Region-Building Projects................................ 17 Regional Transformation .............................................................................................. 26 Organization of the Study ............................................................................................. 29 Chapter 1: Of Regions, Regionalism, Regionalization, and Region-Building ................. 32 Regionalism, Regionalization, and Regionness ............................................................ 34 Old Regionalism ........................................................................................................... 35 Federalism and Functionalism .................................................................................. 35 Neo-Functionalism .................................................................................................... 39 Inter-governmentalism .............................................................................................. 46 Security Communities and Complexes ......................................................................... 52 Security Communities Revisited............................................................................... 56 Security Complexes .................................................................................................. 62 New Regionalism .......................................................................................................... 68 The New Regionalism Approach .............................................................................. 68 The Region-Building Approach ................................................................................ 82 Region-Building through State-Building ...................................................................... 85 Framework of the Study............................................................................................ 88 Chapter 2: 1991-2000: National Integration and Regional Formation ............................. 91 Xinjiang and the “Double-Opening” Strategy .............................................................. 96 Nationally Integrating Xinjiang ...............................................................................
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