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Chapter 3 Basics of Entomology

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Chapter 3 Basics of Entomology CHAPTER 3 BASICS OF ENTOMOLOGY Basics of Classification .............................................................................................................................. 1 Table 1. Classes of the Phylum Arthropoda .................................................................................................................... 2 Table 2. Orders of the Class Insecta................................................................................................................................ 2 Insect Form and Structure - Morphology .................................................................................................. 2 Head, Thorax and Abdomen ............................................................................................................................... 2 Legs .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Wings ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Antennae .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Mouthparts ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Insect Development-Metamorphosis ......................................................................................................... 4 Identifying Insects ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Insect Orders Important to the Gardener: ........................................................................................................... 6 Coleoptera - Beetles, Weevils ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Dermaptera - Earwigs ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Diptera - Flies, Mosquitoes, Gnats, Midges ..................................................................................................................... 6 Hemiptera - Stink Bug, Plant Bug, Squash Bug, Boxelder Bug ...................................................................................... 6 Homoptera - Scale Insects, Mealybugs, Whiteflies, Aphids, Cicadas, Leafhoppers. ..................................................... 7 Hymenoptera - Bees, Ants, Wasps, Sawflies, Horntails .................................................................................................. 7 Lepidoptera - Butterflies, Moths ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Neuroptera - Lacewings, Antlions, Snakeflies, Mantispids, Dobsonfly, Dustywing, Alderfly .......................................... 7 Orthoptera - Grasshopper, Cricket, .................................................................................................................................... Praying Mantid ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Thysanoptera - Thrips ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Insect Orders of Lesser Importance to the Gardener: ........................................................................................ 8 Order Examples Common “Non-Insect” Pests Found in New England: .......................................................................... 8 Arachnida - Spiders, Spider Mites, Ticks ......................................................................................................................... 8 Diplopoda - Millipedes ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chilopoda - Centipedes ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Crustacea - Sowbugs, Pillbugs ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Types of Insect Injury ................................................................................................................................ 10 Injury by Chewing Insects .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Injury by Piercing-Sucking Insects ................................................................................................................................. 10 Injury by Internal Feeders .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Injury by Subterranean Insects ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Injury by Laying Eggs ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Use of Plants for Nest Materials .................................................................................................................................... 11 Ways in Which Insects Injure Plants ............................................................................................................................. 11 Insects as Disseminators of Plant Diseases .......................................................................................... 12 Disease Vector ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 Benefits and Value of Insects ................................................................................................................... 12 Insects are Beneficial to the Gardener in Several Ways: .............................................................................................. 12 Soil Preparation .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Plant Selection ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Cultural Practices ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 Mechanical Controls....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Biological Controls ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Pesticides ................................................................................................................................................... 16 Nonsynthetic Pesticides ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Synthetic Pesticides ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3 Basics of Entomology Edited and revised by Dr. Alan Eaton, University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension Insects and mites are among the oldest, most numerous, and most successful creatures on earth. It is estimated that over 100,000 different species live in North America. In the typical backyard, there are probably 1,000 insects at any given time. While insects which cause problems for humans are heard about most often, it is important to note that the vast majority are either beneficial or harm- less. Insects pollinate fruits and vegetables, provide food for birds and fish, and produce useful products such as honey, wax, shellac, and silk. In addition, some insects are beneficial because they feed on other insects that are considered pests by humans. Although the number of pest species compared to the total number of insect species is very small (less than 3% of all insects are classified as pests), the troubles for humans wrought by this group reach astonishing proportions. In- sects annually destroy millions of dollars worth of crops, fruits, shade trees and ornamental plants, stored products, household items, and other materials val- ued by man. They transmit diseases of humans and domestic animals. They attack humans and pets, causing irritation, blood loss, and in some instances, death. This chapter is designed
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