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Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Northampton, MA

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Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Northampton, MA Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Northampton, MA BARBARA SMITH Interviewed by LORETTA J. ROSS May 7–8, 2003 Northampton, MA This interview was made possible with generous support from the Ford Foundation. © Sophia Smith Collection 2004 Sophia Smith Collection Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Narrator Barbara Smith (b. 1946) grew up in Cleveland. A 1969 graduate of Mount Holyoke College, in 1973 she co-founded the Combahee River Collective, a black feminist organizing group. In 1977 she wrote “Towards a Black Feminist Criticism,” which charted a black women’s literary tradition. As co-founder with Audre Lorde of Kitchen Table Women of Color Press, Smith promoted publication of women’s writing. She edited three landmark collections of black feminist thought: Conditions 5: The Black Women’s Issue (1979), All the Women are White, All the Blacks are Men, But Some of Us are Brave (1982), and Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (1983). She published a collection of essays, The Truth That Never Hurts: Writings on Race, Gender and Freedom, in 1998. A public intellectual and grassroots organizer, Smith is noted for her scholarship (Bunting Fellow, 1996–97) and her activism (Stonewall Award, 1994). Interviewer Loretta Ross (b. 1953) became involved in black nationalist politics while attending Howard University, 1970–73. A leader in the anti-rape and anti-racism movements in the 1970s and 1980s, she founded the International Council of African Women and served as Director of Women of Color Programs for the National Organization for Women and Program Director for the National Black Women’s Health Project. After managing research and program departments for the Center for Democratic Renewal, an anti-Klan organization, in 1996 Ross established the National Center for Human Rights Education, which she directed through 2004. In 2005 she became director of SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective. The Loretta Ross Papers are at the Sophia Smith Collection; the Voices of Feminism Project also includes an oral history with Ross. Abstract In this oral history Barbara Smith describes her childhood in an emotionally warm and culturally rich family that valued education and race work. The interview focuses on her activism as a grassroots organizer, writer, and publisher. Smith’s story details the political challenges and personal costs of being a pioneer in radical coalition politics against imperialism, racism, and sexism, and homophobia. Restrictions None Format Sophia Smith Collection Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Interview recorded on miniDV using Sony Digital Camcorder DSR-PDX10. Six 60-minute tapes. Transcribed by Colleen Sackheim. Audited for accuracy and edited for clarity by Revan Schendler. Sophia Smith Collection Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Bibliography and Footnote Citation Forms Video Recording Bibliography: Smith, Barbara. Interview by Loretta Ross. Video recording, May 7–8, 2003. Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection. Footnote: Barbara Smith, interview by Loretta Ross, video recording, May 7, 2003, Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, tape 3. Transcript Bibliography: Smith, Barbara. Interview by Loretta Ross. Transcript of video recording, May 7–8, 2003. Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection. Footnote: Barbara Smith, interview by Loretta Ross, transcript of video recording, May 7, 2003, Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, pp. 64–67. Sophia Smith Collection Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Barbara Smith, interviewed by Loretta Ross Tape 1 of 6 Page 1 of 110 Oral History Project Sophia Smith Collection Smith College Northampton, MA Transcript of interview conducted May 7-8, 2003, with: BARBARA SMITH Albany, NY at: Smith College by: LORETTA ROSS [interview begins (first 11 pages of original transcript) with discussion of protocol and equipment; Smith says that she’d like to talk about identity politics; both Smith and Ross mention sense of privilege and gratitude to be involved in the project] 07:18 ROSS: [laughs] I have to apologize that I get to practice on you. SMITH: It’s not practicing though, because as they say, life has prepared you, all that has gone before, including our friendship. ROSS: Well, Barbara, I swear, I was reading your biography— I read it when you sent it to me and I reread it again today as a way of getting prepared—and I am amazed at the number of intersections in our lives. [Smith: Uh huh] And I had never thought about it in that way. [Smith: Right.] And I was like, I am so blessed to have this woman in my life. And you know, when an atheist starts talking about being blessed, you know it must be momentous! [laughs] SMITH: [laughs] I actually use that term, too. ROSS: First of all, let’s just go through some very pragmatic information. I’d like you to give your name, address, your current phone number and your email address, for the record. SMITH: My name is Barbara Smith. My address is 235 Livingston Avenue, Albany, New York, 12210-2532. My telephone number is 518 436 1279. My email address is [email protected]. ROSS: Why don’t you start by telling me your year of birth, your place of birth 08:44 and your educational background. Sophia Smith Collection Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Barbara Smith, interviewed by Loretta Ross Tape 1 of 6 Page 2 of 110 SMITH: OK. I was born on November 16, 1946, in Cleveland, Ohio. I was the first of a set of twins and we are the only siblings that our mother had. I want to say that I came from a family of black southern women. Even though I grew up in the North, the kind of rearing that my sister and I had was very southern and very traditional because everyone in our family had come from way down in a little town in Georgia called Dublin, which is between Macon and Savannah. And they had done a serial migration, starting probably in the late 1920s up to the 1940s. I think all of my grandmother’s sisters were in the North by the time I was conscious, you know. Because of their roots in the South, I really felt that I got in some ways the best of both worlds because, of course, they had moved North to get away from Jim Crow white supremacy and white racist terrorism, besides also wanting the economic possibilities that living in the industrial North might bring to them. But as far as values, point of view, all those things, I just feel very rooted in core black culture, which is traditionally the culture of the South. So I just wanted to say that. ROSS: I notice you didn’t mention your father. 10:30 SMITH: That’s right. The reason I did not mention my father is because I’ve never seen so much as a photograph of him. We were raised without our father and we were also raised without information about him. The only thing I know about him is his name and… ROSS: And that is? SMITH: Gartrell Smith. That’s an unusual name. Recently, when I got a computer that actually functioned like a computer is supposed to, and I do mean recently, within the last six months—it was a reconditioned one but it actually works—one of the first things I did was look at ancestry sites to see if I could find him. And I did indeed find some hits—because even though Smith is like, forget about it as far as ever finding anybody, we’re more than needles in haystacks because it is the most common name in the United States—with that first name. And it was interesting. I haven’t done that again. I’m waiting for my sister and I to have enough time, some time during a visit to do it together. One of my mother’s first cousins… ROSS: And your mother’s name? 11:48 SMITH: My mother’s name was Hilda Beall Smith. But Smith was also a family name within our family because one of my great aunts, one of my grandmother’s sisters [Aunt Rosa], who never married, her last name was Smith. So we grew up, you know, with supposedly our father’s name. But as I said, Smith was also a name within the family, a maiden Sophia Smith Collection Voices of Feminism Oral History Project Barbara Smith, interviewed by Loretta Ross Tape 1 of 6 Page 3 of 110 name so to speak. But in any event, one of my mother’s first cousins, who only died just a few years ago and who was known for being very outspoken and not, you know, necessarily going along with the program—as witnessed by the fact that she had a job once as a barmaid [laughs] scandal, scandal—we grew quite close, you know, as years went on. And she actually told me some things about my father and what had happened. My mother was a college graduate. She graduated from Fort Valley State College in the mid 40s. A little black college at that time— segregated black college—in Georgia. So that was the mid-1940s. Apparently, my father had been in WWII, or at least he was in the armed services. And given our birth date it was as the war was ending that they were together. But supposedly, according to this first cousin of my mother who I always called Aunt Isabel, he came to Cleveland with a ring. And he stayed at the Y. And apparently he did not pass muster with my grandmother and with the great aunts who were my mother’s aunts.
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