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Santoss73364.Pdf Copyright by Sônia Beatriz dos Santos 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Sônia Beatriz dos Santos Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Brazilian Black Women‟s NGOs and Their Struggles in the Area of Sexual and Reproductive Health: Experiences, Resistance, and Politics Committee: João Costa Vargas, Supervisor Charles R. Hale Chiquita Collins Dorothy Roberts Edmund T. Gordon Sharmila Rudrappa Brazilian Black Women‟s NGOs and Their Struggles in the Area of Sexual and Reproductive Health: Experiences, Resistance, and Politics by Sônia Beatriz dos Santos, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Dedication TO MY FAMILY, specially my dear Paulo, Eliane, Márcia, Mônica, Tia Maria, Tia Lindaura, Tia Tereza, Tio Bertinho, Caio, Ana Beatriz e Roberto; and in memory of my grandmother Felismina da Paixão, my mother Olinda Arminda Rosa dos Santos and my father Orlando dos Santos. To CRIOLA. Acknowledgements I would first like to express my gratitude to the women and men – staff members, collaborators associated to CRIOLA, ACMUN, MARIA MULHER E GRUPO DE MULHERES FELIPA DE SOUSA who contributed to this dissertation by donating their time, energy, testimonies, histories, feelings and emotions, by patiently teaching me about their lives and experiences, and by introducing me to others and help me to navigating throughout the Black feminist networks. Their great generosity helped me to conduct the study and fieldwork. I could not make without them. In the course of this work I had to mobilize a wide range of collaborators. From CRIOLA: Lúcia Xavier, Jurema, Regina, Luciane, Lúcia Quaresma, Marmo, Cida, and Luceni; from the Centers for Health Awareness: Dona Zica, Rosilene, Zoraide, Beth, Sheila, Mãe Tania, Verônica, Paula, Fezinha, Euridice, Wania, Conceição, Fátima, Jorgina, Mãe Beata, Measec and Sonia; from the Centers for Violence Awareness: Mãe Mininazinha, Mãe Tania, Mãe Amélia, Mãe Lu, Mãe Torodi, Mãe Vania, Mãe Regina Lúcia, Fernanda, Zeneide, Nilcenaira, Cristina, and Angélica. From ACMUN: Xyka, Simone, Vanessa, Elaine, Ana Pratis, Luciane, Jacqueline, Synthia, Marta, Carol, Maria Cristina, Nadir, Anair, Cynthia, Dona Tereza, Seu Sydnei, Patricia; collaborators Baba Diba, Mario and Daniel. From MARIA MULHER: Maria Noeci (―Noho‖), Eliana, Glaucia, and Vera Dayse. From GRUPO DE MULHERES FELIPA DE SOUSA: Maria Fátima, Rosangela, Ana Beatriz and Raquel. My gratefulness to all of you. I want to express my appreciation to the professors and staff members in the African Diaspora Program and in the Center for African and African American Studies (CAAAS). Special thanks to CAAAS‘s former-director, professor Edmund Gordon and v current director, professor Joni (Omi Oshun) Jones, and program coordinator Stephanie Lang, and former employee Jin Lee. Additionally, my thankfulness to professors João Costa Vargas (my advisor), Jafari Allen, Jossianna Arroyo, Maria Franklin, and Fehintola Mosadomi. I also want to acknowledge the Center for African and African American Studies and the Anthropology Department at the University of Texas at Austin for the fellowships that allowed me to study and live in the United States. Particularly, I benefited to a great extent from the financial and academic support of the Center for African and African American Studies, sponsor for my research, travels, and fieldwork in Brazil. My special thanks to my committee members: João Costa Vargas, Edmund Gordon, Sharmila Rudrappa, Charles Hale, Chiquita Collins and Dorothy Roberts. I sincerely appreciate having had the opportunity to work with all of you, the opportunity to undertake this project, and your help in seeing it through to its completion. Particularly I want to acknowledge the unconditional love and support of my two African diasporic sisters Keisha-Khan Perry and Lidia Marte; thanks for the editing, comments, and support; we are bonded for life. In addition, I thank you very much, Athayde Motta for the warn environment you created to welcome me in the U.S. and for the mentorship during my studies in the university; for all the support. My appreciation for my friends that helped me with the editing of my dissertation: Courtney, Celeste, and Christen. Thanks Jaime, Luciane, Márcia, Denis, Demian, Jacqueline and Juli. In Brazil, I would like to thank you my friends Eugênia, Aline, Shirléia, Eudi, Cláudia, Cândida, pastor Davi for the support. Again my gratefulness to my family: Paulo, Eliane, Márcia, Mônica, Tia Maria, Tia Lindaura, Tia Tereza, Tio Bertinho, Caio, Ana Beatriz e Roberto; and in memory of vi my grandmother Felismina da Paixão, my mother Olinda Arminda Rosa dos Santos and my father Orlando dos Santos. Special acknowledge is given to Dr. João Vargas for all prompt and precise comments and advises, for help me with the idealization and completion of my project. My research does involve human participants and is in accordance with Federal Regulations for review of research protocols. It has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), Office of Research Support & Compliance at the University of Texas at Austin. To all who have collaborated in any degree in this project, I express my eternal appreciation. vii Brazilian Black Women‟s NGOs and Their Struggles in the Area of Sexual and Reproductive Health: Experiences, Resistance, and Politics Publication No._____________ Sônia Beatriz dos Santos, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2008 Supervisor: João Costa Vargas This dissertation develops a social analysis the Brazilian Black women‘s non- governmental organizations (NGOs) by focusing on their political activism around issues of Black women‘s sexual and reproductive health. My research responds to two major questions: (1) what has been the effectiveness of the political work of Black Women‘s NGOs in the areas of sexual and reproductive health in Brazil, particularly with respect to reducing the effects of racial, gender, and class discrimination; (2) what are the contributions that these NGO‘s have made to the formation of Black women‘s agency and collective organizing in their communities? The finding of this study is that claims and struggles for political autonomy and citizenship rights waged by Black women‘s NGOs around women‘s sexual and reproductive health (and health in general) have played a central role both in viii transforming Black women‘s life conditions and in promoting their agency and collective organizing in the country. In the 1990s and 2000s there has been an increase in the number of Black women‘s activists affiliated to NGOs involved in local and national debates with policymakers and healthcare administrators about health disparities and health services. Furthermore, because of the activism of these NGOs, the federal, state and district governments have been forced to endorse and implement specific policies and programs that directly benefit the Black population generally, and Black women, in particular. This dissertation analyzes issues such as feminist movement, aspects of sexual and reproductive health and rights, violence, vulnerability, and Black women‘s experiences in relation to race, gender, class, and sexuality as major systems of oppression. It focuses on the histories of four Black women‘s organizations in the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre: Criola, Grupo de Mulheres Felipa de Sousa, ACMUN (Cultural Association of Black Women) and Maria Mulher. In addition, this dissertation contributes to the documentation of Black women‘s contemporary history concerning political organizing in Brazil. Ultimately, I hope this dissertation will be beneficial to scholars and activists in Brazil and elsewhere focusing their political work on the eradication of racial and gender oppression, and winder issues of social justice. ix Table of Contents List of Tables ....................................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION: The Personal Became Political ................................................1 I. Un-Learned to Be Humble to Find My Own Voice and Freedom .............2 II. Yes! Racism Does Exist in Brazil, and I am Very Angry about that, But I am Not Crazy ...............................................................................................9 III. Elaborating My Research .......................................................................13 METHODOLOGY: The Nature of My Research ..................................................24 I. Activist Research Statement .....................................................................24 II. The Research Methods ............................................................................31 III. Evaluating My Methods' Choices ..........................................................43 FIELDWORK: Walking Through My Networks ..................................................47 I. The Returning ............................................................................................48 I.1. Landing in Rio de Janeiro during the Presidential Elections ..............51 II. The Research Field ..................................................................................54 II.1. The Research Collaborators ............................................................54 II.2. The State of Rio de Janeiro .............................................................59
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