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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting VIOLENCE FOR THE RECORD: AFRO-PERUVIAN WOMEN AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE By ESHE L. LEWIS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Eshe L. Lewis To my family for their unfailing love and support, and to the women of Afro Peru for keeping me focused ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and help of a number of wonderful people. I would like to thank my committee members for their willingness to work with me. Thank you to Dr. Carmen Diana Deere for introducing me to the study of domestic violence and for encouraging me to embark on this research adventure when I was looking for reasons not to. I thank Dr. Florence Babb for enthusiastically sharing important writing about Peru that helped me get my bearings as a budding feminist researcher. Your enthusiasm has been both contagious and reassuring. Thank you Dr. Richard Kernaghan for sharing your wealth of knowledge, and for encouraging me to be creative and to trust my writing. To my advisor, Dr. Faye Harrison, thank you for your critical eye and for challenging me to engage with new and provocative literature. Lima has become a home to me thanks to the wonderful limeños who taught me to love it. Thank you to el Centro de Desarrollo Étnico that opened its doors to me in 2009 and has been an oasis amidst the chaos ever since. Lilia, Oswaldo, Sofía, Adriana, and Susana, I am eternally grateful for your kindness, laughter, frank discussions, and friendship. Thank you for supporting me, letting me access the library, and insistng that I have lunch (and chela). To las comadres of Presencia y Palabra, your visions, wisdom, and dedication to creating a safe space for black women to exist, to teach, and to learn has affected me profoundly. It is an honor to be a part of our diasporic collective. I thank Las Tamboras for giving me an outlet for my frustration, and a place to grow, laugh, and protest with strong women. My research has been supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. I thank the SSHRCC for its support; without such 4 wonderful funding this project would have been very different. I thank el Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables for allowing me access to the Centro Emergencia de Mujer and the data I needed to find Afro-Peruvian women. Thank you to the staff at the CEMs I visited for their insight, their generosity, and their hard work. I thank the usuarias who took the time to speak with me when they undoubtedly had more important issues to deal with. I thank Sarah Hautzinger for her helpful suggestions, faith in my project, cheerleading, and check-ins during my fieldwork and after. To John Thomas III, thank you for being a source of support, for listening, calming me down, and for scheming with me. Thank you to my friends, especially Eliza, Sharún, Milena, Mabel and Allison, for distracting me, for inspiring me, and helping me unwind. Alberto, gracias por enseñarme el arte de insistir, y por ser una fuente inagotable de apoyo y amor. Thank you to Aziza, Mom, Daddy, and Liz for your love, support, and faith in my success. I could not have done this without you. I love you all. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 12 Commitment ........................................................................................................... 12 In/visibility ............................................................................................................... 14 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 16 Violence Against Women ................................................................................. 16 Women’s Emergency Centers .......................................................................... 18 Race and Racism ............................................................................................. 19 Afro-Peruvians: Life between the Crown and the Inca ..................................... 20 The crown .................................................................................................. 21 The Inca ..................................................................................................... 23 Racism and the State ................................................................................. 24 Race in the streets ..................................................................................... 29 Afro-Peruvian Mobilization ................................................................................ 30 Negros and Afro-descendientes ....................................................................... 32 Afro-Latin American Women ............................................................................ 34 Naming Violence against Afro-Latin American Women .................................... 37 Reporting Violence ........................................................................................... 39 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 41 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 42 Black Feminist Theory ...................................................................................... 42 Legibility and the State ..................................................................................... 46 Indicator Culture ............................................................................................... 47 Hyperconsciousness of Race ........................................................................... 48 People as Infrastructure ................................................................................... 48 Ethnography and Fiction................................................................................... 49 Presencia y Palabra ......................................................................................... 51 Chapter Guide ........................................................................................................ 53 2 LIFE AND RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 55 New York, New York: Working in Peru ................................................................... 56 Turning Down Black Mecca: Choosing Lima .......................................................... 58 The Centro Emergencia de Mujeres ....................................................................... 61 CEM Callao ...................................................................................................... 61 CEM Ventanilla ................................................................................................. 62 6 CEM Pachacutec .............................................................................................. 63 An Afro-Caribbean-Canadian Woman in Afro-Peru ................................................ 66 Blackness in Real Time .................................................................................... 66 Methodological Approach ....................................................................................... 70 Methods Adapted .................................................................................................... 71 IRB ................................................................................................................... 72 MIMP ................................................................................................................ 73 Field Reality ...................................................................................................... 74 Methods .................................................................................................................. 76 Life at Work ............................................................................................................. 77 By Heart ........................................................................................................... 78 The State of Callao ........................................................................................... 82 Ysabel’s House ................................................................................................ 86 Work/Time ........................................................................................................ 88 3 NEGRAS DEL CALLAO .......................................................................................... 91 Lima to Callao ......................................................................................................... 91 Cercado de Callao .................................................................................................. 96 Cercado de Callao to Ventanilla ........................................................................... 101 Ventanilla .............................................................................................................
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