Gut Microbiota Differs in Composition and Functionality Between Children
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio In
microorganisms Review The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Spase Stojanov 1,2, Aleš Berlec 1,2 and Borut Štrukelj 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: borut.strukelj@ffa.uni-lj.si Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 31 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: The two most important bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, have gained much attention in recent years. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is widely accepted to have an important influence in maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. Increased or decreased F/B ratio is regarded as dysbiosis, whereby the former is usually observed with obesity, and the latter with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics as live microorganisms can confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. There is considerable evidence of their nutritional and immunosuppressive properties including reports that elucidate the association of probiotics with the F/B ratio, obesity, and IBD. Orally administered probiotics can contribute to the restoration of dysbiotic microbiota and to the prevention of obesity or IBD. However, as the effects of different probiotics on the F/B ratio differ, selecting the appropriate species or mixture is crucial. The most commonly tested probiotics for modifying the F/B ratio and treating obesity and IBD are from the genus Lactobacillus. In this paper, we review the effects of probiotics on the F/B ratio that lead to weight loss or immunosuppression. -
Studies of Streptozotocin-Induced Insulitis and Diabetes
Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 2485-2489, June 1977 "I ", .4-4" I- Cell Biology ,- -i,' Studies of streptozotocin-induced insulitis and diabetes (pancreatic beta cells/islets of Langerhans/alloxan diabetes/type C virus induction/cell-mediated reaction) ALDO A. ROSSINI*, ARTHUR A. LIKEt, WILLIAM L. CHICK*, MICHAEL C. APPELt, AND GEORGE F. CAHILL, JR. * * Joslin Research Laboratory, One Joslin Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and Harvard Medical School and Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and t Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 Communicated by Eugene Braunwald, April 4, 1977 ABSTRACT Multiple small injections of streptozotocin was a subsequent decrease in inflammation within the re- produce a delayed, progressive increase in plasma-glucose in maining islets which were small and composed almost exclu- mice within 5-6 days after the injections, in association with sively of non-beta cells. Blood glucose values remained in the pronounced insulitis and induction of type C viruses within beta cells. Multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin in rats diabetic range and correlated well with the pathologic changes and multiple injections of another beta cell toxin, alloxan, in within the islets. Noteworthy also was the presence of numerous mice did not induce insulitis although hyperglycemia followed type C viruses within the surviving beta cells of animals studied the injection of larger quantities of both agents. In mice, the within 6 days of the last SZ injection. The delayed development prior injection of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) or nicotin- of the insulitis and the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate amide attenuated the diabetic syndrome produced by strepto- zotocin; however, 3-OMG was more protective. -
Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in the Mouse
Multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the mouse. Evidence for stimulation of a cytotoxic cellular immune response against an insulin-producing beta cell line. R C McEvoy, … , S Sandler, C Hellerström J Clin Invest. 1984;74(3):715-722. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111487. Research Article Mice were examined for the presence of splenocytes specifically cytotoxic for a rat insulinoma cell line (RIN) during the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (SZ) in multiple low doses (Multi-Strep). Cytotoxicity was quantitated by the release of 51Cr from damaged cells. A low but statistically significant level of cytolysis (5%) by splenocytes was first detectable on day 8 after the first dose of SZ. The cytotoxicity reached a maximum of approximately 9% on day 10 and slowly decreased thereafter, becoming undetectable 42 d after SZ was first given. The time course of the in vitro cytotoxic response correlated with the degree of insulitis demonstrable in the pancreata of the Multi-Strep mice. The degree of cytotoxicity after Multi-Strep was related to the number of effector splenocytes to which the target RIN cells were exposed and was comparable to that detectable after immunization by intraperitoneal injection of RIN cells in normal mice. The cytotoxicity was specific for insulin-producing cells; syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, 3T3 cells, and a human keratinocyte cell line were not specifically lysed by the splenocytes of the Multi- Strep mice. This phenomenon was limited to the Multi-Strep mice. Splenocytes from mice made diabetic by a single, high dose of SZ exhibited a very low level of cytotoxicity against the RIN cells. -
The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90
applied sciences Article The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90 Yoshiaki Nomura 1,* , Erika Kakuta 2, Noboru Kaneko 3, Kaname Nohno 3, Akihiro Yoshihara 4 and Nobuhiro Hanada 1 1 Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; [email protected] 2 Department of Oral bacteriology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Division of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (K.N.) 4 Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-45-580-8462 Received: 19 August 2020; Accepted: 15 September 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: For a healthy oral cavity, maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential. However, data on healthy microbiomes are not sufficient. To determine the nature of the core microbiome, the oral-microbiome structure was analyzed using pyrosequencing data. Saliva samples were obtained from healthy 90-year-old participants who attended the 20-year follow-up Niigata cohort study. A total of 85 people participated in the health checkups. The study population consisted of 40 male and 45 female participants. Stimulated saliva samples were obtained by chewing paraffin wax for 5 min. The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were amplified by PCR. -
Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis David Johane Machate 1, Priscila Silva Figueiredo 2 , Gabriela Marcelino 2 , Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães 2,*, Priscila Aiko Hiane 2 , Danielle Bogo 2, Verônica Assalin Zorgetto Pinheiro 2, Lincoln Carlos Silva de Oliveira 3 and Arnildo Pott 1 1 Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; [email protected] (D.J.M.); [email protected] (A.P.) 2 Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; pri.fi[email protected] (P.S.F.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (P.A.H.); [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (V.A.Z.P.) 3 Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7416 Received: 9 March 2020; Accepted: 27 March 2020; Published: 8 June 2020 Abstract: Long-term high-fat dietary intake plays a crucial role in the composition of gut microbiota in animal models and human subjects, which affect directly short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and host health. This review aims to highlight the interplay of fatty acid (FA) intake and gut microbiota composition and its interaction with hosts in health promotion and obesity prevention and its related metabolic dysbiosis. -
Changes in the Bacterial Diversity of Human Milk During Late Lactation Period (Weeks 21 to 48)
foods Communication Changes in the Bacterial Diversity of Human Milk during Late Lactation Period (Weeks 21 to 48) Wendy Marin-Gómez ,Ma José Grande, Rubén Pérez-Pulido, Antonio Galvez * and Rosario Lucas Microbiology Division, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; [email protected] (W.M.-G.); [email protected] (M.J.G.); [email protected] (R.P.-P.); [email protected] (R.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-953-212160 Received: 19 July 2020; Accepted: 25 August 2020; Published: 27 August 2020 Abstract: Breast milk from a single mother was collected during a 28-week lactation period. Bacterial diversity was studied by amplicon sequencing analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the main phyla detected in the milk samples, followed by Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The proportion of Firmicutes to Proteobacteria changed considerably depending on the sampling week. A total of 411 genera or higher taxons were detected in the set of samples. Genus Streptococcus was detected during the 28-week sampling period, at relative abundances between 2.0% and 68.8%, and it was the most abundant group in 14 of the samples. Carnobacterium and Lactobacillus had low relative abundances. At the genus level, bacterial diversity changed considerably at certain weeks within the studied period. The weeks or periods with lowest relative abundance of Streptococcus had more diverse bacterial compositions including genera belonging to Proteobacteria that were poorly represented in the rest of the samples. Keywords: breast milk; biodiversity; lactic acid bacteria; late lactation; metagenomics 1. -
Xiexin Tang Improves the Symptom of Type 2 Diabetic Rats by Modulation of the Gut Microbiota
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Xiexin Tang improves the symptom of type 2 diabetic rats by modulation of the gut microbiota Received: 30 August 2017 Xiaoyan Wei, Jinhua Tao , Suwei Xiao, Shu Jiang, Erxin Shang, Zhenhua Zhu, Dawei Qian Accepted: 13 February 2018 & Jinao Duan Published: xx xx xxxx Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disease which severely impairs peoples’ quality of life, currently attracted worldwide concerns. There are growing evidences that gut microbiota can exert a great impact on the development of T2DM. Xiexin Tang (XXT), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has been clinically used to treat diabetes for thousands of years. However, few researches are investigated on the modulation of gut microbiota community by XXT which will be very helpful to unravel how it works. In this study, bacterial communities were analyzed based on high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results indicated that XXT could notably shape the gut microbiota. T2DM rats treated with XXT exhibited obvious changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, especially for some short chain fatty acids producing and anti-infammatory bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Alloprevotella, Barnesiella, [Eubacterium] Ventriosum group, Blautia, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Papillibacter and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group. Additionally, XXT could also signifcantly ameliorate hyperglycemia, lipid metabolism dysfunction and infammation in T2DM rats. Moreover, the correlation analysis illustrated that the key microbiota had a close relationship with the T2DM related indexes. The results probably provided useful information for further investigation on its active mechanism and clinical application. T2DM, a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of insufcient insulin secretion, insulin action or both1, is estimated that its numbers in the adults will increase by 55% by 20352. -
Development of the Equine Hindgut Microbiome in Semi-Feral and Domestic Conventionally-Managed Foals Meredith K
Tavenner et al. Animal Microbiome (2020) 2:43 Animal Microbiome https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-020-00060-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Development of the equine hindgut microbiome in semi-feral and domestic conventionally-managed foals Meredith K. Tavenner1, Sue M. McDonnell2 and Amy S. Biddle1* Abstract Background: Early development of the gut microbiome is an essential part of neonate health in animals. It is unclear whether the acquisition of gut microbes is different between domesticated animals and their wild counterparts. In this study, fecal samples from ten domestic conventionally managed (DCM) Standardbred and ten semi-feral managed (SFM) Shetland-type pony foals and dams were compared using 16S rRNA sequencing to identify differences in the development of the foal hindgut microbiome related to time and management. Results: Gut microbiome diversity of dams was lower than foals overall and within groups, and foals from both groups at Week 1 had less diverse gut microbiomes than subsequent weeks. The core microbiomes of SFM dams and foals had more taxa overall, and greater numbers of taxa within species groups when compared to DCM dams and foals. The gut microbiomes of SFM foals demonstrated enhanced diversity of key groups: Verrucomicrobia (RFP12), Ruminococcaceae, Fusobacterium spp., and Bacteroides spp., based on age and management. Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus spp. and other Lactobacillaceae genera were enriched only in DCM foals, specifically during their second and third week of life. Predicted microbiome functions estimated computationally suggested that SFM foals had higher mean sequence counts for taxa contributing to the digestion of lipids, simple and complex carbohydrates, and protein. -
Profile of Intestinal Barrier Functional Markers in Italian Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant IBS: Preliminary Data from a Low- Fodmaps Diet Trial
Arch Clin Biomed Res 2020; 4 (1): 017-032 DOI: 10.26502/acbr.50170086 Research Article Profile of Intestinal Barrier Functional Markers in Italian Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant IBS: Preliminary Data from a Low- FODMAPs diet Trial Riezzo Giuseppe1, Orlando Antonella1, Tutino Valeria2, Clemente Caterina1, Linsalata Michele1, Prospero Laura1, D’Attoma Benedetta1, Martulli Manuela1, Russo Francesco1* 1Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Castellana Grotte (BA), Italy 2Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Castellana Grotte (BA), Italy *Corresponding author: Dr. Francesco Russo, Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Castellana Grotte (BA), Italy, Tel: +390804994129; Fax +390804994313; E-mail [email protected] Received: 14 January 2020; Accepted: 23 January 2020; Published: 03 February 2020 Citation: Riezzo Giuseppe, Orlando Antonella, Tutino Valeria, Clemente Caterina, Linsalata Michele, Prospero Laura, D’Attoma Benedetta, Martulli Manuela, Russo Francesco. Profile of Intestinal Barrier Functional Markers in Italian Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant IBS: Preliminary Data from a Low-FODMAPs diet Trial. Archives of Clinical and Biomedical Research 4 (2020): 017-031. Abstract diet improves symptoms is still an unsolved matter. On The intake of fermentable oligosaccharides, this basis, the study aimed to evaluate variations in the disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols circulating levels of molecules involved in the epithelial (FODMAPs) is linked to IBS symptoms. Thus, reduced barrier integrity and function following a low FODMAPs content in the diet may improve symptoms FODMAPs diet to find new diagnostic markers of IBS. -
Residual Β Cell Function and Monogenic Variants in Long- Duration Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Residual β cell function and monogenic variants in long- duration type 1 diabetes patients Marc Gregory Yu, … , Marcus G. Pezzolesi, George Liang King J Clin Invest. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI127397. Clinical Medicine Endocrinology Metabolism In the Joslin Medalist Study (Medalists), we determined whether significant associations exist between β cell function and pathology and clinical characteristics. Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) for 50 or more years underwent evaluation including HLA analysis, basal and longitudinal autoantibody (AAb) status, and β cell function by a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) and a hyperglycemia/arginine clamp procedure. Postmortem analysis of pancreases from 68 Medalists was performed. Monogenic diabetes genes were screened for the entire cohort. Of the 1019 Medalists, 32.4% retained detectable C-peptide levels (>0.05 ng/mL, median: 0.21 ng/mL). In those who underwent a MMTT (n = 516), 5.8% responded with a doubling of baseline C-peptide levels. Longitudinally n( = 181, median: 4 years), C-peptide levels increased in 12.2% (n = 22) and decreased in 37% (n = 67) of the Medalists. Among those with repeated MMTTs, 5.4% (3 of 56) and 16.1% (9 of 56) had waxing and waning responses, respectively. Thirty Medalists with baseline C-peptide levels of 0.1 ng/mL or higher underwent the clamp procedure, with HLA–/AAb– and HLA+/AAb– Medalists being most responsive. Postmortem examination of pancreases from 68 Medalists showed that all had scattered insulin-positive […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/127397/pdf The Journal of Clinical Investigation CLINICAL MEDICINE Residual β cell function and monogenic variants in long-duration type 1 diabetes patients Marc Gregory Yu,1,2 Hillary A. -
Lung Microbiota Predict Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Its Outcome in Immunocompromised Patients
Respiratory infection Original research Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216179 on 25 June 2021. Downloaded from Lung microbiota predict invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and its outcome in immunocompromised patients Anaïs Hérivaux,1,2 Jesse R Willis,3,4 Toine Mercier,5,6 Katrien Lagrou,6,7 Samuel M Gonçalves,1,2 Relber A Gonçales,1,2 Johan Maertens,5,6 Agostinho Carvalho,1,2 Toni Gabaldón,3,4,8 Cristina Cunha 1,2 ► Additional supplemental ABStract material is published online Rationale Recent studies have revealed that the lung Key messages only. To view, please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. microbiota of critically ill patients is altered and predicts org/ 10. 1136/ thoraxjnl- 2020- clinical outcomes. The incidence of invasive fungal What is the key question? 216179). infections, namely, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis ► Does the lung microbiota modulate (IPA), in immunocompromised patients is increasing, but susceptibility to invasive pulmonary For numbered affiliations see the clinical significance of variations in lung bacterial aspergillosis (IPA) and predict its clinical end of article. communities is unknown. outcome? Objectives To define the contribution of the lung Correspondence to What is the bottom line? microbiota to the development and course of IPA. Dr Cristina Cunha, Life and ► We show that variation in the lung microbiota Health Sciences Research Methods and measurements We performed an is associated with the development of IPA in Institute (ICVS), University observational cohort study to characterise the lung critically ill patients. Patients with IPA display of Minho, Braga 4710-057, microbiota in 104 immunocompromised patients using Portugal; a microbiota signature in the lower airways bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on cristinacunha@ med. -
Gut Microbiome Composition Remains Stable in Individuals with Diabetes-Related Early to Late Stage Chronic Kidney Disease
biomedicines Article Gut Microbiome Composition Remains Stable in Individuals with Diabetes-Related Early to Late Stage Chronic Kidney Disease Ashani Lecamwasam 1,2,3,*, Tiffanie M. Nelson 4, Leni Rivera 3, Elif I. Ekinci 2,5, Richard Saffery 1,6 and Karen M. Dwyer 3 1 Epigenetics Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, VIC 3052, Australia; [email protected] 2 Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, VIC 3079, Australia; [email protected] 3 School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (K.M.D.) 4 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia; [email protected] 5 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia 6 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +613-8341-6200; Fax: +613-9348-1391 Abstract: (1) Background: Individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease display gut dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, it is unknown whether there is a change in dysbiosis across the stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease. We investigated a cross-sectional study of patients with early and late diabetes associated chronic kidney disease to identify possible microbial differences between these two groups and across each of the stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 95 adults. DNA extracted from collected stool samples were used for 16S rRNA sequencing to identify the bacterial community in the Citation: Lecamwasam, A.; Nelson, gut. (3) Results: The phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant and its mean relative abundance T.M.; Rivera, L.; Ekinci, E.I.; Saffery, was similar in the early and late chronic kidney disease group, 45.99 ± 0.58% and 49.39 ± 0.55%, R.; Dwyer, K.M.