Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report - Annexes

Project Number: 41123-014 March 2017

Cambodia: Second Road Asset Management Project

Annex J: Environmental Assessment Report Annex K: Social & Resettlement Assessment Report

Prepared by SHELADIA Associates Inc. USA in association with TANCONS () Co., Ltd, Cambodia

For the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Asian Development Bank

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

ADB TA 8784-CAM

SECOND ROAD ASSET MANAGEMENT

PROJECT (RAMP-2)

ADDITIONAL FEASIBILITY STUDY, FS-2

Funded by: Executing Agency:

The Asian Development Bank Ministry of Public Works and Transport

FINAL REPORT VOLUME 2 - ANNEXES

March 2017 Final Report - March 2017 ADB TA 8784-CAM: Second Road Asset Management Project – Additional Feasibility Study (41123-014)

SHELADIA Associates Inc. USA in association with TANCONS (Cambodia) Co., Ltd, Cambodia

ADB TA 8784 – CAMBODIA

SECOND ROAD ASSET MANAGEMENT PROJECT (RAMP-2) ADDITIONAL FEASIBILITY STUDY, FS-2

FINAL REPORT VOLUME 2 - ANNEXES

March 2017

SHELADIA (USA)/ TANCONS (Cambodia) ii Final Report - March 2017 ADB TA 8784-CAM: Second Road Asset Management Project – Additional Feasibility Study (41123-014)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AC Asphalt Concrete ADB Asian Development Bank AH Asian Highway ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASTM American Standard Testing Methods BOQ Bill of Quantities BS British Standard CBR California Bearing Ratio CDO Central Design Office DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DED Detailed Engineering Design EA Executing Agency EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return FS-1 and FS-2 Feasibility Studies 1 and 2 FHWA Federal Highway Administration [USA] GB Granular Base GSB Granular Sub-base IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination LHS Left Hand Side LTP Lead Technical Professional MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NR National Road NPV Net Present Value PCU Passenger Car Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance QA Quality Assurance RHS Right Hand Side ROW Right of Way RNIP Road Network Improvement Program PBMC Performance-based Maintenance Contract pcu Passenger car Unit PRIP Provincial Road Improvement Program SBST Single Bituminous Surface Treatment SPS Safeguard Policy Statement (ADB, 2009) SAI SHELADIA Associates Inc. TOR Terms of Reference VDF Vehicle Damage Factor

SHELADIA (USA)/ TANCONS (Cambodia) iv

Annex J ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Initial Environmental Examination

December 2016 DRAFT

Second Road Asset Management Project TA-8784 CAM

Rehabilitation of National Highways 1, 6, and 67

Prey Veng, Svay Vieng, , and Oddar Meanchey, Provinces Cambodia

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (03 October 2016)

Currency Unit – Riel R R1.00 = $0.00024 $1.00 = R4,075

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank Department of Agriculture, Forestry and DAFF - Fisheries DOE - Department of Environment DPWT - Department of Public Works and Transport DOT - Department of Tourism Department of Water Resources and DOWRAM - Meteorology EA - Executing Agency EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environment Management Plan EO - Environmental Officer GMS - Greater Subregion IEE - Initial Environment Examination IEIA - Initial Environmental Impact Assessment LARP - Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan MOE - Ministry of Environment PAM - Project Administration Manual PIC - Project Implementation Consultant PMU - Project Management Unit-3 TA - Technical Assistance REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment RGC - Royal Government of Cambodia SEU - Social and Environmental Unit SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement (2009)

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km - kilometer kg - kilogram ha - hectare

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Second Road Asset Management Project (RAMP-II) is rehabilitating national and provincial roads throughout Cambodia. Sections of National Roads (NR) 1, 6, and 67 that will be rehabilitated by RAMP-II are located in Figure 1. The rehabilitation and upgrading designs for the roads meet the requirements of the Environmental and Social Safeguard Policy (ESSP) of the MPWT as well as the safeguard policy (SPS 2009) of the ADB. The rehabilitation of the three national roads will become a loan to the Government for RAMP-II which will be implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT).

Project Summary

The roads to be rehabilitated by RAMP-II in Cambodia at the feasibility design stage are summarized below1.

Section Surface National Province Districts length (km) type Road , Kampong Trabek, Preah Sdach 1 100 asphalt Svay Rieng Svay Chrum

6 Siem Reap Puok, Kraluch 50 asphalt

Siem Reap, Prasat , Banteay Srey, Varin 67 134 DBST Oddar Meanchey Anlong Veng

Potential Impacts

The RAMP-II is Category B for environment because the potential impacts are short-term and reversible. The notable feature of RAMP-II with respect to potential environmental impacts is the rehabilitation and improvements to the three roads will not widen the existing carriage ways or road shoulders. Thus, the impact footprints of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 already exist, and were laid down when the roads were last widened between 4 and 14 years ago.

The potential environmental impacts of the rehabilitation of the three roads will be primarily from construction phase disturbances. Common impacts of the civil works along the three roads will consist of for example, reduced and/or blocked public access to areas, disrupted business and recreation, noise, dust caused by increased truck traffic and heavy equipment use, soil and surface water pollution caused by equipment operation and maintenance, public and worker accidents, increased traffic congestion & traffic accidents, land erosion and sedimentation of adjacent rice paddy and streams and rivers that are traversed by the roads. Localized drainage and flooding problems can arise. Solid waste and domestic pollution from temporary worker camps can occur, as well as potential communicable disease and local community problems caused by migrant workers. These short-term impacts and disturbances will occur at different levels of magnitude depending on the civil works activity and the road section site. These impacts were also identified by commune leaders and officials at the provincial DOEs.

Conclusions

1 From PEC Project Report 7/15, and RAMP-II Inception Report

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The IEE concludes that the description of the feasibility designs of RAMP-II for NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 combined with available information on the affected environments is sufficient to identify the scope of potential environmental impacts of RAMP-II. Providing significant changes do not occur to the design of one or more of three road upgrades, and that new sensitive environmental or social receptor data are not discovered, RAMP-II will remain Category B for environment and will not require further detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA).

The rehabilitation of sections of NR-67 that are inside the three Protected Areas requires particular care and attention to ensure all construction disturbances and potential impacts are absolutely minimized. The specific impact mitigation subplan of the Mitigation Plan of EMP which keeps all roadwork activity inside the Park to a minimum must be followed closely.

The EMP developed for RAMP-II provides impact mitigation plans, environmental monitoring plans, and specify the institutional responsibilities and capacity needs for the environmental management of RAMP-II. The EMP will need to be reviewed and updated at the detailed design phase to ensure that EMP fully addresses the potential impacts of the final road rehabilitation designs.

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Project Summary 2 Potential Impacts 2 Conclusions 2 I. INTRODUCTION 7 A. Background to IEE 7 B. Assessment Context 8 C. Structure of report 8 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 8 A. Environmental Impact Assessment 8 B. Legal and Policy Framework for Environmental Protection 9 C. Agencies Responsible for Environmental Management and Assessment 10 D. Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MPWT) 11 E. ADB Safeguard Policy 11 III. DESCRIPTION OF ROADS REHABILITATION 12 A. Application of RAMP-II to NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 12 B. Road rehabilitation and upgrading 15 C. Follow-on road maintenance phase (48 months) 16 D. Emergency repair works 18 IV. DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTS 18 A. Physical Environment 18 B. Biological Resources 23 C. Socio-Economic and Cultural Resources 37 D. Features of Road Alignments 42 V. PLANNED PUBLIC CONSULTATION – OCTOBER 5-10/16 46 A. Identification of Stakeholders 46 B. Discussion Guide 46 C. Indicative locations of public consultations 47 VI. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS 52 A. Benefits of rehabilitation of national roads 52 B. Road Rehabilitation Impacts and Mitigations 52 C. Induced and Cumulative Impacts 56 D. Climate Change 56 VII. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 57 VIII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 57 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 59 A. Introduction 59 B. Summary of Roads Rehabilitation 59 C. Institutional Arrangements & Responsibilities 59 D. Public Consultation 63 E. Mitigation Plan 63 F. Monitoring Plan 80 G. Reporting 80 H. Estimated Cost of EMP 84 X. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY & TRAINING NEEDS 85

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XI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85 APPENDIX A: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS OF RAMP-II 87 APPENDIX B: EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN 87 APPENDIX C: INDICATIVE TORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS OF PIC 87 APPENDIX D: ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR CAMBODIA 87

Table 1. Provinces and districts of NR-1, NR-6, & NR-67...... 12 Table 2. Climate indicators for Senmonorom, Cambodia ...... 18 Table 3. Water quality in Sreng River, Kraluch District, Siem Reap ...... 22 Table 4. Water quality in , Siem Reap Town ...... 22 Table 5. Mekong River water quality ...... 23 Table 6. Forest cover & other land use in project areas ...... 24 Table 7. Common fishes in Mekong River & flood-plains of Cambodia ...... 25 Table 8. Major mammal diversity recorded in northwest Cambodia...... 27 Table 9. Important Bird Species in Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 28 Table 10. The major threatened bird species recorded from study sites ...... 29 Table 11. Protected areas in Cambodia ...... 30 Table 12. Characteristic of protected areas in Cambodia ...... 31 Table 13. Population province ...... 37 Table 14. Livelihood of NR-1 provinces ...... 37 Table 15. Livelihoods of NR-6 and 67 provinces ...... 38 Table 16. Land use by district in , 2009 ...... 39 Table 17. Land use by district in , 2009...... 39 Table 18. Land use by district in 2009...... 39 Table 19. Land use by district in Svay Rieng province, 2009...... 39 Table 20. Ethnic groups in Cambodia ...... 41 Table 21. indigenous and minority people by province ...... 41 Table 22. Number of Tourists (Annual and Day Trip) ...... 42 Table 23. Guiding questions and information for stakeholder consultations...... 46 Table 24. Environmental Components Used to Guide Stakeholder Discussions...... 47 Table 25. Results of public consultations conducted for NR-67 in September 2015 ...... 48 Table 26. Key regulations and guidelines applicable to project ...... 62 Table 27: Summary of potential environmental impacts and mitigations of RAMP-II ...... 62 Table 28. Environmental Impact Mitigation Plan ...... 64 Table 29. Environmental monitoring plan ...... 81 Table 30. Performance monitoring indicators for rehabilitation of NR-1, 6, and 67 ...... 83 Table 31. Estimated costs for EMP ...... 84

Figure 1. Sections of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 to rehabilitated...... 7 Figure 2. Indicative cross-sections of rural National Roads 1, 6, 67...... 13 Figure 3. Indicative rehabilitated cross-sections of rural National Roads 1, 6, 67...... 14 Figure 4. Major topographic features of Cambodia...... 19 Figure 5. Soils of Cambodia ...... 20 Figure 6. Flow in the large Mekong-Tonle Sap basin...... 21 Figure 7. Forest Types of Cambodia ...... 24 Figure 8. Forest Cover Change Rate in 1965 to 2010 ...... 24 Figure 9. Important bird areas in Cambodia ...... 29 Figure 10. Protected areas in Cambodia ...... 30 Figure 11. Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve ...... 34 Figure 12. Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 35 Figure 13. National Park ...... 35 Figure 14. Anchor Protected Landscapes ...... 36 Figure 15. Alignment environments of NR-1 ...... 43

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Figure 16. Alignment environments of NR-6 ...... 44 Figure 17. Alignment environments of NR-67 ...... 45 Figure 18. Commune office venues for public consultations...... 47

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background to IEE

1. The Second Road Asset Management Project (RAMP-II) is rehabilitating national and provincial roads throughout Cambodia. The RAMP-II will rehabilitate sections of the national road network that traverses the provinces of Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, Siem Reap, and Otddar Meanchey. Sections of National Roads (NR) 1, 6, and 67 that will be rehabilitated by RAMP- II are located in Figure 1.

2. The goal of RAMP-II is to improve local, regional and international connectivity thereby stimulating local and regional economies, and improving living conditions along each corridor. The goal will achieved through the improvements of road surfaces, signage, and other assets such as guard rails and drainage capacity.

3. The rehabilitation and upgrading designs for the roads meet the requirements of the Environmental and Social Safeguard Policy (ESSP) of the MPWT as well as the safeguard policy (SPS 2009) of the ADB. The rehabilitation of the three national roads will become a loan to the Government for RAMP-II which will be implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT).

Figure 1. Sections of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 to rehabilitated.

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B. Assessment Context

4. The project is category B for environment pursuant to ADB’s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement2 and recent good practice sourcebook.3 A category B project will have potential adverse impacts that are less adverse than those of a Category A project, are site-specific, largely reversible, and can be mitigated with an environmental management plan (EMP).4

Impact Footprints

5. The impact footprints of the three national roads already exist, which were established when the roads were last upgraded and widened. The ADB funded the upgrading & widening of NR-1 from 7m to 11m in 2002, and NR-6 from 8m to 12m in 2012. The NR-67 was elevated and widened to 11m in 2008. The planned rehabilitation of the roads by RAMP-II will not widen or change the alignments of existing carriageways or shoulders. The project will focus on improving the existing road surfaces and shoulders, and other assets such as road signage, markers, and guard rails. With careful implementation of the EMP the potential environmental impacts of the road upgrades will be marginal to the past impacts of the original development of the roads, and restricted to construction-related to disturbances..

6. The IEE was prepared for the rehabilitation of the three roads in the feasibility design stage using available data and information on sensitive ecological and cultural receptors that exist at the different road corridor sites. Detailed designs of the road rehabilitations will follow project approval. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that has been prepared for the road upgrades will be updated where necessary to meet the final detailed designs of the road rehabilitations.

C. Structure of report

7. The report on the IEE follows the format of an EIA in Appendix 1 of the SPS (2005). The IEE was conducted and the results presented by individual road in order to minimize redundancy of background information. The report structure is consistent with, and supports the single EMP that has been prepared for the three roads, and which is based on the results of the IEE.

II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. Environmental Impact Assessment

8. Environmental impact assessment in Cambodia is guided by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK on EIA. In compliance with the sub-decree on EIA, all individuals, private companies, joint-venture companies, public companies, ministries and government agencies are obliged to conduct an environmental impact assessment for proposed projects or activities, which must be submitted for approval by the MOE. The decree provides a list of project types that proponents use to screen projects for requiring either an EIA or Initial EIA (IEIA). As project owner the MPWT will have to prepare an IEIA or EIA for the roads depending on the length of the road segment to be rehabilitated pursuant to the requirements of the RGC Subdecree and MoE.

9. Consultations with the MOE and provincial Departments of Environment (DOE) indicated that the upgrades to NR-1 and NR-67 will require MPWT to prepare an EIA because

2 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila. 3ADB. 2012. Environmental Safeguards, A Good Practice Sourcebook, Draft. Manila. 4 Footnote 2, pg 19.

8 the NR-1 road segment equals or exceeds 100km, and because NR-67 traverses Protected Areas. Whereas, upgrades to the 50 km section of NR-6 will require MPWT to prepare an IEIA. As dictated by No 72 ANRK.BK, the MOE is required to complete their review of the submitted IEIA within 30 days to conclude the approval process.

10. The IEE presented herein exceeds the requirements of Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK on EIA. The scope of the assessment of the IEE required of the ADB SPS (2009) also exceeds the supporting RGC Prakas guideline IEIA/EIA.

B. Legal and Policy Framework for Environmental Protection

11. The Government of Cambodia has established specific laws and regulations for forests, protected areas, and land management to ensure sustainable development. The key elements of the legal and policy framework for the project include the following:

 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, , enacted by National Assembly, 1996, and promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM-1296/36;  Law on Natural Protected Areas enacted by National Assembly, 2008 promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM/0208/007;  Law on Fisheries Management and Administration(1989);  Law on Forest enacted by National Assembly, 2002 promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM/0802/016;  Law on Land enacted by National Assembly, 2001 promulgated by Prea Reach Kram/NS/RKM/0801/14;  Law on Water Resource Management produced by Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM); and  Circular No 01 SRNn issued on February 3rd, 2012, Royal Government Of Cambodia on Cambodia Coastal Zone Development

12. Key directives in support of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management include:

 Law on Protection of Natural Areas (2008); and  Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control (1999): o Annex 2: Industrial effluent standards (including WWTPs); o Annex 4: Water quality standards for public water and biodiversity; and o Annex 5: Water quality standards for public waters and health.

13. Other pertinent regulations, policy, or guidelines for the project are as follows:

 Directive on Industrial Sludge Management (MOE, 2000);  Directive on Industrial Hazardous Waste Management (MOE, 2000);  Directive on Managing Health Wastes in the Kingdom of Cambodia (MOH, 2008)  Preach Reach Kept on Creation of Fisheries Communities (2005); and  Anklets on establishment of protected forests, natural resources conservations, wildlife protection areas, protected forest for biodiversity conservation (2002 and 2004).

14. Cambodia is signatory to many international environmental treaties and conventions which provide a comprehensive legal framework related to coastal management. These include: the Coordinating Body of the Seas of East Asia (1995), Association of South East Asian Nations (1999), MARPOL (1994), Biodiversity convention (1994), CITES convention (1997), Ramses convention (1999) and Climate Change convention (1995) (MOE 2006).

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15. Occupation and Community Safety and Health (OHS) guidelines for Government follow the recent OHS Programme for Cambodia (2010-2013) that was developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO). The draft guidelines provide the framework for instituting OHS at the workplace and in the community.

16. For all other applicable environmental standards and criteria such as ambient air quality, vibration, noise, contaminated soil, and workplace and community safety the standards and protocols of the Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines of the World Bank (2007) will apply.

C. Agencies Responsible for Environmental Management and Assessment

17. The national agencies that oversee environment and natural resources management are listed below. Most of Ministries have provincial counterpart departments.

 Ministry of Environment (MOE);  Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF);  Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM);  Ministry of Mine and Energy (MME);  Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH)  Ministry of Land Management; and Urban Planning (MLUP);  Ministry of Tourism (MOT);  Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) and a cross-ministerial policy body of  National Climate Change Committee (NCCC).

18. The MAFF is responsible for the management and protection of coastal mangrove forests, and wildlife and fisheries. The Fisheries Administration (FA) at the national and provincial levels is responsible for all fisheries related matters as summarized below:

 Prepare and establish fishery resource and aquaculture inventories;  Enact laws, regulations, and orders for fishery protection, management and improvement of fishery resources and habitat;  Manage fishery zones, fishery conservation and establish fishery resource development policies;  Conduct scientific studies of fisheries and aquaculture; and  Inspect and manage fishery resource exploitation and aquaculture activities.

19. The EIA Department of the MOE oversees and regulates EIA, and coordinates the implementation of projects in collaboration with project executive agencies (EA) and concerned ministries. The MOE has the following responsibilities:

 Review, evaluate, and approve submitted environmental impact assessments in collaboration with other concerned ministries; and  Monitor to ensure a project owner (the executing agency of the project) satisfactorily implements the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) throughout pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the projects.

20. The ministries are represented and supported at the provincial, town, and district/commune levels by counterpart line departments, agencies, and sub-offices. The counterparts are responsible to extend and implement the mandate of their parent ministries to the commune level.

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21. The IEE of the rehabilitation of the three national roads meets the EIA requirements of the MOE. The IEE will provide guidance to the national consultants of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport who will prepare the IEIA or EIA for the MOE.

D. Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MPWT)

22. THE MPWT developed an Environmental and Social Safeguards Policy (ESSP) for RAMP in 2008 to ensure that the rehabilitation of roads meets the social and environmental safeguard requirements of the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and donors such as the ADB and IDA. The ESSP is supported by an implementation framework (ESSF).

23. The ESSF is applied to RAMP projects funded by all donors which includes a screening process for general environment, protected areas, resettlement, and ethnic minorities. Specific technical environmental guidelines have been prepared to ensure proper environmental management of RAMP activities within protected areas. In support of the sub-decree on EIA the ESSP also requires an IEE of NR-67 because the existing road alignment traverses two protected areas.

E. ADB Safeguard Policy

24. The ADB safeguard policy statement (ADB 2009) along with the recent Good Practice Safeguard Sourcebook clarify the rationale, scope and content of an environmental assessment and supported by technical guidelines (e.g., Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003). Projects are initially screened to determine the level of assessment that is required according to the following three environmental categories (A, B, or C).

25. Category A is assigned to projects that normally cause significant or major environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented such as hydroelectric dams (an Environmental Impact Assessment is required). Category B projects have potential adverse impacts that are less adverse than those of category A, are site-specific, largely reversible, and for which mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects (an Initial Environmental Examination is required). Category C projects are likely to have minimal or no negative environmental impacts. An environmental assessment for Category C projects is not required but environmental implications need to be reviewed.

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III. DESCRIPTION OF ROADS REHABILITATION

26. The RAMP-II consists of the following two primary interventions which will be applied to NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67.

 Upgrade and rehabilitate existing carriageway surfaces & shoulders, drainage, and hardware such as guard rails and signage; and

 Establish a sustainable road asset maintenance program for the roads (48 months) through capacity development, training, and project management.

27. Rehabilitation and upgrading will not increase the width of carriageways and shoulders with the focus being on enhancing existing road assets. Only the grade (elevation) of some road sections will be raised to combat periodic flooding.

28. The activities of the rehabilitation and upgrading of the three national roads are described below. The road civil works activities that are common the all roads are combined in order to prevent redundancy. Figure 1 shows the locations of the sections of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 in Cambodia. Table 1 summarizes road surface types of the sections of the national roads to be rehabilitated.

Table 1. Provinces and districts of NR-1, NR-6, & NR-67.

Surface Section National Province Districts type length (km) Road Prey Veng, Kampong Trabek, Preah Sdach 1 100 asphalt Svay Rieng Svay Chrum

6 Siem Reap Puok, Kraluch 50 asphalt

Siem Reap, Prasat Bakong, Banteay Srey, Varin 67 134 DBST Oddar Meanchey Anlong Veng

29. The sections of the three national roads that will be rehabilitated traverse mostly rural areas. Example existing and proposed rehabilitated cross-sections of the three national roads are shown in Figures 2 and 35.

A. Application of RAMP-II to NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67

30. The two major RAMP-II interventions and respective key civil works activities are listed below. The civil works activities summarized below are those designed for NR-67 which are indicative for NR-1 and NR-67 because at the time of writing the feasibility rehabilitation designs of NR-1 and NR-6 were not complete. However, the road asset rehabilitation activities for NR-1 and NR-6 are expected to be the similar as identified for NR-67.

5 Cross-sections obtained from PEC 2015.

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Figure 2. Indicative cross-sections of rural National Roads 1, 6, 67.

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Figure 3. Indicative rehabilitated cross-sections of rural National Roads 1, 6, 67.

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31. The main civil works to be carried out for RAMP-II will be limited to activities typically defined as routine and periodic maintenance such as resurfacing of roads, repair of drainage and footpaths, bridge repairs; flood repairs or emergency maintenance; regular upkeep of safety features and road signs.

B. Road rehabilitation and upgrading

32. The scope of the interventions on the subject sections of national roads NR-1 and NR- 6, will include the rehabilitation of the present pavement surfaces using asphalt concrete overlays - but with DBST surfaces only in any areas where continuing settlement problems exist as an interim measure. For NR-67 only, the existing pavement is to be repaired by strengthening and/or replacement of the sub-base and base-course layer [using unbound and/or stabilized materials recovered from the present roadway] followed by AC overlays and both single and double bituminous surface treatments.

33. All existing bridges [found under the MPWT’s regular inspection program, to be presently in structurally sound condition] will receive maintenance intervention only. Improvements in both transverse and roadside drainage system capacity will also be undertaken to reduce the impact of flood events. Where found to be cost-effective, measures will be also introduced that will improve the ability of the roadways to withstand the effects of future climate change.

34. As the horizontal and vertical alignments of the road sub-sections are to be retained with no widening of the cross section no work outside of the define RoW is required. As a result, there will be no impacts on private properties and no resettlement issues to resolve.

35. Subject to modification in the future implementation stage [when full topographic, hydrological and geotechnical survey data is available], the following rehabilitation work has been identified during the feasibility study work at the PPPTA stage:

1. National Road NR-1.

36. The sub-section extends for km 62.1 [junction with NR-11 at Neak Loeang] to km 159.00 western side of Bavet city]. Construction work expected to be undertaken includes:

 Sample recovery and laboratory testing of embankment and underlying materials in areas where differential settlement problems have been observed;  Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently poor condition or subject to ‘ongoing settlement’ with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Remedial interventions [i.e. patching and crack sealing] on sections of road found to be presently in ‘sound’ condition;  Application of asphalt concrete overlays [40 or 50 mm thick ] in the ‘sound’ and the repaired’ areas [about 95 % of the sub-section length];  Application of a surface treatment only in the areas confirmed to be subject to ongoing settlement;  Bridge maintenance [10 structures of single, twin, triple and multi-span configurations];  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts [54] and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity by upsizing and duplication of some units;  Installation of added longitudinal drainage capacity [concrete ‘U’ drains] in appropriate urban areas;  Installation of appropriate road signs and markings;

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 Selected provision for future climate change [including slope protection, storm water energy dissipation etc].

2. National Road NR-6

37. This sub-section extends from 317.1 [junction with airport road north of Siem Reap] to km 367.0 [south end of main river crossing]. Work expected to be undertaken includes:

 Sample recovery and laboratory testing of embankment and underlying materials in areas where differential settlement problems have been observed;  Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently poor condition or subject to ‘ongoing settlement’ with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Remedial interventions [i.e. patching and crack sealing] on sections of road found to be presently in ‘sound’ condition;  Application of asphalt concrete overlays [40 or 50 mm thick ] in the ‘sound’ and the repaired’ areas [about 95-97 % of the sub-section length];  Application of a surface treatment only in any areas confirmed to be subject to ongoing settlement;  Bridge maintenance [17 structures of single, twin and triple span configurations];  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts [14 box and 104 pipes] and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity by upsizing and duplication of some units;  Installation of added longitudinal drainage capacity [concrete ‘U’ drains] in appropriate urban areas;  Installation of appropriate road signs and markings;  Selected provision for future climate change [including slope protection, storm water energy dissipation etc].

3. National Road NR-67

38. This sub-section extends from km 0+00 [the junction with NR-6 south of Siem Reap] to km 133.9 [at the international border crossing in Otdar Meanchey Province]. Work expected to be undertaken includes:

 Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently ‘soft’ condition with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Re-grading of existing gravel road surfaces;  Application of asphalt concrete surfacing;  Application of a single [SBST] and double [DBST] bituminous surface treatments;  Bridge maintenance;  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity in some flood prone areas;  Installation of appropriate road signage;  Selected provision for future climate change including localized riprap and gabion slope / river bank protection and energy dissipation measures;  Unexploded ordnance survey.

C. Follow-on road maintenance phase (48 months)

39. After completion of the road asset rehabilitation phase, the maintenance works phase will begin which through a performance-based contract is expected to occur over

16 an approximately 48 month period. The activities of the maintenance phase are summarized below.

1. Road Management Services

 Road patrol services, including regular and periodic record keeping and reporting  Road corridor safety management, standby for accidents and emergency events, liaising with road traffic inspectors, recording encroachment events, traffic management  Traffic counting  Accident recording  Updating inventory database for road pavement and structures

2. Road Operations Services

a. Pavement maintenance

 Repair of potholes  Sealing of longitudinal and transverse cracks  Sealing of alligator cracks  Cleanliness of the pavement surface and shoulders  Correction of depressions  Repair of edge breaks  Repair of shoulders

b. Signs, Safety and Lighting

 Repair of information, warning and traffic regulations signs  Painting of road markings;  Repair and painting of km posts, marker posts and HWY posts  Repairing and painting of land acquisition and right of way markers  Repair (and if required painting) of barriers and guardrails;  Replacement and repair of lighting units (where this is not maintained by local authorities)

c. Drainage, Vegetation and Slopes

 Cleaning, repair and restoration of curbs and covered drainage channels  Cleaning and repair of lined and unlined open drainage ditches, channels, chutes and cut-off drains;  Cleaning and minor repairs to culverts, inlet structures and outfalls;  Vegetation control and tree cutting’  Removal of slides and repair of erosion on cut and fill slopes channels

d. Structures

 Maintenance of bridges  Maintenance of retaining walls and protection work;  Clearance of riverbeds

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D. Emergency repair works

40. The maintenance phase of the project will include provision of emergency repairs for the three roads during the initial rehabilitation/upgrade phase. The emergency maintenance work will cover damage such as damage or destruction of a culvert due extreme rainfall events; road severing following a complete or partial washout of a road section; road section inundation due to flooding. The emergency response support will be in effect for approximately 20 months during the road rehabilitation phase.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTS

A. Physical Environment

1. Climate

41. The climate of Cambodia is dominated by the tropical monsoon which governs the wet and dry seasons. The rainy season occurs from May to October while the dry northeast monsoon occurs from November to April. The monsoon air-flow is caused by seasonally alternating high and low pressures over central Asia. In summer moisture-laden air of the southwest monsoon is drawn landward from the Indian Ocean. The flow is reversed during the winter by the northeast monsoon of dry air.

42. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the Tonle Sap Basin area with only small variations from the average annual mean of about 25 °C (Table 2. The maximum and minimum mean temperatures are 30 °C and 24 °C respectively. Maximum temperatures exceeding 38°C are common and normally just ahead of the rainy season. Minimum night temperatures can fall below 20 °C in January which is the coldest month. May is the warmest month. Tropical cyclones rarely cause damage in Cambodia.

43. The total annual average rainfall is 1,000 - 1,500 m with heaviest rainfall occurring in the southeast. Rainfall from April to September in the Tonle Sap and Mekong Basin Lowlands area averages 1,300 - 1,500 mm annually. Rainfall tends to increase with elevation, and heaviest in the mountains along the coast in the southwest which receives from 2,500 - 5,000 millimeters annually.

44. Relative humidity is high year round which usually exceeds 90 percent. During the dry season daytime humidity averages 50% climbing to about 90% during the rainy season (Cambodia Climate and Weather, 2015).

Table 2. Climate indicators for Senmonorom, Cambodia

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average 26.0 27.0 25.0 19.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 25.0 24.0 25.0 24.0 27.0 24.9 high °C (°F) (78.8) (80.6) (77) (66.2) (77) (77) (80.6) (77) (75.2) (77) (75.2) (80.6) (76.85) Average low 14.0 13.0 17.0 13.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 16.7 °C (°F) (57.2) (55.4) (62.6) (55.4) (64.4) (66.2) (68) (66.2) (64.4) (64.4) (60.8) (59) (62) Average 30.0 48.0 21.0 144.0 90.0 114.0 282.0 555.0 192.0 234.0 129.0 39.0 1,878 precipitation (1.181) (1.89) (0.827) (5.669) (3.543) (4.488) (11.102) (21.85) (7.559) (9.213) (5.079) (1.535) (73.936) mm (inches) Source: world weather online, 2008

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2. Topography, Geology, and Soils

45. The topography of Cambodia is described as “bowl shaped” and expands about 181,035 km2 (Figure 4) The country is situated in the southwest Indochina peninsula and is rimmed by mountains consisting of the Dangrek Mountains plateau to the north to Thai border, the Annamite Range to the northeast; the Cardamom Mountains to the southwest; and by the Elephant Mountains to the south. The central region of the country or the bottom of the bowl is represented by Tonle Sap Lake and surrounding floodplain. The floodplain of Tonle Sap merges with the floodplain of the Mekong River to the southeast of Cambodia which forms the Cambodian plain covering 25,069 km2. Knolls and low hills are scattered in the vast alluvial plains of the country.

Figure 4. Major topographic features of Cambodia.

46. The soils of Cambodia are dominated by post-Precambrian deposits (Figure 5). In the Precambrian Era, Cambodia was the bottom of the sea and covered by rock debris dominated by iron. The post-Precambrian period brought the extensive deposits of rock granite, sandstone, coal, petroleum, and other minerals. These deposits were in turn mixed with plants and animal fossils, all of which formed mountains and soils of today. Latterly, the alluvial deposits of the Mekong River brought mud and other fine silts and sand deposits broadly distributed (JICA, NR-5 project, 2012).

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Figure 5. Soils of Cambodia

3. Air Quality and Noise

47. Air quality in urban areas of Cambodia is steadily decreasing due to industrial development, automobiles, and overall urbanization that is occurring. However, in rural areas such as the areas traversed by sections of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 to be rehabilitated air quality is still good. The lack of industrial development and low population in the areas has maintained relatively good air quality. The dominant human activity is agriculture. As a result of the absence of air quality issues in the rural areas, there are limited air quality data for these areas.

Areas of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67

48. Qualitative, ambient noise levels at the project sites are low with the major sources of noise being household activities, local business, or traffic along the three roads. Similarly, ambient air quality is good as a result of these rural areas being far from industrial/commercial zones of larger urban areas. The dominant activity of agriculture along the three roads, and management of the three protected areas along NR-67 are quiet and relatively clean.

49. As a result of the rural and relatively undisturbed project areas there are no available data on air quality and noise levels along the three national roads. The general lack of air quality outside of major centres such as is presumed because air pollution in the rural areas is low. There are few industry sources and volume of vehicular traffic is relatively low. Areas outside of Phnom Penh near the Project roads where concern for increasing air pollution exists is near Wat and Siem Reap town. The Special Economic (SEZ) area in Bavet town, Svay Rieng province near NR-1 is also an increasing concern for ambient air quality. These areas are concerning of increasing volume of motorized vehicles and increasing demand for power due to tourism, is might be causing to levels of air pollution in these areas. The national air and noise standards of the Cambodia are provided in Appendix D.

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4. Hydrology and Water Resources

50. The hydrologic setting of Cambodia is dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake system (Figure 6). The Mekong River is among the world’s largest rivers in terms of length and average discharge, while Tonle Sap Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia. Tonle Sap, or t h e Great Lake, is situated in the center of the Cambodian central plain, with an elevation of 10–30 meters above sea level covering about 6% of the country (MoE, 2009).

51. The Mekong River enters Cambodia from the north from and flows southeast to the border with . The Mekong River in Cambodia is 486 km. The basin of the river and myriad of tributaries covers 86% of total country area. In Phnom Penh the Mekong River is separated into 4 sections defined by Up-Mekong, Down-Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap. The Tonle Sap is the uniquely important in Cambodia because of the two distinct annual water flow regimes which make the inland lake extremely productive. During the wet season the inland lake fills with Mekong river water and acts as a big reservoir for fish spawning and growing, and flood control. During the dry season water flows out of the inland lake to provide aquatic habitat in the low Mekong river, and local water supply.

Figure 6. Flow in the large Mekong-Tonle Sap basin

52. The areas adjacent to the all three national roads are influenced by the Mekong river. The extensive network of tributaries (Preak) and streams are governed by the rise and fall of the Mekong during the annual cycle of rainy and dry season. The section of NR-1 to be rehabilitated traverses the floodplain of the Mekong river. The section of NR-6 to be rehabilitated traverses the flood plain of Tonle Sap, and can be exposed to flash flooding from water running down from the north to the bottom of the Tonle Sap basin. In August and September, the whole Tonle Sap catchments received prolonged heavy rainfall. The Lake has

21 reached its peaks at elevation 10.34 msl, which is higher than adjacent land. The incidence of local flooding events along the Project roads occurs primarily during the rainy season.

5. Water Quality

53. The Ministry of Water Resources & Meteorology (MOWRAM) and the Mekong River Commission (MRC) conduct regular water quality monitoring at designated sampling points in the Mekong River, Tonle Sap River, and Bassac River. The data indicate that the water quality at the sampling locations is generally good in comparison with the other riparian countries, and the mean chemical composition of samples is lower than the worldwide, (MCR, 2003).

Kaluch District, Siem Reap Province

54. Existing date for water quality in the NR-6 Project area is limited. However, the consultant team was able to locate and obtain existing data of the surface waters in Sreng River, Kraluch district was collected by the MOWRAM-ABD WRM Project, 2008 (Table 3). The data indicate the levels of suspended sediment (turbidity) can be high in the Sreng river, likely caused from erosion from agricultural lands. These data are representative of the surface waters along NR-6.

Table 3. Water quality in Sreng River, Kraluch District, Siem Reap

No Parameter Unit Result RGC Standard

1 Temp C 32 2 Transparency m 0.25 3 pH 6.65 6.5-8.5 4 Conductivity s/cm 53.10 5 DO mg/l 6.37 >2 6 BOD mg/l 2.43 <30 7 TSS mg/l 72.67 <50 8 TDS mg/l 50.00 <1000 9 TP mg/l 0.06 0.005-0.5 Source: MOWRAM-WRMP, 2008

Siem Reap River

55. Water quality in Siem Reap River, Siem Reap town in 2006 (Table 4) were obtained from the Ministry of Environment (MoE). The data indicate that suspended sediment, BOD, and nutrient forms of phosphorus and nitrogen can exceed national standards. The data in Tables 3 and 4 are considered representative of the surface waters along NR-6

Table 4. Water quality in Siem Reap River, Siem Reap Town

No Parameter Unit Result RGC Standard

1 pH 7.62 6.5-8.5 2 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l 44.00 25-100

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3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 1.66 1.0-10 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 3.35 8.0 5 Chromium Hexavalent (Cr +5) mg/l ND 0.05 6 Total Nitrogen (TN) mg/l 0.73 0.1-0.6 7 Total Phosphorus (TP) mg/l 0.11 0.005-0.05 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2016.

Surface Water Quality near NR-1

56. There is a paucity of available water quality data in Prey Veng and Svay Rieng provinces near the NR-1 project area. However, Prek Trabaek River which is located in , of is a close tributary of the Mekong river. The water quality of Prek Trabaek River is comparatively good, and only affected by local agricultural activities (Kampong Trabaek River Flood Control Project, MOWRAM, 2009). Example existing water quality data in the lower Mekong River near NR-1 in 2005 are found in Table 5.

Table 5. Mekong River water quality

Section of Mekong River WQIal WQIhi WQIag1 WQIag2 WQIag2 (General) (Paddy rice) (Livestock) 9.8 8.8 10 10 10 Chrouy Changva (Phnom Penh) 9.8 9.0 10 10 10 9.8 8.2 10 10 10 (Prey Veng province) Kaom Samnor 10 7.9 10 10 10 (Prey Veng-) Source: Kampong Trabaek River Flood Control Project, MOWRAM, 2009.

B. Biological Resources

1. Forests and Vegetation

57. Cambodia has an extensive forest cover which combined with the rich water resources ranks the country among the bio-richest countries in Southeast Asia. The Royal Government of Cambodia (2011) estimates Cambodia supports approximately 10.4 million ha of forest cover, representing approximately 57% of Cambodia’s land area. However, international observers and independent assessments indicate that significant deforestation, and wetland loss has occurred in last decades due to development pressure and insufficient regulation and enforcement. Most of the major forests are situated in the southeastern, central, and northeastern regions of the country (Figure 7)6.

58. About 69,000 ha of forest cover is planted forest. Overall Cambodia’s forests contain an estimated 464 million tonnes of carbon stock in living forest biomass. Approximately 40% of Cambodia’s forests have some level of protection while one of the Cambodia Millennium Development Goals was to achieve a 60% forest cover by 2015.

59. According to the Forestry Administration Statistics a total of 380,000 ha of forest were cleared between 2002 and 2006 at a rate of 0.5% per year (Figure 8). The main cause of

6 NREM DATA TOOL BOX -Royal Danish Embassy- Danida - Phnom Penh, Cambodia, March 2007.

23 deforestation has been determined to be large-scale agricultural expansion. The forest cover and other land use of Cambodia by provinces are described in Table 6.

Figure 7. Forest Types of Cambodia

Figure 8. Forest Cover Change Rate in 1965 to 2010

Table 6. Forest cover & other land use in project areas

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Forest Types Siem Reap Oddar Meanchey Prey Veng Svay Rieng Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Area (ha) % Evergreen 83,078 7.9 125,863 19.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 forest Semi evergreen 34,305 3.3 48,070 7.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 forest Deciduous 164,995 15.6 217,718 32.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 forest Other Forest 159,290 15.1 14,617 2.2 14,590 5.1 5,962 1.3

Total Forest 441,668 41.9 406,268 61 14,590 5 5,962 1.3

Non Forest 612,781 58.1 256,897 38.7 272,235 94,9 470,198 98.7

Total Area 1,054,449 100.0 663,165 100.0 286,825 100.0 476,160 100.0 Source: Forest Administration (FA), 2012.

2. Fish Resources

60. Tonle Sap Lake is the most productive inland fisheries in the world and reportedly has a potential fish production of 65 kg/ha/year based on the dry season area estimates (FAO 1994). Cambodia‘s inland fisheries are totally dependent on the seasonal flow of the Mekong and other rivers that inundate the floodplains, forest, and shrub-lands. The increase of the area and depth of the Tonle Sap Lake during the wet season from 2,500-3,000 km2 to 10,000- 15,000 km2 (NEDECO 1998, MoE 2004,) and from 1-2 m to 8-10 m has an immense effect on the fish production.

Fish Species

61. There are about 500 fish species found in the Mekong River system in Cambodia, however, the fisheries focus on approximately 10 species (Cambodia’s Inland fisheries, MRC 2004). Most of species are well adapted to the season, widely fluctuating water levels and water chemistry defined by temperature, pH, and dissolve oxygen (MoE, UNDP/ETAP, 1999). The major species of fish in Cambodia are normally divided into four groups:

(1) Species that, are associated with the big rivers and Great Lake.

(2) Species that are associated with the big rivers and streams but migrate to the flooded areas for spawning.

(3) Species which can stay in the swamps and flooded plains all year round; and

(4) Small fast growing and opportunistic species, which are able to utilize the flood period for rapid growth. These are the fish mainly used for “Prahoc” fermented fish, smoked fish, fish sauce, and dried fish.

Some important inland fish species in the Lower Mekong River and floodplain areas of Cambodia are listed in Table 7.

Table 7. Common fishes in Mekong River & flood-plains of Cambodia

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Khmer/local name Species/Scientific name Family name Trey Kraiy Chitala Notopteridae Trey Slat Notopterus notopterus Notopterrus Trey Reil Henicorhynchus siamensis Cyprinidae Trey Kros Osteochilus Microcehalus Cyprinidae Trey Chrakang Puntioplites Proctozysron Cyprinidae Trey Chhpen Hypsibarbus Lagleri Cyprinidae Trey Thman Hampala Macrolepidota Cyprinidae Trey Leang Thynnichthys Thynnoides Cyprinidae Trey Khaek Morulius Chrysophekaion Cyprinidae Trey Krom Osteochilus Melanopleurus Cyprinidae Trey Chhkork Cyclocheilichthys Enoplos Cyprinidae Trey Kahei Barbodes Altus Cyprinidae Trey Chan Va Rasbora Myersi Cyprinidae Trey Chanva Moul Rasbora Aurotaenia Cyprinidae Trey Pon Loug Leptobarbus Hoeveni Cyprinidae Trey Khnang Veng Dangila Lineata Cyprinidae Trey Proma Boesemania Microlepis Sdaennidae Trey Phtong Xenentodon Cancila Belonidae Trey Andat Chhke Euryglossa Orientalis Soledae Trey Kampot Chonerthinos Nefastus Tetraodontidae Trey Kass Micronema Micronema Siluridae Trey Sanday Wallago Attu Siluridae Trey Kromorm Ompok Bimaculatus Siluridae Trey Ta Aun Ompok Hypophthalmus Siluridae Trey Kdainhay Belodontichthys Dinema Siluridae Trey Pra Pagasianodon Hypophthalmus Pangasiidae Trey Por Pangasiys Lamaudiei Pangasiidae Trey Chhveat Pangasiys Pleurotaenia Pangasiidae Trey Chhlaing Mystus Nemurus Begridae Trey Kachoch Mystus Wotffi Begridae Trey Chhloch Macrognathus Siamensis Mastacembelidae Trey Khcheng Mastacembelus Armatus Mastacembelidae Trey Kachrouk Botia Modesta Cobitidae Trey Deap/Chhdor Channa Micropeltes Channidae Trey Rous Channa Channidae Trey Andaing Clarias batrachus Claridae Trey Kantrawb Pristolepis fasciata Nandidae Trey Kampheach Trichogaster Microlepis Belontiidae Trey Kanthor Trichogaster Microlepis Belontiidae Trey Kranch Anabas Testudineus Trey Damrey Oxyeleotris Marmorata Source: - Cambodia fish species, 2001 and 2006, FD/MAFF - Cambodia’s Inland Fish MRC 2004

Fish Migration

62. The important spawning areas for migratory fish are located in the northeast of Cambodia, while the important for spawning and feeding grounds for fish are the floodplains along the Tonle Sap Great Lake and the , (Cambodia’s Inland fisheries, MRC 2004).

63. During the flood period fish migrate from downstream of Tonle Sap Lake and Mekong River to the floodplain areas of Tonle Sap and Mekong tributaries where pH and oxygen are optimum for spawning, feeding, and growth. When water levels recede to at beginning of dry

26 season fish migrate off the floodplain and find refuge in deep pools in along the Mekong River, channels, and streams.

Fisheries

64. The freshwater capture fisheries in Cambodia are divided into three categories:

(i) Large scale fishing, commercial fishing or fishing lots

(ii) Middle scale fishing

(iii) Small scale subsistence or family fishery.

The fish catching seasons are governed by the Fishery Law (2006). The large and medium scale fisheries are closed during wet season to allow fish spawning. The official closed fishing season is from 1st June to 30th September for fishing areas north of Phnom Penh and from 1st July to 31st October for fishing areas south of Phnom Penh (MAFF 2006, Fishery Law Fishery Law, Article 16).

3. Terrestrial Wildlife

65. The Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary (see below) is a rich source of water bird and mammals. According to (Kim Sreng, 2008), mammals in the sanctuary include: Tiger, Leopard, Eld’s Deer, Banteng, Dhole, Asiatic Jackal, Sambar, Sun Bear, Red Muntjac, Oriental Small- Clawed Otter, Wild Pig, East Asian Porcupine, Sunda Pangolin, Spotted Civet, and Rabbit. Those species, some are Endangered and Rare species in the world.

66. Based on a Biodiversity Survey of the Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap Province Northwest Cambodia, April, 2016. Throughout the project areas a total of 26 mammal species were recorded including ten species classed as threatened by the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2014) Table 8). In addition the following three species are listed on CITES: Long-tailed macaque, Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and Northern tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Reptiles include Asian Box Turtle, Elongated Tortoise, Water Monitor, Burmese Python, King Cobra, Monocled Cobra, Indochinese Spitting Cobra.

Table 8. Major mammal diversity recorded in northwest Cambodia.

Species name Common name IUCN Bos javanicus Banteng EN Bos gaurus Gaur VU Rusa unicolor Sambar deer VU Muntiacus muntjak Red muntjak LC Tragalus kanchil Lesser mouse deer LC Sus scrofa Eurasian wild pig LC Hylobates pileatus Pileated gibbon EN Trachypithecus germaini Indochinese silvered langur EN Macaca leonina Northern pig-tailed macaque VU Nycticebus bengalensis Bengal slow loris VU Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque LC Helarctos malayanus Malayan sun bear* VU Catopuma temminckii Asiatic golden cat * NT Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat LC Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm civet LC

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Species name Common name IUCN Viverricula indica LC Martes flavigula Yellow throated marten LC Melogale Sp Ferret badger DD Herpestes urva Crab eating mongoose LC Herpestes javanicus Small asian mongoose LC Hystrix brachyura Malayan porcupine LC Lepus peguensis Burmese hare LC Ratufa bicolor Black giant squirrel NT Callosciurus finlaysonii Variable squirrel LC Menetes berdmorei Indochinese ground squirrel LC Tupaia belangeri Northern tree shrew LC

Note: All mammal records are from direct observations or identified from camera traps or (*) which are based on tracks and scat. Species status follows the IUCN Red List and CITES.

Source: A biodiversity survey of the Oddor Meanchey and Siem Reap province Northwest Cambodia. Caleb Jones, Peter Brakels, Chea Samban, Tony Yon and Rattanak, April, 2016.

4. Bird Species

67. Tonle Sap Lake is one of the most important areas for bird conservation in the region and has long been understood to be extremely important for gregarious large waterbirds, particularly storks, pelicans, ibises and cormorants. Seventeen globally threatened or near threatened species are known to occur regularly around the Tonle Sap Lake (Table 10). These are divided between two key habitat types - swamp forest and inundated grassland, both only seasonally flooded. The swamp forest, particularly of the Core Area is home to large breeding colonies of colonial waterbirds, while the inundated grassland has its own unique suite of threatened breeding birds, and during the early flood season hosts many feeding birds from the swamp forest, (PGS-IEM, 2008). Important bird areas of Cambodia are identified in Figure 9.

68. Bird species include Golden-Crested Myna, White-Vented Myna, Hill Muna, Peaceful Doeve, Red Collared Dove, Spotted Dove, Emerald Dove, Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Red- Wettled Lapwing, Great Slaty Woodpecker, Dollarbird, Asian Fairy Bluebird, Black Drongo, Black-Collared Starling, Black-Crowned Night Heron, Brahminy Kite. Sreng (2008) indicated that the important bird species for conservation in the Kulen Promtep Wildlife sanctuary are shown in Table 9.

Table 9. Important Bird Species in Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary

No Khmer Name Scientific Name English Name CITES IUCN 1 Trayang Cham Pseudibis davisoni Whiteshould Ibis I CR K 2 Trayang Yeak Pseudibis gigantea Gian Ibis I CR 3 Tradork Toch Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant I VU 4 Tradork Thom Leptoptilos dubius Greater Adjutant I EN 5 Smorch Anhinga melanogaster Darter NT 6 Ankat Khmao Ephippiorhynchus Black Necked II NT asiaticus Stork 7 Kreal Grus antigone Sarus Crane I VU

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8 Kok Ambaos Ciconia episcopus Woollynecked EN Stork

69. A report on a biodiversity survey of the Oddor Meanchey and Siem Reap province northwest Cambodia (Caleb et al. 2016) identify eight threatened bird species in the region. They includes two critically endangered species, one endangered species, two vulnerable species, and three near-threatened species (IUCN, 2014).

Figure 9. Important bird areas in Cambodia

Table 10. The major threatened bird species recorded from study sites

No Species name Common name IUCN 1 Thaumatibis gigantea Giant ibis CR 2 Pseudibis davisoni White-shouldered ibis CR 3 Pavo muticus Green peafowl EN 4 Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser adjutant VU 5 Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked stork VU 6 Mycteria leucocephala Painted stork NT 7 Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed pelican NT 8 Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted parakeet NT All bird records are based on direct observations or identified from camera trap images species status follow the IUCN Red List and CITES.

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5. Protected Areas

70. Cambodia is rich with a diverse assemblage of terrestrial and aquatic environments that range from the last remaining pristine mangrove forests in SE Asia along the southern coast on the Gulf of , to the productive inland lowland agriculture areas, to the peripheral mountain ranges. There are ecological 23 protected areas in Cambodia which are divided into 4 different types (Figure 10, Table 11). Characteristics of the protected areas are further summarized in Table 12 . Each projected area is divided into four (4) zones which in decreasing level of prohibited activities are defined as: Core Zone, Conservation Zone, Sustainable Use Zone, and Community Zone.

Figure 10. Protected areas in Cambodia

Table 11. Protected areas in Cambodia

Protected Area 's No Area (ha) Location (Province) Name

A. National Parks 35,000 Kampong Speu and Koh Kong 1 Kirirom 140,000 Kampot 2 Phnom Bokor 5,000 Kep 3 Kep 15,000 Kampong Som (Preachsihanouk) 4 Ream

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Protected Area 's No Area (ha) Location (Province) Name 171,250 Kampong Som and Koh Kong 5 Botum Sakor 37,500 Siem Reap 6 Phnom Kulen 332,500 Rattanakiri and Stung Treng 7 Virachey

B. Wildlife Sanctuaries 253,750 Koh Kong, Pursat, Kamp Chhnang and 8 Aural Kamg Speu 242,500 Kampong Thom and Preach Vihear 9 Boeung Per 23,750 Koh Kong 10 Peam Krasop 333,750 Koh Kong 11 Phnom Samkos 178,750 Battambang 12 Roniem Daun Sam 402,500 Siem Reap and Preah Vihaer 13 Kulen Promtep 250,000 Rattanakiri and Mondolkiri 14 Lomphat 222,500 Mondolkiri 15 Phnom Prich 47,500 Mondolkiri 16 Phnom Nam Lyr 75,000 Kratie and Mondolkiri 17 Snuol

C. Protected Landscapes 10,800 Siem Reap 18 Angkor 81,200 Banteay meanchey 19 5,000 Preach Vihear 20 Preah Vihear

D. Multiple Use Area 27,700 Koh Kong 21 60,000 Battambang and Pailin 22 Samlaut 316,250 Kamp.Chhnang, Kamp.Thom, Siem Reap, 23 Tonle Sap Battambang, and Pursat

Table 12. Characteristic of protected areas in Cambodia

Protected Area 's Area No Some Unique Characteristic Name (ha) A. National Parks 1 Kirirom 35,000 High elevation pine forest with large mammals including tiger, banteng, and guar. 2 Phnom Bokor 140,000 High elevation Sphagnum bogs, Podocarpus forest with large mammals including tiger, elephant, sun bear, and perhaps Asian black bear. 3 Kep 5,000 Secondary lowland evergreen forest 4 Preah Sihanouk 15,000 Secondary lowland evergreen forest with some mangrove forest. (Ream) 5 Botum Sakor 171,250 Extensive lowland evergreen forest in good condition, mangrove forest, and the only coastal Dacrydium / Podocarpus swamp forest in Cambodia.

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Protected Area 's Area No Some Unique Characteristic Name (ha) 6 Phnom Kulen 37,500 The area is within the important watershed of the Siem Reap River. It’s also an important archaeological site. 7 Virachey 332,500 The only high altitude forest in northeast Cambodia thereby having a different set of bio-geographic influences than in the Southwest. An important habitat for several threatened species, including tiger, elephant and possibly douc langur (an endangered primate). B. Wildlife Sanctuaries 8 Aural 253,750 Highest mountain (5,810 ft / 1813 m) in Cambodia with a wide diversity of vegetation ranging from dry Dipterocarpus / Podocarpus forest to medium altitude evergreen forest. The higher part of the area is undescribed botanically. Large mammals in the area include tiger, banteng, gaur, and the endangered ELd’s deer. 9 Boeung Per 242,500 A previous wildlife sanctuary, it reportedly has gone populations of white cattle and deer. Large water births breed here and move to the Tonle Sap in the dry season. There is maybe a migration of elephants. The area has came important archaeological sites. 10 Peam Krasop 23,750 Most important mangrove forest in Cambodia and possibly the most extensive within the Gulf of Thailand. 11 Phnom Samkos 333,750 High altitude area with a wild diversity of forest types. Support a rage of large mammals in the area including the tiger, banteng, gaur, and the endangered Eld’s deer. 12 Roniem Daun 178,750 Lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen of unknown condition –no Sam forest across the Thai border. Possibly hold pileated gibbon (an endangered primate). 13 Kulen Promtep 402,500 The large area in the protected areas system intended to protect Kouprey. The principle habitats are lowland open dipterocarp forest (which historically held a high destiny of Kouprey). Lowland evergreen/semi-evergreen forest and the largest swamp in northern Cambodia. 14 Lomphat 250,000 Proposed as a kouprey reserve before the civil war. The original boundaries has been include addition vegetation types. The area comprises mostly evergreen forest on basaltic soils, grassy glades, open deciduous forest mixed deciduous forest, and pockets of evergreen/semi-evergreen forest, riverine habitats and small wetlands. Banteng and Asian wild dog are present and elephants migrate to the area at certain times of the year. It is also breeding ground for sarus crane breeds. 15 Phnom Prich 222,500 The habitats in this area similar to those at Lomphat-mostly evergreen forest on basaltic soils, grassy glades, open deciduous forest mixed deciduous forest, pockets of ever green/semi-evergreen forest, riverine habitats and small wetlands. Banteng and Asian wild dog are present and elephants migrate to the area at certain times of the year. It is also breeding ground for sarus crane breeds. 16 Phnom Nam Lyr 47,500 Mainly evergreen forest, which harbors the tiger, elephant, pygmy loris and green peafowl. 17 Snuol 75,000 This area is a forest reserve. It consists of mostly logged evergreen forest on a heavily dissected plateau. C. Protected Landscapes 18 Angkor 10,800 This mostly forest area includes the Angkor temple complex, perhaps the single-most important archaeological/cultural site in southeast Asia. 19 Banteay Chhmar 81,200 The area was included for its archaeological/cultural sites, including an important temple site. 20 Preah Vihear 5,000 The area was included for its archaeological/cultural value, it includes an important temple . D. Multiple Use Area

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Protected Area 's Area No Some Unique Characteristic Name (ha) 21 Dong Peng 27,700 Lowland coastal wedland-mostly mangrove and swamp forest but with some evergreen forest. 22 Samlaut 60,000 It is an evergreen forest area within the watershed of the Battambang river, it has been denuded by mining operations causing sever erosion and increased sedimentation of the river which flow into the Tonle Sap Lake 23 Tonle Sap 316,250 Long-standing ichthyologic reserve. Great biological, hydrological and cultural/economic importance.

Alignments of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67

NR-1 71. National Road 1 in Prey Veng and Svay Rieng provinces is not situated near any protected or forest areas. The project area starts from Mekong River (Neak Leung), Prey Veng province to Bavit Town, Svay Rieng province. Due to the lack of forests sensitive wildlife species are not found in Prey Veng and Svay Rieng province. Most of area is covered by paddy field, floodplain of Mekong River, farm, residential areas, provincial-district towns. The big markets and factories of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) are located in urban areas such as: district, provincial towns and Bavet town.

NR-6 72. National Road 6 is located 25-30 km north of the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve (Figure 11). The biosphere has three ‘core areas’ in Prek Toal, , and Boeung Chhma, and Steung Sen in Kompong Thom province. Almost 100 species of water birds are found in these three areas which cover an area of more than 42,000 hectares. More than 400 species of fish have been identified in these areas which are also known for crocodiles, turtles, macaques, otters and water snakes.

73. The core areas comprise 21,342 hectares in Preak Toal and 14,560 hectares in Boeung Chhma which is also an internationally recognized wetland under the Ramsar Convention. Both are important breeding and feeding grounds for endangered species of large water birds. Steung Sen spans 6,355 hectares and features trees rare to the flood plain. The Ministry of Environment estimates less than 20,000 people live in or near these areas – about 10,000 in Prek Toal, about 2000 in Boeung Chhma and almost 7,000 in Steung Sen.

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Figure 11. Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

NR-6

NR-67 74. Unlike NR-1 and NR-6, National Road 67 traverses three protected areas. Starting at just east of Siem Reap and moving northward the section of NR-67 that will be rehabilitated passes through the eastern buffer zone boundary of Anchor Protected Landscapes (Figure 14), then Phnom Kulen National Park (Figure 13), and then north Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary just south of the Thai border (Figure 12).

Anchor Protected Landscapes

75. The Angkor Archaeological Park Area in Siem Reap is Cambodia’s most important cultural heritage site, and also its biggest tourist attraction. It brings in millions of visitors from around the world every year, who play an important part in the country’s economic development. Siem Reap City in particular is heavily reliant on tourism. However, the temples, with their superb reliefs and statues, are at high risk of loss or damage due to weathering. Sustainably protecting the cultural heritage of Angkor will require the development of local stone conservation expertise by the National Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA).

Phnom Kulen National Park

76. Phnom Kulen National Park is north of Siem Reap town and the Angkor Protected Landscapes which house the famous temples of . The national park was designated in 1993 by a Royal Degree of King Norodom Sihanouk, and officially managed by the Ministry of Environment (MoE). National Road 67 passes through the northwest end of the park (Figure 13). The Park contains an important archeological site, and protects an

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Figure 12. Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure 13. Phnom Kulen National Park

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Figure 14. Anchor Protected Landscapes

important part of the Siem Reap river basin. The Park is managed by the APSARA authorities who manage Anchor Protected Landscapes. Several Community Protected Areas (CPA) have been established which are managed at a commune level. There is one private tourist concession operating within the park (Biodiversity of Phnom Kunlen National Park, GDANCP, MoE, 2013).

77. The Park is composed of two main distinct vegetation types – evergreen forest and deciduous forest. The riparian vegetation is variable being dependent on the different forest types through which the streams pass. The forest type consists of Evergreen Forest, Semi- evergreen Forest, Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest, and Riparian Vegetation.

Kulen Proteap Wildlife Sanctuary

78. The wildlife sanctuary is located north of Phnom Kulen Park close to the Thai border in Preah Vihear and Oddar Meanchey provinces. National Road 67 traverses the middle section of the Sanctuary (Figure 12). The principle habitats are lowland open dipterocarp forest. The area supports one of the richest forest resources in Cambodia which is dominated by lowland evergreen - semi-evergreen forest, and the largest wetland in northern Cambodia. A major function of the sanctuary is to protect Kouprey

79. The sanctuary is rich with valued wildlife resulting in a strong biodiversity (e.g., Table 9). Timber cutting has threatened the sanctuary, and the harvesting of non-timber forest products. Typical of all corridor developments such as roads, encroachment and development along a 500m distance from the road has negatively affected the sanctuary. (Royal University of Agriculture in Cambodia, Kim Sreng, 2008).

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C. Socio-Economic and Cultural Resources

1. Population

80. The population in Cambodia in 1998 of 11.5 million increased to 13.4 million in 2008 and to 14.7 million in 2013. The population density of 75 persons /km2 in 2008 increased to 82 persons /km2 in 2013. The population of the provinces affected by RAMP-II is summarized in Table 13. Table 13. Population province

Province Population Population Growth Rate Density Population 2030 2008 2013 (2008-2013) (per km2) 13,388,910 14 676 591 1.83 82 persons 18 30 683 Total Cambodia 1,325,681 1 688 044 2.34 2 468 2 450 717 Phnom Penh 947,357 1 156 739 3.99 237 N/A Prey Veng 482,785 578 380 3.61 195 N/A Svay Rieng 896,309 922 982 0.58 90 1 414 727 Siem Reap 185,443 231 390 4.39 38 365 010 Oddar Meanchey Sources: Population data, MoP, 2015

2. Livelihood

81. More than 70 percent of total the population are engaged in agriculture dominated primarily on small-holding farmland (FAO/MoP 2010) (Tables 14 and 15). The rural livelihoods in Cambodia are diverse and dynamic. Along with farming rice, households juggle a range of activities such as rearing livestock, harvesting fish and other aquatic animals, and harvesting non-timber forest products. Increasingly, rural households are involved in off-farm employment, with some members migrating to find employment in the larger towns and cities of Cambodia, as well as in neighbouring countries (MoE/UNDP, 2011).

Rice 82. Cambodian farmers in the various rice ecosystems ranging from rain-fed upland rice, rain-fed lowland rice, irrigated rice and deep water rice. The farmers prefer growing traditional rice varieties according to the soil types, their customs, and the varietal features, quality and tolerance to pests and diseases. To fulfill the food demands and to increase household incomes as well as to meet market demands the selection of the suitable rice varieties for local farmer's conditions is a vital issue.

Table 14. Livelihood of NR-1 provinces

Prey Veng Svay Rieng Description Family % Family % Families whose main occupation is agriculture 224,654 93 108,963 90

Primary occupation is rice farming 221,334 91 108,781 90

Primary occupation is cultivating long-term crops 47 0 55 0 Primary occupation is short-term crops 1,794 1 52 0 Primary occupation is cultivating vegetable 183 0 30 0

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Prey Veng Svay Rieng Description Family % Family % 0 Primary occupation is fisherman 1,133 0 20

Primary occupation is livestock farmer 156 0 25 0 Primary occupation is NTFP collection 7 0 0 0 Families whose main occupation is craft work 1,268 1 62 0 Families whose main occupation is services 11,470 5 3,721 3 Families whose main occupation is clear (multi) 4,267 2 8,127 7 Source: Provincial Data Book NCDD, 2009.

Table 15. Livelihoods of NR-6 and 67 provinces

Siem Reap Oddar Meanchey Description Family % Family % Families whose main occupation is agriculture 133,415 81 41,316 92 Primary occupation is rice farming 124,515 75 39,755 88

Primary occupation is cultivating long-term crops 532 0 362 1 Primary occupation is short-term crops 2,006 1 600 1 Primary occupation is cultivating vegetable 1,033 1 241 1

Primary occupation is fisherman 4,741 3 41 0

Primary occupation is livestock farmer 528 0 79 0 Primary occupation is NTFP collection 60 0 238 1 Families whose main occupation is craft work 741 1 164 1 Families whose main occupation is services 25,423 16 3,224 7 Families whose main occupation is clear (multi) 5,725 3 155 0 Source: Provincial Data Book NCDD, 2009.

Vegetables 83. Income from vegetables is difficult to assess as a large proportion of vegetable cultivation takes place in home gardens. This, given that vegetables on garden plots are grown inconsistently on plots of often unknown size, makes accurate measurement difficult. Variation in cultivation rates is further aggravated by farmers‟ seasonal dependency on access to water. In the wet season, major vegetable production (greater than 1,000 ha) takes place in Kompong Cham, Kandal, Kampot, Kompong Thom, Kampong Speu, Takeo, and Battambang. In the dry season the major production areas are Kampong Chhnang, Kandal, Kompong Cham, Siem Reap, Kompong Thom, and Battambang (ADB, 2009).

Livestock rearing 84. Livestock rearing is a key part of rural livelihoods in the case of larger livestock and sources of income and food with regard to pigs and poultry (Tong 2009). The farmers keep their animals in traditional scavenging systems as a means of risk management rather than in systems more orientated toward increased production and income, as well as large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) mainly used for draught purposes than for food. The majority the farmers raise local livestock including pigs, chicken and ducks, although small- and medium-scale

38 commercial farms close to households for improving livelihoods and food security. Livestock (cattle, buffalo, and pigs) has great potential, but is largely constrained by limited extension and veterinary services as well as weak marketing channels throughout rural areas. Poor livestock health is a major factor in household income security (MoE/UNDP, 2011).

3. Land Use

85. Land use in the RAMP-II project area is summarized in Tables 16-19.

Table 16. Land use by district in Siem Reap province, 2009

Forest Land Area (ha) Cultivated Constructed Other Total Land District Land Area Land Area Land Area (ha) Total Flooded Forest (ha) (ha) (ha) Angkor Chum 47,903 22,197 - 20,274 1,122 4,310 Angkor Thum 307,500 18,143 115 5,384 3,853 3,255 Bantey Srei 60,072 2,269 - 6,664 13,636 37,503 Chi Kraeng 231,510 168,600 46,900 41,500 5,570 15,840 Kralanh 51,200 7,960 7,960 24,300 14,532 4,408 Pouk 121,200 43,306 43,306 57,564 20,330 - Prasat Bakong 35,750 11,008 9,691 13,846 2,348 8,548 Siem Reap 47,273 25,381 11,907 12,287 9,605 - Soutr Nikom 77,962 29,312 21,798 27,200 17,500 3,950 Srei Snam 95,800 82,950 - 11,000 1,850 - Svay Leu 200,700 175,972 - 7,135 14,260 333 Varin 109,838 95,675 - 11,865 1,512 5,098 Total 1,386,708 685,773 141,677 239,019 106,118 83,245

Table 17. Land use by district in Oddar Meanchey province, 2009

Forest Land Area (ha) Cultivated Constructed Other Land Total Land District Land Area Land Area (ha) Area (ha) Total Flooded Forest (ha) (ha) Anlong Veang 153,319 94,672 0 40,200 12,671 5,776 Banteay Ampil 134,210 83,031 0 37,367 3,860 9,952 Chong Kal 97,282 5,347 0 2,755 12,952 331 152,500 129,672 0 16,323 6,388 117 Trapaeng 184,195 32,652 0 145,205 5,671 667 Prasat Total 721,406 345,374 0 241,850 41,542 16,843

Table 18. Land use by district in Svay Rieng province 2009

Forest Land Area (ha) Cultivated Constructed Other Land Total Land District Land Area Land Area (ha) Area (ha) Total Flooded Forest (ha) (ha) Chantrea 27,847 21,443 - 12,673 2,127 6,642 Kampong Rou 38,730 - - 28,013 4,075 4,333 Rumduol 28,990 - - 21,643 3,014 4,333 Romeas Haek 78,461 18,346 - 32,800 12,750 14,565 Svay Chrum 39,039 61 10 31,315 5,383 2,281 Svay Rieng 8,275 - - 138 1,141 6,771 Svay Teab 32,039 126 - 24,363 6,728 822 Bavet 20,668 401 - 17,776 2,076 415 Total 274,049 40,377 10 168,721 37,294 35,829 Table 19. Land use by district in Svay Rieng province, 2009

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Total Forest Land Area (ha) Cultivated Constructed Other Land District Land Land Area Land Area (ha) Total Flooded Forest Area (ha) (ha) (ha) Ba Phnom 248,668 32,877 354 20,732 228 461 Kamchay Mear 35,183 555 - 23,060 5,308 5,259 Kamp. Trabaek 46,236 - - 36,466 9,770 - Kanhchriech 32,872 - - 22,000 3,488 7,384 Me Sang 41,810 - - 22,441 3,110 16,259 Peam Chor 39,497 - - 24,000 5,109 10,388 Peam Ro 20,390 798 798 14,300 2,846 2,446 Pea Reang 52,000 4,017 4,017 30,890 3,621 13,472 Preah Sdach 45,073 - - 39,373 2,003 3,697 Prey Veng 32,765 - - 29,520 3,079 166 Kampong Leav 18,330 372 372 12,459 1,050 4,459 Sithor Kandal 30,765 2,731 2,731 21,493 2,646 3,895 Svay Antor 6,577 23 23 4,645 1,684 225 Total 650,166 41,373 8,295 301,379 43,942 68,110 Source: Provincial Data Book NCDD, 2009.

4. Poverty Rate

86. Poverty rate is another important indicator of both economic and health. As described in the Progress Report on the Implementation of NSDP 2014-2018 and Achieving CMDGs in 2014, the poverty levels have dropped over the years from 47.8% in 2007 to around 14.0% in 2014. The Gini Coefficient of consumption of the poorest quintile in the national consumption has slowly increased from 8% in 2009 to 10% in 2013, implying that in-equalities in the population have steadily been reducing (National Population Policy, 2016).

5. Local utilities and other services

87. Consultation with relevant provincial departments and local authorities identified he following utilities in the RAMP-II project area.

 Underground cable optic lines.

 The transmission lines and electric poles: Medium tension and Low tension are generating by public and private company or sub-contractors (province and district levels). And are managing by provincial EDC.

 There are water supply system (water pipes) small kind of water systems are close to existing road way and generating by local private company in district areas, especially in urban or town areas.

 Other utilities as: waste water pipe, advertising boards, banner boards.

6. Religion and Ethnicity

88. There are different ethic people in Cambodia (Table 20). Many Chinese live in the cities and towns and doing business or small scale business such as: shopkeepers, processors (buy and sell) of rice, fish, fruit, and money leaders. Vietnamese generally live in the central and south-eastern areas of the country as Phnom Penh, Kandal, Kampong Cham, and Prey Veng province, and along the lower Mekong, Bassac River, and Tonle Sap Lake where they fish. Regarding to National Institute of Statistic (NIS) 2003, the Khmer people is the major ethnic

40 resident and represent 90% of a total population, with 5% being Chinese, Vietnamese 5%, and a small number is Cham, Burmese, and hill tribes. (ethnic/minority).

89. The largest ethnic group in Cambodia are, the Khmer, representing 90% of population. The Cham ethnic, Vietnamese and Chinese are accounting for most of the remaining ten percent. Of the remaining minority ethnic group many live in communities in the Northeast provinces and their living are depending on subsisting on the natural forest resources and on swidden agricultural activities. (State of environmental report, MoE, 2004)

Table 20. Ethnic groups in Cambodia

Khmer Chinese Vietnam Hill tribes Cham Burmese (ethnicity) Number 90% 5% 5% Small Small Small (%) Living Across the Urban 60% Central and Northeaster Across - Place country Rural 40% southeastern Source: National Institute of Statistic, 2003

90. Indigenous Cambodians are divided into the following races: Phnong, Kouy, Stieng, Mil, Kroal, Thmorn, Khaonh, Tompuonn, Charay, Kroeung, Kavet, Saouch, Lun, Kachak, Praov, and other Minorities Khmer Islamic, Vietnam, and Laos. The number of Indigenous and Minority families /population in Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, Prey Veng, and Svay Rieng of the project area is presented in Table 21.

Table 21. indigenous and minority people by province

Ethnic Minority Siem Reap Oddar Prey Veng Svay Rieng Group Meanchay Family People Family People Family People Family People Race of indigenous Phnong 0 0 54 270 0 0 0 0 Kouy 176 441 71 397 0 0 0 0 Stieng 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 Mil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kroal 0 0 1 14 0 0 0 0 Thmorn 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 Khaonh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tompuonn 0 0 3 29 0 0 0 0 Charay 0 0 3 19 0 0 0 0 Kroeung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kavet 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Saouch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other minority Khmer Islamic 285 2,186 30 136 471 2,031 0 0 Vietnamese 723 3,480 20 90 2,186 11,524 33 77 Laos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Source: Provincial Data Book, CNDD, MOI, 2010

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7. Tourism

91. Siem Reap is a major national tourism destination in Cambodia due to the international renowned attraction of Angkor Wat and Tonle Sap Lake. The visitor numbers to Siem Reap has been increasing in recent year. In 2004, the number of visitors to Siem Reap was 858,245, the comprising 560,897 is foreign tourists and 297,348 is domestic tourists (Ministry of Public Works and Transport, 2005).

92. The Cambodia tourism is expected to grow at around 15% annually in medium term and in keeping with these trends tourism in Siem Reap is also expected to continue to increase. The predicted of growth rate of annual and day trip tourism from 2009 to 2020 is provided in Table 22.

Table 22. Number of Tourists (Annual and Day Trip)

No Year Annual Tourists Daily Tourists 1 2009 894,011 3,649 2 2012 1,544,850 6,306 3 2015 2,669,501 10,896 4 2020 6,642,572 27,113 Source: Study report on the Siem Reap Sewerage System and Improvement of Siem Reap River, 2008

8. Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

NR-6 and NR-67 93. Siem Reap province is one of rich archaeological resources and Cultural Heritage in Cambodia is including Royal Palace in Siem Reap town and Prasat Bakong temple. There are some temples are located on the North of NR-6 such as: Angkor Touch, , Bakheng (any temples in Angkor Area), and Bantey Srei temple. The Angkor Temple Area is of major cultural heritage significance as reflected in its World Heritage Listing.

NR-1 94. Discussions with commune authorities indicated the absence of any sensitive archaeological and cultural resources near NR-1 area. A few pagodas are in areas distant from the NR-1 RoW.

D. Features of Road Alignments

95. The sections of the three national roads to be rehabilitated are located in mostly rural areas with some suburban areas. National roads 6 and 67 are the most rural compared to NR-1. As indicated above NR-67 also traverses two protected areas and the edge of the Anchor Watt Conservation area. Figures 15-17 show typical road alignment environments of the three roads.

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Figure 15. Alignment environments of NR-1

a) Initial suburban section just east of the Mekong river

b) Agricultural alignment

c) Example agricultural alignment

d) Local merchants along roadway

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Figure 16. Alignment environments of NR-6

a) Near beginning of NR-6 at Siem Reap town

b) Dominant rice paddy along alignment

c) Western end of section at Siem Reap provincial boundary

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Figure 17. Alignment environments of NR-67

a) Crossing northeast corner boundary of Anchor Protected Landscapes (see Figure 14)

b) At southern boundary marker of Phnom Kulen National Park

c) Looking north in Kulen National Park

d) Example homestead on RoW in Phnom Kulen National Park

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V. PLANNED PUBLIC CONSULTATION – OCTOBER 5-10/16

96. The stakeholder consultation strategy developed for the project preparation embodies the principles of meaningful engagement, transparency, participation, and inclusiveness to ensure that affected and marginalized groups such as women and the poor were given equal opportunities to participate in the design of the project, in accordance with the requirements ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).

Stakeholder consultations for the environment will be conducted in affected communes in six districts of the three affected provinces of Pey Veng and Svay Rieng (NR-1), and Siem Reap (NR-6), and Siem Reap and Oddar Meanchey (NR-67).

97. The approach to stakeholder consultation for environmental concerns or issues with the road rehabilitation projects will consist of the following avenues of inquiry and data collection: 1) As part of the household and village leader interviews conducted by the social development team; and 2) Individual interviews conducted by the International Environment Specialist during site visits, and meetings with provincial and national environmental management agencies.

A. Identification of Stakeholders

98. Stakeholders will be identified and engaged in a participatory manner. At the time of writing stakeholder consultation has focused on interviews and initial consultations with commune leaders in their commune meeting offices (Figure 5). It is anticipated that the stakeholders involved in the design of the project will include:

 Institutional stakeholders invited including the (i) project EA and PMU-3 (ii) provincial agencies (e.g., Environment, Women’s Affairs, Commerce, Water Resources, Public Works & Transport); private sector groups, and chambers of commerce;  Communities living near the roads who will benefit from the project, and who have an interest in identifying measures to enhance or maximize the benefits;  Communities living near the roads who may be directly and/or adversely affected, and who have an interest in the identification and implementation of measures to avoid or minimize negative impacts;  Vulnerable and/or marginalized groups who have an interest in the identification and implementation of measures that support and promote their involvement and participation in the project; and  Other institutions or individuals with a vested interest in the outcomes and/or impacts of the project. B. Discussion Guide

99. Five open-ended questions (Table 23), and information requests will be posed to guide discussions of the stakeholders.

Table 23. Guiding questions and information for stakeholder consultations.

1. What will be the benefits of the road rehabilitation?

Please list benefits of project.

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2. Do you have any environmental concerns with the road rehabilitation?

Please list environmental concerns of project.

3. Do you any have environmental concerns with the construction activities of the road rehabilitation?

Please list environmental concerns of construction phase activities.

4. Do you have environmental concerns with the completed operation phase of the rehabilitated road?

Please list environmental concerns of the operation of completed rehabilitated road.

5. Do you think the project design or operation should be changed to prevent negative environmental, or community impacts?

Please list changes to road upgrades that you think will prevent or reduce negative environmental, or community impacts?

100. To help orient the discussions on environmental issues and concerns of the project a list of environmental components (Table 24) will be introduced to the stakeholders ahead of the question and answer period. The stakeholders will be encouraged to add their own components of environment to the discussions.

Table 24. Environmental Components Used to Guide Stakeholder Discussions.

 drinking water quality and availability  ecological protected areas (e.g.,  surface water quality and quantity national parks, wildlife sanctuaries),  groundwater quality and quantity  land uses (e.g., agriculture, fisheries,  air quality forestry, navigation, aquaculture,  climate commercial, other),  land and soil quality  public safety  rivers, reservoirs,  public movement and access  trees, other vegetation,  physical cultural values (e.g., pagodas,  terrestrial and aquatic animals, e.g., cemeteries, monuments) fish, birds, small mammals

C. Indicative locations of public consultations

101. The anticipated locations of the public consultations that were determined during the initial discussions with commune leaders are shown in Figure 10.

Figure 18. Commune office venues for public consultations.

National Road 1 Location

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Kampong Trabaek Commune, Kampong Trabaek District, Prey Veng Province

Kampong Seunh Commune, , Prey Veng Province

Svay Chrum Commune, , Svay Rieng Province

Prey Angkung Commune, Bavit Only phone number obtained of office obtained Town, Svay Rieng Province

Only phone number obtained of office obtained Prey Angkung Commune, Bavit Town, Svay Rieng Province

Table 25. Results of public consultations conducted for NR-67 in September 2015

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Contact Persons & People Highlights of Consultations & Date, Time and Venue Consulted recommendations

September 6, 2015, 08:00 Mr. Hun Reth Village chief. A) Project information.  Phone: 097 64 88 598 We heard any information for Trapaeng Prei Commune the road maintenance by , Oddar Mr. Heng Hong Clerk Government from the socio Meanchey Province Phone: 011 77 75 00, Economic survey last two

months. 6 Participants 02 females  We are happy if the government maintenance this project road.  We need the road maintenance.

B) Beneficiary by the project Road  It faster for traveling to other districts and provinces. This road easy to transport products to markets, profit and save time and money, good road help agricultural products are increasing price, its bring businessmen to sell products are cheap, children are easy to go to school, it is easy to transfer things and fresh food from markets, we happy to have the maintenance road.

C. Experience in the past.  There are many accidence on the five road connect each other on the post 417+050.  Difficulty for traveling to market but all of us can do it and feeling good after road improvement.  No more increase the case of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking in this community.  The people no job after season work and migrant to worked at Thailand.  D. Suggestion and recommendation.  We need the road maintenance.  We need road maintenance also need to awareness program on traffic law.  We are need the government to maintenance this road don’t leave it damage the same in the past four years.  Should be put speed humps in urban area.  Should be train the traffic law to the community.  For dust during implementing

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Contact Persons & People Highlights of Consultations & Date, Time and Venue Consulted recommendations

should be sprit the water once or two times per day to mitigate dusty.  Villagers especially women as men need to find the job from the road maintenance According to the price how much per day?  No people affected if the project just maintenance on exiting DBST.  Need awareness on HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention program to the villagers in the community.  The communities will happy if the maintenance project utilizes the local unskilled labor.  We are request to the project for the Roundabout on the five section road on post 417+050 because many accidence this place. (Pictures Annex j) September 6, 2015, 14:30 Mr. Soun Lei Commune, chief. A. Project information. Phone: 097 62 56 877  We heard any information Sraenoy Commune office, for the road maintenance by , Siem Reap Mrs. Vork Norm Commune Government from the socio Province First deputy. Economic survey last two Phone: 097 94 25 429 months.  We are happy if the Mr. May Saramm Commune government maintenance council member. this project road. Phone: 071 58 55 82  We need the road maintenance. Mrs. Houn Pisei Gender, B. Beneficiary by the project focal Road point for commune.  It faster for traveling to other Phone: 071 76 11 250, districts and provinces.  This road easy to transport 25 Participant 03 females products to markets, profit are village chief and and save time and money, village member. good road help agricultural products are increasing price, its bring businessmen to sell products are cheap, children are easy to go to school, it is easy to transfer things and fresh food from markets, we happy to have the maintenance road. C. Experience in the past.  Difficulty for traveling with the village road connecting with NR64 because the slop so high.  The water is in the road after raining because cover land in

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Contact Persons & People Highlights of Consultations & Date, Time and Venue Consulted recommendations

front of each house around the Sraenoy market.  No more increase the case of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking in this community.  The people no job after season work and migrant to worked at Thailand. D. Suggestion and recommendation.  We need the road maintenance.  We need road maintenance also need to awareness program on traffic law.  We are need the government to maintenance this road don’t leave it damage the same in the past four years.  Should be put speed humps in urban area.  Should be train the traffic law to the community.  For dust during implementing should be sprit the water once or two times per day to mitigate dusty.  Villagers especially women as men need to find the job from the road maintenance. No people affected if the project just maintenance on exiting DBST also three meters width for drainage.  Need awareness on HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention program to the villagers in the community.  The people will be provide two or three meters if the project constructing the drainages.  The communities will happy if the maintenance project utilizes the local unskilled labor.  We need dams for spittle water under the bridge after commune office 1 Km on the NR64.  The villagers need the low slop not high that connecting with the village road.

(Pictures Annex k)

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VI. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS

102. The assessment of potential impacts of the rehabilitation of the three national roads is structured by the three development phases define by: a) pre-construction; b) construction; and c) post-construction operational in order to distinguish the important impact periods of rehabilitation of the roads, and to prevent redundancy in the assessment and reporting. This assessment structure is carried forward and is used to structure the environmental management plans (EMP) prepared for the rehabilitation of the three national roads.

103. To further prevent redundancy in the assessment potential impacts that are common to all three road upgrades are identified and discussed together. This also enables clearer highlighted assessment and discussion of road – specific potential impacts such as potential impacts of the rehabilitation of NR-67.

104. The significant design feature of the rehabilitation of the three national roads is the carriageways and shoulders of the roads will not be widened, and the alignments not be changed significantly. Some sections of road will be will be raised and the surfaces overlain with new asphalt or DBST. Improvements will be made to supporting road assets such a guard rails, signage and surface and road markers.

A. Benefits of rehabilitation of national roads

105. The rehabilitated roads will result in the following benefits:

 Road surfaces and assets will support expected increased national and international traffic from Viet Nam and Thailand;  Prevention of chronic flooding of some road sections, and excessive flooding of fields adjacent to alignments;  Reduced road accidents from improved road assets (surfaces, rails, markers), and from training & capacity development in road safety; and  Sustained road maintenance from training and capacity development of DPWT.

B. Road Rehabilitation Impacts and Mitigations

1. Pre-construction Phase

a. Occupation of RoW

106. Potential negative impacts associated with the pre-construction phase of the road upgrades concern the re-acquisition of the RoWs that were established when the roads were last upgraded and widened in 2002 and 2009. Undefined compensation is expected for those people occupying a road RoW that did not sign a formal understanding with the government of the implications of moving into the RoW. Conversely, households and businesses that did sign an agreement will not be compensated because the agreement represents a standing negotiated compensation. No resettlement is anticipated for rehabilitation of the three roads.

107. The feasibility design of the road rehabilitations indicates that no resettlement will be required. Only compensation will be required for short-term disruption business, and some domestic activities are expected. At the time of writing the locations and magnitude compensation had not been confirmed.

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b. Updating EMPs

108. The EMP for the three roads will need to be updated during the pre-construction detailed design stage to ensure the EMP meets the final detailed designs of the road upgrades. This will involve finalization of the mitigation sub-plans to manage potential impact areas such as erosion, sedimentation of surface waters, noise, dust and air quality, spoil disposal, traffic, UXO clearance, and worker and public safety at the project sites. The impact mitigations of the pre-construction phase are detailed in the EMP (below).

109. Key impact mitigation measures of the pre-construction phase are: 1) Initiation of the RoW re-acquisition compensation plan for each road; 2) Completion of detailed designs of the road upgrades; and 3) Updating and initiation of the EMPs.

110. Updating the EMPs also involves, where necessary, updating the environmental baseline descriptions of affected areas where needed to improve understanding of potential impacts of the road upgrades and to maximize effectiveness of required mitigations.

2. Construction Phase

a. Common potential impacts of road rehabilitation

111. The potential environmental impacts of the rehabilitation of NR-1, NR-6, and NR-67 will be primarily from construction phase disturbances. Common impacts of the civil works will consist of for example, reduced and/or blocked public access to areas, disrupted business and recreation, noise, dust caused by increased truck traffic and heavy equipment use, soil and surface water pollution caused by equipment operation and maintenance, public and worker accidents, increased traffic congestion & traffic accidents, land erosion and sedimentation of adjacent rice paddy and streams and rivers that are traversed by the roads. Localized drainage and flooding problems can arise. Solid waste and domestic pollution from temporary worker camps can occur, as well as potential communicable disease and local community problems caused by migrant workers. These short-term impacts and disturbances will occur at different levels of magnitude depending on the civil works activity and the road section site. These impacts were also identified by commune leaders and officials at the provincial DOEs.

i. Mitigation measures

112. Construction management measures to mitigate common potential impacts associated with the road upgrades are presented below. The mitigation measures are detailed further in the EMP.

1. Care must be taken to ensure that all earthworks along the three road alignments (e.g., excavations, trenches) that are suspected to have unexploded ordnance (UXO) should be surveyed by the Government prior to construction. If such ordnance is detected clearing work will need to be commissioned prior to undertaking civil works. 2. All open excavations should be fenced, and trenches covered where public walkways or vehicles must cross. 3. A cultural chance find management plan must be in place for cultural artifacts and property. 4. Regular use of wetting agents must be employed along all sections of the roads that are undergoing civil works to minimize dust. 5. All construction vehicles and equipment should be maintained in proper working order, and not operated at night if possible to minimize noise.

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6. Speed limits should be posted and adhered to by construction vehicles, and the public. 7. Where possible construction vehicles should use different access roads or dedicated temporary lanes to access construction areas to minimize interference with road use by the public. 8. Trees and other vegetation along road corridors should be protected. Tree removal must be minimized. 9. All trees removed for new road and landfill must be replaced with 3 three trees for each tree removed. 10. Present and past land use along road alignments should be reviewed to assess whether excavated soils are contaminated. Contaminated spoil should be disposed at the existing landfills for Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, Siem Reap, or Oddar Meanchey or locations approved by the provincial DOEs. 11. Berms and/or silt curtains should be constructed around all excavation/trench sites and along all surface waters to prevent soil erosion and surface water sedimentation. 12. Local workers should be used as much as possible to prevent or minimize influx of migrant workers, and incidence of social disease and community unrest. 13. The temporary worker camps must have adequate domestic waste collection facilities and sufficient pit latrines that are located away from public areas and surface waters. 14. Dedicated fuel storage areas must be established away from public areas and marked clearly. 15. To minimize the impact of the road construction works on the public and workers the recent Cambodia Occupational, Health, and Safety (OHS) Programme guidelines developed for Cambodia by the International Labour Organization (ILO) should be followed. Additionally the World Bank (IFC) Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (2007) should be followed to supplement the OHS if necessary. 16. Aggregates (e.g., sand, gravel, rock) that are transported by truck must be covered. 17. Prolonged use of temporary storage piles along the roads should be avoided, or covered, or wetted regularly to prevent dust and erosion. 18. Sand extraction from adjacent streams and rivers should not occur, or only occur from DoE-licensed areas. 19. Storage of bulk fuel should be on covered concrete pads away from the public and worker camp. Fuel storage areas and tanks must be clearly marked, protected and lighted. Contractors should be required to have an emergency plan to handle fuel and oil spillage.

113. As introduced above the World Bank (IFC) EHS Guidelines for Toll Roads should be followed for all the road rehabilitation civil works.

b. Batch asphalt and DBST plants

114. Existing or temporary batch plants for asphalt and DBST manufacturing will be established to provide the new surfaces and shoulders for the three roads. NR-1 being the longest road to be rehabilitated may have more than 1 asphalt batch plant in operation simultaneously in order to complete the road upgrades work efficiently. Batch plants potentially act as point sources of environmental and aesthetic pollution for the affected sites and local community. The issues arise from potential wind and water erosion (dust & sedimentation) from stockpiles of the raw materials of sands and other aggregates, chronic noise and public safety risks from batch processing and heavy truck traffic to/from the plants. Improper handling and storage of raw materials can also cause soil and surface water pollution from the curing chemicals in cement and hydrocarbons from (e.g., oil & thinners) DBST preparation.

i. Mitigations

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115. Best practice methods must be conducted to manage the creation, operation, and decommissioning of all batch plant. The contractor under supervision of MPWT must follow international guidelines stipulated by the World Bank (IFC) EHS Guidelines for: 1) Construction Material Extraction; Toll Roads, and 3) Retail Petroleum Networks. The recent USEPA (2014) Code of practice Concrete batch processing can also be consulted.

c. National Road 67

i. Ecological and cultural protected areas

116. The sections of NR-1 and NR-6 to be rehabilitated do not traverse, or are near any ecological protected area or area of cultural values. However, NR-67 traverses approximately 0.5 km of the northeast corner of the Anchor Protected Landscapes, western Phnom Kulen National Park, and through Kulen Phnomtep Wildlife Sanctuary (Figures 12-14).

117. Despite the rehabilitation designs for the road assets which will not widen or alter the alignment of the road, there is a risk of the construction activities effectively increasing the existing footprint of the NR-67 in the sensitive areas. The critical objective, therefore, is to not allow the construction disturbances increase the footprint.

ii. Mitigations

118. A specific impacts mitigation subplan for NR-67 must be created for the EMP for RAMP-II. The objective of the subplan is to control and minimize to the absolute minimum road rehabilitation activities that occur inside the protected areas. The following activities must not occur inside or near Anchor Protected Landscapes, Kulen National Park, and Kulen Phnomtep Wildlife Sanctuary:

1. Creation of borrow pits or quarrying; 2. Storage or piling of all or any construction materials; 3. Parking of idle construction vehicles and heavy equipment. All vehicles are to leave sensitive areas when not in use; 4. Maintenance of any construction vehicles or heavy equipment; 5. Establishment of batch concrete or DBST plants; 6. Creation of fuel or materials storage depots; 7. Establishment of worker camps; and 8. All worker and construction waste must be removed daily from the sites.

3. Operation Phase

a. Roads Maintenance Program

119. The follow-up Roads Maintenance Phase of the three national roads that will follow the Roads Rehabilitation Phase will potentially cause the same but expectedly smaller impacts of the Rehabilitation Phase.

i. Mitigations

120. The Road Maintenance Phase must follow the same impact mitigations as imposed for the Road Rehabilitation Phase for all three roads.

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b. Increased traffic, and traffic accidents

121. The rehabilitated roads will result in increased traffic on the roads, which will increase potential for traffic accidents, and injury to community and pedestrians.

i. Mitigations

As part of the improvements to roads assets speed control signage must be expanded for enforced speed control. Reduce speed zones must be posted in populated shoulder and RoW areas.

C. Induced and Cumulative Impacts

122. Potential induced spatial and temporal cumulative impacts of the rehabilitated national roads would stem from the increased traffic, and targeted regional economic development. The increase in national and international traffic on the roads and into the adjacent countryside will potentially result in an increase in consumption of local natural resources, and pollution production from regional socioeconomic development in the three regions serviced by the roads.

D. Climate Change

1. Projections

123. Recent reports and summaries, e.g.,7,8 of climate change scenarios for Cambodia based on the most recent climate change projections of the different Global Circulation Models (GCM) and Regional Climate Models (RCM) indicate that by 2060 average annual air temperature in the country may increase between 0.7 - 2.7Co, and total rainfall may increase between -11 and +31% during the rainy season but decrease between -11 and + 35% during dry season. Unclear is the likely change to the severity and frequency of major rainfall and wind events due to climate change.

2. Climate Risk and Vulnerability9

124. The important variable with respect to climate change is the frequency and severity of rainfall events. The sensitivity of the rehabilitated national roads to local rainfall events and flooding is considered greatest with sections of NR-6, and the western section of NR-1. For NR-6 this is because the road bisects the slope from the mountains to the north down to the bottom of the Tonle Sap basin to the south. Flood events occur along NR-67 because there is insufficient lateral drainage to allow flood waters to drain downslope through the road the lower lands south of the road. NR-1 in Prey Veng province is sensitive because that section of road is closest to the Mekong river, and therefore, most sensitive to the Mekong floodplain. NR-67 is least sensitive to severe rainfall events because the road runs north-south up the same slope bisected by NR-6, and also because the significant natural absorptive capacity of the dense forest ecosystems of the Protected Areas the road traverses. It anticipated that the climate risk of RAMP-II is screened at Medium.

7 UNEP, 2010. Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of Southeast Asian Countries Addressing Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaption to Climate Variability and Climate Change, 215 pgs + references 8 World Bank, GFDDR, 2011. Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change: Cambodia, 15 pgs. 9 ADB (2014) Climate Proofing ADB Investment in the Transport Sector: Initial Experience, 88 pgs + Appendices

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3. Mitigation and Adaptation

125. A major design element of RAMP-II is to prevent future flooding of the three roadways. This will be done by elevating low sections of the roads, installing flood resistant road surfaces and shoulders, and improved road surface drainage, and expanding lateral drainage to allow heavy rain to move off road surfaces faster, and lateral flood waters to move through an away from roads sections thereby preventing flooded field from inundating the roads. The costs of the road rehabilitations must reflect the technical requirements to make the roads resilient to climate change.

126. Consideration of climate change includes measures to reduce the contribution of the rehabilitated roads to greenhouse gas production. Effort needs to be taken to reduce the carbon footprint of the roads by ensuring that posted speed limits along the roads are enforced, and that all vehicles using the roads are in good working condition. All lighting installed along the roads should use light bulbs that are energy efficient.

VII. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

127. No design or location alternatives to the rehabilitation of the three national roads were evaluated.

VIII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

128. The road upgrades were introduced to the public and stakeholders during consultation meetings which included verbal and visual presentations of all road civil works activities.

129. The IEE must be easily available to the stakeholders contacted during project preparation, in written and verbal forms, and in local language. At a minimum the Executive Summary of the IEE should be translated to Khmer and distributed to all commune offices whom participated in public consultations. The IEE should be available on the MOE/DOE and MPWT/DPWT web sites, at their respective offices, district offices, and road rehabilitation site offices. Similarly, all project reporting with specific reference to stakeholder consultation minutes, environmental monitoring, and reports on EMP implementation released by the EA/PMU-3/SEU should be available at the same offices and web sites. The IEE will also be available on the ADB web site. And after road rehabilitation begins, all environmental and EMP reporting submitted by the EA/PMU-3 will also be available on the project and ADB web site.

130. A well-defined grievance redress and resolution mechanism will be established to address all affected stakeholders lodge grievances and complaints regarding environment, land acquisition, and compensation and resettlement, in a timely and satisfactory manner. All stakeholders will be made fully aware of their rights, and the detailed procedures for filing grievances and an appeal process will be published through an effective public information campaign. The grievance redress mechanism and appeal procedures will also be explained in a project information booklet (PIB) that will be distributed to all stakeholders.

131. APs are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any perceived issue with the affected environment, or aspect of the land acquisition and resettlement requirements such as entitlements, rates and payment and procedures for resettlement and income restoration programs. APs complaints can be made verbally or in written form. In the case of verbal complaints, the committee on grievance will be responsible to make a written record during the first meeting with the APs.

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132. A Grievance Committee that has experience with environmental and social issues will be organized in local communes, comprising local leaders designated for such tasks. The designated commune officials shall exercise all efforts to settle issues at the commune level through appropriate community consultation. All meetings shall be recorded by the Grievance Committee and copies of meeting minutes shall be provided to affected persons. A copy of the minutes of meetings and actions undertaken shall also be provided to the DPWT, PMU-3, and ADB upon request.

133. The procedures for environmental and social grievance redress are set out below. The procedure described below is consistent with the legal process for resolution of disputes in Cambodia.

i) Stage 1: Complaints from APs for the first time shall be lodged verbally or in written form with the village head or commune leader. The complaints shall be discussed with the APs and the designated Head of Grievance Committee or members of the committee. Because initial environmental issues will most likely be construction-related the Environment Officer/contractor and Safeguards Specialist/PMU-3 need to be notified immediately. It will be the responsibility of the Head of Grievance Committee to resolve the issue within 15 days from the date the complaint is received. All meetings shall be recorded and copies of the minutes of meetings will be provided to APs.

ii) Stage 2: If no understanding or amicable solution can be reached or if no response is received from the Grievance Committee within 15 days from filing the complaint, the APs can elevate the case to the District Grievance Committee. The District Grievance Committee is expected to respond within 15 days upon receiving the APs appeal.

iii) Stage 3: If the AP is not satisfied with the decision of the District Office, or in the absence of any response, the APs can appeal to the Provincial Grievance Committee (PGC). The PGC will review and issue a decision on the appeal within 30 days from the day the complaint is received.

iv) Stage 4: If the AP is still not satisfied with the decision of the PGC or in the absence of any response within the stipulated time, the APs, as a last resort may submit his/her case to the provincial court. The court will address the appeal by written decision and submit copies to the respective entities which include the MPWT, DGC/PGC and the APs. If however, the AP is still not satisfied the court’s decision, the case may be elevated to the provincial court. If however, the decision of the provincial court is still unsatisfactory to the APs, the APs may bring the complaints to the Higher Court.

134. The PMU-3 will be responsible for checking the procedures and resolutions of grievances and complaints. The sustainability and monitoring coordination unit of the PMU-3 must have expertise and experience in social and environmental issues associated with infrastructure developments. The PSC may recommend further measures to be taken to redress unresolved grievances. The environmental specialists of the PIC will provide the necessary training to improve grievance procedures and strategy for the grievance committee members when required.

135. The executing agency will shoulder all administrative and legal fees that will be incurred in the resolution of grievances and complaints if the APs win their case. Other costs incurred by legitimate complaints will also be refunded by the project if the APs win their case.

136. In cases where APs do not have the writing skills or are unable to express their grievances verbally, APs are encouraged to seek assistance from the recognized local groups, NGOs, other family members, village heads, or community chiefs to have their grievances recorded in writing and to have access other documentation, and to any survey or valuation

58 of assets, to ensure that where disputes do occur, all the details have been recorded accurately enabling all parties to be treated fairly. Throughout the grievance redress process, the responsible committee will ensure that the concerned APs are provided with copies of complaints and decisions or resolutions reached.

137. If efforts to resolve disputes using the grievance procedures remain unresolved or are unsatisfactory, APs have the right to directly discuss their concerns or problems with ADB’s Southeast Asia Department through the ADB Cambodia Resident Mission (CARM). If APs are still not satisfied with the responses of CARM and the Southeast Asia Department, they can directly contact the ADB Office of the Special Project Facilitator (OSPF).

IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Introduction

138. The environmental management plan (EMP) for the rehabilitation of national Roads 1, 6, and 67 has been prepared for the Second Road Assets Management Project in Cambodia. The EMP supported the IEE. The EMP is comprehensive and developed as a stand-alone management tool for the parent IEE.

B. Summary of Roads Rehabilitation

The national roads to be rehabilitated are summarized below.

Section Surface National Province Districts length (km) type Road Prey Veng, Kampong Trabek, Preah Sdach 1 100 asphalt Svay Rieng Svay Chrum

6 Siem Reap Puok, Kraluch 50 asphalt

Siem Reap, Prasat Bakong, Banteay Srey, Varin 67 134 DBST Oddar Meanchey Anlong Veng

C. Institutional Arrangements & Responsibilities

139. At the feasibility design stage the management framework10 for the implementation of the environmental management plan is as follows. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) which is the executing agency (EA) for the project will take overall responsibility for successful implementation of the EMP. The EA has established a Phnom Penh-based Project Management Unit (PMU-3) to implement RAMP-II. The provincial Departments of Public Works and Transport (DPWT) will provide logistical support to PMU-3 when necessary. The PMU-3 will implement the EMP with an assigned Safeguards Officer (SO) from the Social and Environment Unit (SEU) of the MPWT. The PMU-3/SEU//SO will lead the implementation of the EMP in conjunction with the Environmental Officer(s) (EO) of the construction contractor(s).

140. The EA will provide operational guidance to the PMU-3 for implementation of the EMP and will liaise with the ADB on safeguard reporting and issues. The SO of the SEU will oversee

10 Adapted from ADB Project Concept Report (2014).

59 the work of the EO of the contractor(s) on the implementation of the CEMP11 for particular construction packages.

141. External support for the implementation of the EMP will be provided by the International and National Environment Specialists (ES) of the Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) which will have a budget for an external Environmental Monitoring Consultant (EMC). The EMC will conduct any required field sampling, and laboratory analyses of field samples (e.g., water quality, air quality) that cannot be performed by the contractor or PMU-3. Provided below is a summary of responsibilities for implementation of the EMP.

142. The responsibilities of the EA:

 Provide coordination for environmental and social safeguards and monitoring;  Liaise with ADB on the implementation of the EMP; and  Coordinate resolution with PMU-3 and ADB if necessary with issues arising from the implementation of EMP.

143. The responsibilities of the Safeguards Officer (SO) of the SEU/MPWT include:

 Assist PIC with updating the EMP to meet final detailed road rehabilitation designs;  Notify MPWT to verify that Government approvals of project are met, and that the EMP is compliant with requirements of Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC)sub- decree on EIA, No 72 ANRK.BK, issued by the Ministry of Environment (MOE, 1999);  Assist PIC with inclusion of CEMP requirements in bidding documents, including bid evaluations, based on the updated EMP;  Undertake day to day management of EMP implementation activities;  Work with PMU-3 on implementation of monitoring plan of EMP;  Ensuring compliance with loan covenants and assurances in respect of rehabilitation of all three roads, including EMPs (as well as any RoW compensation);  Lead follow-up meetings with all affected stakeholders;  Prepare and submit quarterly reports on EMP implementation to the PMU-3/EA;  Oversee implementation of the CEMP by contractor;  Coordinate with ES of PIC for EMP implementation;  Undertake regular construction site inspections to ensure contractor implements the CEMP properly; and  Ensure the contractor’s EO submits monthly reports on construction mitigations and monitoring.

144. The responsibilities of the international and national Environmental Specialists of the PIC are listed below:

 Update the EMP to meet final detailed design requirements of road upgrades;  Provide technical direction and support to PMU-3/SEU/SO for implementation of the EMP;  Oversee the design and delivery of capacity development and training of PMU- 3/SEU/SO staff and the contractor EOs ;  Provide advice and support to the EMC with their monitoring activities;  Review all reports prepared by the PMU-3 and EMC for EA and ADB; and  Review and inspect the location of any possible contaminated sites near road upgrade alignments.

11 Contractor Environmental Management Plan prepared by contractor as part of bid documents based on updated EMP

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145. The responsibilities of Environmental Officer (EO) of Contractor include:

 Implement the CEMP during the construction phase of roads rehabilitation; and  Prepare and submit monthly reports on mitigation and monitoring activities of CEMP and any environmental issues at construction sites.

146. The responsibilities of Environmental Monitoring Consultant (EMC) include:

 Implement the environmental sampling required for monitoring plan of EMP that cannot be conducted by the contractor and SEU/SO.  Perform required laboratory analyses for the monitoring program detailed in EMP; and  Prepare and submit quarterly reports to the PIC and PMU-3 on monitoring activities.

The 4 provincial Department of Environments (DOE) are the local environment agencies which oversee environmental management of the road upgrades under the direction of the MOE. The DOE with district staff provide direction and support for environmental protection-related matters including application of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, enacted by National Assembly, 1996, promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM-1296/36; and environmental standards.

147. The ADB provides guidance to EA/PMU-3 with any issues related to EMP and reviews quarterly reports on EMP activities compiled and submitted by the EA/PMU-3.

1. Worker and Community Health and Safety

148. In 2003 the International Labour Organization (ILO) created the New Global Strategy for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). Based on the OSH12, the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT) through the Department of Occupational Safety & Health is developing the Occupational Safety and Health Master Plan (OSHM; 2009-2013) of Cambodia.

149. The emerging OSHM, inter alia, addresses worker and public safety in the construction and operation of small-medium enterprises and notably rural roads. The EA/PSC as supported by the IUs must obtain and implement the directives of the OSH Master Plan. The pertinent associated law and directives is the Labour Law of Cambodia (1997) with specific reference to chapter VIII governing health and welfare of workers and the public.

150. To supplement the OSHM the IFC/World Bank Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines (2007) should also be consulted. The IFC EHS guidelines currently provide the international standard for worker and public safety.

151. ADB assists the PMU-3 with timely guidance at each stage of project implementation following agreed implementation arrangements and reviews all documents that require ADB approval including environmental safeguards.

2. Regulatory Framework for Road Rehabilitation

152. Key national regulations and guidelines that apply to the rehabilitation national Roads 1, 6, and 67 are summarized in Error! Reference source not found.6. The current environmental standards for Cambodia are provided in Appendix D. See the chapter II for complete the legal and regulatory framework for environmental management in the four provinces.

12 ILO. 2009. Asean-Oshnet, Occupational Safety and Health Practices.

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Table 26. Key regulations and guidelines applicable to project

 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, enacted by National Assembly, 1996, promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM-1296/36;

o Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control (1999): - Annex 2: Industrial effluent standards (including WWTPs); - Annex 4: Water quality standards for public water & biodiversity; and - Annex 5: Water quality standards for public waters and health. o Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management, No 36 ANRK/BK (1999)

 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, , enacted by National Assembly, 1996, and promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM-1296/36;  Law on Natural Protected Areas enacted by National Assembly, 2008 promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM/0208/007;  Law on Fisheries Management and Administration(1989);  Law on Forest enacted by National Assembly, 2002 promulgated by Preah Reach Kram/NS/RKM/0802/016;

Summary of Potential Impacts

153. The potential impacts of the rehabilitation of the National Roads 1, 6, and 67 from the IEE are summarized in Table 27. Potential impacts concern the civil works during the construction phase of the road upgrades. The short-term disturbances of the construction and civil works activities will be noise, dust, reduced access, increased traffic and risk of traffic accidents, worker and public safety, soil erosion and sedimentation of local surface waters.

Table 27: Summary of potential environmental impacts and mitigations of RAMP-II

Pre-construction Phase

 RoW compensation for non-negotiated RoW activity  No resettlement

Construction Phase  Disturbances & impacts from civil works such as reduced and/or blocked public access to areas, disrupted business and recreation, noise, dust caused by increased truck traffic and heavy equipment use, soil and surface water pollution caused by equipment operation and maintenance, public and worker accidents, increased traffic congestion & traffic accidents, land erosion and sedimentation of local surface waters, localized drainage and flooding problems, solid waste and domestic pollution from worker camps, and communicable disease and community problems caused by migrant workers.

 Disturbance and pollution from creation and operation of asphalt and DBST batch plants.

 Disturbances to Anchor Watt Conservation Area, Kulen National Park, and Phnomtep Wildlife Sanctuary including loss of marginal forest cover. Operation Phase  Increased traffic accidents along roadways, and in villages.

 Expanded development along existing RoW of NR-67 causing further encroachment into the three protected areas.

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D. Public Consultation

154. The stakeholder consultation strategy that was developed and implemented for the IEE will be continued with the start of the pre-construction phase of the road upgrades. The first step will be to disclose of the draft IEE to the affected stakeholders that were consulted to obtain their review and comment.

1. Follow-up Consultation

155. As indicated in the IEE the primary concern of the public and institutional stakeholders of the road upgrades were disturbances during construction phase of the upgrades. These issues will be reviewed during follow-up consultations throughout the pre-construction, construction, and operation of the completed rehabilitated roads.

E. Mitigation Plan

156. The mitigation measures of the EMP are presented in the mitigation plan for the road upgrades in Error! Reference source not found.38. Following the structure of the IEE, the mitigation plan is organized by the three development phases of the road upgrades defined by the pre-construction; construction; and the post construction operational phase. The mitigation plan addresses the environmental issues and concerns raised at the stakeholder meetings.

157. The mitigation plan combines common construction phase impacts of the rehabilitation of the three roads for which single mitigation measures are prescribed. In this way common mitigation measures are not re-stated numerous times. However, impacts and required mitigations specific to a road upgrade are highlighted. Or, common mitigations that are particularly important for a specific road upgrade are underscored.

158. The mitigation plan identifies potential impacts, required mitigations, responsible parties, location, timing, and indicative costs. The mitigation plan is decidedly comprehensive in order for it to be easily updated at the detailed design phase to fully address the potential impacts of the final road rehabilitation designs.

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Table 28. Environmental Impact Mitigation Plan

Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

Pre-Construction, Detailed Design Phase of RAMP-II

All affected Confirmation of No negative Before Affected households well informed well ahead of RAMP-II persons in required resettlement, environmental 1. project See LARP See LARP PMU-3 LARP committees implementation. alignment & compensation impacts implemented areas

Disclosure, & For all No community Initiate Information Disclosure and Grievance Beginning of No marginal engagement of 2. construction Quarterly PMU-3 PMU-3/PIC impacts Mechanism of IEE project cost14 community sites.

Notify MOE of project initiation to ensure EIA 3. Entire Before No marginal GoC approvals No negative impact requirements complete, and obtain required project As required PMU-3/MOE PIC-ES alignments construction cost permits and certificates.

13 Costs will need to be updated during detailed design phase. 14 No marginal cost indicates that costs to implement mitigation are to be built into cost estimates of bids of contractors 64

Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

4. Work with PIC15 to complete detailed designs of the individual road rehabilitations. Ensure the following measures are included: a) identification of spill management prevention plans, and emergency response plans for all construction sites; b) identification of, and no disturbance or damage to culture property and values; c) no unnecessary cutting of trees; d) locate any new aggregate borrow pits away from human settlements with fencing, access barriers, and Once with Minimize negative signage; Before Detailed designs of detailed No marginal environmental Final siting construction PMU-3/PIC Contractor RAMP-II, designs cost impacts e) ensure careful plan developed to ensure no disruption initiated to water supply, electricity, or other utilities with documents contingency plans for unavoidable disruptions; f) no disruption to normal pedestrian and vehicle traffic along project roads and side roads with contingency alternate routes; g) for all public areas,( e.g., NR-1) include specific plan to notify & provide residents and merchants of construction activities & schedule to minimize disruption to normal commercial and household activities. h) review measures to prevent or minimize disturbances to all schools, social && cultural centres, and pagodas

15 PIC is project implementation support team; to be determined 65

Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

5. Review finalized road rehabilitation works to prevent or minimize impact on adjacent properties 6. Review measures that will ensure minimal to no erosion and sedimentation of all streams and rivers, and adjacent farmlands 7. Identify any new potential impacts of RAMP-II, and include in EMP 8. Confirm construction solid waste disposal site(s) with MOE 9. Update mitigation measures and monitoring requirements of EMP where necessary to meet detailed road Once with Positive rehabilitation designs, and to protect affected Along all three Before detailed Update EMP environmental environments. road construction PMU-3/SEU PIC-ES/SEU designs impacts alignments initiated 10. Submit updated EMP including any new potential documents impacts to ADB for review. 11. Develop individual mitigation management sub-plans for use in CEMPs: a) Construction drainage; b) Soil erosion; c) Noise and dust; d) Contaminated spoil disposal; e) Solid and liquid waste disposal; f) Construction & urban traffic congestion; g) Utility and power disruption; h) Worker and public safety; i) Tree (including mangrove) and vegetation removal and site restoration; j) Construction materials acquisition, transport, & storage, and k) Cultural chance finds. 12. Complete separate impact mitigation subplan for the three Protected Areas along NR-67 (see below)

Positive Before Once with See Update EMP environmental Update baseline water quality & presence of aquatic All intersecting 13. construction updated Monitoring PMU-3/SEU PIC-ES/SEU impacts biota in steams/rivers intersecting the three NRs water courses initiated EMP Plan below

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

Confirm GoC Notify MOE to confirm locations of sites for borrow pits 14. Entire Before No marginal approved construction No negative impact and disposal areas for construction for RAMP-II, and As required PMU-3/MOE PIC-ES alignments construction cost waste disposal sites obtain required permits.

15. Ensure updated EMP is included in contractor tender documents, and that tender documents specify No negative Before Develop bid contractor-defined CEMPs must be budgeted. All alignment Once for all No marginal environmental construction ADB/PMU-3 PMU-3/PIC documents areas tenders cost impact 16. Specify in bid documents that contractor must have begins experience with designing & implementing CEMPs, or provide staff with the experience.

Create awareness of No negative PMU-3/PIC to review potential locations of physical Before 17. All alignment No marginal physical cultural environmental cultural resources, and explain possible PCR sites to construction Once PMU-3/PIC PIC-ES/SEU areas cost resources in area impact contractors begins

Contractors to comply with all statutory requirements set For all Obtain & activate Prevent or 18. Beginning of No marginal out by GoC for use of construction equipment, and construction Once PMU-3/SRA PIC/contractors permits and licenses minimize impacts construction cost operation construction asphalt/DBST batch plants. sites

19. Develop and schedule training plan for PMU-3/SEU to be Initially, No negative able to fully implement EMP, and to manage Before All alignment refresher No marginal Capacity development environmental implementation of mitigation measures by contractors. construction PMU-3/SEU/PIC PIC/ES/SEU areas later if cost impact begins 20. Create awareness and training plan for contractors whom needed will implement mitigation measures.

Spread of sexually Throughout Recruitment of Use local workers as much as possible thereby reducing Worker No marginal Contractor’s bid transmitted 21. All work forces. construction PMU-3 workers #s of migrant worker hiring stages cost documents disease phase

Construction Phase of Rehabilitation of NR-1, NR-6, NR-67

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

Initiate updated EMP & CEMP including individual 22. For all Initiate EMP & sub- Prevent or management sub-plans for different potential impact Beginning of No marginal construction Once PMU-3/PIC contractor plans, minimize impacts areas that are completed in pre-construction phase (see construction cost sites sub-plan guidance below).

23. Locate worker camps away from human settlements. 24. Ensure adequate housing and waste disposal facilities including pit latrines and garbage cans. 25. A solid waste collection program must be established and implemented that maintains a clean worker camps 26. Locate separate pit latrines for male and female workers away from worker living and eating areas. A clean-out or infill schedule for pit latrines must be 27. Throughout Operation of worker Pollution and social established and implemented to ensure working latrines All worker No marginal construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor camps problems are available at all times. camps cost phase 28. Worker camps must have adequate drainage. 29. Local food should be provided to worker camps. Guns and weapons not allowed in camps. 30. Transient workers should not be allowed to interact with the local community. HIV Aids education should be given to workers. 31. Camp areas must be restored to original condition after construction completed.

PMU-3 office, Prevent of impacts Implement training and awareness plan for PMU-3/SEU Beginning of After each No marginal Training & capacity 32. construction PMU-3/PIC PIC-ES through education and contractors. construction event cost sites

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

33. All borrow pits should be reviewed and approved by MOE. 34. Select pits in areas with low gradient and as close as possible to construction sites. 35. Required aggregate volumes must be carefully calculated prior to extraction to prevent wastage. 36. Pits and quarries should not be located near surface waters, houses, or cultural property or values. Pollution, injury, Operation of borrow All borrow pits Throughout increased 37. All topsoil and overburden removed should be stockpiled No marginal pits, & construction construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor construction traffic for later restoration. cost areas. phase congestion 38. All borrow pits and quarries should have a fence perimeter with signage to keep public away. 39. After use pits and quarries should be dewatered and permanent fences installed with signage to keep public out, and restored as much as possible using original overburden and topsoil. 40. Unstable slope conditions in/adjacent to the quarry or pit caused by the extractions should be rectified with tree planting.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

41. Define & schedule how materials are extracted from borrow pits and rock quarries, transported, and handled & stored at sites.

42. Define and schedule how fabricated materials such as steel, wood structures, and scaffolding will transported and handled. Pollution, injury, For all Throughout increased All aggregate loads on trucks should be covered. No marginal 43. construction construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor Transport of construction traffic cost areas. phase construction materials, congestion 44. Piles of aggregates at sites should be used/or removed and storage of promptly, or covered and placed in non- traffic areas materials on site 45. Stored aggregates well away from all human activity and settlements, and cultural (e.g., schools, hospitals), and ecological receptors. Bitumen batch plants & handling areas should be isolated from alignments.

46. Contractors must be well trained and experienced with the production, handling, and application of bitumen.

Air pollution, land 47. All spills should be cleaned immediately and handled as and water per hazardous waste management plan, and according For all Throughout Asphalt production, No marginal contamination, and to GoC regulations. construction construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor and application cost traffic & access 48. Bitumen should only be spread on designated road beds, areas. phase problems, not on other land, near or in any surface waters, or near any human activities. 49. Bitumen should not be used as a fuel.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

50. Uncontaminated spoil to be disposed of in GoC- designated sites, which must never be in or adjacent surface waters. Designated sites must be clearly marked and identified. 51. Spoil must not be disposed of on sloped land, near cultural property or values, ecologically important areas, or on/near any other culturally or ecologically sensitive feature.

Contamination of 52. Where possible spoil should be used at other land and surface construction sites, or disposed in spent quarries or Throughout Implement Spoil waters from borrow pits. All excavation construction Monthly See PMU-3/PIC contractor management sub-plan excavated spoil, areas A record of type, estimated volume, and source of phase Monitoring and construction 53. disposed spoil must be recorded. Plan for waste contaminated 54. Contaminated spoil disposal must follow GoC regulations soil analyses including handling, transport, treatment (if necessary), and disposal. 55. Suspected contaminated soil must be tested, and disposed of in designated sites identified as per GoC regulations. 56. Before treatment or disposal contaminated spoil must be covered with plastic and isolated from all human activity.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

57. Management of general solid and liquid waste of construction will follow GoC regulations, and will cover, collection, handling, transport, recycling, and disposal of waste created from construction activities and worker force. 58. Areas of disposal of construction solid and liquid waste to be determined by GoC. 59. Disposed of waste should be catalogued for type, estimated weigh, and source. 60. Construction sites should have large garbage bins. 61. A schedule of construction solid and liquid waste pickup and disposal must be established and followed that ensures construction sites are as clean as possible. Contamination of Implement Solid and Solid waste should be separated and recyclables sold to All construction Throughout land and surface 62. No marginal liquid construction buyers in community. sites and construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor waters from cost waste sub-plan worker camps phase construction waste Hazardous Waste 63. Collection, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste such as used oils, gasoline, road marker paint, and other toxics must follow GoC regulations. 64. Wastes should be separated (e.g., hydrocarbons, batteries, paints) 65. Wastes must be stored above ground in closed, well labeled, ventilated plastic bins in good condition well away from construction activity areas, all surface water, water supplies, and cultural and ecological sensitive receptors. 66. All spills must be cleaned up completely with all contaminated soil removed and handled with by contaminated spoil sub-plan.

72

Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

67. Regularly apply wetting agents to exposed soil and along all road rehabilitation sites. Implement dust sub- Dust Cover or keep moist all stockpiles of construction All construction No marginal 68. Fulltime Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor plan aggregates, and all truckloads of aggregates. sites. cost 69. Minimize time that excavations and exposed soil are left open/exposed. Backfill immediately after work completed.

70. As much as possible restrict working time between 07:00 and 17:00. In particular are activities such as pile driving. 71. Maintain equipment in proper working order Implement noise All construction No marginal Noise Replace unnecessarily noisy vehicles and machinery. Fulltime Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor subplan 72. sites. cost 73. Vehicles and machinery to be turned off when not in use. 74. Construct temporary noise barriers around excessively noisy activity areas where possible.

75. Develop carefully a plan of days and locations where outages in utilities and services will occur, or are expected.

Implement water Loss or disruption 76. Contact local utilities and services with schedule, and All construction No marginal PMU-3/PIC Utility supply and electricity of water supply identify possible contingency back-up plans for outages. Fulltime Monthly contractor sites. cost companies disruption sub-plan and electricity 77. Contact affected community to inform them of planned outages. 78. Try to schedule all outages during low use time such between 24:00 and 06:00.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

79. Contact MOE for advice on how to minimize damage to trees and vegetation. 80. Restrict all tree and vegetation removal to inside road Implement Tree and RoWs. Damage or loss of Beginning vegetation removal, All construction No marginal trees, vegetation, 81. Prevent tree removals, and install protective physical and end of Monthly MOE/PMU-3/PIC contractor and site restoration sites. cost and landscape barriers around trees that do not need to be removed. RAMP-II sub-plan 82. All areas to be re-vegetated and landscaped after construction completed. Consult MOE to determine the most successful restoration strategy and techniques. Aim to replant three trees for each tree removed.

83. Berms, and plastic sheet fencing should be placed around all excavations and earthwork areas. 84. Earthworks should be conducted during dry periods. Maintain a stockpile of topsoil for immediate site Throughout Implement Erosion 85. All construction No marginal Land erosion restoration following backfilling. construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor control sub-plan sites cost phase 86. Protect exposed or cut slopes with planted vegetation, and have a slope stabilization protocol ready. 87. Re-vegetate all soil exposure areas immediately after work completed.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

88. Proper fencing, protective barriers, and buffer zones should be provided around all construction sites. 89. Sufficient signage and information disclosure, and site supervisors and night guards should be placed at all sites. 90. Worker and public safety guidelines of GoC should be followed. 91. Speed limits suitable for the size and type of construction vehicles, and current traffic patterns should be developed, posted, and enforced on all roads used by construction vehicles.

Public and 92. Standing water suitable for disease vector breeding should be filled in. Implement worker and worker injury, and All construction No marginal Fulltime Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor public safety sub-plan health 93. Worker education and awareness seminars for sites. cost construction hazards should be given at beginning of construction phase, and at ideal frequency of monthly. A construction site safety program should be developed and distributed to workers. 94. Appropriate safety clothing and footwear should be mandatory for all construction workers. 95. Adequate medical services must be on site or nearby all construction sites. 96. Drinking water must be provided at all construction sites. 97. Sufficient lighting be used during necessary night work. 98. All construction sites should be examined daily to ensure unsafe conditions are removed.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

99. Protective berms, plastic sheet fencing, or silt curtains should be placed between all earthworks and all surface waters. 100. Erosion channels must be built around aggregate stockpile areas to contain rain-induced erosion. 101. Earthworks should be conducted during dry periods. Degradation of Throughout 102. All construction fluids such as oils, and fuels should be All construction No marginal Civil works water quality & construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor stored and handled well away from surface waters. sites cost aquatic resources phase 103. No waste of any kind is to be thrown into surface waters 104. No washing or repair of machinery near surface waters. 105. Temporary pit latrines to be located well away from surface waters, homes, and businesses. 106. All irrigation canals and channels to be protected the same way as surface waters above.

Degradation of Throughout All construction fluids such as oils, and fuels should be All construction No marginal Civil works terrestrial 107. construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor stored and handled well away from forested areas. sites cost resources phase

108. Schedule construction vehicle activity during light traffic periods. Create adequate traffic detours, and sufficient signage & warning lights. 109. Post speed limits, and create dedicated construction vehicle roads or lanes. Implement Traffic disruption, All construction No marginal Construction and accidents, public Inform community of location of construction traffic Fulltime Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor 110. sites cost urban traffic sub-plan injury areas, and provide them with directions on how to best co-exist with construction vehicles on their roads. 111. Demarcate additional locations where pedestrians can develop road crossings away from construction areas. 112. Provide construction road and walkway lighting.

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

113. Provide adequate short-term drainage away from construction sites to prevent ponding and flooding. 114. Manage to not allow borrow pits and quarries to fill with water. Pump periodically to land infiltration or nearby Implement Design & Loss of drainage & water courses. All areas near No marginal Construction Drainage construction Monthly PMU-3/PIC contractor flood storage stream cost sub-plan 115. Install temporary storm drains or ditches for construction phases sites 116. Ensure connections among surface waters (ponds, streams) are maintained or enhanced to sustain existing stormwater storage capacity..

117. As per detailed designs all civil works should be located away from all cultural property, and PCR sites identified during pre-construction phase

118. Chance finds of valued relics and cultural values should

be anticipated by contractors. Site supervisors should be Damage to cultural Civil works & Chance on the watch for finds. property or values, At the start , finds sub-plan and chance finds 119. Upon a chance find all work stops immediately, find left All construction and PMU-3/PIC contractor No marginal untouched, and PMU-3 notified to determine if find is sites throughout Monthly cost valuable. Culture section of MOE notified by telephone if construction valuable. phase 120. Work at find site will remain stopped until DCST allows work to continue.

Rehabilitation of NR-67

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

121. Absolute minimal construction activities and workers allowed in the three national parks during rehabilitation of NR-67sections located inside the Parks using the following strictly enforced, special protocol and regulations: a) No worker camps or overnight stays in allowed Parks

b) No creation of borrow pits or quarrying in Parks

c) No temporary batch plants for DBST bitumen established in Parks Permanent All civil construction Sections of NR- Through damage, and d) No storage of aggregates or any other materials in No marginal works, vehicle 67 in the three construction Weekly PMU-3/SEU//PIC contractor encroachment into Parks. cost operation/maintenance, Protected Areas phase Park lands outside and construction e) No creation of fuel depots in Parks. existing NR-76 materials transport & RoWs in the three f) Only vehicles and equipment in use allowed in Parks. All storage Protected Areas. vehicles or equipment periodically not in use should be parked outside Parks. No overnight parking of vehicles or any equipment in Parks. g) No maintenance of vehicles or equipment in Parks. h) All solid and liquid construction and worker waste must be collected and removed from Parks everyday.

Operation of New Roads

Risk of vehicle 122. Ensure well marked safe speed limits along NR-1, NR-6, accidents and NR 67 are enforced. Along all three All vehicles that use the rehabilitated roads should be Fulltime Biannual O&M MPWT. Operation of new 123. NRs required to be in good working condition roads Air & land pollution

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Potential Estimated Responsibility RAMP-II Activity Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Timing Cost13 Reporting Activity Impacts (USD) Supervision Implementation

Further 124. Prevention/restrictions of commercial and local encroachment into development in the three Protected Areas as a result of Park management authorities / MOE / the three Protected additional traffic should be increased and strictly MPWT Areas enforced.

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F. Monitoring Plan

159. The environmental monitoring plan for the EMP is provided in Error! Reference source not found.. The monitoring plan focuses on all three phases (pre-construction, construction, post-construction operation) of the rehabilitation of the roads, and consists of environmental indicators, the sampling locations and frequency, method of data collection, responsible parties, and estimated costs. The purpose of the monitoring plan is to determine the effectiveness of the impact mitigations, and to document any unexpected positive or negative environmental impacts of the road upgrades.

1. Environmental Standards for Road Rehabilitation

160. Environmental standards for ambient water quality for Cambodia are found in Appendix D. The environmental standards provided by the World Bank/IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (2007), e.g., ambient air quality and noise, should be followed to supplement standards that are not provided by the Government.

161. An independent environmental monitoring consultant (EMC) will be required to implement the environmental monitoring program. The EMC will be responsible for any sampling of environmental quality parameters that must be analyzed in a laboratory. The SEU/SO and contractor/EO will coordinate with the EMC. The PIC/-3/SEU will provide logistical support to the EMC where necessary for the implementation of environmental monitoring plan.

2. Performance Monitoring

162. Performance monitoring is required to assess the overall performance of the EMP. A project performance monitoring system will be developed by the EA for RAMP-II. Select indicators of major components of the environment that will be affected primarily by the construction phase are drawn from the mitigation and monitoring plans and summarized in Table 30.

G. Reporting

163. Regular reporting on the implementation of mitigation measures and on monitoring activities during construction phase of the road upgrades is required. Reporting is the responsibility of IU and should be conducted in conjunction with regular meetings with stakeholders as part of the continuation of stakeholder communications. The mitigation and monitoring plans (Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found.) summarize proposed timing of reporting. A report on environmental monitoring and implementation of EMP will be prepared quarterly for the EA by the PMU-3. The PMU-3 report will compile monthly reports provided by the EO of contractor, the reports of the EMC on monitoring, and input from the ES of the PIC. The PMU-3 reports will also be sent to the provincial DOEs and to the EA for consolidation and transmission to ADB quarterly.

164. The reports will assess all indicators measured with the monitoring plan of EMP including performance monitoring indicators (Table 30), and will include relevant Government environmental quality standards. Templates for the monitoring reports to be prepared by the SO/SEU, and ES/PIC at detailed design.

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Table 29. Environmental monitoring plan

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING

Responsibility Estimated Environmental Indicators Location Means of Monitoring Frequency Reporting Cost (USD)16 Supervision Implementation

Pre-construction Phase – Update Environmental Baseline Conditions

Review environmental baseline, Along alignments of the NR-1, 6, and 67 to including existing sensitive cultural be rehabilitated. Consultation with community, Once Once PMU-3/PIC $200. property & values PIC

A) Update baseline qualitative air quality: dust, noise, and vibration A): At inhabited areas points along roads A) $500. levels along RoW A & B: One baseline One day and supplement B): update available baseline river B): at all water course traversing three roads Using field and analytical one night report before PMU-3/PIC water quality: TSS, oil and grease, methods approved by MOE. B) $500. observation construction EMC pH, DO, COD, BOD5, temperature, during rainy & phase starts TDS, NH3, other nutrient forms of

N & P, coliform bacteria dry seasons.

Inventory of present and past land Possible contaminated lands at all uses that could cause contaminated excavation sites Using field and analytical Once Once PMU-3/PIC EMC $300. soil. methods approved by MOE.

Construction Phase of all Road Rehabilitation

Analysis of soil quality (heavy Possible contaminated lands at all Using field and analytical Once if Once PMU-3/PIC EMC $700. metals (As, Cd, Pb, oil & grease) excavation sites along existing RoWs methods approved by MOE. needed

16 Budget from MPWT 81

A – C: (A – C): A) Qualitative air quality: dust, , Using field and analytical Daily visual (A - C): noise, and vibration levels A), B), C): Baseline sites of pre-construction methods approved by MOE observations, Monthly B): Qualitative surface quality: TSS, phase, & other sites if deemed necessary. Include visual observations of A & B: $500. oil and grease dust and noise from contractor & Quantitative public reports. measurements PMU-3/PIC C: $700. conducted EMC D) All construction sites and worker camps C) Analysis of soil quality (heavy D) Visual observation quarterly metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Mn), analytical hydrocarbons. E Information transferred by during E) Using information disclosure plan telephone hotline number posted construction D) Domestic (worker) and including hotline number placed at all at all construction sites. periods construction solid waste inside & construction areas in along national roads (A, B, D - F) daily observations & records: outside construction sites including F) regular reporting by C) Once at worker camps. contractors/PMU start of F) At all construction areas along national excavations E) Public comments and roads complaints D) Monthly D - F: no F) Incidence of worker or public E) Continuous PMU-3/PIC contractor accident or injury public input marginal cost F) Continuous

Operation Phase

Incidence of traffic accidents, & On all rehabilitated sections of NR1, 6, and Community and police reporting Continuous Biannually Police and commune leaders pedestrian injury 67, and local connector roads

No marginal cost Increased development along Commune reporting, business Commune leaders and Protected rehabilitated sections in the three Along NR-67 in all three National Parks Biannual applications, Area management agencies Protected Areas

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Table 30. Performance monitoring indicators for rehabilitation of NR-1, 6, and 67

Major Environmental Key Indicator Performance Objective Data Source Component Pre-construction Phase Meetings with stakeholders contacted during IEE & new Public Affected public & Minutes of stakeholders convened for Consultation & stakeholders of meeting, and follow-up consultation & to Disclosure roadways participants list introduce grievance mechanism All stakeholders met during EMP Updated EMP IEE re-contacted for follow- EMP up consultation EMP appended to bidding Requirements of documents with clear Bid Documents CEMP17 based on Bid documents instructions to bidders for EMP CEMP By end of P-C phase, Course(s) Training of PMU- Training course(s) required course(s) that will outline, 3 & SEU & schedule be delivered are designed participants, and and scheduled schedule Updated Document baseline environmental As per EMP conditions as per Monitoring Survey baseline Plan Construction Phase Sensitive Critical habitat, rare All present critical habitat Monitoring by environmental or endangered and R & E species if PIC-ES component species if present unchanged, and unharmed Physical cultural resources such as Sensitive cultural Commune Monastery, Unharmed or disturbed component leaders, public, cemetery, and markets Qualitative river Levels never exceed pre- Monitoring by quality at road TSS (turbidity) construction baseline levels EMC crossings EMC & Qualitative air Dust, noise, Levels never exceed pre- contractor quality vibration construction baseline levels monitoring reports, Rigorous program of Contractor and Construction Solid & liquid waste procedures & rules to EMC monitoring waste collect and store all waste reports

17 Contractor Environmental Management Plan developed from EMP in contractor bidding document

Major Environmental Key Indicator Performance Objective Data Source Component from construction camps and sites practiced. Adherence to GoC OHS Public/commune Public & worker Frequency of regulations/policy to prevent & Contractor safety injuries accidents reports Public input, Frequency of Disruptions, stoppages, or contractor Traffic disruptions & detours are managed to reports, EMC blocked roadways absolute minimum. reports Operation Phase traffic accidents Not to increase over Increased traffic along rehabilitated MPWT present frequency sections of roads Commune Development Business and No change from pre RAMP- leaders, Parks along NR-67 in housing II Management Protected Areas development starts Boards

H. Estimated Cost of EMP

165. The costs for implementing the EMP are primarily for environmental monitoring (Table 31) because the costs for implementing impact mitigation measures (Table 28) are included with the construction costs in contractor bid documents. From Table 29 the preliminary costs for the implementation of the EMP for RAMP-II are summarized in Table 31. These costs include per diem technician fees.

166. An estimated budget of USD $5,000.00 is required for capacity building and training for environmental management in conjunction with other capacity development activities of RAMP- II. The costs to implement the EMP will need to be updated by the PIC/SO in conjunction with the PMU-3 during the pre-construction phase.

Table 31. Estimated costs for EMP

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Estimated Cost Activity Type (USD)

Pre-construction Phase

Updating Environmental Baseline cultural receptors $200.00 environmental quality $1,300.00

Construction Phase

environmental quality $2,200.00 public consultation $0.00 Post-construction Operation Phase environmental quality $0.00 public input none Capacity Development and training $5,000.00 Total $8,700.00 X. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY & TRAINING NEEDS

167. The PMU-3 and the SEU of the Planning Department of MPWT would benefit from training on conducting environmental impact assessment to meet MOE requirements and the ADB requirements SPS (2009). The SO staff of the construction contractors who will rehabilitate the three sections of National Roads 1, 6, and 67 will also benefit from the same training. The PIC- ES will develop and deliver training courses to the PMU-3/SEU and contractors. The primary objective of the training is to strengthen the ability of the PMU-3 and contractors to oversee and implement the EMP.

168. Training on the implementation of an EMP should address two thematic areas. The first area should be principles environmental management focused on the potential impacts of subproject activities on the natural and social environment. The second area should be environmental safeguard requirements of the ADB and GoC with specific reference to the EMP.

XI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

169. The IEE concludes that the description of the feasibility designs of RAMP-II for NR-1, NR- 6, and NR-67 combined with available information on the affected environments is sufficient to identify the scope of potential environmental impacts of RAMP-II. Providing significant changes do not occur to the design of one or more of three road upgrades, and that new sensitive environmental or social receptor data are not discovered, RAMP-II will remain Category B for environment and will not require further detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA).

170. The rehabilitation of NR-67 through the three Protected Areas requires particular care and attention to ensure all construction disturbances and potential impacts are absolutely minimized. The specific impact mitigation subplan of the Mitigation Plan of EMP which keeps all roadwork activity inside the Park to a minimum must be followed closely.

171. The EMP developed for RAMP-II provides impact mitigation plans, environmental monitoring plans, and specify the institutional responsibilities and capacity needs for the environmental management of RAMP-II. The EMP will need to be reviewed and updated at the

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detailed design phase to ensure that EMP fully addresses the potential impacts of the final road rehabilitation designs.

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APPENDIX A: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS OF RAMP-II

APPENDIX B: EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

APPENDIX C: INDICATIVE TORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS OF PIC

APPENDIX D: ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR CAMBODIA

From Government Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control (1999) http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/law/cambodia/02.htm

Table 1. Effluent standard for pollution sources discharging wastewater to public water areas or sewer access Allowable limits for pollutant substance discharging to No Parameters Unit Protected public water area Public water area and sewer 1 Temperature 0C < 45 < 45 2 pH 6 – 9 5 - 9 3 BOD5 ( 5 days at 200 C ) mg/l < 30 < 80 4 COD mg/l < 50 < 100 5 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 50 < 80 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l < 1000 < 2000 7 Grease and Oil mg/l < 5.0 < 15 8 Detergents mg/l < 5.0 < 15 9 Phenols mg/l < 0.1 < 1.2 10 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/l < 10 < 20 11 Chlorine ( free ) mg/l < 1.0 < 2.0 12 Chloride ( ion ) mg/l < 500 < 700 13 Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l < 300 < 500 14 Sulphide ( as Sulphur ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 15 Phosphate ( PO4 ) mg/l < 3.0 < 6.0 16 Cyanide ( CN ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.5 17 Barium ( Ba ) mg/l < 4.0 < 7.0 18 Arsenic ( As ) mg/l < 0.10 < 1.0 19 Tin ( Sn ) mg/l < 2.0 < 8.0 20 Iron ( Fe ) mg/l < 1.0 < 20 21 Boron ( B ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0 22 Manganese ( Mn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0 23 Cadmium ( Cd ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5

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24 Chromium ( Cr )+3 mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 25 Chromium ( Cr )+6 mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5 26 Copper ( Cu ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 27 Lead ( Pb ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0 28 Mercury (Hg ) mg/l < 0.002 < 0.05 29 Nickel ( Ni ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0 30 Selenium ( Se ) mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5 31 Silver ( Ag ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5 32 Zinc ( Zn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 3.0 33 Molybdenum ( Mo ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0 34 Ammonia ( NH3 ) mg/l < 5.0 < 7.0 35 DO mg/l > 2.0 > 1.0 36 Polychlorinated Biphenyl mg/l < 0.003 < 0.003 37 Calcium mg/l < 150 < 200 38 Magnesium mg/l < 150 < 200 39 Carbon tetrachloride mg/l < 3 < 3 40 Hexachloro benzene mg/l < 2 < 2 41 DTT mg/l < 1.3 < 1.3 42 Endrin mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 43 Dieldrin mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 44 Aldrin mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 45 Isodrin mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 46 Perchloro ethylene mg/l < 2.5 < 2.5 47 Hexachloro butadiene mg/l < 3 < 3 48 Chloroform mg/l < 1 < 1 49 1,2 Dichloro ethylene mg/l < 2.5 < 2.5 50 Trichloro ethylene mg/l < 1 < 1 51 Trichloro benzene mg/l < 2 < 2 52 Hexaxhloro cyclohexene mg/l < 2 < 2 Remark: The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery shall collaborate to set up the standard of pesticides which discharged from pollution sources.

Table 2: Water Quality Standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation I. For River No Parameter Unit Standard Value 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 5000 II. Lakes and Reservoirs No Parameter Unit Standard Value

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1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 COD mg/l 1 – 8 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l – 0.6 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05 III. Coastal Water No Parameter Unit Standard Value 1 pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3 2 COD mg/l 2 – 8 3 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 - 7.5 4 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 5 Oil content mg/l 0 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l – 1.0 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09

Table 3. Water Quality Standard in public water areas for public health protection No Parameter Unit Standard Value 1 Carbon tetrachloride µg/l < 12 2 Hexachloro-benzene µg/l < 0.03 3 DDT µg/l < 10 4 Endrin µg/l < 0.01 5 Diedrin µg/l < 0.01 6 Aldrin µg/l < 0.005 7 Isodrin µg/l < 0.005 8 Perchloroethylene µg/l < 10 9 Hexachlorobutadiene µg/l < 0.1 10 Chloroform µg/l < 12 11 1,2 Trichloroethylene µg/l < 10 12 Trichloroethylene µg/l < 10 13 Trichlorobenzene µg/l < 0.4 14 Hexachloroethylene µg/l < 0.05 15 Benzene µg/l < 10 16 Tetrachloroethylene µg/l < 10 17 Cadmium µg/l < 1 18 Total mercury µg/l < 0.5 19 Organic mercury µg/l 0 20 Lead µg/l < 10 21 Chromium, valent 6 µg/l < 50 22 Arsenic µg/l < 10 23 Selenium µg/l < 10

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24 Polychlorobiohenyl µg/l 0 25 Cyanide µg/l < 0.005

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Annex K SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK

Resettlement Framework Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 41123-015 Date: January 2017

ROAD NETWORK IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RNIP)

Prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

This Resettlement Framework is a document of the Borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank AHs Affected Households APs Affected Persons COI Corridor of Impact DMS Detailed Measurement Survey EMO External monitoring organization EMs Ethnic Minorities ESO Environmental and Social Office GAP Gender Action Plan GRC Grievance Redress Committee IOL Inventory of Losses IPs Indigenous Peoples IR Involuntary Resettlement IRC Inter-ministerial Resettlement Committee LBAT Labor-Based Appropriate Technology, MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRSC Provincial Resettlement Sub-committee PRSC-WG Provincial Resettlement Sub-committee Working Group RCS Replacement Cost Survey RD-MEF Resettlement Department - Ministry of Economy and Finance ROW Right-of-way SES Socio-economic survey SPS Safeguard Policy Statement

CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS (As of 06 January 2016) Currency Unit: Riels (KR) $1.00= KR 4,100

ii

GLOSSARY

Affected person - Means any person or persons, household, firm, private or public institution (AP) that, on account of changes resulting from the Project, will have its (i) standard of living adversely affected; (ii) right, title or interest in any house, land, water resources or any other moveable or fixed assets acquired, possessed, restricted or otherwise adversely affected, in full or in part, permanently or temporarily; and/or (iii) business, occupation, place of work or residence or habitat adversely affected, with or without displacement. In the case of a household, the term AP includes all members residing under one roof and operating as a single economic unit, who are adversely affected by a subproject or any of its components. Compensation - Means payment in cash or in kind to replace losses of lands, housing, income and other assets caused by the Project. All compensation is based on the principle of replacement cost, which is the method of valuing assets to replace the loss at current market rates, plus any transaction costs such as administrative charges, taxes, registration and titling costs. Corridor of - It is the area which is impacted by civil works in the implementation of the Project and is important in two particular respects: Impact (i) Legally as the area within which APs will be entitled to

compensation and other measures (in general coming under the heading of resettlement) for any loss of land, structures or land use and occupation and of livelihoods. (ii) Operationally as the agreed and demarcated area within which construction activities will take place and which must be cleared of all structures and obstructions. Cut-off date - This refers to the date prior to which the occupation or use of the project area makes residents/users of the same eligible to be categorized as affected

people. Persons not covered in the census are not eligible for compensation and other entitlements, unless they can show proof that (i) they have been inadvertently missed out during the census and the inventory of losses (IOL); or (ii) they have lawfully acquired the affected assets following completion of the census and the IOL and prior to the conduct of the detailed measurement survey (DMS). Detailed - With the aid of the approved detailed engineering design, this activity Measurement involves the finalization and/or validation of the results of the inventory of Survey (DMS) losses (IOL), severity of impacts, and list of APs earlier done during RP preparation. The final cost of resettlement can be determined following completion of the DMS. Displaced - In the context of involuntary resettlement, displaced persons are those who satisfy the condition of “Cut-off Date for Eligibility” and who are physically Person displaced (relocation, loss of residential land or loss of shelter) and/or economically displaced (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) as a result of involuntary acquisition of land, or involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas in connection with the Project. Eligibility - Means any person or persons, household, firm, private or public institution who has settled in the Project area before the cut-off date, that (i) loss of shelter, (ii) loss of assets or ability to access such assets, permanently or temporary, or (iii) loss of income sources or mean of livelihood, regardless of relocation will be entitled to be compensation and/or assistance. Entitlements - Refers to a range of measures comprising compensation, income restoration support, transfer assistance, income substitution, relocation support, etc. which are due to the APs, depending on the type and severity of their losses,

iii

to restore their economic and social base. Income - This is the re-establishment of sources of income and livelihood of severely affected and vulnerable households to supplement the compensation Restoration received for affected assets so as to achieve, at the least, complete restoration of pre-project living standards. Inventory of - This is the process where all fixed assets (i.e., lands used for residence, Losses (IOL) commerce, agriculture, including ponds; dwelling units; stalls and shops; secondary structures, such as fences, tombs, wells; trees with commercial value; etc.) and sources of income and livelihood inside the (project area) are identified, measured, their owners identified, their location identified, and their replacement costs calculated. Additionally, the severity of impact to the affected assets and the severity of impact to the livelihood and productive capacity of APs will be determined. Involuntary - It is the displacement of people, not of their own preference, from their Resettlement homes, assets, sources of income and livelihood in the project COI. Involuntary resettlement may result in any or a combination of the following: loss of land, abode and other fixed assets, loss of income and/or employment, relocation, separation of family members, disintegration of communities, etc. Unless appropriate and adequate mitigation measures are carried out, involuntary resettlement will result to further hardship and impoverishment among the APs, especially the marginal sectors of society. These adverse social impacts of development projects are often borne by APs not of their own desire but involuntarily. Land acquisition - Refers to the process whereby an individual, household, firm or private institution is compelled by a public agency to alienate all or part of the land it owns or possesses to the ownership and possession of that agency for public purposes in return for compensation at replacement costs. Relocation - This is the physical relocation of an AP from her/his pre-project place of residence and/or business. Replacement - Means the method of valuing assets at current market value, or its nearest cost equivalent, plus any transaction costs such as administrative charges, taxes, registration and titling costs.

Replacement - This refers to the process involved in determining replacement costs of Cost Study affected assets based on empirical data. Resettlement - This is a time-bound action plan with budget setting out compensation and Plan (RP) resettlement strategies, objectives, entitlement, actions, responsibilities, monitoring and evaluation. Vulnerable - These are distinct groups of people who might suffer disproportionately or Groups face the risk of being further marginalized by the effects of resettlement and specifically include: (i) female headed households with dependents; (ii) disabled household heads; (iii) households falling under the generally accepted indicator for poverty; (iv) children and the elderly households who are landless and with no other means of support; (v) landless households; (vi) indigenous people or ethnic minorities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. INTRODUCTION ...... 6 I. Project Description ...... 6 II. Scope and Nature of Resettlement Impacts ...... 887 III. Rationale for a Resettlement Framework ...... 8 B. OBJECTIVES, POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ENTITLEMENTS ...... 8 I. Relevant Laws and Regulations of Royal Government of Cambodia ...... 8 II. ADB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement ...... 11 III. Reconciliation of Government and ADB Policies ...... 13 IV. Key Principles and Objectives ...... 16 V. Eligibility and Entitlements ...... 17 C. RESETTLEMENT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 23 I. Screening of Impacts ...... 23 II. Inventory of Loss and Detailed Measurement Survey ...... 23 III. Socioeconomic Survey ...... 24 IV. Determination of Replacement Costs ...... 25 V. Preparation and Submission of Resettlement Plan...... 262625 D. CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND DISCLOSURE ...... 26 I. Consultation and Participation ...... 26 II. Disclosure ...... 272726 E. COMPENSATION, RELOCATION AND INCOME RESTORATION ...... 27 F. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 28 G. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 303029 I. Institutional Arrangements ...... 303029 II. Capacity of Relevant Resettlement Planning and Implementation Agencies ...... 323231 H. BUDGET AND FINANCING ...... 323231 I. MONITORING AND REPORTING ...... 32 APPENDIXES ...... 343433 Appendix 1: Involuntary Resettlement Impact Screening Checklist ...... 343433 Appendix 2: Outline of a Resettlement Plan ...... 363635 Appendix 3: Standardized Replacement Cost Survey Report ...... 393938 Appendix 4: Sample of DMS/SES Survey Form ...... 404039

v Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

A. INTRODUCTION

I. Project Description

1. The Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP) is a priority Project of the Government of Cambodia under the key infrastructure development agenda, as it will provide a strong foundation for the country’s road asset management regime of national and provincial road networks. This is an ADB financed project under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) as the executing agency (EA). The roads will have positive impacts on the socio-economic condition of the local households and communities, and will support the local communities within the project area. 2. The impact of the Project will be to preserve the long-term sustainability of national and provincial road networks. This will assist economic growth by reducing future transport costs and improving road connections. The impact is consistent with the sector results framework of the Cambodia Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map. The Project outcome will be increased financing and capacity for efficient road asset management within the MPWT. The project has four (4) key outputs: (a) improved management of safe and climate-resilient national and provincial roads; (b) strengthened axle load control operations; (c) strengthened quality assurance system in MPWT, and d) improved road safety along project roads. The project aims to provide more efficient transport on the national road sections of the GMS Southern Economic Corridor (National Road No.1 and National Road No.6) through Prey Veng, Svay Reing and Seam Reap provinces and on the provincial roads (Provincial Road No.23 and Provincial Road No.312) through Prey Veng and Kandal provinces. This Resettlement Framework provides provisions for resettlement planning and implementation for the Project activities that will (i) assist the MPWT in the improvement of 146.55 km of roads (96.85 km of National Road No.1 and 49.7 km of National Road No.6). A separate Resettlement Plan has been developed to cover the Project activities that will assist MPWT to improve PR23 and PR3121. Subject to modification during the detailed design stage (when full topographic, hydrological and geotechnical survey data is available), the following rehabilitation work has been identified during the feasibility study at the Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) stage: 3. National Road No.1: The section extends for km 62.1 to km 159.00 western side of Bavet City. Construction work expected to be undertaken includes:  Sample recovery and laboratory testing of embankment and underlying materials in areas where differential settlement problems have been observed;  Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently poor condition or subject to ‘ongoing settlement’ with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Remedial interventions (i.e. patching and crack sealing) on sections of road found to be presently in ‘sound’ condition;

1 The Provincial Road No. 23 is located in Kandal Province. The road traverses two districts, Koh Thom and Leuk Daek and covers four communes namely Chrouy Takaev, Kampong Kong, Leuk Daek and Peam Reang. The length of the road including the new alignment is about 19 km. The road starts at the intersection of Provincial Road No. 110 with the approach road connecting Koh Thom Bridge and ends at the intersection with Provincial Road No. 118 in Peam Reang commune near to the Mekong River. The Provincial Road No. 312 has a length of 28 mm, located in Prey Veng Province and traverses four communes, namely Lvea, Cheykam Pok, Angkor Reach and Banteay Chakrey in the district of Preah Sdach. It starts from the intersection with National Road No.1 about 16 km southeast of Neak Loeung Bridge (km 77+100) and ends at Banteay Charkrey border. RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 6 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

 Application of asphalt concrete overlays (40 or 50 mm thick) in the ‘sound’ and the repaired’ areas (about 95% of the sub-section length);  Application of a surface treatment only in the areas confirmed to be subject to ongoing settlement;  Bridge maintenance (10 structures of single, twin, triple and multi-span configurations);  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity by upsizing and duplication of some units;  Installation of added longitudinal drainage capacity (concrete ‘U’ drains) in appropriate urban areas;  Installation of appropriate road signs and markings;  Selected provision for future climate change (including slope protection, storm water energy dissipation). 4. National Road No.6: This section extends from km 317.1 to km 367.0. Work expected to be undertaken includes:  Sample recovery and laboratory testing of embankment and underlying materials in areas where differential settlement problems have been observed;  Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently poor condition or subject to ‘ongoing settlement’ with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Remedial interventions (i.e. patching and crack sealing) on sections of road found to be presently in ‘sound’ condition;  Application of asphalt concrete overlays (40 or 50 mm thick ) in the ‘sound’ and the repaired’ areas (about 95-97 % of the sub-section length);  Application of a surface treatment only in any areas confirmed to be subject to ongoing settlement;  Bridge maintenance (17 structures of single, twin and triple span configurations);  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts (14 box and 104 pipes) and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity by upsizing and duplication of some units;  Installation of added longitudinal drainage capacity (concrete ‘U’ drains) in appropriate urban areas;  Installation of appropriate road signs and markings;  Selected provision for future climate change (including slope protection, storm water energy dissipation etc). 5. The RNIP is planned to be implemented from April 2017 to December 2022, for that land acquisition and resettlement activities will be carried-out in 2017 and beginning of 2018. Construction of civil works for two national roads will be from 2018 to the 2nd Quarter of 2020 and for two provincial roads will be from 2018 to the 2nd Quarter of

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 7 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

2021. The operation and maintenance of roads as well as the community based road safety program implementation will be to end of 2022.

II. Scope and Nature of Resettlement Impacts

6. The Rights of Way (ROWs) of the Project roads were marked by concrete makers in 2008-2009. During demarcation, the demarcation team of MPWT organized meetings with local residents and local authorities to announce the ROW as well as the ROW protection. Land and assets affected by establishing the ROWs were fully compensated to the affected persons in 2008. Local communities are fully aware of the ROWs. Those who constructed structures in the ROW signed agreements with local authorities during construction of structures on the ROW that when these areas within the ROW will be required by MPWT, the households are not entitled to compensation. Signed agreements are available at MPWT and MEF's offices. 7. According to the PPTA technical reports, the civil works will be confined to existing road widths and will not entail road widening; and any auxiliary works such as road drainage sluices or weigh stations to be included are to be situated on unoccupied state land within the road right of way (ROW).

III. Rationale for a Resettlement Framework

8. Under the PPTA, entire sections of the national roads that will be improved have been identified by PPTA Consultants. However, as full topographic, hydrological and geotechnical survey data is not yet available (the data and information will be available in 2017) the specific sub-sections that need to be improved and the specific project's interventions have not yet been agreed by the EA. The resettlement plans, therefore, can only be prepared at the detailed design stage. 9. The Resettlement Framework (RF) has been prepared as a contingency measure to address any unanticipated project impacts which may cause disruptions to income generation activities of AHs or other involuntary resettlement impacts. It is based on the laws and decrees of the Royal Government of Cambodia and the 2009 ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009). Provisions and principles adopted in this framework will supplement the provisions of relevant decrees currently in force in Cambodia wherever a gap exists.

B. OBJECTIVES, POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ENTITLEMENTS

I. Relevant Laws and Regulations of Royal Government of Cambodia

1. 1993 Constitution of Cambodia 10. The 1993 Constitution of Cambodia sets two basic principles for land acquisition. The first is Article 44 which states that the “right to confiscate properties from any person shall be exercised only in the public interest as provided by law and shall require fair and just compensation in advance” (Article 44). The second principle is Article 20 that stipulates that “nobody shall be forced to transfer his or her ownership, if forcing is not necessary in the public interest and (if) no proper and just indemnity has been paid to the owner”. 11. Articles 73 and 74 of the country’s 1993 Constitution provide for special consideration and support to vulnerable people including mothers and children, the disabled and families of combatants who sacrificed their lives for the nation. Indigenous minorities however are not explicitly included in these two articles but included in the Land Law.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 8 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

2. 2001 Land Law 12. The 2001 Land Law governs land and property rights in Cambodia. Based on the provisions of the 1993 Constitution, it defines the regime of ownership of immovable properties, such as land, trees and fixed structures. 13. The rights and responsibilities of the Government with respect to eminent domain are specified in the Land Law. The Government can acquire private land for public purposes but has to pay a fair and just compensation in advance of the land acquisition. The Land Law, Article 5, states that “No person may be deprived of his ownership, unless it is in the public interest. Ownership deprivation shall be carried out in accordance with the forms and procedures provided by law and regulations and after the payment of fair and just compensation in advance.” Other provisions of the Land Law that are relevant to land acquisition, compensation and resettlement include: a. Legal possession as defined by the Law is the sole basis for ownership, and all transfers or changes of rights of ownership shall be carried out in accordance with the required general rules for sale, succession, exchange and gift or by court decision. (Article 6). b. Any regime of ownership of immovable property prior to 1979 shall not be recognized. (Article 7). c. Only persons or legal entities of Khmer nationality are entitled to own land in Cambodia, or to buy or sell land. (Articles 8, 66). d. State public land includes, among other categories, any property a) that has a natural origin, such as forests, courses and banks of navigable and floatable rivers or natural lakes; b) that is made available for public use such as roads, tracks, oxcart ways, pathways, gardens, public parks and reserved land; or, c) that is allocated to render public service, such as public schools, public hospitals or administrative buildings. (Article 15). e. Persons that illegally occupy, possess or claim title to State public land cannot claim any compensation. This includes land established by the Government as public rights-of-way for roads and railways. Moreover, failure to vacate illegally occupied land in a timely manner is subject to fines and/or imprisonment. (Article 19). f. Ownership of the lands is granted by the State to indigenous communities’ as collective ownership, including all the rights and protections enjoyed by private owners. The exercise of collective ownership rights are the responsibility of the traditional authorities and decision-making mechanisms of the indigenous community, according to their customs and subject to laws such as the law on environmental protection. (Article 26). g. No authority outside the community may acquire any rights to immovable properties belonging to an indigenous community. (Article 28). h. Persons with legally valid possession of land for five years (at the time the law came into effect) are allowed to be registered as the owner of the land (Article 30). Persons who (at the time the law came into effect) held legal possession but had not yet completed the five years were allowed to remain in possession until they were eligible to be registered as the owner. (Article 31). i. However, temporary possession claims made by persons after the law comes into effect will not be recognized, rescinding a previous right under the 1992 Land Law for acquiring land by taking possession. (Articles 29, 34).

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 9 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

j. Landless people may apply for land for residential and subsistence farming purposes at no cost, as part of a social land concessions scheme. The concessionaire may obtain ownership of this land after fulfilling conditions set out in a separate Sub-Decree on Social Land Concessions. (Articles 50, 51). k. Acquisition of land through gifts is permitted with the following conditions: (i) the gift of immovable property is only effective if it is made in writing and registered with the Cadastral Registry Unit; (ii) once accepted, gifts of immovable property are irrevocable; and, (iii) The donor may retain the right of usufruct in the property, and the right of use and habitation of an immovable property (Articles 80-84). 3. Expropriation Law 14. The Expropriation Law, passed by the National Assembly on 29 December 2009 and promulgated by the King on 4 February 2010, contains 8 Chapters with 39 Articles. It provides clear procedures on acquiring private properties for national and public interests. Key Articles of the Law are listed below: a. Article 2: the law has the following purposes: (i) ensure reasonable and just deprivation of a legal right to ownership of private property; (ii) ensure payment of reasonable and just prior compensation; (iii) serve the public and national interests; and (iv) development of public physical infrastructure. b. Article 7: Only the State may carry out an expropriation for use in the public and national interests. c. Article 8: the State shall accept the purchase of part of the real property left over from an expropriation at a reasonable and just price at the request of the owner of and/or the holder of right in the expropriated real property who is unable to live near the expropriated scheme or to build a residence or conduct any business. d. Article 12: an expropriation committee shall be established and headed by a representative from the MEF and composed of representatives from relevant ministries and institutions. The organization and functioning of the expropriation committee shall be determined by a sub-decree. e. Article 22: an amount of compensation to be paid to the owner of and/or holder of rights in the real property shall be based on the market value of the real property or the alternative value as of the date of the issuance of the Prakas on the expropriation scheme. The market value or the alternative value shall be determined by an independent commission or agent appointed by the expropriation committee. 4. Other Relevant Laws and Regulations 15. In addition to the Land Law, there are other laws, decrees, sub-decrees, regulations, and guidelines relevant to resettlement under the Project. The Sub-Decree on Social Concessions, enacted on 19 March 2003, provides legal basis for allocations of State private land for purposes of the alleviation of landlessness and poverty, including the replacement of land lost in the context of involuntary resettlement. 16. The private ownership of land was re-established in 1989, and confirmed in the 2001 Land Law (Article 4). Cambodians are able to register the land they occupy with the local Cadastral Administration Office, whereupon a certificate of land title is granted. Issuing land titles is a lengthy process and most offices have a major backlog of applications. People are given a receipt and until the official title deed is issued, this receipt is accepted as title for land purpose or sale.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 10 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

17. Circular No. 02 dated on 26 February 2007 states clearly that (i) illegal occupant of state land has no right to compensation and can be punished in accordance with the land law 2001, and (ii) illegal occupants who are poor, landless and part of vulnerable group can be provided a plot of land. 18. MEF Circular No. 006 on the Resettlement Implementation Procedure for development projects dated on 2 April 2014 clearly provides instructions on the administrative management and role and responsibility of all relevant implementing agencies and provinces in implementing resettlement for development project. 19. The present legal status of land use in Cambodia can be classified as follows: a. Privately owned land with title: The owner has official title to land, and both owner and the Cadastral Administration Office have a copy of the deed. b. Privately owned land without title: The owner has made an application for title to land, and is waiting for the issuance of a title deed. The Cadastral Administration Office recognizes the owner. c. Land use rights certified by the Government: In this case, a receipt for long-term land use has been issued. This land use right is recognized by the Cadastral Administration Office. d. Lease land: The Government or private owners lease the land, usually for a short period. There is provision for the owner to reclaim land if it is needed for development. e. Non-legal occupation: The user has no land use rights to State land that he occupies or uses. The Cadastral Administration Office does not recognize the use of this land. 20. Prakas No. 6, entitled “Measures to Crack Down on Anarchic Land Grabbing and Encroachments”, sets rights-of-way (ROW). In support of this Prakas, the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) on 6 April 2000 issued Decree No. 961 prohibiting compensation for structures and other assets located in the ROWs.

II. ADB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement

21. On 29 June 2009, ADB updated its safeguards policies by integrating its policies on involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples and the environment into one Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS). The SPS was approved by the ADB Board on 20 July 2009 and became effective on 20 January 2010. The objectives, scope and principles in the 1995 Involuntary Resettlement Policy have been retained and clarified in the policy update. ADB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement aims:  To avoid involuntary resettlement wherever possible;  To minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives;  To enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and  To improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. 22. It covers physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) as a result of (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas – regardless of whether such losses and involuntary restrictions are full or partial, permanent or temporary. Moreover, the Policy also applies to

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 11 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

associated facilities funded through other sources and involuntary resettlement actions conducted by the borrower/client in anticipation of ADB support. 23. Projects financed by ADB, including associated facilities that are financed by the Government or other sources, are expected to observe the following policy principles: a. Screen early to identify involuntary resettlement impacts and risks and determine the scope of resettlement planning through a survey and/or census of displaced persons, including a gender analysis, specifically related to resettlement impacts and risks. b. Carry out meaningful consultations with displaced persons, host communities, and concerned non-government organizations. Inform all displaced persons of their entitlements and resettlement options and ensure their participation in various stages of the project especially vulnerable and poor groups. Establish a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the displaced persons’ concerns. Support the social and cultural institutions of displaced persons and their host population. c. Improve, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons through (i) land-based resettlement strategies when affected livelihoods are land based where possible or cash compensation at replacement value for land when the loss of land does not undermine livelihoods, (ii) prompt replacement of assets with access to assets of equal or higher value, (iii) prompt compensation at full replacement cost for assets that cannot be restored, and (iv) additional revenues and services through benefit sharing schemes where possible. d. Provide physically and economically displaced persons with needed assistance, including the following: (i) if there is relocation, secured tenure to relocation land, better housing at resettlement sites with comparable access to employment and production opportunities, integration of resettled persons economically and socially into their host communities, and extension of project benefits to host communities; (ii) transitional support and development assistance, such as land development, credit facilities, training, or employment opportunities; and (iii) civic infrastructure and community services, as required. e. Improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups, including women, to at least national minimum standards. In rural areas provide them with legal and affordable access to land and resources, and in urban areas provide them with appropriate income sources and legal and affordable access to adequate housing. f. Develop procedures in a transparent, consistent, and equitable manner if land acquisition is through negotiated settlement to ensure that those people who enter into negotiated settlements will maintain the same or better income and livelihood status. g. Ensure that displaced persons without titles to land or any recognizable legal rights to land are eligible for resettlement assistance and compensation for loss of non-land assets. h. Prepare a resettlement plan elaborating on displaced persons’ entitlements, the income and livelihood restoration strategy, institutional arrangements, monitoring and reporting framework, budget, and time-bound implementation schedule. i. Disclose both the draft and final resettlement plan in a form and language understandable to displaced persons and other stakeholders. j. Conceive and execute involuntary resettlement as part of a development project or program. Include the full costs of resettlement in the presentation of project’s costs and benefits. For a project with significant involuntary resettlement impacts,

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 12 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

consider implementing the involuntary resettlement component of the project as a stand-alone operation. k. Pay compensation and provide other resettlement entitlements before physical or economic displacement. Implement the resettlement plan under close supervision throughout project implementation. l. Monitor and assess resettlement outcomes, their impacts on the standards of living of displaced persons, and whether the objectives of the resettlement plan have been achieved by taking into account the baseline conditions and the results of resettlement monitoring. Disclose monitoring reports. 24. Calculation of full replacement cost will be based on the following elements: (i) fair market value; (ii) transaction costs; (iii) interest accrued, (iv) transitional and restoration costs; and (v) other applicable payments, if any. In the calculation, depreciation of structures will not be taken into account. It is expected that qualified and experienced experts will undertake the valuation of acquired assets. 25. Persons or households without formal legal rights nor recognized or recognizable claims to the acquired land are still entitled to be compensated for their loss of assets other than land, such as dwellings or other improvements on the land at full replacement cost, provided that they have occupied/used the land or structures in the affected land prior to the cut-off date.

III. Reconciliation of Government and ADB Policies

26. In general, the main principles of the government policies on land acquisition, compensation, assistance and resettlement - reflect those reflected in ADB’s SPS (2009). However, there are some differences between ADB resettlement policy and the government’s legislation. Key differences between ADB Resettlement Policy and the Government legislation, including measures to address the differences, are outlined in Table 1 below.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 13 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Table 1: Differences between ADB and Government's Legislation, including Measures to Address the Differences

Items with Difference Legislation of Royal Government of Measures to Address the No. ADB Policy in Policy Cambodia Difference in the RNIP

1 Eligibility for Those without titles to land or any Illegal occupants are not entitled to All APs without any discrimination compensation and recognizable legal rights to land compensation due to violation on whether or not land is owned are assistance does not are eligible for resettlement declared land use plan; or if they eligible for resettlement assistance include APs without assistance and compensation for have constructed without permit or and compensation for loss of non- land title lost of non-land assets. Improve have encroached on demarcated land assets. standard of living of the displaced ROW land Particular focus on improving the poor and other vulnerable groups, standards of living of the displaced particularly women. poor and other vulnerable groups, including women. 2 No compensation for All affected households including Individuals who have illegally  Resettlement assistance will be those illegally settled those without titles, or are within occupied the ROW or public provided by the project for those on the ROW. the ROW are eligible to properties are not entitled to any who occupied the ROW (and got resettlement assistance and compensation or social support, compensation before for the land compensation for loss of non-land regardless of their being an affected to be ROW in 2008-2009) to based assets. household or a member of move out the affected area. vulnerable groups.  Allowances will be provided for those who are making living within the ROW and certified by commune authority.  Local authority will assist the mobile vendor during relocating to new area.  Additional cash assistance in cash will be provided (if the vulnerable household has movable kiosk or small shop affected) 3 Immoveable assets. All affected person shall be Any regime of ownership of All affected persons including entitled for resettlement immovable property prior to 1979 those without titles, or within ROW assistance and compensation for shall not be recognized (Article 7). are eligible to resettlement

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Items with Difference Legislation of Royal Government of Measures to Address the No. ADB Policy in Policy Cambodia Difference in the RNIP non-land based assets. assistance and compensation for loss of non-land assets. 4 Unregistered For non-land assets, all eligible Recognizes businesses or Inclusion of those who are businesses. affected households, whether economic entities only if they hold a economically displaced, even titled, legitimate, or non-titled business certificate (i.e. excludes those who are not formally need to be compensated at non-registered businesses). registered (e.g. unregistered, replacement cost through cash or businesses, employees without replacement assets. Included labour contracts). All affected among these AHs are renters of persons will be assisted to ensure buildings, tenants and of affected that their income sources are business restored to at least pre-project levels. 5 Entitlements on ADB policy defines affected No specific legislation on severity of AHs who will lose 10% or more of severity of losses. persons to have experienced losses on productive land. their productive assets (income severe losses when they are generating) or who will be physically displaced from housing physically displaced will be or lose 10% or more of their provided with additional assistance productive assets (income and income restoration measures generating). to ensure that their income sources are restored to at least pre-project levels. 6 Land valuation. ADB policy requires an The price for land compensation is An independent/qualified land independent/qualified land calculated based on the prevailing appraiser will be engaged to appraiser who has working cost of land at the time of land conduct the replacement cost knowledge on property valuation acquisition which is defined by the study during the DMS for the and that the appraisal IRC. Land payment is usually project and the result of the methodology used is consistent based on negotiated price between replacement cost study will be with international standards. land owner and the government used for preparation of “willing buyer-willing seller” resettlement plan(s) and to approach. compensation for the affected land and assets.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

IV. Key Principles and Objectives

27. In support of the resettlement policy objective, the following principles have been adopted for the RNIP a. Acquisition of land and other assets, and resettlement of people will be avoided or minimized as much as possible by identifying possible alternative project designs and appropriate social, economic, operational and engineering solutions that have the least negative impact on the population. b. AHs will be eligible for compensation and rehabilitation assistance, irrespective of tenure status, social or economic standing and any such factors that may discriminate against achievement of the Project resettlement objective. Lack of legal rights to lost assets or adversely affected tenure status and social or economic status will not bar the AHs from entitlements to such compensation for affected non-land assets and rehabilitation measures or resettlement objectives. c. AHs residing, working, doing business and/or cultivating land within the Project impacted areas during the conduct of the IOL, to be validated or updated during the detailed measurement survey (DMS), are entitled to be compensated for their lost assets, incomes and businesses at replacement cost prevailing at the time of compensation, and, depending on the severity of impact on their livelihood and income capacity, will be provided with rehabilitation measures to improve or restore their pre-Project living standards, income-earning capacity and production levels. d. There will be no deductions in compensation payments for land, structures or other affected assets for salvage value, depreciation, taxes, stamp duties, fees or other payments. e. If ownership over any affected asset is under dispute, the compensation for the same will be held in a court designated bank until its lawful owner is decided by competent legal authorities. f. AHs that lose only part of their physical assets will not-be left with a portion that will be inadequate to sustain their current standard of living. The minimum size of remaining land and structures will be agreed between the MPWT, the Inter-Ministerial Resettlement Committee (IRC), and ADB during the updating of the RP and prior to the conduct of the detailed measurement survey (DMS). g. Shop-owners will be assisted in gradually dismantling and setting up their shops in a new location to-be agreed with the Provincial Resettlement Sub- Committee-Working Group (PRSC-WG) in the residual area of the ROW and in a way that will allow them to gradually phase out their operation in their present location place and gradually begin their operation in their new place. Under this arrangement, disruption in the operation of shop-owners will be minimized, there by averting severe impact on the AHs’ livelihood. h. Temporarily affected land and communal infrastructure will be restored top re- project conditions. i. Project stakeholders, especially AHs, will be consulted and given the opportunity to participate in matters that will have adverse impacts on their lives during the design, implementation and operation of the Project. j. Any acquisition of, or restriction on access to, resources owned or managed by the AHs as a common property, e.g., communal forest, communal farm, will be mitigated by arrangements that will ensure access of those AHs to equivalent

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 16 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

resources on a continuing basis. Similarly, temporarily affected land and communal infrastructure will be restored to pre-Project conditions. k. Plans for the acquisition of land and other assets will be carried out in consultation with the AHs who will receive prior information of the compensation, relocation and other assistance available to them. l. There shall be an effective mechanism for hearing and resolving grievances during the planning, updating and implementation of the RP. m. Existing cultural and religious practices shall be respected and, to the extent possible, preserved. n. Special measures will be incorporated in the RP to protect socially and economically vulnerable groups who face greater risk of further hardship. Appropriate assistance will be provided to help AHs belonging to any of these vulnerable groups improve their socio-economic status. o. Adequate resources will be identified and committed during the preparation of the RP. This includes sufficient budgetary support that is fully committed and made available to cover resettlement costs within the agreed implementation period; and, adequate human resources for supervision, liaison and monitoring of land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation activities. p. Appropriate reporting, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms will be identified and set in place as part of the resettlement management system. q. The RP or its summary will be translated in Khmer and placed in district and commune offices for the information of the AHs as well as other interested groups. r. Civil works contractors will not be issued notice of possession or notice to proceed (NTP) for any section or segment of the Project roads until (i) compensation has been satisfactorily completed for that area; (ii) agreed rehabilitation measures are in place; and (iii) the area is free from all encumbrances. The schedule of the start of civil works in any section or segment of the Project road will be coordinated and planned with the PRSC- WG whose members include male and women representatives of the AHs.

V. Eligibility and Entitlements

28. Eligibility will be determined with regards to the cut-off date, which is the final day of the detailed measurement survey (DMS) in each project road carried out by the Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee (PRCS) of the project provinces. Those who encroach into the subproject area after the cut-off date will not be entitled to compensation or any other assistance 29. In addition, the extent of eligibility for compensation in regards to land is determined by legal rights to the land concerned. There are three types of APs: i) persons with proof of land use rights to land lost in entirety or partially, ii) persons who lost land they occupy in its entirety or partially who do not currently possess a legal paper but have a claim that is recognizable under national laws, or, iii) persons who lost land they occupy in its entirety or partially who do not have any recognizable claim to that land. APs included under i) and ii) above shall be compensated for the affected land and assets upon land. APs included under (iii) shall not be compensated for the affected land, but for the affected assets upon land and are entitled to assistance if they have to relocate. 30. The entitlement matrix in Table 2 summarizes the main types of losses and the corresponding nature and scope of entitlements. It should be noted that the project

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 17 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

will not require widening of the existing road corridor. The entitlements below may not cover all types of impacts and will be enhanced or improved in the RPs on the findings of the social assessment and subproject impacts during the detailed design stage, and in case there will be resettlement related impacts that will be identified and/or may arise during the project implementation stage. This Project's Environment Matrix has been discussed with the RD-MEF.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 18 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Table 2: Project Entitlement Matrix Type of Loss/Impacts Application Eligible Persons Entitlements

Loss of Land (all kinds) OUTSIDE Partial loss; i.e., only a portion of All APs with recognized proof of  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of the ROW the land of the AP is acquired by ownership who will be affected by civil works in the locality. the Project and the residual un- the road project in National Road  For the affected portion of the land: cash compensation at affected is STILL VIABLE for No.1 and National Road No.6 replacement cost (based on findings of replacement cost study continued use. or RCS and updated to reflect prevailing market rates at the time of compensation; in case there is no active market in the locality, based on productive capacity or attributes; without deduction for taxes and transaction costs)  To the extent possible, APs will be allowed to harvest their annual and perennial crops and timber products prior to construction.  If APs belongs to any of the vulnerable groups, see entitlements for vulnerable APs below. Entire land is lost; i.e., the whole All APs with recognized proof of  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of land is affected by the Project, or ownership who will be affected by civil works in the locality. the residual un-affected is NO the expansion of the road project.  For the entire land: cash compensation at replacement cost LONGER VIABLE for continued (based on findings of replacement cost study or RCS and use and, therefore, the entire land updated to reflect prevailing market rates at the time of will be acquired by the Project. compensation; in case there is no active market in the locality, based on productive capacity or attributes; without deduction for taxes and transaction costs)  APs will be allowed to harvest their annual and perennial crops and timber products prior to construction.  If during RP updating, farmer APs are found to be severely affected (i.e., the loss is equivalent to 10% or more of their total income capacity), the AP will be provided (i) rehabilitation assistance through an income restoration program (IRP) that will be planned by the Project with the active participation of the APs; and (ii) living allowance of 100 kg of milled rice, which is the estimated consumption of a household of 5 members in a month, multiplied by 6 months multiplied by prevailing market rates at the time of compensation. (During RP preparation, the prevailing unit price of milled rice is $0.375/kg).  If AP belongs to any of the vulnerable groups, see entitlements for vulnerable APs below. Loss of use of Productive Land Partial loss; i.e., only a portion of All APs utilizing ROW land for  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of INSIDE the ROW the land cultivated by the AP productive use civil works in the locality. within the COI is affected.  APs will be allowed to harvest their crops prior to construction.  APs will be tolerated to cultivate the residual area of the ROW.  For the affected portion, cash assistance for loss of land use equivalent to the area lost multiplied by $0.75 (based on the following assumption: yield of 0.3kg/m² of un-milled rice x RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Type of Loss/Impacts Application Eligible Persons Entitlements

$.25/kg un-milled rice x 10 years).  If during RP updating, said farmers are found to be severely affected (i.e., the loss is equivalent to 10% or more of their total income capacity), the AP will (i) be assisted by the PRSC in finding affordable replacement land with similar productive attributes for these farmers to lease; (ii) be provided rehabilitation assistance through an income restoration program (IRP) that will be planned by the Project with the active participation of the APs; and (iii) be provided living allowance 100 kg of milled rice, which is the estimated consumption of a household of 5 members in a month, multiplied by 6 months multiplied by prevailing market rates at the time of compensation. (During RP preparation, the prevailing unit price of milled rice is $0.375/kg).  If AP belongs to any of the vulnerable groups, see entitlements for vulnerable APs below.

House, House-and-store; Partial loss of house, house- Owners with or without acceptable  APs to be notified at least 03 months in advance of the start Independent Shops and-store; independent proof of ownership over the land; of civil works in the locality. shop;i.e., only a portion of the with or without building permit  For the affected portion, cash compensation at replacement main structure of the house, cost (i.e., present cost of construction materials in the locality, house-and-store, or shop is plus cost of labor and repair [i.e., 20% of the cost of labor and affected and the remaining materials] of the unaffected portion). APs to get cash unaffected portion is STILL compensation at least 3 months ahead of civil works in the VIABLE for use. locality to provide them sufficient time to gradually re- organize the house and/or shop, thereby avoiding any disruption in the livelihood of the same.  If AP belongs to any of the vulnerable groups, see entitlements for vulnerable APs below.

Renters of said structures  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of civil works in the locality.  No other entitlements if not relocating and if business operation is not disrupted.

Entire house, house-and-store, Owners with or without acceptable  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of store is lost; i.e., entire main proof of ownership over the land; civil works in the locality. structure is affected, or the with or without building permit  Cash compensation at replacement cost for the entire unaffected portion of the main structure (i.e., present cost of construction materials and labor structure is NO LONGER in the locality). APs to get cash compensation at least 3 VIABLE for continued use. months ahead of civil works in the locality to provide them sufficient time to gradually re-organize the house and/or shop, thereby avoiding any disruption in the livelihood of the same.  Living allowance as follows:  Houses and regular shops (i.e., can be closed with four walls) that will move back in residual area of the ROW: (i) 100 kg of milled rice for 3 months for affected house; and (ii) 100 kg of milled rice for 1 month for the

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Type of Loss/Impacts Application Eligible Persons Entitlements

affected regular store).  Houses and regular shops that will relocate outside the ROW: (i) 100 kg of milled rice for 6 months for affected house; and (ii) 100 kg of milled rice for 3 months for the affected regular store).  Rehabilitation assistance for owners of entirely affected houses, house-and-stores and regular shops (i.e., can be closed with four walls) through an income restoration program (IRP) that will be planned by the Project with the active participation of the APs.  Transportation (moving) allowance as follows:  Shops and stalls made of light and temporary materials: $20  Regular shops and houses moving into the residual area of the ROW: $50  Regular shops and houses relocating within the same village outside of the ROW: $75  Houses relocating in another village outside of the ROW: $100  Income loss allowance for APs of entirely affected house- and-stores and independent shops:  Unregistered: Businesses owners who cannot show any tax receipt and cannot otherwise confirm income amount will be provided one-time cash assistance of $50  Cash compensation equivalent to the daily net income (as reflected in tax receipts) multiplied by the days of business disruption  If landless, to be provided free of charge with substitute plot with an area of at least 105 m² outside of the ROW and in a location acceptable to the AP, with secure tenure under the land concession law, accessible, with or close to source of potable water, and with latrine.  If AP belongs to any of the vulnerable groups, see entitlements for vulnerable APs below.

Renters of entirely affected house  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of and house-and-store civil works in the locality.  Transportation (moving) allowance of $50  Living allowance of 100 kg of milled rice for 1 month for relocating tenants of affected regular shop and house.  Rental allowance equivalent to 2 months of rent of a similar building in the locality.  If AP belongs to any of the vulnerable groups, see entitlements for vulnerable APs below.

Miscellaneous/other structures Loss of, or damage to, assets Owners of the structures with or  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of (porch, extended eaves, spirit house, without acceptable proof of civil works in the locality. fence, etc.) ownership over the land; with or  Cash compensation at replacement cost for the affected without building permit assets (i.e., present cost of construction materials and labor in

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Type of Loss/Impacts Application Eligible Persons Entitlements

the locality).

Crops and trees Loss of, or damage to, assets Owners regardless of tenure status  APs to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the start of civil works in the locality.  To the extent possible, APs will be allowed to harvest their annual and perennial crops prior to construction.  Perennial and timber trees will be compensated in cash as per replacement cost study.

Public Facilities Loss of, or damage to, assets Institutions that own the affected  Institution to be notified at least 3 months in advance of the (Government-owned structures) assets start of civil works in the locality.  To be reconstructed, restored and/or relocated by the civil works contractor Higher risks of hardship due to Loss of house and shops, paddy Vulnerable Groups: AP or AHs  Living allowance of 100 kg of milled rice per month for 3 project impacts land within the ROW belonging to one or more of the months following vulnerable groups: (i) living  Rehabilitation assistance through an income restoration below the poverty line; (ii) AHs program (IRP) that will be planned by the Project with the headed by women and AHs headed active participation of the APs. by the elderly with no social support; (iii) households that are headed by persons with disabilities; and (iv) and AHs belonging to ethnic minority groups.

Impacts during Construction  Contractors will be responsible for paying rental in cash for land outside the ROW which will be not less than the net income that would have been derived from the affected property during disruption.  Restoration of land within 3 months after use.  Non-land assets within the residual area of the ROW and/or outside of the ROW that are adversely impacted by construction activities will be compensated at replacement cost by the civil works contractor.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

C. RESETTLEMENT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

I. Screening of Impacts

31. Resettlement screening has already been carried out in July 2016. The road improvements will be limited to existing alignments and road widths. Other project features such as converts or weigh stations, if any, will utilize existing unoccupied state road right of way land. Locations of laboratories for construction materials experimental performance is planned to be state land, however, exact locations have not yet been identified at this PPTA Stage. 32. The road improvement activities could potentially partially impact houses and structures within the ROW (constructed under agreements with local authorities), shops and kiosks that are operating and trees that are planned within the ROW. The impacts could also include the umbrella typed kiosks and street-vendors, particularly on the road sections that are in town/residential areas. The potentially affected households, according to the socioeconomic survey carried out with the communities along the project roads in November 2016 - are mostly Khmer with the main income sources are agriculture and selling products in the shops/kiosks (43% and 20% of the surveyed households, respectively). Among the households who are earning their living within the ROW, there are vulnerable households (households headed by females, poor households, landless, etc.); the road improvement activities may therefore impact on vulnerable households. 33. Currently, the particular sub-sections to be improved and the project's interventions for the particular sub-sections have not yet been identified by the EA. Once the specific locations and interventions are specified in the detailed design stage, the resettlement impact screening shall be re-conducted to prepare the resettlement plan, in the first half of 2017. 34. The Involuntary Resettlement Impact Screening check-list is attached in the Appendix 1. The screening will be conducted by the Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee (PRSC) of the project provinces based on (i) site visits to the areas where the road sub-section will be improved, (ii) meetings with local authorities and concerned agencies to confirm the land use and the impacts by the project's intervention; and (iii) consultations with people living or using land in the project areas. Based on the screening result, PRSCs will summarize the land acquisition and resettlement impacts to submit to the Project Management Unit (PMU3) under the MPWT.

II. Inventory of Loss and Detailed Measurement Survey

35. Once the specific locations of the road and the project's interventions are identified, the inventory of loss (IOL) will be conducted following the preliminary design. By directly collecting the information from 100% of AHs, the IOL will obtain the following information:  Total and affected areas of land, by type of land assets;  Total and affected areas of structures, by type of structure (main or secondary);  Legal status of affected land and structure assets, and duration of tenure and ownership;  Quantity and types of affected crops and trees;  Quantity and value of other losses, e.g., business or other income, jobs or other productive assets; estimated daily net income from informal shops;  Quantity/area of affected common property, community or public assets, by type;  Socio-economic data on affected households, including household size, ethnicity, name and sex of head of household, primary and secondary source of household income,

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 23 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

income level, poverty status (ID Poor 1 or 2) , livelihood/occupation, whether household is headed by women, elderly, disabled, poor or indigenous peoples;  Identify whether affected land or source of income is primary source of income;  AH knowledge of the road's improvement and preferences for compensation and assistance and, as required, relocation sites and rehabilitation measures.  The IOL should be carried out with participation of local authorities. The data will be disaggregated by gender and vulnerability of APs. 36. The IOL results will be used to prepare the Resettlement Plan (RP). Once the detailed engineering design is approved, the detailed measurement survey (DMS) is conducted that covers 100% of affected households. 37. The IRC-working group together with the PRSC-working group can carry out the DMS under the lead of the IRC. The Program Management Unit (PMU) will help coordinate this task with the detailed design and supervision consultant. It will also have an internal monitoring role. 38. The DMS will collect additional data to verify the details on affected people and relevant information, which are presented in the final RPs. The DMS will survey 100% of AHs and collect data required to verify the details of AHs for finalizing the RP, including details on:  Land ownership.  Total landholdings and tenure.  Land, structures and other assets entirely or partially affected by land acquisition for the subproject.  Types and conditions of affected structural buildings.  Number and types of trees and crops.  Income losses and proportion of total productive income lost.  Category of affected people i.e. nature of assistance to which APs are entitled.  AH knowledge of the project and preferences for compensation and assistance 39. Conducting the DMS is a major part of preparing and finalizing the RP. RPs have to reflect the DMS results of AHs and the RCS. The data collected during the DMS will be used to finalise the resettlement plan and will constitute the formal basis for determining AH entitlements and levels of compensation. The RP will include the cost estimates. The final RP will be submitted to IRC and ADB for review and approval. Land acquisition, compensation and relocation of AHs cannot begin before the approval of the final RP by IRC and ADB.

III. Socioeconomic Survey

40. A sample survey of at least 30% of all APs and 100% of severely affected APs disaggregated by gender and ethnicity will be carried out by the PRSC of the project provinces. Methodologies to be used for the survey will be quantitative methods (collect statistical data and conduct questionnaire survey) and qualitative methods (key-informant interviews, in-depth interviews and focused-group discussions). The purpose of the socioeconomic survey is to provide baseline data on households to assess resettlement impacts, and to ensure proposed entitlements are appropriate, and to be used for resettlement monitoring. The SES is generally carried out at the same time as the IOL (and DMS later on during updating the RP). The SES will collect the following data/information disaggregated by gender and vulnerability of APs:  Define, identify, and enumerate the people and communities to be affected;

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 24 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

 Describe the likely impacts of land and asset acquisition on the people and communities affected taking social, cultural, and economic parameters into account;  Discuss the project’s impacts on the poor, indigenous and/or ethnic minorities, and other vulnerable groups; and  Identify gender and resettlement impacts, and the socioeconomic situation, impacts, needs, and priorities of women. 41. While statistical data is collected from village, communal, district and provincial levels (population, income and poverty, occupations, etc.) questionnaire survey will be conducted on affected households by the project roads. For key informant interviews, at each surveyed village at least six informants need to be interviewed during RP preparation/updating, including: village leader; 2 severely affected households (losing 10% or more of the household’s aggregate productive landholding or income generating assets); one poor affected household; one woman-headed affected household; and one elderly/children/disabled-headed affected household. In-depth interviews with commune leaders, representatives of mass-organizations at communal level will also be conducted. At the village level, three focused group discussions should be carried out in each surveyed village during RP preparation/updating: one with severely affected households; one with women members of the affected households; and one with vulnerable affected households. Each focused group discussion consists of about four or five participants. If the number of participants in each focused group discussion is less than two persons (for example, there are only 2 severely affected households in the village), these participants can join another focused group discussion.

IV. Determination of Replacement Costs

42. Based on the RGC regulations, the IRC will recruit professional appraiser or firm to conduct an RCS in the subproject areas during the DMS in order to determine compensation rates reflecting current market prices for (i) agricultural, residential and commercial land; (ii) different types of affected structures; and (iii) crops and trees. The RCS in the subproject areas is valid for 2 years and will be updated 2 years after the completion of DMS if the compensation and/or assistance are not provided to the AH. The RCS results will be the basis for estimating resettlement costs. 43. The replacement cost survey (RCS) will be done by the an independent/qualified asset evaluation consulting agency - in parallel with DMS and SES activities by collecting information from both secondary sources and primary sources (direct interviews with people in the affected area, material suppliers, house contractors), and from both those affected and those not affected. The government rates will be adjusted, as necessary, based on the RCS findings. Compensation rates will be continuously updated to ensure that AHs receive compensation at replacement cost at the time of compensation payment. 44. For replacement costs of lands, the asset valuer will directly interview the potentially affected households and non-affected households living in the area on their opinions about an acceptable price of land within and around the project area; interview households that have recently bought or sold land to collect the evidence of the lands transaction rate ; and interview households who are looking for properties to sell or buy within and around the project area. The committee will also find out from local residents, to be confirmed via official records of the local authorities, the price of various types of land that have been the subject of transactions in the past six (6) months to one (1) year in the community or nearby areas and the price of various types of land local residents are willing to buy or sell. 45. For structures, the asset valuer will interview owners of structures to determine the construction materials usually used in the locality for each type of building following existing government categories or standards; sources of construction materials used and the unit costs of said materials, including the costs of transporting the same to the locality; and the cost of labor for constructing each type of building found in the locality. In the survey, RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 25 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

interviews will also be conducted with building contractors to determine the cost of construction materials for each type of structure in the Project area following existing government categories; the cost of transporting construction materials to the Project area (community); the cost of labor for constructing each type of building; and the unit cost per square meter of each type of building in the Project area following existing government categories. 46. For the crops and trees, interviews will be conducted with owners, market vendors and seedling suppliers to determine the current buying and selling of crops in the area.

V. Preparation and Submission of Resettlement Plan.

47. Based on the results of IOL, SES, RCS and consultations, PMU3 will prepare the resettlement plan (one resettlement plan for both national roads). The outline of the resettlement plan is provided in the Appendix 2. The draft RP will be produced in Khmer and English languages and will be submitted to the Inter-Ministerial Resettlement Committee (IRC) for formal endorsement. 48. The IRC endorsed RP will be submitted to Ministry of Economy and Finance for approval and then to ADB for concurrence. The documents will be disclosed in accordance with ADB’s Public Communications Policy to the affected communities and on ADB’s website. 49. When the detailed engineering designs of the interventions for particular road subsections are approved by the EA, the RP will be updated. Updating the RP requires the DMS and updated replacement cost survey and the continued consultations with affected households and communities. A new SES will be carried out if the updating of the RP does not commence within 18 months of the DMS as demographic and socio-economic factors may change significantly. It is essential to update information on (i) the type, extent and severity of losses, (ii) entitlements to compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation, (iii) compensation rates and costs based on updated replacement costs; (iv) rehabilitation strategies for severely affected and vulnerable APs and (v) resettlement costs. The procedure for updated RP submission, approval and disclosure follows the same procedure with this for the prepared RP.

D. CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND DISCLOSURE

I. Consultation and Participation

50. Meaningful consultation with the affected households will be carried out prior to the commencement of civil works. Affected households will also participate in the various RP processes: IOL, SES, DMS, RCS, identification of sites, hand-over of entitlements, monitoring of impacts and benefits, and discussion and settlement of grievances. The scope of information to be provided to AHs includes: (i) description of Project and overall schedule; (b) DMS and RCS results, (c) policy principles and entitlements and special provisions, (d) grievance procedures, (e) timing for payments and resettlement schedule, and (f) institutional responsibilities. For Project roads where there are ethnic minority households, consultations and participation will be undertaken in a culturally appropriate manner. 51. The Provincial Resettlement Sub-committee (PRSC) of the project provinces will carry-out consultations with affected households and communities to ensure that affected people participate in all activities of the Project. In the resettlement plans and updated resettlement plans, it is required to specify (i) the consultation activities that have been carried out; (ii) the opinions, suggestions and concerns of affected households and communities on land acquisition, resettlement, compensation and assistance, and (iii) how the opinions, suggestions and concerns of affected households and communities have been fully addressed in the resettlement plans and updated resettlement plans.

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52. In the consultation meetings organized in the village level, there should be participation of representatives of MPWT, MEF, DPWT, PEF, PRSC, local authorities (district and communal levels), village leaders, local NGOs and affected households, including host communities if there is relocation of displaced persons. During resettlement planning and implementation, there will be at least four consultation meetings held at village level:  Public consultation-meeting to announce on the project, the COI and the policy on the cut-off date; and the plan of conducting of DMS, RCS, and the calculation of the compensation and cash assistance of the affected households.  Public consultation-meeting after the completion of the draft detailed compensation plan and the final/updated RPs;  Public consultation-meeting after the detailed compensation plan has been approved by relevant agencies; and the final/updated RP has been agreed between MPWT/MEF and ADB; and,  Public consultation-meeting before compensation and cash assistance is given.

II. Disclosure

53. Any resettlement plan (RP) that will be prepared (should affected households be identified by IRC) during the detailed design stage will be submitted to ADB for review and concurrence. Key information in the RP will be provided to the APs through the distribution of PIB in local language. Copies of the RP or its summary translated into local language will be shared and available in relevant commune offices. All RPs and monitoring reports will be uploaded in the ADB, MPWT and MEF websites; and will be disclosed to APs by posting in key locations such as commune offices during public information meetings. 54. Key information to be disclosed includes (i) scope of impacts; (ii) relocation and rehabilitation options, (iii) entitlements, (iv) grievance procedures, (v) schedule of delivery of assistance, and (vi) displacement schedule. Translated copies of the RP will also be disseminated to each district and commune office within the subproject area and will be publicly accessible. The resettlement plans (draft and updated) will be endorsed by the Government to ADB and uploaded in the MPWT, MEF, and ADB websites. Corrective action plans (if any) and resettlement monitoring reports will also be prepared. 55. The RP will be endorsed by the Government and uploaded on ADB’s website. Social safeguards monitoring reports will also be uploaded on MPWT, MEF and ADB websites. Disclosure will follow ADB’s Public Communication Policy, 2011.

E. COMPENSATION, RELOCATION AND INCOME RESTORATION 56. The overall objective of the project resettlement policy of the RNIP is to ensure that all people affected by the Project are able to maintain and, preferably, improve their pre- project living standards and income-earning capacity by providing compensation for the loss of physical and non-physical assets and, as required, other assistance and rehabilitation measures to reestablish affected livelihood. 57. Only those AHs (i.e., person or persons) confirmed to be residing in, doing business, or cultivating land, or having rights over resources within the subproject right-of-way (ROW) or land to be acquired or used for the subproject during the conduct of the inventory of losses (IOL), to be validated and confirmed later during the detailed measurement survey (DMS), are eligible to compensation for lost assets and for other assistance as described in the preceding section. 58. Consistent with Project-specific resettlement principles, policies on compensation and other entitlements as presented in Table 2 - compensation to be paid for affected assets will be based on the principle of replacement cost, which is the amount needed to replace an

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 27 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

affected asset without deduction for taxes and/or costs of transaction before displacement and which is operationally defined as follows: a. Productive land (agricultural, ponds, and forest) based on replacement cost that reflect recent land sales, and in the absence of such recent sales, based on productive value; b. Residential land based on replacement cost that reflect recent land sales, and in the absence of such recent land sales, based on similar location attributes; c. Houses and other related structures based on replacement cost reflecting current market prices of materials and labor without depreciation nor deductions for salvaged building materials; d. Annual crops equivalent to current market value of crops at the time of compensation; e. For perennial crops and trees, cash compensation at replacement cost is equivalent to current market value given the type, age, and productive value (future production) at the time of compensation. Timber trees based on diameter at chest height at current market value. f. For temporary impacts, no compensation for land if returned to the legal owners, and non-legal right users, and the land restored to pre-project condition within three months after use. If the land is not returned and restored to pre-project condition within 3 months, the AP will receive compensation at replacement cost for the land. A penalty clause will be included in the contractor's contract to ensure that the cost of such compensation is recovered from the contractor. 59. For vulnerable groups and severely affected APs losing 10% or more of their productive assets and livelihoods regardless of tenure status, income restoration programs will be designed. The income restoration program will be designed in a participatory manner during the updating of the RP and which will include, among others, any of the following measures: (i) alternative livelihood; (ii) improved agricultural production; (iii) access to credit facilities for productive endeavors; and (iv) appropriate skills training. 60. Compensation Payment: After signing contract with APs, the PRSCs will request compensation budget. Then, the IRC working group in coordination with PRSC working group will make compensation payments to AHs. An external monitor to be recruited by IRC will observe this activity. 61. Relocation: Relocation of potential AHs is not anticipated. 62. Income Restoration: Income restoration measures will be implemented by a consulting firm/NGO to be recruited by IRC as part of RP implementation. The PRSC and PMU3 resettlement officer will oversee and monitor the implementation. Some livelihood restoration activities may carry over until project implementation.

F. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 63. The objective the grievance redress mechanism is to resolve complaints as quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. This section presents the information and arrangement appeal procedures regarding eligibility and entitlements as well as the implementation of the resettlement activities. 64. A well-defined grievance redress and resolution mechanism will be established to address APs grievances and complaints regarding land acquisition, compensation and resettlement in a timely and satisfactory manner. All APs will be made fully aware of their rights, and the detailed procedures for filing grievances and the appeal process will be published through an effective public information campaign. The grievance redress mechanism and appeal procedures will also be explained in the project information booklet (PIB) that will be distributed to all APs.

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65. APs grievances will be received and solutions for AP concerns and grievances on land acquisition and the implementation can be addressed under the grievance procedure provided in the approved RF/RP. APs complaints can be made verbally or in written form. In the case of verbal complaints, the committee on grievance will be responsible to make a written record during the first meeting with the APs. 66. A grievance redress committee (GRC) will be established at provincial level with a process starting from Commune Offices. As practiced, the GRC include the relevant local commune or village chiefs only. The use of local NGO is allowed only to assist APs in filing complaints, particularly for those who do not know how to prepare written complaints. The designated commune officials shall exercise all efforts to settle AP’s issues at the commune level through appropriate community consultation. All meetings shall be recorded in each grievance process and copies shall be provided to APs. A copy of the minutes of meetings and actions undertaken shall be provided to IRC and ADB upon request. 67. The procedures for grievance redress of the RNIP are set out below:  Stage 1: APs will submit a letter of complaint/request to the village or commune resettlement sub-committee or PRSC working group or IRC working groups. The Commune Office will be obliged to provide immediate written confirmation of receiving the complaint. If, after 15 days, the aggrieved AP does not hear from the village or commune or PRSC working group or IRC working group, or if the AP is not satisfied with the decision taken by in the commune office, the complaint may be brought to the district office.  Stage 2: The district office has 15 days within which to resolve the complaint to the satisfaction of all concerned. If the complaints cannot be resolved in this stage, the district office will bring the case to the Provincial Grievance Redress Committee.  Stage 3: The Provincial Grievance Redress Committee meets with the aggrieved party and tries to resolve the complaint. The Committee may ask for a review of the DMS by the external monitoring agency (EMA). Within 30 days of the submission of the grievance, the Committee must make a written decision and submit a copy of the same to IRC and the AP.  Stage 4: Court Procedures. If the aggrieved AP does not hear from the Provincial Grievance Redress Committee or is not satisfied with the proposed solution, the AP can bring the case to the Provincial Court. The Court will make a written decision and send copies to the AP, to provincial GRC and IRC. If any party is still unsatisfied with the Provincial Court’s judgment, the party can refer the case to a higher level court. 68. In cases where APs do not have the writing skills or are unable to express their grievances verbally, it is a common practice that APs are allowed to seek assistance from any recognized local NGO or other family members, village heads or community chiefs to have their complaints or grievances written for them. APs will be allowed to have access to the DMS or contract document to ensure that all the details have been recorded accurately enabling all parties to be treated fairly. Throughout the grievance redress process, the responsible committee will ensure that the concerned APs are provided with copies of complaints and decisions or resolutions reached. 69. If efforts to resolve disputes using the grievance procedures remain unresolved or unsatisfactory, AHs have the right to directly discuss their concerns or problems with the ADB’s Environment, Natural Resources and Agriculture Division, Southeast Asia Department through the ADB Cambodia Resident Mission (CARM). If APs are still not satisfied with the responses of CARM, they can directly contact the ADB Office of the Special Project Facilitator. The Office of the Special Project Facilitator procedure can proceed based on the accountability mechanism in parallel with the project implementation.

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G. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION

I. Institutional Arrangements

70. MPWT, the Executing Agency, has overall responsibility for the successful implementation of the RP. MPWT will be assisted by a number of offices within and outside the Ministry, starting with the Project Management Unit No. 3 (PMU3) that is tasked with undertaking the Project. With assistance from the ESO of MPWT, the PMU3 will work closely with the General Department of Resettlement of the Inter-ministerial Resettlement Committee (GDR-IRC) relative to the preparation, updating, and implementation of the RP. Other agencies/organizations that will be involved also include EA, local authorities (commune council/village development council, district and provincial local authorities, community- based organizations, etc. Environmental and Social Office (ESO) 71. The Environmental and Social Office (ESO) under the Department of Planning of MPWT is the lead arm of the PMU3 in resettlement planning and implementation. The ESO presently has nine (9) staff, with plans to get three (3) additional persons from the Ministry. The staff members of the ESO are responsible for both resettlement and environmental tasks. However, while all of them claim to-be familiar with the conduct of socio-economic survey, only three claim to know how to-do the inventory of losses. None of the staff has the capacity to plan and implement resettlement plans (RPs). For this reason, the Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) should prepare a training program for the staff of ESO in connection with the preparation, implementation, and monitoring of the RPs. 72. The ESO will work closely with the IRC and Resettlement Department at the Ministry of Economy and Finance (RD-MEF). Its tasks include the following:  Secure the approval of the RP by the IRC;  Secure prior approval by IRC and the ADB for any variations in the approved RPs;  Secure the database of affected persons and assets that will be gathered during the preparation and updating of the RPs;  Prepare progress reports on RP implementation for submission to the MPWT and PMU3. IRC and General Department of Resettlement 73. The IRC is a collegial body composed of representatives from concerned line ministries, such as the Council of Ministers (COM); the MPWT; and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), including representatives of the Municipality of Phnom Penh, the Governor and Deputy Governor of the project provinces. Created by the Prime Minister through Decision No. 13, dated 18 March 1997, in connection with the resettlement of AHs in the Highway 1 Project (Loan 1659-CAM), it has since been involved in other foreign-assisted government infrastructure projects with involuntary resettlement. 74. The IRC will assume the function of a quasi-regulatory body, ensuring that funds for resettlement are spent properly and that the RP is carried out as intended. The technical arm of the IRC is RD-MEF. The RD-MEF will assist IRC in the following tasks:  Reviewing and approving the RPs, ensuring that the RPs are consistent with ADB’s 2009 Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and, later, the loan agreement and covenants;  Endorsing the approved RPs to ADB;  Establishing or convening the Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee (PRSC) and its Working Group (WG);

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 30 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

 Orienting, as needed, the PRSC and its working group (PRSC-WG) on their tasks relative to RP updating and implementation;  Securing from the national treasury the budget for carrying out the RPs, ensuring that sufficient funds are available in a timely manner;  Approving all disbursements connected with the implementation of the RPs, such as payment of compensation and other entitlements, acquisition and preparation of replacement plots, operational expenses of personnel, etc.;  Ensuring that funds for resettlement are spent judiciously; and  With assistance from an in dependent organization, monitoring the implementation of the RP, ensuring that this is carried out incompliance with the Project resettlement policy and with the loan agreement. Provincial Resettlement Sub-committee 75. The Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee (PRSC) is a collegial body at the provincial level. Headed by the Provincial Deputy Governor, the members of the PRSC are provincial department directors of line ministries represented in the IRC, and also the chiefs of the districts and communes traversed by the Project road. 76. The technical arm of the PRSC is the Working Group (PRSC-WG). The PRSC-WG is headed by the Director (or a representative) of the Provincial Department of Public Works and Transport (PDPWT). The regular members of the PRSC-WG come from the Provincial Government, Provincial Department of Economy and Finance (PDEF), and the Ministry of Interior. The PRSC-WG has a counterpart at the district level composed of personnel from various line agencies. 77. In an effort to make the whole process of resettlement effective, participatory and transparent, the chiefs of the affected communes and villages, and a male and female representative each of the AHs in affected communes will participate in the district RSC- WG in matters concerning their respective areas of jurisdiction. 78. The PRSC, through the provincial and district working groups, will have the following functions:  Facilitate a sustained public information campaign, ensuring that the public, especially the AHs, are updated on any developments regarding the Project and resettlement activities;  Spearhead the DMS and updated census of AHs, including the updating of the rates used in calculating compensation and other entitlements to reflect prevailing market rates at the time of compensation;  Spearhead the selection, acquisition, and preparation of replacement plots, including the preparation of a coordinated schedule of delivery of compensation and other entitlements, the relocation of people, harvesting of standing crops, and the start of civil works in a particular section of the Project road sections;  Spearhead the delivery of compensation and other entitlements to the AHs;  Receive and act on the complaints and grievances of AHs in accordance with the Project resettlement policy; and  Maintain a record of all public meetings, grievances, and actions taken to address complaints and grievances. Project Implementation Consultants 79. The Project Implementation Consultant (PIC), together with the ESO and the PRSC-WG, will spearhead the updating of the RP through the conduct of the DMS in a participatory and transparent way and consistent with the Project resettlement policy. Once approved by

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the IRC and MPWT and concurred by ADB, the PIC will provide technical advice in the implementation of the approved RP. The PIC will likewise provide capacity-building orientation and skills training, as needed, to concerned staff of the PMU3, the ESO, and the Provincial and District Working Groups. 80. Together with the PMU3 and ESO, the PIC will supervise civil works activities to ensure that the contractors adhere to with the terms of their contract relative to avoiding and/or minimizing resettlement impacts, in addition to ensuring that contractors provide the necessary compensation and/or assistance to the AHs prior to construction activities.

II. Capacity of Relevant Resettlement Planning and Implementation Agencies

81. Under the PPTA stage, assessment of institutional capacity for resettlement planning, implementation and monitoring has been carried out. Generally, the capacity of relevant agencies is sound. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport, the Resettlement Division under the MEF and the Project provinces are experienced in compensation, assistance and resettlement, particularly of projects financed by international development and funding agencies. The National Road No.1 and National Road No.6 were improved by ADB support in 2008-2009 and these agencies and the provinces directly involved in resettlement planning and implementation. Recently, the agencies also have completed resettlement planning and implementation for several projects funded by World Bank, ADB and JICA. 82. Relevant agencies have improved capacity for resettlement planning and implementation; however, there is still a need to provide a refresher training for the relevant staff of ESO (as there are some newly engaged staff), provincial resettlement sub-committees of the project provinces, mass-organizations and village leaders on resettlement planning, implementation, monitoring and grievance redress, particularly the issues of the ADB's SPS, 2009. Capacity building for the agencies will be implemented before RP preparation and updating - and this task will be carried out by Project Implementation Consultant (PIC).

H. BUDGET AND FINANCING 83. Based on (i) the results of the DMS and RCS; and (ii) the entitlements set-out in the entitlement matrix of this Resettlement Framework (the entitlements may be enhanced during the consultations with APs during RP preparation and updating, but cannot be downgraded), the budget for compensation, assistance and relocation will be calculated. 84. In addition to the budget for compensation, assistance and relocation of APs, the administration costs (travel costs for the staff, staff costs for land acquisition and resettlement, management costs and others) will be included, plus with 10% of the calculated total for a contingency – constitute the total resettlement budget. 85. It is estimated that, the budget for resettlement planning and implementation for the RNIP is US$ 168,500.00. The resettlement budget will be updated based on the results of IOL/DMS, consultations with affected households and community and replacement cost survey (if applicable) following preliminary design/final engineering design of the project. The resettlement budget will be specified in the RPs/updated RPs. 86. All resettlement costs, including compensation and allowances, operation and administration costs, surveys, monitoring and reporting, and income restoration will be financed by the Government as counterpart fund. MEF will provide the budget directly to the IRC and the IRC will disburse the fund to PRSCs for payments of compensation and allowances to affected households.

I. MONITORING AND REPORTING 87. The PMU3 through the Project Implementation Consultant and with assistance of ESO will conduct regular monitoring and evaluation of the updating and implementation of the RPs.

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Monitoring and evaluation is intended to help ensure that the RP is prepared and implemented according to the RF. 88. The following key indicators will be monitored periodically by IRC through the PMU3: a. Compensation and entitlements are computed at rates and procedures as provided in the approved RP; b. AHs are paid as per agreement with Project authorities; c. Public information, public consultation and grievance redress procedures are followed as described in the approved RP; d. Public facilities and infrastructure affected by the Project are restored promptly; and, e. The transition between resettlement and civil works is smooth. Internal Monitoring 89. The role of internal monitoring and evaluation is to ensure that resettlement institutions are well functioning during the course of project implementation, and that resettlement activities are undertaken in accordance with the implementation schedule described in the RP. In this way, the protection of AHs' interests and the schedule for civil works can be assured. 90. Primary responsibility for internal monitoring lies with MPWT as the project implementing agency, and will be coordinated by its PMU3. PMU3 will be responsible for overseeing the formation, function, and activities of each of the implementing agencies, and through quarterly monitoring reports, summarize this progress. All monitoring data will be collected to ensure gender and ethnicity disaggregation. External Monitoring 91. The IRC will recruit an EMO to carry out its own monitoring of resettlement activities and will provide advice on safeguards compliance issues and propose corrective actions. The EMO will be a qualified Consulting Firm/NGO or independent consultant with recognized experience in Cambodia; the terms of reference for the EMO must be acceptable to both IRC and the ADB. The EMO will provide the EA and ADB a copy of its semi-annual monitoring reports. The EMO will likewise conduct a Post-RP Implementation Evaluation Study one (1) year following the completion of resettlement.

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APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: Involuntary Resettlement Impact Screening Checklist

Potential Involuntary Not Yes No Remarks Resettlement Effects Known

Involuntary Acquisition of Land  Discuss with the design engineers on what are the road's intervention and in which road' particular sub-sections 1. Will there be land acquisition?  Field visit to examine if there are affected households on the affected areas.  Discuss with the design engineers and 2. Is the site for land acquisition local authorities on the locations of the known? road interventions. 3. Is the ownership status and  Discuss with the design engineers current usage of land to be  acquired known? Consultations with the communities  Discuss with the design engineers 4. Will easement be utilized within  Discuss with local authorities an existing Right of Way (ROW)?  Consultations with the communities  Discuss with the design engineers 5. Will there be loss of shelter and  Discuss with local authorities residential land due to land acquisition?  Consultations with the communities  Field assessment.  Discuss with the design engineers 6. Will there be loss of agricultural  Discuss with local authorities and other productive assets due to land acquisition?  Consultations with the communities  Field assessment.  Discuss with the design engineers 7. Will there be losses of crops,  Discuss with local authorities trees, and fixed assets due to land acquisition?  Consultations with the communities  Field assessment.  Discuss with local authorities 8. Will there be loss of businesses or enterprises due to land  Consultations with the communities acquisition?  Field assessment.  Discuss with local authorities 9. Will there be loss of income sources and means of livelihoods  Consultations with the communities due to land acquisition?  Field assessment. Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

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Potential Involuntary Not Yes No Remarks Resettlement Effects Known

 Discuss with the design engineers 10. Will people lose access to  Discuss with local authorities natural resources, communal facilities and services?  Consultations with the communities  Field assessment. 11. If land use is changed, will it  Field assessment and consultations have an adverse impact on social with affected households and local and economic activities? authorities  Discuss with the design engineers 12. Will access to land and resources owned communally or  Field assessment and consultations by the state be restricted? with affected households and local authorities Information on Displaced Persons: Any estimate of the likely number of persons that will be displaced by the Project? [ ] No [ ] Yes If yes, approximately how many? ______

Are any of them poor, female-heads of households, or vulnerable to poverty risks? [ ] No [ ] Yes

Are any displaced persons from indigenous or ethnic minority groups? [ ] No [ ] Yes

Potentially affected lands by Project’s interventions/components

Proposed Project's Quantiti Locatio Brief Land Information Intervention Interventio es ns description area can be ns (unit) of scales that available by may be when acquire d (m2) Highway No.1 Highway No.6

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Appendix 2: Outline of a Resettlement Plan

A. Executive Summary  This section provides a concise statement of subproject scope, key survey findings, entitlements and recommended actions. B. Project Description  This section provides a general description of the project, discusses project components that result in land acquisition, involuntary resettlement, or both and identify the project area. It also describes the alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement. Include a table with quantified data and provide a rationale for the final decision. C. Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement This section:  Discusses the project’s potential impacts, and includes maps of the areas or zone of impact of project components or activities;  Describes the scope of land acquisition (provide maps) and explains why it is necessary for main investment project;  Summarizes the key effects in terms of assets acquired and displaced persons; and  Provides details of common property resources that will be acquired. D. Socioeconomic Information and Profile This section outlines the results of the social impact assessment, the census survey, and other studies, with information and/or data disaggregated by gender, vulnerability, and other social groupings, including:  Define, identify, and enumerate the people and communities to be affected;  Describe the likely impacts of land and asset acquisition on the people and communities affected taking social, cultural, and economic parameters into account;  Discuss the project’s impacts on the poor, indigenous and/or ethnic minorities, and other vulnerable groups; and  Identify gender and resettlement impacts, and the socioeconomic situation, impacts, needs, and priorities of women. E. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation This section:  Identifies project stakeholders, especially primary stakeholders;  Describes the consultation and participation mechanisms to be used during the different stages of the project cycle;  Describes the activities undertaken to disseminate project and resettlement information during project design and preparation for engaging stakeholders;  Summarizes the results of consultations with affected persons (including host communities), and discusses how concerns raised and recommendations made were addressed in the resettlement plan;  Confirms disclosure of the draft resettlement plan to affected persons and includes arrangements to disclose any subsequent plans; and  Describes the planned information disclosure measures (including the type of information to be disseminated and the method of dissemination) and the process for consultation with affected persons during project implementation. F. Grievance Redress Mechanisms

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 This section describes mechanism to receive and facilitate the resolution of affected persons’ concerns and grievances. It explains how the procedures are accessible to affected persons and gender sensitive. G. Legal Framework This section:  Describes national and local laws and regulations that apply to the project and identify gaps between local laws and ADB’s policy requirements; and discuss how these gaps will be addressed;  Describes the legal and policy commitments from the executing agency for all types of displaced persons;  Outlines the principles and methodologies used for determining valuations and compensation rates at replacement cost for assets, incomes and livelihoods; and set out the compensation and assistance eligibility criteria and how and when compensation and assistance will be provided.  Describes the land acquisition process and prepare a schedule for meeting key procedural requirements. H. Entitlements, Assistance and Benefits This section:  Defines displaced persons’ entitlements and eligibility, and describes all resettlement assistance measures (includes an entitlement matrix);  Specifies all assistance to vulnerable groups, including women, and other special groups; and  Outlines opportunities for affected persons to derive appropriate development benefits from the project. I. Relocation of Housing and Settlements This section:  Describes options for relocating housing and other structures, including replacement housing, replacement cash compensation, and/or self-selection (ensure that gender concerns and support to vulnerable groups are identified);  Describes alternative relocation sites considered; community consultations conducted; and justification for selected sites, including details about location, environmental assessment of sites, and development needs;  Provides timetables for site preparation and transfer;  Describes the legal arrangements to regularize tenure and transfer titles to resettled persons;  Outlines measures to assist displaced persons with their transfer and establishment at new sites;  Describes plans to provide civic infrastructure; and  Explains how integration with host population will be carried out. J. Income Restoration and Rehabilitation This section:  Identifies livelihood risks and prepare disaggregated tables based on demographic data and livelihood sources;

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 37 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

 Describes income restoration programs, including multiple options for restoring all types of livelihoods (examples include induced benefit sharing, revenues sharing arrangements, joint stock for equity contributions such as land, discuss sustainability and safety nets);  Outline measures to provide social safety net through social insurance and/or project special funds;  Describes special measures to support vulnerable groups; gender consideration and training program K. Resettlement Budget and Financing Plan This section:  Provides an itemized budget for all resettlement activities, including for the resettlement unit, staff training, monitoring and evaluation, and preparation of resettlement plans during loan implementation;  Describes the flow of funds (the annual resettlement budget should show the budget scheduled expenditure for key items;  Includes a justification for all assumptions made in calculating compensation rates and other cost estimates (taking into account both physical and cost contingencies), plus replacement costs;  Includes information about the source of funding for the resettlement plan budget. L. Institutional Arrangements This section:  Describes institutional arrangement responsibilities and mechanisms for carrying out the measures of the resettlement plan;  Includes institutional capacity building program, including technical assistance, if required;  Describes role of NGOs, if involved, and organizations of affected persons in resettlement planning and management; and  Describes how women’s groups will be involved in resettlement planning and management. M. Implementation Schedule This section includes a detailed, time bound, implementation schedule for all key resettlement and rehabilitation activities. The implementation schedule should cover all aspects of resettlement activities synchronized with the project schedule of civil works construction, and provide land acquisition process and timeline. N. Monitoring and Reporting This section describes the mechanisms and benchmarks appropriate to the project for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the resettlement plan. It specifies arrangements for participation of affected persons in the monitoring process. This section will also describe reporting procedures.

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 38 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Appendix 3: Standardized Replacement Cost Survey Report

CONTENT I. OVERVIEW OF SUBPROJECT II. METHODOLOGY & APPROACH FOR COMPENSATION SURVEY A-1. RCS Team 1. Nominated staff and participants 2. Overview of performed activities A-2. Information collection 1. Study area 2. Sample size and selection 3. Information to be collected A-3. Information processing III. RESULTS B- 1. Area 1 (Village, District, Province) 1. Unit costs for fixed assets 2. Replacement costs for fixed assets 3. Comparison of compensation rates 4. Comments & Observations B-2. Area 2 (Village, District, Province) 1. Unit costs for fixed assets 2. Replacement costs for fixed assets 3. Comparison of compensation rates 4. Comments & Observations C. Area N (Village, District, Province) . IV. CONCLUSION 1. Key findings 2. Next steps 3. Recommendations V. ANNEXES D-1. Used RCA questionnaire forms (“survey questionnaire table”) for each type of loss (residential land, agricultural land, house, secondary structures, trees, crops, others) D-2. Documents gathered D -3. Photos

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 39 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Appendix 4: Sample of DMS/SES Survey Form

INSTRUCTION: To be accomplished for all persons/households and organizations/institution with affected assets (e.g., houses, shops, waiting sheds, and crops) located within construction area or corridor of impact (COI) specified in the road designs. Survey Code of AP/AH:

I. Location of the affected asset of the affected person (AP), affected household (AH), or organization A. Location of affected asset(s): District: Commune: Village Mile/kilometer post:

B. Name* of Occupant/Owner of the Affected Asset(s):

*NOTE: If a single-person household, write the name of the AP; if an AH, write the name of the head of the AH; if an institution or organization, write the name of the institution or organization. A person who lives alone by himself/herself is considered a single- person household.

II. Affected Assets (This section WILL BE filled-up for all AHs and organizations or institutions affected by the loss of assets) A.1 Land:

B.1 Main structures* found in the occupied Project construction area/limit: Type or use of the Total area Area (m²) of the State whether the structure will Structure affected main (m²) of the affected portion of have to be acquired/affected classification** structure structure the structure PARTIALLY or TOTALLY

*Main structures: Regardless of structural condition and construction materials used, these are buildings that are fixed on the ground with at least four posts, with roof, and used as residence, shop or place of commerce, residence and shop at the same time, etc.. ** Specifics of classification: Use structure classification system of the local government

B.2 Tenure status over the affected main structures: Tenure (check the appropriate box below) Occupying WITH Main Structure Tenant/ Occupying WITHOUT Owner permission of renter permission of owner owner

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

B.3 If the affected house/store/building does not belong to the AP/AH: Paying Rent? Check If Paying Rent, How A. Name of owner of affected main Address of owner of appropriate box much is Monthly structure affected main structure below Rent? (Indicate in No Yes Kyat)

Ms.______[ ] [ ]

B. Does the tenant AH own a house/building elsewhere? [ ] No [ ] Yes, location:

C. Secondary structures* found in the occupied Project construction area/limit: Affected area (m²) / Type of affected secondary Structure Total area (m²) / length length (lm)of the structure classification** (lm) of the structure structure

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 40 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Affected area (m²) / Type of affected secondary Structure Total area (m²) / length length (lm)of the structure classification** (lm) of the structure structure 1. 2. 3. *Secondary structures: Structures that are not moveable and not part of the main structures, such as fence, driveway, waiting sheds, farm sheds, irrigation canal, etc.. ** Specifics of classification: Use structure classification system of the local government

D. Annual crops found in the occupied Project construction area/limit:

Name / type of annual crops* Actual area planted to the crop (m²)

Actual area planted to the crop (m²) by Name / type of annual crops* Category** A B C

*Examples of annual crops: rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, etc.

E. Type and number (count) of perennials found in the occupied Project construction area/limit: Name of perennial Young and not yet Bearing fruit Bearing fruit (old) bearing fruit (within age of peak production 1. 2. 3. 4. Total

F. Count of timber trees of commercial value found in the occupied Project construction area/limit: Name of tree Count

Total

G. Loss of business and income: Duration of Disruption in Business Net Monthly Nature of Business* Operation (Check appropriate box) Income (Kyat) Permanent Temporary

[ ] [ ] *Examples of business: motor vehicle repair shop, grocery store, eatery

III. Socioeconomic information: (This section WILL NOT be filled-up if the affected asset belongs to an organization or institution) A. Basic information about the head of the AH 1. Name: 2. Home address: Village: Township: District:: 3. Gender: a. Male b. 4. Age: 5. Physical condition: a. Normal b. Female Disabled 6. Civil status: a. Single b. Married c. Widow/Widower d. 7. Religion: Divorced 8. Ethnic affiliation: h. Other (specify) ______9. Educational attainment: 10. Main livelihood activity of the head of AH:

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a. ______(specify) b. No work/looking for work c. Retired/not looking for work

B. Socioeconomic information on the AH 1. Number of persons presently living with the household: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Other (specify number) 2. Basic information on persons presently and actually living with the AH: Household Relationship with Age Gender Educational Livelihood member head of AH attainment activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3. Average monthly income of the AH (combined from all 4. Average monthly savings: members): a.Riels______Riel b. None 1. By percentage, how much of the average monthly income of the AH go to the following expense items (total should not exceed 100%): a. Food: _____% b. Clothing: _____% c. Health: _____% d. House maintenance: _____% e. Education: _____% f. Productive asset: % 6. Health concerns: a. Most common ailments (sickness) that afflicted members of the AH the past one year: i. ______ii. ______ii. ______b. For ailments of members of the AH the past year that required professional help, did you go to a doctor, medical clinic, or hospital? i. Yes ii. No Why not? ______c. Where is the nearest medical clinic or hospital located from where you live? i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same township iii. In the district/town center 7. Sanitation concerns: a. Source(s) of water for drinking: i. Ground well belonging to the AH ii. Pump well belonging to the AH iii. Piped water from public provider iv. Public/neighbor’s open well v. Public/neighbor’s pump vi. River/canal vii. Buy from retailers viii. Other (specify) ______b. Source(s) of water for washing: i. Ground well belonging to the AH ii. Pump well belonging to the AH iii. Piped water from public provider iv. Public/neighbor’s open well v. Public/neighbor’s pump vi. River/canal vii. Buy from retailers viii. Other (specify) ______c. Toilet facility used by the AH: i. Simple water sealed (use pail for flushing) ii. Water sealed with flushing mechanism iii. Open pit iv. Closed pit v. None 7. Sanitation concerns: (continuation) d. Bathing facility used by the AH: i. Enclosed bathroom in the house ii. Open bathing area beside the house iii. River/canal e. Garbage disposal practice: i. Bury by the AH ii. Collected by local government iii. Burn by the AH 8. Main fuel/power used for lighting: i. Electricity from public provider ii. Kerosene iii. Rechargeable battery iv. Own generator v. Other 9. Main fuel/power used for cooking: i. Electricity ii. Kerosene iii. LPG iv. Wood v. Other 10. Owner of home appliances: i. Television ii. Refrigerator iii. Radio/cassette recorder iv. Telephone/cellphone v. DVD/CD player vi. Oven/stove vii. Electric fan viii. Others (specify)______

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 42 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

11. Ownership of transportation i. Car ii. Pick-up iii. Truck iv. Motorcycle v. Bicycle vi. Other (specify) ______vii. None 12. Availability of social facilities/services a. Primary school: i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same commune iii. In the district/town center b. Elementary school: i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same township iii. In the district/town center c. High school: i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same township iii. In the district/town center d. Vocational school: i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same township iii. In the district/town center e. College/University: i. In the district/town center ii. In another district/town center f. Place of worship: i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same township iii. In the district/town center g. Market: i. Same village of the AH ii. In another village in the same township iii. In the district/town center 13. Other landholdings of the AHs that are away from (outside of) the road right-of-way (ROW): Area of land in m² Tenure/Proof of Ownership Residential/Commercial Farmland Forestland Pond Land use certificate

TOTAL LAND AREA

IV. Reconstruction option of AH losing entire house and/or store (This section WILL NOT be filled-up if the affected asset belongs to an organization or institution): 1. Build in the remaining area of ROW outside of the COI 2. Build on land of another person outside of the ROW 3. Relocate on another land owned by the AH outside of the ROW 4. Landless informal setter

V. Public Participation and perception about the Project (This section WILL NOT be filled- up if the affected asset belongs to an organization or institution): 1. Are you aware of the proposed rehabilitation of the road in your village? a. Yes Where or how did you learn about the proposed rehabilitation of the road in your village?

______b. No

2. What are your positive and/or negative views, if any, about the proposed rehabilitation of the road in your village? a. Positive: ______

b. Negative: ______3. What are your suggestions, if any, on how to ensure that local residents, especially those whose assets are affected, are adequately informed and their suggestions and complaints are considered by the authorities during the whole time that the road rehabilitation Project is carried out in your village? a.______

b.______

4. What are your suggestions, if any, on how to ensure that local residents will derive benefit from the Project, during the construction of the road and after the road has been rehabilitated road is already operational? a.______

b.______

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 43 Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

VI. Grievance redress (This section WILL NOT be filled-up if the affected asset belongs to an organization or institution): 1. If you have any complaint or concern regarding any aspect related to the rehabilitation of the road in your village, such as accuracy of the inventory of your affected assets; amount or level of compensation for your affected assets; construction activities of the civil works contractor; etc. a. To whom do you think your complaint or concern should be brought to? ______b. In what way should you bring forward your complaint or concern? b.1 Verbal b.2 Written 2. In the event that you are not satisfied with the action taken by the person or office where you first brought your complaint or concern, to whom do you want to bring your complaint or concern next for appropriate action? ______

______Name and Signature of AH or Representative Relationship of representative with the AH

______Name and Signature of Enumerator Date accomplished:______

RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 44 SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT

Social and Poverty Assessment Report Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 41123-014 December 2014

Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP)

Prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

December 2016

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank AHs Affected Households AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APs Affected Persons COI Corridor of Impact DDIS Detailed Design and Implementation Supervision DMS Detailed Measurement Survey DP Displaced Person EA Executing Agency EMs Ethnic Minorities FHH Female Headed Household GAP Gender Action Plan GRC Grievance Redress Committee HH Household HHM Household Member HoH Head of household IOL Inventory of Losses IPs Indigenous Peoples LBAT Labor-Based Appropriate Technology, MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NGO Non Government Organization RF Resettlement Framework SAP Social Action Plan SES Socio-economic survey SIA Social Impact Assessment SPA Social and Poverty Assessment SPS Safeguard Policy Statement STI Sexually Transmitted Infection WU Women’s Union

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. PROJECT OVERVIEW ...... 4 II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 6 2.1. Methodology ...... 6 2.2. Demographic Profile of the Project Area ...... 7 2.3. Access to Social Services ...... 9 2.4. Livelihood ...... 11 2.5. Poverty ...... 12 2.6. Gender ...... 13 2.7. HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking ...... 14 2.8. Indigenous Peoples ...... 15 III. NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF THE PROJECT ...... 15 3.1. Land Acquisition ...... 15 3.2. Dust and Noise during Construction ...... 16 3.3. Road Safety ...... 16 3.3. HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking ...... 16 3.4. Gender ...... 17 IV. POSITIVE IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES ...... 18 4.1. Improved Transport and Movement ...... 18 4.2. Benefits to Industrial Development ...... 18 4.3. Impacts on Poverty Alleviation ...... 18 ANNEXES ...... 20 Annex A: Social Action Plan ...... 20 Annex B: Gender Action Plan ...... 23 Annex C: Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy ...... 26

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I. PROJECT OVERVIEW

1. The Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP) is a priority Project of the Government of Cambodia under the key infrastructure development agenda, as it will provide a strong foundation for the country’s road asset management regime of national and provincial road networks. This is an ADB financed project under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) as the executing agency (EA). The roads will have positive impacts on the socio-economic condition of the local households and communities, and will support the local communities within the project area. 2. The Project will (i) assist the MPWT in the improvement of 146.55 km of roads (96.85 km of National Road No.1 and 49.7 km of National Road No.6) and (ii) help create a sustainable road maintenance regime by strengthening capacity at MPWT to (a) improve the maintenance and management of its road network; (b) strengthen axle load control operations; and (c) further strengthen the process of privatizing MPWT’s force account units. The RNIP will also support a community-based road safety program, an HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention program, with sufficient gender considerations. 3. The impact of the Project will be to preserve the long-term sustainability of national and provincial road networks. This will assist economic growth by reducing future transport costs and preserving road connections. The impact is consistent with the sector results framework of the Cambodia Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map. The Project outcome will be increased financing and capacity for efficient road asset management within the MPWT. The project has four (4) key outputs: (i) Improved road maintenance; (ii) improved road asset management in MPWT; (iii) Increased road safety and awareness of potential social problems; and (iv) Efficient project management.  Output 1: Improved road maintenance. A total of 146.55 km of roads (96.85 km of National Road No.1 and 49.7 km of National Road No.6) will be maintained with asphalt concrete overlay.  Output 2: Improved asset management in MPWT. This output will improve road asset management in a sustainable manner through a strong capacity-building program, a continuation of the interventions initiated in the RNIP for MPWT (through competitive bidding), and for resolving axle load control operation issues. The output also includes an approach to achieve a sustainable funding for road maintenance through road fund or similar source.  Output 3: Increased road safety and awareness of potential social problems. This output aims to increase the level of awareness and application of road safety and safeguards of the project in 4 provinces through (i) a community- based road safety awareness program, including education for schools, drivers, road users, and the community; road provisions in road design; and community- based enforcement. Through this approach, a self-sustainable community- based road safety program in the communes will be implemented in the long- term; (ii) implementing an HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention program; and (iii) conducting a gender-disaggregated baseline socio-economic survey of project beneficiaries.  Output 4: Efficient project management. The aim of this output is to strengthen the capacity of MPWT to provide efficient project management support from project implementation units; promote positive employment and gender impacts in the communities under most of the outputs; develop and implement a gender

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 4

action plan (GAP) during project design, and incorporate the target indicators for gender mainstreaming aspects in the project outputs. 4. The project will be implemented in four (Svay Rieng, Srey Vieng, Kandal and Siem Reap) which covers a total of 13 districts located along the project roads. 5. Subject to modification in the future implementation stage (when full topographic, hydrological and geotechnical survey data is available), the following rehabilitation work has been identified during the feasibility study work at the PPTA stage: 6. National Road No.1: The section extends for km 62.1 to km 159.00 western side of Bavet City. Construction work expected to be undertaken includes:  Sample recovery and laboratory testing of embankment and underlying materials in areas where differential settlement problems have been observed;  Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently poor condition or subject to ‘ongoing settlement’ with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Remedial interventions (i.e. patching and crack sealing) on sections of road found to be presently in ‘sound’ condition;  Application of asphalt concrete overlays (40 or 50 mm thick) in the ‘sound’ and the repaired’ areas (about 95 % of the sub-section length);  Application of a surface treatment only in the areas confirmed to be subject to ongoing settlement;  Bridge maintenance (10 structures of single, twin, triple and multi-span configurations);  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity by upsizing and duplication of some units;  Installation of added longitudinal drainage capacity (concrete ‘U’ drains) in appropriate urban areas;  Installation of appropriate road signs and markings;  Selected provision for future climate change (including slope protection, storm water energy dissipation etc). 7. National Road No.6: This section extends from 317.1 to km 367.0. Work expected to be undertaken includes:  Sample recovery and laboratory testing of embankment and underlying materials in areas where differential settlement problems have been observed;  Removal and ‘repair’ of sections of road found to be in presently poor condition or subject to ‘ongoing settlement’ with re-compaction of sub-grades and replacement of sub-base and base course layers;  Remedial interventions (i.e. patching and crack sealing) on sections of road found to be presently in ‘sound’ condition;  Application of asphalt concrete overlays (40 or 50 mm thick ) in the ‘sound’ and the repaired’ areas (about 95-97 % of the sub-section length);

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 5

 Application of a surface treatment only in any areas confirmed to be subject to ongoing settlement;  Bridge maintenance (17 structures of single, twin and triple span configurations);  Cleaning of box and pipe culverts (14 box and 104 pipes) and roadside ditches;  Clearance of vegetation in roadside areas and drainage channels;  Installation of added cross culvert capacity by upsizing and duplication of some units;  Installation of added longitudinal drainage capacity (concrete ‘U’ drains) in appropriate urban areas;  Installation of appropriate road signs and markings;  Selected provision for future climate change (including slope protection, storm water energy dissipation etc).

Figure 1: Project Road Locations

II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE PROJECT AREA

2.1. Methodology 8. The methodology for data collection for this Social and Poverty Assessment (SPA) was based on both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included a household survey of 500 households in vicinity of the project area, 132 in-depth interviews with mainly household survey respondents, and key informant interviews with representatives of local authorities and village leaders; and 41 focused-group discussions with relevant Provincial Departments of Public Works and Transport, Planning, and Women Unions. The household survey was based on a purposive sample targeting households involved in common livelihoods as well as ensuring the inclusion of poor and near poor households as well as households headed by female. A copy of the household survey form and the analyzed survey data are included as annexes to the SPA report. The study also draws on the statistical data prepared in July-August 2016 by the Provincial Department of Planning of the project provinces following the form provided by and discussions with the Social Safeguard Consultants

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 6

of PPTA Team. Secondary sources included Government Statistics Office (GSO) reports, government departmental and agency reports as well as other relevant studies were collected. Two consultation meetings were also organized with local authorities and people in Kampong Trabaek Commune (Pouk District, Prey Veng Province) which included participants from Prasat, Prey Chhor, KrangSvay, Lvea and Kampong Trabaek communes; and at Svay Chrum commune (Svay Rieng Province) with participation from Svay Chrum, Kraol Kou, Romeang Thkoal, Kouk Pring and Prey Angkunh communes -.on the potential social impacts by the proposed project and possible mitigation measures to mitigate the potentially negative impacts and enhance the potentially positive impacts of the proposed project. 2.2. Demographic Profile of the Project Area 9. Based on the population data provided by the Provincial Department of Planning of four project provinces, the total population in the project areas is 1,506,406 (342,403 households) as of December 2015. Of this number, 51.17% (or 770,828) are females and 735,578 (or 48.83%) are males. The household size in the project areas is 4.4 people per household. 10. Due to migration to other provinces and overseas (Viet Nam and Thailand) for living and working, population reduced from 2,193,937 people (2013) to 1,945,938 people (2014) and to 1,506,406 people (2015). Number of households also changed from 465,274 households to 411,238 households and to 342,403 households, respectively. Household size is smaller with 4.4 people per household in 2015 compared to 4.7 people per household in 2013. Table 1: Demographic Profile of the Project Area 2015 Provinces Districts No. of persons No. of HHs Average HH size National Road Subtotal 1 1,295,733 299,105 4.33 No.1 Peam Ro 65,409 14993 4.36 Prey Vieng PrahSdach 142,417 29934 4.76 Kampong Traback 137,375 30664 4.48 SvayChrum 164,391 37,979 4.3 SvayRieng 612,878 143279 4.28 SvayRieng SvayTeab 61,287 14331 4.3 Kangpong Ro 72,229 17954 4 Bavet Town 39,747 9971 4 National Road Subtotal 2 210673 43298 4.86 No.6 Siem Reap Town 68,616 14,066 4.9 Siem Reap Puok 70,329 14,515 4.8 Kralanh 71,728 14,717 4.9 Grand Total (1+2) 1,506,406 342,403 4,77 Source: Statistical Data of Provincial Department of Planning, July-August 2016 11. The household survey obtained data on gender and age composition of the surveyed families in the project areas which is presented below. Of the 500 respondents, 60% (299) were women and 40% (201) were men. The largest province with 40% (202) respondents (with 120 or 24% women) is Svay Rieng, which has 3 districts and 2 towns included in the project areas. The 2nd largest province is Siem Reap with 33% (167) respondents and 22% (111) accounts for women. The provinces of Prey Veng have two districts each included in the project areas. There is only commune in Kampong Rou district (Svay Rieng province) covered by the project and it has a total of 7 respondents (1%) with 0.6% (3) females and 0.8% (4) males.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 7

Table 2: Breakdown of Population in the Project Areas by Sex

Gender Total Province District Female Male N % N N Kampong Trabaek 29 25 54 11% Peam Ro 14 14 28 6% Prey Veng Preah Sdach 25 24 49 10% Total 68 (14%) 63 (13%) 131 26% Bavet Town 21 23 44 9% Kampong Rou 3 4 7 1% Svay Rieng Town 14 3 17 3% Svay Rieng Svay Chrum 54 32 86 17% Svay Teab 28 20 48 10% Total 120 (24%) 82 (16%) 202 40% Kralanh 31 10 41 8% Puok 58 34 92 18% Siem Reap Siem Reap Town 22 12 34 7% Total 111 56 167 33% Total 299 (60%) 201 (40%) 500 100% 12. As shown in the below Table 3, majority (42%) of the female respondents were in the age bracket of 18-50 years old while 43% of the males belongs to 31 to 60 years old. A total of 1 (0.2%) women/girls were 18 years old at the time of the baseline survey. Only 12% (60) of the female respondents belong to 18 to 30 years old and 3% (6) men were in the same age bracket. There were also 4.4% females and 5% male who belong to age bracket, 61 to 75 years old. 13. Table 4 shows that majority (49%) of the women respondents during the baseline survey are married, including men which account for 38%. There were 32 (6%) female-headed households and 1% male-headed household. Only 3% (16) females and 2% (9) males were single or never married.

Table 3: Age Breakdown of the Respondents by Gender Total Number of Respondents by Province Total of the Number and Percentage Age Bracket Prey Veng Svay Rieng Siem Reap (per age bracket) F M F M F M F (N) F (%) M (N) M (%) Below 18 years old 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0% 1 0% 18 - 30 years old 12 3 20 8 28 5 60 12% 16 3% 31 - 40 years old 19 24 37 28 34 19 90 18% 71 14% 41 -50 years old 16 11 20 18 23 14 59 12% 43 9% 51- 60 years old 17 14 33 21 17 12 67 13% 47 9% 61 -70 years old 3 9 9 5 9 3 21 4% 17 3% 71 years old and above 0 2 1 2 0 2 1 0% 6 1% Total Per Province 68 63 120 82 111 56 299 60% 201 40% Grand Total 131 (26%) 202 (40%) 167 (33%) 500 (100%)

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 8

Table 4: Marital Status of Respondents by Gender

Total Number of Respondents by Province Civil Status Prey Veng Svay Rieng Siem Reap Total Number and Percentage (per civil F (N) M (N) F (N) M (N) F (N) M (N) F (N) F (%) M (N) M (%) Single/Never Married/Never 7 0 4 4 5 5 16 3% 9 2% Lived with a Partner Married/Living Together 48 63 102 77 93 49 243 49% 189 38% Separated/Divorced 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 1% 0 0% Female - Headed Household 9 0 10 0 13 0 32 6% 0 0% Male Headed Household 3 0 2 1 0 2 5 1% 3 1% Total Per Province 68 63 120 82 111 56 299 60% 201 40% Grand Total 131 (26%) 202 (40%) 167 (33%) 500 (100%) 2.3. Access to Social Services 14. Majority (55%) of the households in the project areas have water pumps as their main source of water for drinking and domestic use (i.e., laundry, cooking, washing dishes, etc.), followed by 21% who get water from ring/pump well or open well. Approximately 2% collect water from the stream or lake. For the housing conditions, majority (33%) of the households in the project areas have house with walling made of wood and 6% made of palm leaves and bamboo, and 39% for the two previously mentioned types of walling materials. On the other hand, 34% of the household’s houses are made of concrete materials, 24% use corrugated metals, and less than 1% made of improvised makeshift. Table 5: Primary Source of Water for Drinking

Source of Water Supply Faucet inside the house Rain Water (with (with water pipes Stream, River or Province Water Pump Ring Well/Pump jars or water connected to the water Lake container) source) N % N % N % N % N % Prey Veng 21 4% 82 16% 23 5% 0 0% 5 1% Svay Rieng 18 4% 145 29% 39 8% 0 0% 0 0% Siem Reap 51 10% 70 14% 41 8% 0 0% 5 1% Total (N) 90 18% 297 59% 103 21% 0 0% 10 2% 15. The distance of schools from the houses of the children ranges from 2-3 km, where more than half of the children (53%) are currently enrolled, either in primary or lower secondary. As shown in the below Table 5, about 27% (187) of the respondents mentioned that schools are located more than 3 km from their houses and only 20% (139) mentioned that the schools where their children are enrolled are just walking distance or less than 1 km from their house. Most of the schools are located along the road and are accessible using bicycles and other means of transportation.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 9

Table 6: Distance of Schools from the Houses of the Children

Project Areas Distance (From House to School)

Less than 1 km 2-3 km More than 3 km Province District N % N % N % Prey Veng Kampong Trabaek 32 6.4% 15 3.0% 7 1.4%

Peam Ro 16 3.2% 3 0.6% 9 1.8%

Preah Sdach 25 5.0% 12 2.4% 12 2.4% Svay Rieng Bavet Town 36 7.2% 6 1.2% 2 0.4%

Kampong Rou 7 1.4% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Svay Rieng Town 14 2.8% 3 0.6% 0 0.0%

Svay Chrum 57 11.4% 19 3.8% 10 2.0%

Svay Teab 20 4.0% 22 4.4% 6 1.2% Siem Reap Kralanh 30 6.0% 6 1.2% 5 1.0%

Puok 46 9.2% 28 5.6% 18 3.6%

Siem Reap Town 20 4.0% 10 2.0% 4 0.8%

Total (N & %) 303 60.6% 124 24.8% 73 14.6% Grand Total 500 (100%) 16. According to the data collected from the project communes, the total number of school drop-outs in the project area is 1,080 (71% girls) as of June 2015. The data gathered from the commune councils do not specify the school drop-outs by age or education level. The commune chiefs mentioned during the consultations conducted in the project areas that the majority of the children who dropped-out of school are in the lower secondary level (just completed the primary level and other children had quit schooling before completing the primary level). There were also cases where in children go with the parents when they migrate to another place, thus their education in primary level is disrupted. Children are forced to drop-out of school also due to economic reason. The most common reasons cited by the commune chiefs why children dropped-out of school is poverty and parents’ lack of motivation to send children to school. The latter is rooted on lack of appreciation on the long-term impact or value of education. There are parents who prefer to see their children already working and helping in earning a living instead of going to school and complete their studies. The data from the commune chiefs were based on the reported cases. The number of school drop-outs may be higher than what is reported to the commune councils. Table 7: Most Common Reasons Why Girls Drop-Out of School

Percen Reasons Number Rank t

Financial problem/economic reason 3 27% 2nd

Has to work already to help the parents 6 55% 1st earn a living

Far distance of school (more than 4 kms) 1 9% 3rd

Got married 0 0%

Take care of old/sick members the family 0 0%

Poor health of daughters 0 0%

Has difficulty understanding lessons 0 0%

Too old to study (inferiority feeling) 0 0%

Personal Choice (not interested to go to 1 9% 4th school)

Total 11 100%

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 10

17. There is one district hospital in each project district - and 43 "private clinics" and health checking centers and 116 pharmacies in the project areas. Almost half of the surveyed households mentioned that health centers and other health facilities like hospitals in the project areas are located more than 3 km from their communities. Only 39% of the sample size mentioned that they are close to the health centers (less than 1 km). A total of 37% of the total survey households claimed that their houses are within a distance ranging from 2-3 km from the health center/hospital and 24% are living in areas far from the health centers (more than 3 km). Likewise, 21% of the survey households mentioned that their houses are located more than 3 km from the market and 51% are very accessible (with a distance of less than 1 km.) from the market, and 28% live within 3 km away from the market. Most of the markets in the project areas are located in the district urban center. All public markets in the district and in communes covered by the project are located along the existing national road, and this explains the reason why almost 100% of the people interviewed during the baseline survey are in favor of the project.

Table 8: Distance of House to Location of Basic Facilities (Market & Health

Project Areas Distance (House to Clinic/Hospital) Distance (House to Market) Less than 1 More than 3 Less than 1 More than 2-3 km 2-3 km Province District km km km 3Km N & % N & % N & % N & % N & % N & % Prey Veng 31 17 3 31 18 3 Kampong Trabaek 6% 4% 1% 6% 4% 1% 0 5 22 3 9 16 Peam Ro 0% 1% 5% 1% 2% 3% 9 15 20 21 8 20 Preah Sdach 2% 3% 4% 4% 2% 4% Svay Rieng 32 7 5 38 5 1 Bavet Town 7% 1% 1% 8% 1% 0% 2 2 3 0 0 7 Kampong Rou 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 6 11 0 8 9 0 Svay Rieng Town 1% 2% 0% 2% 2% 0% 39 32 10 56 21 7 Svay Chrum 8% 7% 2% 11% 4% 1% 10 23 14 19 15 14 Svay Teab 2% 5% 3% 4% 3% 3% Siem Reap 24 9 7 22 6 12 Kralanh 5% 2% 1% 4% 1% 2% 25 37 29 35 33 24 Puok 5% 8% 6% 7% 7% 5% 9 20 5 19 14 1 Siem Reap Town 2% 4% 1% 4% 3% 0% 187 178 118 252 138 105 Total (N & %) 39% 37% 24% 51% 28% 21% Grand Total 500 (100%) 500 (100%)

2.4. Livelihood 18. The primary sources of income in the project areas are agriculture (27.6%) and selling fruits/vegetables and fish (39%). The agricultural yields after the harvest period comprise the greater share of the household income, and which they use also for their daily food consumption. For the additional sources of income, 43% of the households in the project areas mentioned that livestock/poultry raising is their additional source of income and another 40% are engaged in selling products (they have shops) as second resource of household's income.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 11

Table 9: Occupation of Household Heads in the Project Areas

Total Number and Percentage by Gender and Province

Total Number and Percentage (per Total Occupation Prey Veng Svay Rieng Siem Reap occupation) Both Sex F M F M F M F (N) F (%) M (N) M (%) (%) Farming 17 15 30 17 36 17 83 17% 49 10% 26%

Fishing 2 3 1 1 0 1 3 0.6% 5 1% 1.6%

Selling/Owned a Shop/Store 29 21 44 37 43 19 116 23% 77 15% 39%

Carpenter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Construction Worker/Laborer 3 6 8 8 13 6 24 5% 20 4% 9%

Driver 2 3 2 2 2 0 6 1% 5 1% 2%

Casino Worker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Factory Worker 3 2 15 7 9 2 27 5% 11 2% 8%

Handicraft Making 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Mechanic/Repair Vehicles 2 3 1 3 1 5 4 1% 11 2% 3%

Teacher 9 9 19 7 6 6 34 7% 22 4% 11%

Making Palm Sugar/Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Dressmaker/Tailor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

No Job 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0.4% 1 0.2% 0.6% Total per province 68 63 120 82 111 56 299 60% 201 40% 100% Table 10: Other Sources of Income and Economic Activities per Province

19. For the household's income, none of surveyed household got a monthly household income of $50.00 and below while only 1.8% has a monthly income from $51.00 to $100.00. The remaining households (98.2%) have a monthly income of $151.00 and above. Of this number, 87% have a monthly income of over $200.00; and only 2.6% have a monthly income of over $150.00 to $200.00. 20. With the status of land/house ownership, 94% of the households in the project areas own their house/land (where the house is constructed), although more than half do not have proof of land ownership. Only less than 1% was renting and 5% were caretakers of the houses owned by relatives. They were allowed to stay by their relatives for free. According to the SES data, there are 14.7% female-headed households of the total households in the project areas. 2.5. Poverty 21. Overall, the poverty rate in the project areas declined over the past years. According to the IDPoor Information System (Cambodia 2014)1, the poverty rate in the project

1 Identification of Poor Households Program (Ministry of Planning, 2014) - Reports and Maps from the Database of Poor Households. SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 12

areas declined from an average of 41.9% in 2005 to 30.6% in 2012 or a reduction of 11.3 percentage points over a period of eight years. 22. Among 20.25% of total households in the project provinces who are living under international poverty line in 2014 (those who live on less than $1.25 per day per person) there are 1.8% of households who are absolutely poor (households who have a monthly income between US$ 51.00 to $100.00, meaning each household member who is living on $ 0.38 to 0.75 per day). 23. Consulted village leaders and representatives of village woman unions assessed that, poor households are more likely to be engaged in casual labour, petty trading, as well as animal husbandry-related activities (poultry, swine and cattle) than other income groupings. Conversely higher income groups (especially well-off groups) area more likely to be engaged in land-based agriculture (cultivation of rice, fruit trees, and aquaculture), salaried work and medium scale trade. 24. With respect to the age and gender distribution of poverty, according to the statistical data of the Provincial Department of Planning of the project provinces (2014), 47.6% of poor people are within the working age range, 52.64% are male and 47.36% female. 25. Consultation results with poor households in the project villages shows that, the causes of poverty are due primarily to lack of assets -be it land, skill and especially the financial capital. All consulted poor households in the project villages have debt (ranges from $ 118 to $500) from private lenders with interests apart from other debts from their relative without interest. There were no statistics available regarding the percentage of households accessed credit programs of the Government, however, the consulted poor households stated that they do-not know any credit programs in their community and how to access it. 2.6. Gender 26. According to the SES data, 10% of the women respondents have never attended any formal education. There were 3% women who attended secondary high school but only 1% was able to graduate in high school. 27. Women’s level of participation in community activities or civil society (i.e., attending meetings, membership in community based organizations or CBOs) was also noted to be very low. Based on 2009 census, only 1% of the women from the total population per district/province participated in community activities, and 1% of women have uncertain jobs or irregular jobs, which implies that 99% of women have no involvement in community activities. This was validated during the SES conducted in the project areas in November, 2016. The majority (59.2%) of women is not involved in any CBOs and only 0.6% is members. The same trend for men was observed, where only (0.8%) claimed that they are members of organizations and 39.4% are not members of CBOs. 28. Women farmers in the project provinces spend most of their time in agriculture work - they spend 6 to 7 hours working in the farm. This is in addition to performing other household chores and taking care of other household members. Other economic activities of women include construction workers. Chairwomen of Svay Rieng Provincial Women Union raised the issue that more and more cases happened that women worked for the construction sub-contractors in the local but no payment made as the sub-contractors gone-away after the construction completed. Women also sell to the market - to assist their husbands in fishing and sell the fish market. The SES data showed that, 7.6% of women in the project areas works in garment factories, 8.8% are construction workers, and 6.8% are teachers.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 13

Table 11: Occupation of Household Heads in the Project Areas

Total Number and Percentage by Gender and Province

Total Number and Percentage (per Total Occupation Prey Veng Svay Rieng Siem Reap occupation) Both Sex F M F M F M F (N) F (%) M (N) M (%) (%) Farming 17 15 30 17 36 17 83 17% 49 10% 26%

Fishing 2 3 1 1 0 1 3 0.6% 5 1% 1.6%

Selling/Owned a Shop/Store 29 21 44 37 43 19 116 23% 77 15% 39%

Carpenter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Construction Worker/Laborer 3 6 8 8 13 6 24 5% 20 4% 9%

Driver 2 3 2 2 2 0 6 1% 5 1% 2%

Casino Worker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Factory Worker 3 2 15 7 9 2 27 5% 11 2% 8%

Handicraft Making 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Mechanic/Repair Vehicles 2 3 1 3 1 5 4 1% 11 2% 3%

Teacher 9 9 19 7 6 6 34 7% 22 4% 11%

Making Palm Sugar/Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

Dressmaker/Tailor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0% 0%

No Job 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0.4% 1 0.2% 0.6% Total per province 68 63 120 82 111 56 299 60% 201 40% 100% 29. According to the statistical data of the Provincial Departments of the project provinces, for participation in paid work - the level of women’s participation in remunerated work full-time and part-time is 28.25% and 41.57%, respectively; while the percentages of men's participation is 71.75% and 58.43%. 30. Greater gender equality in labor-based road construction and maintenance will provide significant social benefits to local communities and households. Women can participate in jobs, i.e. repairing potholes, cleaning pavement, clearing ditches and culverts, and other jobs. They could also work in maintaining embankments, plant and care for trees to protect erosion. The project will also organize capacity building and awareness raising activities on gender mainstreaming, LBAT, labor standards including the policy of equal pay for equal work, and no child labor, HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention, and road safety. Gender action plan has been prepared to ensure that women will be given equal benefits and participation during project implementation. The project should help support the Gender Mainstreaming Action Group (GMAG) to implement relevant sections of the Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan (GMAP) 2016-2020. 2.7. HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking 31. The statistical data of the Provincial Departments of the project provinces shows that there are 261 reported HIV cases in the project areas as of December 2015. The female with HIV accounts for 58% of the total HIV cases, and 42% men. 32. At the national level, according to the CMDG Survey 2014 Report (Cambodia Millennium Development Goals - 2014 Annual Progress Report, Ministry of Planning) shows that 84% of the women in the country are aware of the HIV, and about 90% of men were aware that using condoms when having sex could prevent the spread of HIV. The report further stated that 77% of women (and 87% men) have knowledge of HIV prevention. Increasing the people’s level of awareness on HIV prevention has been proven as an effective strategy to prevent the spread of HIV. 33. According to the provincial women unions of the project provinces, the percentages of women’s knowledge of HIV prevention is lower compared to men, and the number of people (both men and women) with knowledge on HIV prevention is lower in the rural

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 14

areas compared to urban areas. The woman unions are implementing awareness rising activities for women in different levels - with three two focuses: (i) change behavior and prevent new HIV/AIDS infection cases; and (ii) care and support for HIV/AIDS positive people. 34. There were no reported human trafficking cases in the project areas as mentioned by the commune council officers. This is due to a variety of reasons. First, the focus on human trafficking is as a cross border issue whereas it could be expected that most women and children effectively suffering the same affects of trafficking are actually trafficked within the country. Second, there is extreme difficulty in measuring those who are trafficked. Third, there is no requirement/standard to record human trafficking cases for the provincial departments of planning for recording the cases. 35. Actions required for HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention have been incorporated in the Social Action Plan and Gender Action Plan. 2.8. Indigenous Peoples 36. In the project areas, the majority (99.07%) of the population is Khmer by ethnicity and less than 0.03% is Cham (Khmer Islam). The Cham ethnic households are dispersed and are fully integrated, socially and economically, with the mainstream population (the Khmer). Table 12: Ethnic Origin of Surveyed Households by Gender

Total Number of IPs/Ethnic Minority Groups Total Number and Percentage Province Khmer Cham Vietnamese (Combined both F/M) F (N) M (N) F (N) M (N) F (N) M (N) F (N) F (%) M M (%) Prey Veng 68 62 0 1 0 0 68 14% 63 13% Svay Rieng 119 80 1 2 0 0 120 24% 82 16% Siem Reap 111 56 0 0 0 0 111 22% 56 11% Total per Ethnic Goup 298 198 1 3 0 0 299 60% 201 40% 496 4 0 500 Grand Total 99% 1% 0% 100%

III. NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF THE PROJECT

37. This section presents the negative impacts and risks that the RNIP poses to the people within the vicinity of the project area. Negative impacts are events or changes that are expected to take place with a high degree of certainty while risks are events or changes that may take place and have significant implications for the well being of people in the project area. 3.1. Land Acquisition 38. Resettlement screening has already been carried out in July 2016. The road improvements will be limited to existing alignments and road widths. Other project features such as converts or weigh stations, if any, will utilize existing unoccupied state road right of way land. Construction of laboratories for construction materials experimental performance and clearance of drainage channels (some structures constructed by the households) might entail permanent loss of small areas of land. In addition, some mobile shops/kiosks may be affected during road improvement. Details of land acquisition impacts will be known during detailed engineering design of the project.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 15

3.2. Dust and Noise during Construction 39. Dung consultations with local authorities and people, dust and noise impact was rated the 1st rank of negative impacts by the proposed project. Noise caused by machines and equipment during construction is also concern of local people. 3.3. Road Safety 40. As mentioned in the section on Project Overview, the road's surface of some road subsections will be improved. There are associated risks of traffic accidents and potential risks to people who might venture on to the road (consulted people concerned that road accidents may happen as children, women and old people crossing the street or the driving bicycles and/or motorcycles could not see approaching vehicles if there is heavy dust during construction, and there would be many big equipment and vehicles narrow the road that may cause accidents). Table 13: Perceptions on the Negative Project Impacts by Local People

Level of Total Number and Average Percentage by Province Negative Impacts Impacts Prey Veng Svay Rieng Siem Reap Total Please tick the impacts & High 78 132 100 310 indicate if High, Medium or Low - 16% 26% 20% 62% Dust during road construction Medium 39 53 33 125 8% 11% 7% 25% Low 14 17 34 65 3% 3% 7% 13% DK 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% Please tick the impacts & High 35 56 29 120 indicate if High, Medium or Low - 7% 11% 6% 24% Increase in road accidents in Medium 46 62 38 146 road sections without road 9% 12% 8% 29% signs/lights Low 50 84 99 233 10% 17% 20% 47% DK 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% Please tick the impacts & High 31 68 39 138 indicate if High, Medium or Low - 6% 14% 8% 28% Noise caused by machines/ Medium 56 58 42 156 equipment (i.e., buldozzers, etc.) 11% 12% 8% 31% Low 44 76 86 206 9% 15% 17% 41% DK 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% Please tick the impacts & High 59 77 26 162 indicate if High, Medium or Low - 12% 15% 5% 32% Displacement of Medium 34 48 16 98 people/houses/shops along the 7% 10% 3% 20% road Low 38 77 124 239 8% 15% 25% 48% DK 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% N 131 202 167 500 Total % 26% 40% 33% 100% *Multiple responses 3.3. HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking 41. The construction phase of the project may increase risks of HIV/AIDS infection to the local communities, construction workers and mobile populations. There will be a number of concentrated locations for construction workers (including construction camps) during the construction of the project. The vast majority are expected to be unaccompanied men away from their families and communities for extended periods. There is also expected to be an associated increase in the presence of sex workers and other mobile populations during this phase. Women and children will face to significantly increased risks of human trafficking and exploitation. 42. During the operation phase, the RNIP will facilitate increased movement and transportation to and from areas of high prevalence of HIV infection (Thailand) and human trafficking (Vietnam) - risks of HIV/AIDS infection and human trafficking increasing are obvious. SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 16

3.4. Gender 43. The RNIP is expected to have significant negative impacts on the livelihoods of women as well as men and also on livelihoods which are not formally registered (particular the mobile shop/kiosks owners along the roads). The compensation process associated with land acquisition (for road subsection improvement, construction of laboratories and clearance of drainage channels) has the potential to alienate women from household assets if compensation is not made to both spouses heading households. Female headed households face additional challenges associated with resettlement –especially where they are reliant on extended family and social networks for care and socialization of children. Table 14: Perceptions on Additional Negative Impacts of the Project by Local People

Province. Level of impacts to Additional Negative Impacts the People Prey Veng Svay Rieng Siem Reap Total

Please tick the impacts & indicate if High, High 11 12 2 25 Medium or Low - Possible increase of 2% 2% 0% 5% HIV/AIDS/STDs Medium 30 54 12 96 6% 11% 2% 19% Low 89 134 146 369 18% 27% 29% 74% DK 1 2 7 10 0% 0% 1% 2% Please tick the impacts & indicate if High, High 9 24 4 37 Medium or Low - Increase number of 2% 5% 1% 7% people in prostitution, working in bars, Medium 31 59 11 101 karaoke, etc.) 6% 12% 2% 20% Low 90 117 144 351 18% 23% 29% 70% DK 1 2 8 11 0% 0% 2% 2% Please tick the impacts & indicate if High, High 55 74 20 149 Medium or Low - Problems related to 11% 15% 4% 30% resettlement (i.e. displacement of some Medium 44 50 38 132 houses/shops along the road, complaints on compensation, etc.) 9% 10% 8% 26% Low 31 76 101 208 6% 15% 20% 42% DK 1 2 8 11 0% 0% 2% 2% Please tick the impacts & indicate if High, High 43 87 35 165 Medium or Low - Increase in road accidents 9% 18% 7% 33% Medium 57 66 76 199 11% 13% 15% 40% Low 28 46 52 126 6% 9% 10% 25% DK 1 2 4 7 0% 0% 1% 1% Please tick the impacts & indicate if High, High 2 1 0 3 Medium or Low - 0005 67% 33% 0% 100% Medium 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% Low 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% DK 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% Please tick the impacts & indicate if High, High 5 0 0 5 Medium or Low - 0006 83% 0% 0% 83% Medium 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% Low 1 0 0 1 17% 0% 0% 17% DK 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% N 131 202 167 500 Total % 26% 40% 33% 100%

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 17

IV. POSITIVE IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES

4.1. Improved Transport and Movement 44. According to the PPTA Technical Analysis, based on the analysis of historical traffic volume data (2010-2015), traffic growth on Highway No.1 by category indicates annual growths of 6.8% for motorcycles, 6.1% for cars, 9.8% for buses, and 15.8% for goods vehicles in the past 5 years. Highway No.6 also experienced similar growth rates in 2010-2015: 6.6% for motorcycles, 6.5% for cars, 5.4% for buses, and 23.8% for goods vehicles. In comparison, Cambodia has observed a national growth in vehicle registration in the past 10 years of approximately 14.3%. The growth of registration by vehicle category indicate annual growth of 14.8% for motorcycles, 11.1% for cars, 11.2% for buses, and 12.0% for goods vehicles. 45. Currently journeys along the alignment route of the project are reliant on the existing roads which have some road subsections that are with not good surface and narrow. A better road (improved road surface) that helps vehicles to travel at more constant speeds means that there are reductions in fuel consumption as well as maintenance costs. These factors together reduce freight transport operating costs. In a competitive freight service market, it should flow that transport costs to the end users (e.g. producers such as farmers as well as consumers) should also reduce. For agricultural production the mode of transportation and time travel required has significant implications for the cost of transporting goods and the types of goods which can be feasibly produced. Longer transportation times by road mean that road freight costs will be higher it also means that there are constraints on produce which is more susceptible to spoilage. Typically agricultural products which are less susceptible to spoilage during transit are those with lower returns per area such as rice. 46. Majority of the consulted people perceived that once the project is completed, travel time will be faster and shorter, and more convenient. One hundred percent of the women interviewed during the survey were very happy to learn about the project as health centers and hospitals will be accessible already; the project will be beneficial to children as there will be no more dust or mud and it will be favorable when going to school daily 4.2. Benefits to Industrial Development 47. There are two planned and two operating industrial parks in four project provinces. Improved transportation will benefit the industries located here through lower input costs. Improved profitability would facilitate improved capacity to generate new employment opportunities and enhance employment stability. 4.3. Impacts on Poverty Alleviation 48. Poor farming households are expected to benefit directly from lower input costs as well as higher prices for farm produce. This would be realized via a combination of improved and more accessible road transportation (cheaper and faster transportation) as well as improved market access via improved modes of selling produce. Indirectly, poor farming households are likely to benefit from diversification of agriculture (with opportunities for more profitable crops) and increase of non-farm income sources. In addition, jobs will be created during road improvement and maintenance. Local people can establish shops/kiosks to sell their products to local and foreign tourists, and road users 49. The project will generate employment for unskilled men and women during the road construction and maintenance, and there will be more economic investors who will put up business in the provinces/districts covered by the project. Some women/mothers also mentioned that improved road will minimize frequent washing of school uniform (especially during rainy days) which they claimed is costly for the laundry soap and time

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 18

consuming. Majority of the consulted people also believe that positive project impacts will be long-term.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 19

ANNEXES

Annex A: Social Action Plan 50. The objective of the Social Action Plan (SAP) is to enhance the beneficial aspects or positive impacts of the Project and mitigate unintended negative impacts that may arise during Project implementation. The SAP presents the specific activities and indicators to ensure social inclusion and will benefit the local people including women, households who will be affected by the project, ethnic minority groups and low income households living in the project areas. 51. The strategy for the SAP is to develop a strong social and economic base upon which the affected project areas, concerned government agencies and development assistance programs can build. The SAP will also ensure that local people including women, affected people/households, communities and vulnerable groups will have access to the benefits that they could get from the Project. 52. The SAP has been prepared based on the results of stakeholder consultations and the socioeconomic survey that were conducted in the project areas in November 2016. A total of 132 in-depth interviews with mainly household survey respondents, and key informant interviews with representatives of local authorities and village leaders; and 41 focused-group discussions with relevant Provincial Departments of Public Works and Transport, Planning, and Women Unions were organized to discuss on the proposed project, potential project impacts (positive and negative), and how the potential positive impacts can-be highlighted and the potential negative impacts can-be minimized. The information and stakeholder's perceptions have also been obtained by the survey that was carried out with 500 individuals in the project areas. 53. Based on the above analysis of potential negative and positive impacts of the projects, the SAP is proposed as below: Table 15: Social Action Plan ISSUES ACTION REQUIRED RESPONSIBLE TIMING COST AGENCIES ESTIMATES (USD) (i) Impact on A resettlement framework MPWT/PMU will be 2017 Budget to be land, other assets (RF) has been prepared responsible for the determined during and livelihoods of that will guide the preparation of the RP; the detailed design people in the executing and conducting IOL/DMS and stage project areas. implementing agencies SES during the detailed address involuntary design stage. DDIS resettlement in the case project consultant will changes in project scope assist PMU in conducting would result in the required surveys and displacement of people preparing the RPs. from assets and sources of income (ii) Road Safety Signs, markings and road Road safety measures 2017- Budget to be safety measures in built will be designed during 2022 determined during up areas and school the detailed design stafe the detailed design zones will be provided. by DDIS. stage Safety awareness rising MPT/PMU will contract campaign will be the services of a service organized for the schools provider and communities (NGO/organization) that will implement the safety awareness rising campaign (iii) Risks of HIV/AIDS and Human MPT/PMU will contract 2017- 349,200.000 HIV/AIDS & Trafficking Awareness and the services of a service 2022 Human Prevention Program provider Trafficking (HHTAPP) will be (NGO/organization) that prepared and will implement the implemented in the project HHTAPP; the service

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 20

ISSUES ACTION REQUIRED RESPONSIBLE TIMING COST AGENCIES ESTIMATES (USD) areas. provider will coordinate HIV/AIDS/STIs with the concerned awareness/ prevention agencies in the project program will be included in areas (provincial, district, the contractors’ contracts sub-district and commune to ensure that 100% of the levels). construction workers will The PMU/DDIS will have access to this ensure that contractors’ program. personnel have access to the HHTAPP services that will be implemented by a service provider. (iv) Impacts on Gender mainstreaming will MPWT/PMU will be 2017- No separate women in the be implemented (see responsible for 2022 budget for GAP project areas GAP) during project implementing the GAP. implementation / implementation. Consultant for monitoring. Budget social/gender will be hired for the project by the DDIS to assist the components with PMU in GAP gender indicators implementation, are included in the monitoring and project’s contract preparation of GAP packages. quarterly progress report. (v) Labour Contractors’ contracts to - MPWT/PMU/SEU/ 2017- None include conditions to Gender Working Group 2022 ensure occupation health - Supervision consultants and safety (OHS); (DDIS) implement international - Social safeguards and core labour standard such gender specialists will be as equal pay for men and hired by the DDIS Team women, prevent use of to ensure that GAP child labour, and others; indicators are provide capacity building implemented and for unskilled labour (men monitored and women) on labour- based appropriate technology (LBAT), and training for contractors on gender mainstreaming (GAP indicators). (vi) Poor Consultation and -MPWT/PMU/SEU 2017- Included in the Communication/ Participation Plan will be -Supervision consultants 2022 Project Information prepared (in the detailed (social safeguards and implementation Dissemination design stage); gender specialists) costs (refer to the Stakeholders Resettlement consultations will be Framework) conducted before and during project implementation. (vii) Consistent Application of ADB -MPWT/PMU/SEU 2017- None Application of Safeguards policies and -Supervision consultants 2022 Safeguards requirements for all (social safeguards and Project components. gender specialists) 54. Measures for the effective management of social risks have been prepared. A gender action plan (GAP) has been prepared to serve as guide in implementing gender mainstreaming. Target indicators to ensure the participation of women in civil works, public awareness campaign and training are included in the GAP. Table 16 below presents the expected outcomes for implementation of SAP.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 21

Table 16: Expected Outcomes for Implementation of SAP Major Social Risk Management Expected Outcome Agency/Person Risk Activity Responsible Implementation The RF has been prepared, Land acquisition, PMU/PIR and of land the RPs will be prepared if compensation, assistance, Provincial acquisition and land is acquired by the Project including income restoration Resettlement Sub- resettlement will be implemented Committees of the compliantly with the project provinces. provisions of the RF and RPs Spread of HIV/ -A service provider will be -Local community -PMU/PIU STIs and hired to implement the residents/households, other -Service provider/ possible increase HIV/AIDS and Human sectors participated in organization/ of human Trafficking Awareness and awareness campaign on HIV consultants that will trafficking cases Prevention Program. & human trafficking implement awareness/prevention (at the HHTAPP; - Coordination with least 40% of the participants -Contractor/ the government agencies and are women). Project Managers NGOs/CBOs and LGUs -Commune/ operating in the project areas; -100% of the contractors/ Village leaders/ and intensify public awareness personnel/labor force were local people on HIV and human trafficking oriented on HIV/AIDS -LGUs, etc. prevention in the local prevention. communities, and other sectors in the project area. - Distributed IEC materials during awareness campaign, -Contractor shall implement and installed billboards in HIV/AIDS awareness training strategic locations. for 100% of the labor force/personnel involved during civil works and maintenance. -Distribute culturally appropriate IEC materials on HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention.

-GAP monitoring quarterly Increase in Road -Implement road safety -Road safety awareness -PMU/PIU Accidents awareness in schools, local trainings conducted in schools -NGO/service (Safety) communities. and local communities. provider/ -Contractors should -Road safety measures were consultants implement road safety implemented by -Local communities/ awareness and other the contractors and other -Contractors measures to prevent road agencies. -LGUs, etc. accidents (in construction sites). Possible gender -Conduct LBAT Training for -LBAT/Training for -PMU/PIU discrimination as unskilled men and women. unskilled men and -Contractors regards hiring, women conducted (at least -Consultants implementation -Conduct orientation for the 20% of participants are of labor laws, etc. contractors on LGAP, core women); labor standards and gender -Contractors oriented on core awareness/mainstreaming. labor standards, safeguard and gender -Conduct orientation on mainstreaming/GAP. gender mainstreaming/ awareness and safeguard measures toproject implementers (PMU PIU/contractors, etc.)

-Regular monitoring at the project sites;

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Annex B: Gender Action Plan I. Objective: 1. This Gender Action Plan ensures that women will be given equal benefits and opportunities for participation during project implementation by addressing gender concerns and ensuring effective gender mainstreaming in all project outputs as shown in the DMF and the GAP matrix below. 2. Gender and Infrastructure 2. According to the GAP monitoring report on labour force employed by contractors under the ADB Loan 2839 CAM (SF)8254-CARM: Provincial Roads Improvement Project, under MPWT, which includes data from October 2014 to March 2016, “women have been responsible for an average of 21% of all civil works person days. The data on the share of women in civil works is broken down by area as well as skilled and unskilled jobs, as follows:

Area Skilled Labour Unskilled Labour Total CW-A Southeast 24% 16% 23% CW-B1-Southeast 27% 16% 24% CW-C Midwest 11% 26% 17% Total 20% 22% 21% 3. In skilled labor women and men tend to hold similar types of jobs such as Secretary, Interpreter, Engineer, Draftsman, CAD-Operator, Inspector, and Computer Operator. 4. In unskilled labor women tend to work on the following jobs: repairing potholes, cleaning pavements and roads, cleaning ditches and culvert, maintaining embankments, planting and caring for grass and trees to protect from erosion, directing traffic around the maintenance site, transporting water and light construction materials, tying steel bars, measuring roads, testing soil, etc. During consultation women at the community level confirm interest in participating in Civil Works, provided that they are paid a fair wage by the contractors. 5. The project will provide significant benefits to the people living in the project area by facilitating faster and more convenient transport, and thus better access to education and health facilities, markets, schools, banks, government agencies, etc. It will encourage children to go to school and facilitate health seeking behavior, particularly beneficial to women and children. Local producers will have greater access to markets, which will increase households’ income. Farmers could easily transport products, and road construction and maintenance could generate jobs for women and provide cash income for the poor. Potential risks or unintended negative impacts that were identified by the stakeholders during project implementation include the following: (i) spread of HIV/AIDS and increase in human trafficking cases due to improved road connectivity;road accidents and environmental impact such as dust and noise during road constriction/maintenance. Potential negative impacts could be mitigated by implementing programs such as community-based road safety awareness, HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking Prevention Program (HHTPP). 3. Gender Mainstreaming 6. Greater gender equality in labor-based road construction and maintenance will provide significant social benefits to local communities and households. Women can participate in jobs, i.e. repairing potholes, cleaning pavement, clearing ditches and culverts, and other jobs. They could also work in maintaining embankments, plant and care for trees to protect erosion. The project will also organize capacity building and awareness raising activities on gender mainstreaming, LBAT, labor standards including the policy of equal pay for equal work, and no child labor, HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention, and road safety. Gender action plan has

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 23

been prepared to ensure that women will be given equal benefits and participation during project implementation. The project should help support the Gender Mainstreaming Action Group (GMAG) to implement relevant sections of the Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan (GMAP) 2016-2020. 4. Implementation Arrangements 7. The GAP will be implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) through the project management unit (PMU) and social and environment office (SEO). Direct supervision of project implementation and monitoring will be done by the MPWT Provincial Office. MPWT will be assisted by one international social development specialist and one national social and gender specialist to ensure effective implementation of the GAP indicators. Detailed plans and activities for the implementation of the GAP, monitoring and evaluation tools will be prepared, including monthly and quarterly progress report, mid-term and final report that will be submitted to ADB. Agency / Person Project Output Proposed Activities and Targets Responsible

Output 1: - Civil works will utilize the labour-based appropriate technology - MPWT/ PMU3/SEO Improved road (LBAT); contractors will prioritize use of local unskilled labor. - Consulting Services Maintenance - Contractors cumulative skilled and unskilled labor days will be (DDIS)/Social & at least 20% women by 2021. gender Specialists - Skilled and Unskilled men and women will receive equal pay (2) for equal work. - Contractors - Capacity development focused on LBAT with topics on gender awareness in local people including women. Output 2: - Capacity of local contracting industry will be based on the use - MPWT/ PMU3/SEO Improved of labor-based appropriate technology to ensure long-term - Consulting Services roadasset employment for unskilled men and women. (DDIS)/ Social and management gender Specialists - in MPWT Contractors cumulative skilled and unskilled labor days will be (2), at least 20% women by 2021. - Contractors - Training will be provided on road maintenance and gender mainstreaming concept for all stakeholders involved in the project. - Ensure strict enforcement of the policy on equal pay for equal work, and no child labor. Output 3: - All project roads will have road safety signage and speed - MPWT/ PMU3/SEU Increased road bumps to slow down traffic in local communities, especially in - MPWT Gender safety and front of schools, hospitals, markets, mosques, pagodas, etc. Technical Working awareness of - At least 40% of project beneficiaries (50% women) in project Group potential social areas participate in HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness - Consulting Services/ Problems and prevention program, before and during civil works, by DDIS Social/gender 2021. specialists (2) - 100% of contractors' personnel participate in HIV/AIDS and - Consultants human trafficking awareness and prevention program before - Contractors and during civil works construction, by 2021. - Other agencies - Sex-disaggregated baseline socioeconomic data established, by 2018 to assess the potential impacts and to measure changes in income generating opportunities resulting from the project activities and outcomes - Mothers will have a share of at least 30% of the participant in community-based road safety awareness activities by 2018. Output 4: - PMU3 personnel increased from 15 (10 male, 5 female)in 2014 MPWT/ PMU3/SEO Efficient project to 22 (14 male, 8 female) in 2021. - Consulting Management - All PMU3 staff (current 10 male, 5 female) participate in Services//DDIS training on social safeguard and gender awareness/analysis, Social/gender by 2021 (likely 22 with 14 male and 8 female) specialists (2)

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- PMU will appoint a gender and social development focal point who will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of the GAP and HIV-AIDS/Trafficking Prevention Plan, in close coordination with the MPWT GMAG. HHTPP = HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention program; GAP = gender action plan; MOE = Ministry of Environment, MPWT = Ministry of Public Works and Transport; NGO = non-government organization, PMU = project management unit.

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Annex C: Summary Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy

Country: Cambodia Project Title: Road Network Improvement Project (RNIP) Lending/Financing Modality: Project Loan Department/Division: Southeast Asia Department Transport and Communications Division I. POVERTY AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY Targeting classification: General Intervention The project will improve access to basic social services in 4 provinces in Cambodia covered by the project. A. Links to the National Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Strategy and Country Partnership Strategy ADB supports the promotion of inclusive growth through improved roads support, agricultural production, economic and social development in Cambodia. Expanding rural-urban-regional connectivity is an integrated approach to developing the areas where most poor people live which supports higher agricultural productivity and commercialization.2 The proposed project is included in the ADB’s Country Operations Business Plan (CBOP) 2015 - 2017 and in ADB and Cambodia’s Partnership Strategy (CPS) 2015-2018, and further supports the implementation of the country’s poverty reduction goal. The CPS is also aligned with the government’s Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity, and Efficiency, Phase III, with the NSDP (2014-2018). The CPS builds on two strategic pillars of rural-urban-regional links, and human and social development. The project supports the country’s commitment to sustainable development and poverty reduction goals as stated in Cambodia’s Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity, and Efficiency, Phase III, and the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP), 2014-2018. The “Rectangular Strategy-Phase III” reaffirms the RGC’s mission and its strong commitment to sustainable development and poverty reduction that respond to the people’s will and emerging contexts of national and international developments. RGC’s goal is to graduate from a low-income country to a lower-middle income status in the near future, and become an upper-middle income country by 2030. The project also supports the Cambodia Industrial Development Policy (IDP), 2015-2025 approved by the Council of Ministers on 06 March 2015, to help maintain sustainable and inclusive high economic growth, through economic diversification, strengthening competitiveness and productivity. B. Results from the Poverty and Social Analysis during PPTA or Due Diligence 1. Key poverty and social issues. Of the country’s 14.74 million population, over 80% reside in rural areas and approximately 22% of households are headed by women. The total population in the project areas is 1,506,406 (342,403 households) as of December 2015. Of this number, 51.17% (or 770,828) are females and 735,578 (or 48.83%) are males. The poverty rate in the project area declined from an average of 41.9% in 2005 to 30.6% in 2012 or a reduction of 11.3 percentage points over a period of eight years. However, as stated in the MDG progress report, the UN recommended that the reduction in the poverty rate has to be translated into improvement in the living standards of the households instead of just a reduction in the poverty by income level. There are high levels of school drop-outs in the project area, with 1,080 (71% girls) as of June 2015 as reported by the commune council. The majority of children dropout of school at the lower secondary level due to economic reason, to work and help parents in economic activities. Access to basic facilities and services is difficult in the rural areas. Access to health centers/hospitals and schools is a major problem of the people especially when roads are in bad condition. Farming is the primary livelihood of more than 60% of the households in project area. There is high migration rate,both within the country from rural to urban centers and overseas, among the households in the provinces in order to look for jobs and higher salary. 2. Beneficiaries. The project will significantly benefit 1,506,406 population (51.17% are females) and 342,403 households. Of this number, 221,442 (or 14.7%) are female headed households. Improved mobility and transport is expected to contribute to long-term economic development and livelihoods in the project areas. The project road construction and maintenance works will also provide job opportunities for the poor local households including women and marginalized individuals who have no jobs, especially during off-farming season. Access to basic facilities and services will be significantly improved in the project areas after project completion. 3. Impact channels. Having improved roads is essential for providing better access to public services and facilities, generate employment and economic growth. Local households including unskilled women and unemployed female- headed households will have the opportunity to participate in capacity building (such as LBAT), awareness of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention, gender, and community-based safety. Travel time will also be reduced thus, the people could utilize their time wisely for productive activities. Reduced travel time is also expected to indirectly contribute to lower freight costs thus contributing to lower input costs and higher ex-farm

2 Ibid. SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 26

prices for farm products in the project areas. 4. Other social and poverty issues. Enhanced connectivity can also have unintended consequences (e.g., increased risk of HIV/AIDS transmission, and human trafficking, and road accidents. These risks will be addressed through appropriate social mitigation measures. The project is designed not to produce resettlement impacts as it will utilize existing roads, but will have certain temporary negative impacts associated with civil works during the construction phase (i.e., dust, pollution, noise). Necessary measures will be implemented to address potential negative impacts (i.e., GAP, HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking Awareness and Prevention Program, as well as environmental impact mitigation measures). Collaboration with concerned agencies, local government units including the commune councils, and the committee of women and children, and other ccommunity-based organizations/NGOs will be undertaken during project implementation phase. 5. Design features. The project will (i) assist the MPWT in the periodic maintenance of 146.55 km of roads (96.85 km of National Road No.1 and 49.7 km of National Road No.6); and (ii) help create a sustainable road maintenance regime by strengthening capacity at MPWT to (a) improve the maintenance and management of its road network; (b) strengthen axle load control operations; and (c) further strengthen the process of privatizing MPWT’s force account units. The RNIP will also support a community-based road safety program, an HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention program, with sufficient gender considerations. The project effective gender mainstreaming according to ADB gender category, and is expected to provide gender benefits during civil works and maintenance. The project has four (4) key outputs: (i) Improved road maintenance; (ii) improved road asset management in MPWT; (iii) Increased road safety and awareness of potential social problems; and (iv) Efficient project management. II. PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERING THE POOR 1. Summarize the participatory approaches and the proposed project activities that strengthen inclusiveness and empowerment of the poor and vulnerable in project implementation. Stakeholder consultations in the project area (provincial/district officials, commune/village leaders, contractors, women as well as men, local households, etc.) were conducted for the period April and September 2015. Follow-up consultations will be conducted during the detailed design stage and prior to the start of civil works. GAP, HHTAPP, road safety measures, EMP and other plans have been prepared to serve as guide during project implementation. 2. If civil society has a specific role in the project, summarize the actions taken to ensure their participation. Consultations with the district officials, commune councils/village leaders, women’s organizations, health agencies, schools and stakeholders were conducted through FGDs, meetings, baseline survey and public consultations. These consultations will continue in the implementation phase. 3. Explain how the project ensures adequate participation of civil society organizations in project implementation. Collaboration with relevant NGOs, women’s organizations, schools, local communities and other sectors will be undertaken during the implementation of the HHTAPP, gender action plan, community-based safety, capacity building such as LBAT. Public consultations involving commune/village councils, and other sectors will be conducted prior to start of project implementation. 4. What forms of civil society organization participation is envisaged during project implementation? (H) Information gathering and sharing (H) Consultation (M) Collaboration ( M) Partnership 5. Will a project level participation plan be prepared to strengthen participation of civil society as interest holders for affected persons particularly the poor and vulnerable? Yes A service provider/NGO will be hired to implement the HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking Awareness and Prevention Program, community-based road safety, etc. DDIS consultants will be hired to assist the PMU in implementation and monitoring, including preparation of reports. III. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Gender mainstreaming category: Effective Gender Mainstreaming A. Key issues. The female population represents 50.2% of the country’s total population.At the macro level, gender relations in Cambodiaare complex. Women can exercise considerable autonomy, own assets, manage financial transactions, and contribute to household making. Both men and women can inherit property. The gender division of labor can be complementary and flexible, with men and women performing a range of productive and household tasks. However, the low levels of educational and literacy in the country is one of the factors identified that could limit girls and women’ choices and options.3 Participation of women in economic activities is high. The number of women working in garment factories, entertainment industries, and social services jobs (i.e., doing laundry, working as house helpers, in restaurants, etc.) is higher compared to men. Likewise, the number of women migrant workers in Cambodia is increasing, although the statistics show that the number of male migrant workers still exceeds that of women. In the project area, the majority of rural women work in agriculture; assist their spouse in farming and other economic activities (i.e., raising livestock, poultry, and engage in selling). The

3ADB.Cambodia Gender Analysis Report 2012. SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 27

number of men working in fishing, rubber plantation and agriculture, and construction work is higher than women. The project will provide opportunity for the local people including women and marginalized sectors to work and earn income during civil works/maintenance. It will also increase the level of awareness of women on HHTAPP, road safety, LBAT, gender awareness and safeguard measures. B. Key actions. [X] Gender action plan [X] Other actions or measures (HHTAPP and Awareness Plan) Gender Action Plan (GAP) and HHTPP and Awareness Plan have been prepared. The key activities and indicators in the GAP include the following: (i) Contractors cumulative skilled and unskilled labor days will be at least 20% women by 2021; local women participates in capacity building on LBAT/gender awareness, HHTPP, and at least 20% hired in civil works; (ii) core labor standard (equal pay for equal work); (iii) women to comprise 20% of unskilled labor in road maintenance; (iv) At least 40% of project beneficiaries(50% women) in project areas participate in HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness and prevention program, before and during civil works; (v) Women have a 40% share in community participants in road safety awareness activities by 2018. IV. ADDRESSING SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ISSUES A. Involuntary Resettlement Safeguard Category: □A B □C □F1 1. Key impacts. No involuntary resettlement issues were identified during the initial social assessment conducted in the project areas. The project design will utilize existing road pavement, and no widening of the existing road widths are envisioned. There is the potential of temporary disruption to roadside vendors during construction though no such impacts have yet been identified, and the local government units including commune councils pledged their support on the project by assisting shop owners and/or local households in case they will be temporarily affected during project implementation. There will be impacts on the shops, kiosks of the households who are earning livelihood within the ROW. 2. Strategy to address the impacts. None Plan or other Actions  Resettlement frame work  No action  Resettlement plan  Social impact matrix B. Indigenous Peoples Safeguard Category: □A □B C □F1 1. Key impacts. No indigenous peoples will be adversely affected by the proposed project. The Cham (just 1% of total population in the project areas) live in villages far from the road sides but they will be indirectly benefited by the improved roads. IPs interested to work will have opportunity to be hired by the contractors and participate in awareness campaign during project implementation. □Yes No 2. Strategy to address the impact. No Indigenous Peoples Development Framework is required. 3. Plan or other actions. No action V. ADDRESSING OTHER SOCIAL RISKS A. Risks in the Labor Market 1. Relevance of the project for the country’s or region’s or sector’s labor market. □unemployment □underemployment □retrenchment □H core labor standards 2. Labor market impact. Core Labor Standards (CLS) requirements will be included in the civil works bidding documents and contracts. Orientation on ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009) and strict adherence of the contractors to the CLS (no child labor, equal pay for equal work regardless of sex, safe working conditions, etc.) will be provided to the contractors for civil works; the construction workers including women during LBAT training; and monitoring will be conducted on a quarterly basis. The DDIS consultant with the PMU/ SEO and PPWT will participate in project monitoring. C. Communicable Diseases and Other Social Risks 1. Indicate the respective risks, if any, and rate the impacts as high (H), medium (M), Low (L), or not applicable (NA): H Communicable diseases M Human trafficking 2. Describe the related risks of the project on people in project area. Increased risk of road accidents is associated with improved roads will lead to increased traffic speeds and traffic. Community-based road safety awareness activities are included in the project. The project improves existing roads rather than build new roads. As such the risk of increased HIV transmission is considered highest during the construction phase due to the presence of construction workers and the risk of increased human trafficking is considered medium.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 28

HHTAPP has been prepared. VI. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 1. Targets and indicators: The target activities and indicators include the following: (i) women to comprise at least 20% of civil work and road maintenance labor participation; women are to comprise 40% of the participants in community-based road safety awareness; and HHTPP; and at least 20% of participants in LBAT shall be held by women. 2. Required human resources: 1 international social safeguards and social development (including gender) specialist; 1 national social and gender specialists will assist the PMU/SEO in implementing and monitoring the GAP, HHTAPP, etc. An NGO/service provider (consulting services) will be engaged to implement the road safety awareness, HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention and awareness program. The SEO will be provided additional capacity building activities by the DDIS consultants. 3. Information in PAM: The PAM specifies that monthly and quarterly project progress reports, including internal monitoring of the social dimensions covered in the SPRSS, will be submitted to ADB during project implementation. A project completion report covering the same facets will also be prepared one year following completion of the project. 4. Monitoring tools: GAP quarterly progress monitoring report will be prepared to monitor implementation of the GAP, baseline sex- disaggregated data will be collected to serve as basis for monitoring of the project.

SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT 29 CAM: Road Network Improvement Project Resettlement Framework Comment‐Response Matrix Comments provided by MPWT Responses by Consultant Notes 1 I. Project Description, Page 6: End of Paragraph 2. Fully agreed. We put the word  Abbreviation, Page ii “Subject to modification…during the feasibility "PPTA" to the Abbreviation, and  Project Description, study at the PPTA stage”: also put it in words in full, then Para.2, Page 6 PPTA should be listed at the acronym or written in put "PPTA" in bracket in the full sentence then put PPTA in the (PPTA ) paragraph.

2 Page 6: Para 2 “A separate Resettlement Plan has Fully agreed. We added  Footnote 1, Page 6 been developed to cover the project… MPWT to information on the PR23 and improve PR23 and PR312.” PR312 in. To avoid distracting the Length of PR23 and PR312 should be added with readers/reviewers as the elaborating from what km post to km or Paragraph is mentioning on the elaborating the specific areas of PR23 and PR312. NR No.1 and NR No.6, we inserted a footnote to mention about the the PR23 and PR312. 3 Page 7: Para 4. “National Road No.6. This section Thank you for pointing out the  Page 7, Para 4, on extends from 317.1 to km 367.0” missing word "km". We added the National Road Add km at beginning of 317.1. Then, from km the word "km" at beginning of No.6 317.1 to km 367.0. the 317.1 4 Timeframe of Project We developed a new paragraph  Page 7, Para 5 (it is a The resettlement framework should be added the to mention on the Timeframe of newly added timeframe of project the Project (we took the paragraph) timeframe of the Project from the PAM) 5 Page 24. Inventory of Loss and DMS It is impossible to indicate the Page 25. Social Survey "date" and "time" to complete The expected date/time of the completion for IOL/DMS now because of three these activities should be added (if possible). reasons: a. It depends on the Therefore, it is easy to track and follow up scope of land and asset impacts activities. (more land and assets affected by the Project would take more time to complete IOL/DMS); b. It depends on the IOL/DMS teams (more than one team and more team members would shorten the time of IOL/DMS) and c. it depends on when the IOL/DMS teams are mobilized to carry‐out the IOL/DMS. PMU3 will decide the above.

Method of Socio‐economic Survey: Fully agreed with your comment.  Page 25, Para 41 (it Key‐informant interviews: What are the key We developed a new paragraph is a newly added persons or institutions interviewed? The key to specify on the key informant paragraph) person or institutions should be included in this interviews and FGDs that should section. be carried out during RP FGDs: How many FGDs will be conducted? And preparation/ finalization. who are they? 6 Page 27. Consultation and Participation Fully agreed with the comment.  Page 27, Para 52 (it The participation of meaningful consultation We developed a new paragraph is a newly added should be included key stakeholders of project to specify the stakeholders that paragraph) implementation, i.e. MPWT, DPWT and so on should be included in the (identifying the other key participant in the consultation meetings and consultation meeting). And, other stakeholders number of consultation meetings includes, commune council, local NGOs and so on. that should be organized during If possible, numbers of time of consultation resettlement planning and meeting with AHs should be added. implementation. 7 Page 30. Social and Environmental Office (SEO) Thank you for the suggestion. We  The Abbreviation It is suggested to change to Environmental and changed all the words "Social and  The Institutional Social Office (ESO) as it is written in prakas of Environmental Office ‐ SEO) to Arrangement office establishment. "Environmental and Social Office (Paragraphs 71, 72) ‐ESO) through‐out the document.  Other sections 8 Page 34. Monitoring and Reporting Para 83. The PMU3 through the …implementation of the RPs. As mentioned in page 30 ESO is the lead arm of We elaborated the sentence to  Page 32, Para 87 the PMU3 in resettlement planning and highlight the role of ESO as an implementation. It’s also responsible for assistant entity of PMU as "The resettlement and environmental task. And, ESO PMU3 through the Project will be trained by PIC to prepare, implement and Implementation Consultant and monitor of the resettlement plans. with assistance of ESO will Therefore, ESO should be an assistant entity of conduct regular monitoring and PMU3 through the project implementation evaluation of the updating and consultant. implementation of the RPs".