Pacific Affairs

Vol. 56, No. 1 Spring 1983

PAGE Cultural Policy in India, Part 1 Establishing a Niche for Cultural Policy: An Introduction Lloyd I. Rudolph 5 Rethinking Secularism: Genesis and Implications of the Textbook Lloyd I. Rudolph Controversy, 1977-79 Susanne Hoeber Rudolph 15 Cultivating Science as Cultural Policy: A Contrast of Agricultural and Nuclear Science in India Robert S. Anderson 38

Sino-Japanese Security Cooperation: Evolution and Prospects William T. Tow 5 1

Malaysia's Rubber Smallholding Industry: Crisis and the Search for Stability Richard Stubbs 84

The Pacific War Revisited Review Article Alvin D. Coox 106

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 113

Pacific Affairs (USPS 767-380) is published quarterly by the University of British Columbia. Office of publication: William Byrd Press, 2901 Byrdhill Rd., Richmond, VA 23261, U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Richmond, Virginia. Postmaster: Send address change to the William Byrd Press, P.O. Box 27481, Richmond, VA 23261.

Copyright 0 1983, University of British Columbia. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE ASIA.The Winning of Independence. Edited by Robin Jeffrey. George McT. Kahin SENTIMENTALIMPERIALISTS. The American Experience in East Asia. By James C. Thomson, Jr., Peter W. Stanley, and John Curtis Perry. Foreword by John King Fairbank. Warren I. Cohen U.S. FOREIGNPOLICY AND ASIAN-PACIFICSECURITY. A Transregional Approach. Edited by William T. Tow and William R. Feeney. Michael Leifer AUSTRALIAAND JAPAN.Nuclear Energy Issues in the Pacific. Edited by Stuart Harris and Keichi Oshima. Louis Turner CRITICALENERGY ISSUES IN ASIAAND THE PACIFIC.The Next Twenty Years. By Fereidun Fesharaki, Harrison Brown, Corazon M. Siddayao, Toufiq A. Siddiqi, Kirk R. Smith, and Kirn Woodard. Louis Turner SOCIETYAND THE WRITER.Essays on Literature in Modern Asia. Edited by Wang Gungwu, M. Guerrero, and D. Marr. George Woodcock CHINAUNDER MONGOL RULE. Edited by John D. Langlois, Jr. Richard John Lynn WOMENIN CHINA.Current Directions in Historical Scholarship. Edited by Richard W. Guisso and Stanley Johannesen. Elisabeth Croll CHINESEELITES AND POLITICALCHANGE. Zhejiang Province in the Early Twentieth Century. By R. Keith Schoppa. John Fincher NATIONALISTCHINA AT WAR.Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937-45. By Hsi-sheng Ch'i. James E. Sheridan WHENTIGERS FIGHT. The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945. By Dick Wilson. James E. Sheridan

CHINANURSE, 1932-1939. By Jean Ewen. ,James Bertram NORMANBETHUNE. His Times and His LegacyISon Epoque et Son Message. Edited by A.E. Shephard and Andree Levesque. James Bertram CHINA.Politics and Government. By Tony Saich. William A. Joseph CHINA.Alive in the Bitter Sea. By Fox Butterfield. William Saywell CHINAIN THE SEVENTIES.Australian Perspectives. Edited by Stephen FitzGerald and Pamela Hewitt. William Saywell SECURITY,STRATEGY, AND THE LOGICOF CHINESEFOREIGN POLICY.By Jonathan D. Pollack. Dauis B. Bobrow THECHINA FACTOR. Peking and the Superpowers. Edited by Gerald Segal. Daw B. Bobrow CHINA'SFOREIGN POLICY IN THE ARABWORLD, 1955-75. Three Case Studies. By Hashim S.H. Behbehani. Suzanne Ogden THEAWAKENING GIANT. China's Ascension in World Politics. By Harish Kapur. Suzanne Ogden THEHEALTH OF CHINA.By Ruth Sidel and Victor W. Sidel. Bruce J. Esposito THELYRICAL AND THE EPIC.Studies of Modern Chinese Literature. By Jaroslav PrfiSek. Edited by Leo Ou-fan Lee. Richard John Lynn CHINESELITERATURE FOR THE 1980s. The Fourth Congress of Writers and Artists. Edited by Howard Goldblatt. Richard King RULEBY INCARNATION.Tibetan Buddhism and Its Role in Society and State. By Franz Michael. Tadeusz Skorupski THETIBETAN SYMBOLIC WORLD Psychoanalytic Explorations. Bv Robert A. Paul. Herbert V. Guenther COURT AND BAKUFUIN JAPAN.Essays in Kamakura History. Edited by Jeffrey P. Mass. William Wayne Farris JAPAN'SRENAISSANCE. The Politics of the Muromachi Bakufu. By Kenneth Alan Grossberg. William Wayne Farris ONEHUNDRED YEARS IN JAPAN,1873-1973. Parts I & 11. By Gwen R.P. Norman and Howard Norman. John F. Howes ANGLO-JAPANESEALIENATION, 1919-1952. Papers of the Anglo-Japanese Conference on the History of the Second World War. Edited by Ian Nish. John H. Boyle TRADITIONAND CHANGEIN POSTINDUSTRIALJAPAN. The Role of the Political Parties. By Roger Benjamin and Kan Ori. Ellis S. Krauss THEUSSR AND JAPAN,1945-1980. By R.K. Jain. Donald W.Klein CHINAAND JAPAN,1949-1980 (Second Edition). By R.K. Jain. Donald W.Klein THETEN THOUSAND LEAVES. A Translation of the Man'yoshti, Japan's Premier Anthology of Classical Poetry. Volume One. By lan Hideo Levy. Kenneth L. Richard FROMTHE COUNTRYOF EIGHTISLANDS. An Anthology of Japanese Poetry. Edited and translated by Hiroaki Sato and Burton Watson, with an Introduction by Thomas Rimer. Kenneth L. Richard THEZEN POEMSOF RYOKAN.Selected and translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa. Kenneth L. Richard 157 THEORIGINS OF THE KOREANWAR. Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947. By Bruce Cumings. B.C. Koh 159 KOREA.The Untold Story of the War. By Joseph C. Goulden. B.C. Koh 159 TRADITIONALKOREAN LEGAL ATTITUDES. By Bong Duck Chun, William Shaw, and Dai-Kwon Choi. Preface by Robert A. Scalapino. H. Kim1K.E. Parker 162 MODERNIZATIONAND ITS IMPACTUPON KOREANLAW. By PyOng-ho Pak, Chu-su Kim, KwOn-SOP ChOng, HyOng-bae Kirn, and T'ae-jun KwOn. H. Kim1K.E. Parker 162 LEGALNORMS IN A CONFUCIANSTATE. By William Shaw. H. Kim1K.E. Parker 162 SOUTHASIAN CIVILIZATIONS. A Bibliographic Synthesis. By Maureen L.P. Patterson, in collaboration with William J. Alspaugh. Sylvia M. Hale 165 INDIANSUMMER. Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi. By Robert Grant Irving. Richard W. Seaton 166 WORKERSAND UNIONSIN BOMBAY.1918-1929. A Study of Organisation in the Cotton Mills. By Richard Newman. Morris Davis Morris 167 MANNATHUPADMANABHAN AND THE REVIVALOF NAIRSIN KERALA.By V. Balakrishnan and R. Leela Devi. Robin Jeffrey 169 MIGRATIONAND ETHNICITYIN URBANINDIA. Kerala Migrants in the City of Madras, 1870-1970. By Susan Lewandowski. M.F. Katzenstein 170 PUNJABIKINSHIP AND MARRIAGE.By Paul Hershman. Edited by Hilary Standing. With a Foreword by David Pocock. Murray J. Leaf 172 MARRIAGE,THE FAMILY, AND WOMENIN INDIA.By V.V. Prakasa Ran and V, Nandini Rao. Karen Leonard 173 TWENTY-FOURSTORIES BY PREMCHAND.Translated by Nandini Nopany and P. Lal. Kathryn Hansen 174 PREMCHAND. His Life and Work. By V.S. Naravane. Kathmn Hansen 174 DRAMAIN ANCIENTTAMIL SOCIETY. By Karthigesu Sivathamby. ~andakrantaBose PAKISTAN.Energy Planning in a Strategic Vortex. By Charles K. Ebinger. Raju G.C. Thomas ROOTSOF CONFRONTATIONIN SOUTH ASIA. Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and the Superpowers. By Stanley Wolpert. Ashok Kapur COMMUNITYAND NATION.Essays on Southeast Asia and The Chinese. By Wang Gungwu. Selected by Anthony Reid. Lea E. Wzlliams THEASEAN STATESAND REGIONALSECURITY. By Sheldon W. Simon. Mzchael Leifer A HISTORYOF MODERNINDONESIA: C. 1300 TO THE PRESENT. By M.C. Ricklefs. Robert Van Nzel THEROAD TO POWER.Indonesian Military Politics, 1945- 1967. By Ulf Sundhaussen. Harold Crouch DOUGLASMACARTHUR. The Philippine Years. By Carol Morris Petillo. Napoleon J. Casambre THEISLANDS. America's Imperial Adventure in the Philippines. By Emily Hahn. Napoleon J. Casambre PASSINGTHE TORCH.By Edward Doyle, Samuel Lipsman, Stephen Weiss, and the editors of Boston Publishing Company. Douglas Ross THETEN THOUSAND DAY WAR. Vietnam, 1945-1975. By Michael Maclear. Douglas Ross THEVIETNAM TRAUMAIN AMERICANFOREIGN POLICY, 1945- 75. By Paul M. Kattenburg. Davzd P. Chandler THEENDLESS WAR. Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam. By James Pinckney Harrison. Dauid P. Chandler VIETNAMSINCE THE FALLOF SAIGON.By William J. Duiker. Chris Nyland THEWILL OF HEAVEN.A Story of One Vietnamese and the End of His World. By Nguyen Ng~cNgan, with E.E. Richey. Chris Nyland AFTERSAIGON FELL. Daily Life Under the Vietnamese Communists. By Nguyen Long, with Harry H. Kendall. Chris Nyland KERAJAAN.Malay Political Culture on the Eve of Colonial Rule. By A.C. Milner. Nicholas Tarling FROMSANGHA TO LAITY.Nationalist Movements of Burma, 1920-1940. By U Maung Maung. Fred R. won der Mehden OKEANIA:SPRAVOCHNIK. Edited by K.V. Malakhovskii and V.P. Nikolaev. John J. Stephan PARTYPOLITICS: AUSTRALIA, 1966-198 1. By James Jupp. R.K. Curly POLITICSIN ETHNICALLYBIPOLAR STATES. Guyana, Malaysia, Fiji. By R.S. Milne. Margaret Clark

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE LLOYDI. RUDOLPH,Professor of Political Science and Chairman, Public Affairs Program, University of Chicago, U.S.A. Co-author (with Susanne Hoeber Rudolph) of The Modernity of Tradition (University of Chicago Press, 1967), The Regional Imperative: U.S. Policy Toward South Asian States (Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities PressINew Delhi: Concept Publishers, 1980), and In Pursuit of Lakshimi: The Political Economy of the Indian State (forthcoming). SUSANNEHOEBER RUDOLPH, Professor of Political Science and Director, South Asian Language and Area Center, University of Chicago, U.S.A. Co-author (with Lloyd I. Rudolph) of The Modernity of Tradition (University of Chicago Press, 1967), Education and Politics in India: Studies in Organization, Society, and Policy (Harvard University Press, 1972), and Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma (University of Chicago Press, 1983). ROBERTS. ANDERSON,Associate Professor of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Canada. Co-editor (with Paul R. Brass, et al.) of Science, Politics, and the Agricultural Revolution in Asia (Boulder, Colora- do: Westview, Press, 1982). WILLIAMT. Tow, Visiting Assistant Professor for the University of Southern California, School of International Relations' German Grad- uate Program, in Munich, West Germany. Co-editor of China, the Soviet Union, and the West: Strategic and Political Dimensions in the 1980s (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982). RICHARDSTUBBS, Associate Professor of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada. ALVIND. Coox, Professor of History and Graduate Coodinator for Asian Studies, San Diego State University, U.S.A. Author of The Anatomy of a Small War: The Soviet-Japanese Struggle for ChangkufengI Khasan, 1938 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1977) and NomonhanIKhalkhin Gol: Japan Against Russia, 1939 (Stanford, Califor- nia: Stanford University Press, forthcoming); co-editor (with Hilary Conroy) of China and Japan: Search for Balance since World WarI (Santa Barbara, California: Clio Press, 1978). Pacific Affairs

Vol. 56, No. 2 Summer 1983

China Reassesses the Superpowers Carol Lee Hamrin 209

Cultural Policy in India, Part 2 The Structure and Consequences of Temple Policy in Tamil Nadu, 1967-8 1 Franklin A. Presler 232 Who Should Speak for the Performing Arts? The Case of the Delhi Dancers Joan L. Erdman 247 The Fish-eyed Goddess Meets the Movie Star: An Eyewitness Account of the Fifth International Tamil Conference Norman Cutler 270

Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the Party? Notes and Comments David P. Chandler 288

The Opposing Thumb: Recent Philippine Literature in English Review Article Leonard Casper 301

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 310

Pacific Affairs (USPS 767-380) is published quarterly by the University of British Columbia. Office of publication: William Byrd Press, 2901 Byrdhill Rd., Richmond, VA 23261, U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Richmond, Virginia. Postmaster: Send address change to the William Byrd Press, P.O. Box 27481, Richmond, VA 23261.

Copyright 0 1983, University of British Columbia. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

THEEASTASIA EDGE. By Roy Hofheinz, Jr. and Kent E. Calder. Ronald Dare 3 10 AMERICAAND THE THIRDWORLD. Revolution and Intervention. By John L.S. Girling. Marilyn B. Young 3 1 1 SCIENCE,POLITICS, AND THE AGRICULTURALREVOLUTION IN ASIA. Edited by Robert S. Anderson, Paul R. Brass, Edwin Levy, and Barrie M. Morrison. William A. Blanpied 3 13 TECHNOLOGY,POLITICS, AND SOCIETYIN CHINA.By Rudi Volti. William A. Blanpied 3 13 BUREAUCRATIEET FAMINE EN CHINEAU 18E SIECLE.By Pierre- Etienne Will. Charles Le Blanc 3 15 THETHISTLE AND THE JADE. A Celebration of 150 Years of Jardine, Matheson & Co. Edited by Maggie Keswick. Lillian M. Li 31 7 THEMAY 30 MOVEMENT.Events and Themes. By Richard W. Rigby. Parks M. Coble 3 18 THEFOUNDATIONS OF MAOZEDONG'S POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1917-1935. By Brandy Womack. Arif Dirlik 320 FROMMUSKETS TO MISSILES.Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981. By Harlan W. Jencks. William W. Whitsun 322 CHINESEINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AFTER MAO. By Rosalie L. Tung. Andrew G. Walder 324 CHINA,IRAN, AND THE PERSIANGULF. By A.H.H. Abidi. Suzanne Ogden 326 THEINTERLINGUAL CRITIC. Interpreting Chinese Poetry. By Jarnes J.Y. Liu. Daniel Biyant 327 PLOUGHSHAREVILLAGE. Culture and Context in Taiwan. By Stevan Harrell. Edgar Wickberg 329 THETAIWAN SUCCESS STORY. Rapid Growth with Improved Distribution in the Republic of China, 1952-1979. By Shiriey W.Y. Kuo, Gustav Ranis, and John C.H. Fei. Ching-yuan Lin 330 IDEOLOGYAND DEVELOPMENT.Sun Yat-sen and the Economic History of Taiwan. By A. Jarnes Gregor, with Maria Hsia Chang and Andrew B. Zimmerman. Ching-yuan Lin 330 JAPANBEFORE TOKUGAWA. Political Consolidation and Economic Growth. 1500 to 1650. Edited bv, ., Iohn Whitnev Hall, Nagahara and Kozo Yarnarnura. William Wayne Fan-is MARRIAGEIN CHANGINGJAPAN. Community and Society. By Joy Hendry. Anne E. Imamura JAPAN1981182. Politik und Wirtschaft. Edited by Manfred Pohl. Kurt Steiner SOGOSHOSHA. The Vanguard of the Japanese Economy. By Yoshihara Kunio. W. Mark Fruin WHYHAS JAPAN "SUCCEEDED"?Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos. By Michio Morishima. W. Mark Fruin WORKWAYS. Japan and America. By Shin-ichi Takezawa and Arthur M. Whitehill. Ronald Dore COPINGWITH U.S.-JAPANESEECONOMIC CONFLICTS. Edited by I.M. Destler and Hideo Sato. Lean Hollerman THEJAPANESE AUTOMOBILEINDUSTRY. Model and Challenge for the Future? Edited by Robert E. Cole. Lean Holleiw~an U.S.-JAPANESEAGRICULTURAL TRADE RELATIONS. Edited by Emery N. Castle and Kenzo Hemrni, with Sally A. Skillings. Alan Rix THECHINA IMAGES OF JAPAN'S CONSERVATIVES.Analysis of Interviews and Statements by LDP Politicians. By Makiko Hamaguchi-Klenner. Dennis B. Smith KOREAAND Two REGIMES.Kim I1 Sung and Park Chung Hee. By Sung Chul Yang. Hun-Kyo Kirn IRRIGATIONAND AGRICULTURALPOLITICS IN SOUTHKOREA. By Robert Wade. Yunshik Chang THECENSUS IN BRITISHINDIA. New Perspectives. Edited by N. Gerald Barrier. Clive Dewey INDIAIN AXISSTRATEGY. Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War. By Milan Hauner. Stephen P. Cohen 350 INDIA,PAKISTAN OR PAKHTUNISTAN?The Nationalist Movements in the North-West Frontier Province, 1937-47. By Erland Jansson. Akbar S. Ahn~ed 352 THEKHILAFAT MOVEMENT. Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India. By Gail Minault. lan Talbot 353 SPLITIN A PREDOMINANTPARTY. The Indian National Congress in 1969. By Mahendra Prasad Singh. Roderick Church 354 DEMOCRACYIN SEARCH OF EQUALITY.Untouchable Politics and Indian Social Change. By Barbara R. Joshi. With a Foreword by Owen M. Lynch. Mark Juergensmeyer 356 TENANTSAND TRUSTEES.A Study of the Poor in Madras. By Paul D. Wiebe. George E. Stoner, Jr. 357 GREATPOWER RELATIONS, WORLD ORDER AND THE THIRD WORLD.Essays in Memory of Sisir Gupta. Edited by M.S. Rajan and Shivaji Ganguly. Stanley Kochanek 358 SOVIET-INDIANRELATIONS. Issues and Influence. By Robert C. Horn. Bliabani Sen Gupta 360 CASTECONFLICT AND ELITEFORMATION. The Rise of a Karava Elite in Sri Lanka, 1500-1931. By Michael Roberts. Vijaya Samaraweera 36 1 CASTEIN TAMILCULTURE. The Religious Foundations of Sudra Domination in Tamil Sri Lanka. By Bryan Pfaffenberger. Burton Stein 363 L'ASIEDU SUD-EST.Indkpendances et Communismes. By Philippe Richer. Laura Summers 363 VILLAGE-LEVELMODERNIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. The Political Economy of Rice and Water. Edited by Geoffrey B. Hainsworth. James C. Scott 365 SOUTHEASTASIA. Women, Changing Social Structure and Cultural Continuity. Edited by Geoffrey B. Hainsworth, in collaboration with Helga E. Jacobson, T.G. McGee, and James Placzek. Lenore Manderson 367 THEWOMEN OF RURALASIA. By Robert Orr Whyte and Pauline Whyte. Lenore Manderson 367 WOMENIN SOUTHEASTASIA. A Bibliography. By Fan Kok Sim. Lenore Manderson 367 WHOSHALL SUCCEED? Agricultural Development and Social Inequality on a Philippine Frontier. By James F. Eder. Henry T. Lewis 369 "BENEVOLENTASSIMILIATION." The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903. By Stuart Creighton Miller. James Hoyt 37 1 THECHINA-CAMBODIA-VIETNAM TRIANGLE. By Wilfred Burchett. Ben Kier-nan 372 BUREAUCRATS,PETTY BOURGEOIS AND TOWNSMEN.An Observation on Status Identification in Kota Bharu. By Halim Haji Salleh. Judith Nagata 373 OFFICIELEBESCHEIDEN BETREFFENDE DE NEDERLANDS- INDONESISCHEBETREKKINGEN, 1945-1950. Negende Deel: 21 Mei-20 fuli 1947. Edited by the late S.L. van der Wal, completed by P.J. Drooglever and M.J.B. Schouten. Paul W. van der Veur 375 THESPELL OF THE ANCESTORSAND THE POWEROF MEKKAH. A Sasak Community on Lombok. By Sven Cederroth. Judith L. Ecklund 377 THEUNKNOWN BALINESE. Land, Labour and Inequality in Lombok. By Ingela Gerdin. Judith L. Ecklund 377 INTERESTGROUPS AND POLITICALLINKAGE IN INDONESIA, 1800-1965. By Dwight Y. King. Benedict R. O'G. Anderson 378 CAPTAINCOOK'S FINAL VOYAGE. The Journal of Midshipman George Gilbert. Introduced and edited by Christine Holmes. James A. Boutilier 380 SLAVERSIN PARADISE.The Peruvian Slave Trade in Polynesia, 1862-1864. By H.E. Maude. James A. Boutilier 380 PERSONAND MYTH.Maurice Leenhardt in the Melanesian World. By James Clifford. James A. Boutilier 380 AUSTRALIA'SNORTH-WEST CHALLENGE. By W.A. Beattie and M. de Lacy Lowe. Anthony Scott 382 ENERGYIN AUSTRALIA.Politics and Economics. By Hugh Saddler. Anthony Scott 382 BECOMINGAMERICANS. Asian Sojourners, Immigrants, and Refugees in the Western United States. By Tricia Knoll. Foreword by Edwin 0. Reischauer. Yuen-fong Woon 385 DESERTEXILE. The Uprooting of a Japanese American Family. By Yoshiko Uchida. Takie Sugiyama Lebra 386

BRIEFLY NOTED

CHINA.A Political History, 1917-1980. By Richard C. Thornton. Ronald C. Keith 387 HONGKONG. Economic Growth and Policy. By A.J. Youngson. Alvin Rabushka 388 GANDHIIN LONDON.By James D. Hunt. /.I. (Ham) Bakker -389

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE CAROLLEE HAMRIN, Research Specialist for China, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. FRANKLINA. PRESLER,Assistant Professor of Political Science, Kalama- zoo College, U.S.A. JOAN L. ERDMAN,Research Associate, Committee on Southern Asian Studies, University of Chicago, U.S.A.; Coordinator of the Outreach Educational Project of the South Asia Language and Area Center, University of Chicago. Author of The Artist in Indian Society: Patrons and Performers in Rajusthan (New Delhi: Vikas, forthcoming). NORMANCUTLER, Assistant Professor, Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago, U.S.A. He has published a translation, with critical introduction, of two devotional poems (Consider Our Vow: An English Translation of Tiruppavai and Tiruvempavai [Madurai: Muthu Patippakam, 19791). DAVIDP. CHANDLER,Research Director, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, Australia. His most recent books are A History of Cambodia (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983) and (ed., with Ben Kiernan) Revolution and Its Aftermath (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University, Council on Southeast Asia, 1983). LEONARDCASPER, Professor of contemporary American literature and director of creative writing, Boston College, U.S.A. Among his many books in the field of Philippine literature are Six Filipino Poets (Manila: Benipayo Press, 1955); Modern Philippine Short Stories (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1962); and New Writing from the Philippines: A Critique and Anthology (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1966). Pacific Affairs

Vol. 56, No. 3 Fall 1983

The Triumphs and Failures of Mass Education in Vietnam Alexander Woodside 40 1

Marxism and Theravada Buddhism: The Legitimation of Political Authority in Laos Martin Stuart-Fox 428

The Politics of Poverty Eradication: The Implementation of Development Projects in a Malaysian District Shamsul A.B. 455

In Search of Dynamism: Foreign Investment in the Philippines under Martial Law Charles W.Lindsey 477

The Industrial Destructuring of the Japanese Aluminum Industry Richa*. Samuels 495

Correspondence 510

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 516

Contributors to This Issue 609

Pacific Affairs (USPS 767-380) is published quarterly by the University of British Columbia. Office of publication: William Byrd Press, 2901 Byrdhill Rd., Richmond, VA 23261, U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Richmond, Virginia. Postmaster: Send address change to the William Byrd Press, P.O. Box 27481, Richmond, VA 23261.

Copyright 0 1983, University of British Columbia. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

FOREIGNRELATIONS OF THE UNITEDSTATES, 1952-1954. Volume XIII: Indochina (in two parts). Edited by Neal H. Petersen. David P. Chandler 5 16 SOVIETPOLICY IN EASTASIA. Edited by Donald S. Zagoria. KenBooth 517 FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS AND MARKETSIN THE FAREAST. A Study of China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Edited by Michael T. Skully. J.W.C. Tomlinson 5 18 A HISTORYOF CHINESECIVILIZATION. By Jacques Gernet. Translated by J.R. Foster. Derh Bodde 5 l9 ESSAYSON CHINA'SLEGAL TRADITION. Edited by Jerome Alan Cohen, R. Randle Edwards, and Fu-mei Chang Chen. R.R.C. de Crespigny 52 1 FUNDAMENTALLEGAL CONCEPTS OF CHINAAND THE WEST. A Comparative Study. By Hyung I. Kim. R.R.C. de Crespigny 521 AMERICANSCIENCE AND MODERNCHINA, 1876-1936. By Peter Buck. Shannon R. Brown 523 ARMINGTHE CHINESE.The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920-1928. By Anthony B. Chan. Thomas L. Kennedy 524 A COMINTERNAGENT IN CHINA,1932-1939. By Otto Braun. Translated by Jeanne Moore, with an Introduction by Dick Wilson. James P. Hairison 525 CHINATURNED RIGHTSIDE UP. Revolutionary Legitimacy in the Peasant World. By Ralph Thaxton. Elizabeth J. Peny 527 L'ARMEEROUGE ET L'ASCENSIONDE MAO. Essai d'inter- pretation sur la montke au pouvoir de Mao Zedong au sein du Parti communiste chinois. By Hu Chi-hsi. Diana Laiy 529 RE-EDUCATINGCHINESE ANTI-COMMUNISTS. By J.A. Fyfield. Martin King Wlcyte 53 1 PROCESPOLITIQUES A PEKIN.Wei Jingsheng, Fu Yuehua. By Victor Sidane and Wojtek Zafanolli. With the collaboration of Bao Longtu and Francois Rauzier. Preface by Lucien Bianco. Rent? Goldman 532 J'ACCUSEDEVANT LE TRIBUNALDE LA SOCIETE.By Liu Qing. Preface by Jean Pasqualini. Rent? Goldman 532 FOODFOR ONEBILLION. China's Agriculture since 1949. By Robert C. Hsu. Robert Ash 534 CHINAIN WORLDAFFAIRS. The Foreign Policy of the PRC since 1970. By Golam W. ~houdhir~. Michael Yahuda 535 THESING-SOVIET CONFLICT. A Global Perspective. Edited by Herbert J. Ellison. Karen Erickson Orvik CHINESERITUAL AND POLITICS.By Emily Martin Ahern. J. Bruce Jacobs LYRICPOETS OF THE SOUTHERNTANG. Feng Yen-ssu, 903- 960, and Li Yu, 937-978. By Daniel Bryant. David Hawltes CRITICALESSAYS ON CHINESEFICTION. Edited by Winston L.Y. Yang and Curtis P. Adkins. Michael S. Duke THECHINESE NOVEL AT THE TURNOF THE CENTURY.Edited by Milena DoleZelovA-Velingerova. Richard John Lynn DINGLING'S FICTION. Ideology and Narrative in Modern Chinese Literature. By Yi-tsi Mei Feuerwerker. David Holm CHINESEPAINTING STYLE. Media, Methods, and Principles of Form. By Jerome Silbergeld. lames 0. Caswell HIDEYOSHI.By Mary Elizabeth Berry. Neil McMullin THEREVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF MODERNJAPAN. By Thomas M. Huber. James L. McClain A DIPLOMAT'SWIFE IN JAPAN.Sketches at the Turn of the Century. By Mary Crawford Fraser. Edited by Hugh Cortazzi. E. Patricia Tsurumi PEARLHARBOR, 7. DELEMBER1941. Der Ausbruch des Krieges zwischen Japan und den Vereinigten Staaten und die Ausweitung des europaischen Krieges zum Zweiten Weltkrieg. By Peter Herde. Hemy Cord Meyer- OCCUPATIONDIPLOMACY. Britain, the United States and Japan, 1945-1952. By Roger Buckley. Richard H. Minear POLITICALLEADERSHIP IN CONTEMPORARYJAPAN. Edited by Terry Edward MacDougall. Nobuo Tomita 553 PARTIES,CANDIDATES, AND VOTERSIN JAPAN. Six Quantitative Studies. Edited by John Creighton Campbell. Nobuo Tomita 554 MITI AND THE JAPANESEMIRACLE. The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. By Chalmers Johnson. Kent E. Calder 555 JAPAN'S ECONOMY.Coping with Change in the International Environment. Edited by Daniel I. Okimoto. Andrea Bollho 558 THEPOSTWAR JAPANESE ECONOMY. Its Development and Structure. By Takafusa Nakamura. Translated by Jacqueline Kaminski. Ron Napier 559 MIRACLEBY DESIGN.The Real Reasons behind Japan's Economic Success. By Frank Gibney. Lean Hollerman 561 RUSSIANSTUDIES OF JAPAN.An Exploratory Survey. By E. Stuart Kirby. Peggy L. Falkenheim 562 ANCESTORWORSHIP AND KOREANSOCIETY. By Roger L. Janelli and Dawnhee Yim Janelli. Seung Gyu Moon 563 ISLAMICREVIVAL IN BRITISHINDIA. Deoband, 1860-1900. By Barbara Daly Metcalf. Yohanan Friedmann 564 RURALSOCIETY IN SOUTHEASTINDIA. By Kathleen Gough. D.A. Washbrook 565 LANGUAGEAND SOCIETYIN MODERNINDIA. Essays in Honor of Professor Robert 0. Swan. Edited by Robert I. Crane and Bradford Spangenberg. Carole Farber 567 INDIA.Cultural Patterns and Processes. Edited by Alien G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt. Carole Farber 567 DRAVIDIANKINSHIP. By Thomas R. Trautmann. Sylvia Vatuk 569 THETHREE TWINS. The Telling of a South Indian Folk Epic. By Brenda E.F. Beck. R.E. Asher 570 MENAND GODSIN A CHANGINGWORLD. Some Themes in the Religious Experience of Twentieth-Century Hindus and Christians. By Judith M. Brown. C.G. Hospital 571 THEPHILOSOPHY OF GANDHI.A Study of His Basic Ideas. By Glyn Richards. Robert A. Huttenback 573 A MOUNTAININ TIBET.The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of India. By Charles Alien. George Woodcock 574 SOUTHASIAN SECURITY AFTER AFGHANISTAN. By G.S. Bhargava. Robert G. Wirsing 575 AFGHANISTAN.The Soviet Invasion in Perspective. By Anthony Arnold. Eden Naby 576 REPORTFROM AFGHANISTAN.By Gerard Chaliand. Translated by Tarmar Jacoby. Eden Naby 576 AFGHANISTANCRISIS. Implications and Options for the Muslim World, Iran, and Pakistan. By Tahir Amin. With an Introduction by Khurshid Ahmad. Eden Naby 577 AFGHANISTANUNDER SOVIET DOMINATION, 1964-81. By Anthony Hyman. Milan Hauner 579 Too RAPIDRURAL DEVELOPMENT. Perceptions and Perspectives from Southeast Asia. Edited by Colin MacAndrews and Chia Lin Sien. Geoffrey B. Hainsworth 580 UNDERSTANDINGASEAN. Edited by Alison Broinowski. Donald Crone 582 REGIONALORGANIZATION AND ORDERIN SOUTH-EASTASIA. By Arnfinn Jorgensen-Dahl. Donald Crone 582 ASEAN. Identity, Development and Culture. Edited by R.P. Anand and Purificacion V. Quisumbing. Donald Crone 582 REBELLIONUNDER THE BANNEROF ISLAM.The Darul Islam in Indonesia. By C. van Dijk. Michael Williams 584 INDONESIANPOLITICS, 1955-59. The Emergence of Guided Democracy. By Baladas Ghoshal. Harold Crouch 586 SUHARTO'SINDONESIA. By Hamish McDonald. Harold Crouch 586 THEPRECIOUS GIFT (Tulfat al-Nafis). By Raja Ali Haji ibn Ahmad. An annotated translation by Virginia Matheson and Barbara Watson Andaya. H.E. Wilson 588 THENAME OF BROOKE.The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak. By R.H.W.Reece. A./. Stockwell MALAYSIA.Economic Expansion and National Unity. By John Gullick. D.C. Johnston MALAYSIA.Development Pattern and Policy, 1947-197 1. By V.V. Bhanoji Rao. D.C. Johnston INDIANSIN MALAYSIAAND SINGAPORE(Revised Edition). By Sinnappah Arasaratnam. Norman Bucliignani INDIANSIN SOUTHEASTASIA. Edited by I.J. Bahadur Singh. Norman Buchignani ONSTRATEGY. A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War. By Harry G. Summers, Jr. David G. Man SILENCEWAS A WEAPON:THE VIETNAM WAR IN THE VILLAGES. A Personal Perspective. By Stuart A. Herrington. David G. Man- BURMA.A Socialist Nation of Southeast Asia. By David I. Steinberg. F.K. Lehman THEAUSTRALIAN TRUSTEESHIP. Papua New Guinea, 1945-75. By Ian Downs. Dan Jorgensen POLICY-MAKINGIN A NEWSTATE. Papua New Guinea, 1972- 77. Edited by J.A. Ballard. Dan Jorgensen AUYANA.Those Who Held Onto Home. By Sterling Robbins. Lynn Stewart THECHINESE IN PAPUANEW GUINEA:1880-1980. By David Y.H. Wu. Leo Suryadinata DOCUMENTSON AUSTRALIANFOREIGN POLICY, 1937-49. Volume V: July 1941-June 1942. Edited by W.J. Hudson and H.J.W. Stokes, assisted by Margaret Browne, Jane North, and Ashton Robinson. Henry S. Albinski AUSTRALIANDEFENCE POLICY FOR THE 1980s. Edited by Robert O'Neill and D.M. Horner. Henry S. Albimki THEABORIGINAL TASMANIANS. By Lyndall Ryan. David Turner ABORIGINALAUSTRALIANS. Black Response to White Dominance, 1788-1980. By Richard Broome. David Turner

BRIEFLY NOTED

THEUNITED STATES AND ASIA.Changing Attitudes and Policies. By William Watts. P.M. Evans KOREA.A Jade Paradise. By Jean-Claude Michaud and Roland Michaud. Translated by Alexis Gregory. Edited by Daniel Wheeler. AN ATLASOF THE MUGHALEMPIRE. By Irfan Habib. DON'TYou HEARTHETHUNDER. A ~btchman's Life Story. By D. van der Meulen. Paul W. van der Veur Pacific Affairs

Vol. 56, No. 4 Winter 1983-84

The Mahathir Administration in Diane K. Mauzy Malaysia: Discipline through Islam RS. Milne 617

Regime Types and Poverty Reform in India Atul Kohli 649

The Voluntary Sojourner among the Overseas Chinese: Myth or Reality? Yuen-fong Woon 673

Vietnam's New Economic Policy Notes and Comments Ton That Thien 69 1

Correspondence

Book Reviews (listed overleaf)

Index to Volume 56-1983

Pacific Affairs (USPS 767-380) is published quarterly by The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1W5. Second-class postage paid at Richmond, Virginia. Postmaster: Send address change to Pacific Affairs, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1W5.

Copyright 0 1983, University of British Columbia. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

THEINDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL OF RURALASIA. By Robert Orr Whyte. Dauid I. Steinberg THECAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHINA. Edited by Brian Hook. Dauid D. Buck MODERNCHINA. A Chronology-from 1842 to the Present. By Colin Mackerras, with the assistance of Robert Chan. Peter M. Mitchell CHINESEDEMOCRACY. The Self-Government Movement in Local Provincial and National Politics, 1905-1914. By John H. Fincher. Marianne Bmtid THEMAKING OF A SPECIALRELATIONSHIP. The United States and China to 1914. By Michael H. Hunt. Raymond G. O'Connor LIBERALISMIN AN ILLIBERALAGE. New Culture Liberals in Republican China, 1919-1 937. By Eugene Lubot. Jerome B. Grieder MAOAND THE WORKERS.The Hunan Labor Movement, 1920- 1923. By Lynda Shaffer. Lucien Bianco THEMESSIAH AND THE MANDARINS.Mao Tsetung and the Ironies of Power. By Dennis Bloodworth. Stephen Uhalley, Jr. CHINA'SNEW DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. Edited by Jack Gray and Gordon White. Michel Oksenberg THETRANSITION TO SOCIALISMIN CHINA.Edited by Mark Selden and Victor Lippit. W.E. Willmott CHENYUN'S STRATEGY FOR CHINA'SDEVELOPMENT. A Non- Maoist Alternative. Edited by Nicholas R. Lardy and Kenneth Lieberthal. Samuel PS. Ho THECHINESE ECONOMIC REFORMS. Edited by Stephan Feuchtwang and Athar Hussain. Samuel P.S. Ho THECHINESE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY. Edited by Randolph Barker and Radha Sinha, with Beth Rose. K.R. Walker SONOF THE REVOLUTION.By Liang Heng and Judith Shapiro. Michael S. Duke DOCUMENTSON THE CHINESEDEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT, 1978- 1980. Unofficial Magazines and Wall Posters. Volume 1. Edited by Claude Widor. Reni Goldman WILDLILIES: POISONOUS WEEDS. Dissident Voices from People's China. Edited by Gregor Benton. Ren4 Goldnwn JAPANEXAMINED. Perspectives on Modern Japanese History. Edited by Harry Wray and Hilary Conroy. HJ. Jones THEROOTS OF MODERNJAPAN. By Jean-Pierre Lehmann. George Macklin Wilson OSUGISAKAE: ANARCHIST IN TAISHOJAPAN. The Creativity of the Ego. By Thomas A. Stanley. Gauan McComiack THESEARCH FOR A NEWORDER. Intellectuals and Fascism in Prewar Japan. By William Miles Fletcher, 111. Bernd Martin THEJAPANESE DIET AND THE U.S. CONGRESS.Edited by Francis R. Valeo and Charles E. Morrison. Michael W. Donnelly THEJAPANESE SOCIAL STRUCTURE. Its Evolution in the Modern Century. By Tadashi Fukutake. Translated by Ronald P. Dore. Brian Moeran THEWOMEN OF SUYEMURA. By Robert J. Smith and Ella Lury Wiswell. Gail Lee Bernstein JAPANSUNVOLLKOMMENE VOLLBESCHAFTIGUNG.Beschaftigungs- probleme und Beschaftigungspolitik. By Angelika Ernst, with the collaboration of Renate Herold and Shunichiro Umetani. Barbara Molony HUMANISIERUNGDER ABREITSWELT. Gestaltungsmoglichkeiten in Japan und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Edited by Willy Kraus. Barbara Molony UEDAAKINARI. By Blake Morgan Young. A.V. Liman RABBITS,CRABS, ETC. Stories by Japanese Women. Translated by Phyllis Birnbaum. Chieko Irie Mulhern STORIESBY CONTEMPORARYJAPANESE WOMENWRITERS. Translated and edited by Noriko Mizuta Lippit and Kyoko Iriye Selden. Chieko Irie Mulliem 756 THISKIND OF WOMAN.Ten Stories by Japanese Women Writers, 1960-1976. Edited by Yukiko Tanaka and Elizabeth Hanson. Chieko Irie Mulhern 756 FINANCIALDEVELOPMENT IN KOREA, 1945-1975. By David C. Cole and Yung Chul Park. Paul W. Kuznets 759 THESTATES OF SOUTHASIA: PROBLEMS OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION.Essays in Honour of W.H. Morris-Jones. Edited by A. Jeyaratnam Wilson and Dennis Dalton. Jim Masselos 760 THELOST HERO. A Biography of Subhas Bose. By Mihir Bose. John Broomfield 762 THESHAPING OF MODERNINDIA. By Daniel Thorner. B.R. Tomlinson 763 THESTATE, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND CLASS FORMATIONS IN INDIA.A Neo-Marxist Perspective on Colonialism, Underdevelopment and Development. By Anupam Sen. B.R. Tomlimon 763 RELIGIONAS SOCIALVISION. The Movement Against Untouchability in 20th-Century Punjab. By Mark Juergensmeyer. Owen M. Lynch 765 CASTEAND CLASS.Dvnamics of Ineaualitv in Indian Societv. , / By Raja Jayaraman. Joseph Tharamangalam 767 WHYTHEY DID NOT STARVE.Biocultural Adaptation in a South Indian Village. By Morgan D. Maclachlan. Alice Thorner 769 AMUL.An Experiment in Rural Economic Development. By S.P. Singh and Paul L. Kelley. Geeta Somjee 770 THELOOM OF INTERDEPENDENCE.Silkweaving Cooperatives in Kanchipuram. By Yvonne J. Arterburn. Geeta Somjee 770 ORGANIZATIONFOR CHANGE.A Systems Analysis of Family Planning in Rural India. By Bhasker D. Misra, Ali Ashraf, Ruth S. Simmons, and George B. Simmons. Marika Vicziany 77 1 THEDEMOGRAPHIC SITUATIONS IN INDIA.By Mahendra K. Premi. Marika Vicziany 772 THEMOGHUL. A Novel of India. By Thomas Hoover. George Woodcock 773 PEASANTMOBILITY. The Odds of Life in Rural Bangladesh. By Willem van Schendel. Harry Blair 775 BELIEFSAND FERTILITYIN BANGLADESH.By Clarence Maloney, K.M. Ashraful Aziz, and Profulla C. Sarker. T.R. Balakrislznan 776 TIBETANVILLAGE COMMUNITIES. Structure and Change. By Eva K. Dargyay. Lawrence Epstein 778 THEHIMALAYA. Aspects of Change. Edited by J.S. Lall, in association with A.D. Moddie. Urviila Phadnis 779 PATTERNSOF CHANGEIN THE NEPALHIMALAYA. By Mark Poffenberger. Unnila Phadnis 779 NEPALMANDALA: A CULTURAL STUDY OF THE KATHMANDU VALLEY.Volume 1: TextIVolume 2: Plates. Bv Marv Shepherd Slusser. C. won firer-Haimendof A HISTORYOF MALAYSIA.By Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y. Andaya. Craig A. Lockard THESOCIOLOGY OF SECRETSOCIETIES. A Study of Chinese Secret Societies in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. By Mak Lau Fong. Gregory J. Kaiser THEPHILIPPINES. A Singular and a Plural Place. By David Joel Steinberg. Elmer A. Ordofiez. LANDREFORM AND TOURISMDEVELOPMENT. Policy-Making in the Philippines. By Linda K. Richter. Robert L. Youngblood THEUNFINISHED WAR. Vietnam and the American Conscience. By Walter H. Capps. Gareth Porter VIETNAMIN PROSEAND FILM.By James C. Wilson. Gareth Porter H.J. VAN MOOKAND INDONESIANINDEPENDENCE. A Study of His Role in Dutch-Indonesian Relations, 1945-48. By Yong Mun Cheong. Anthony Reid 'KAJA"AND "KELOD."Balinese Dance in Transition. By I Made Bandem and Fredrik Eugene deBoer. Andrew Toth 791 "DON'TMOURN FOR ME-ORGANISE.. . ." The Social and Political Uses of Voluntary Organisations. By David Scott. Robert J. Williams 793 POLITICALPILGRIMS. Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba, 1928-1978. By Paul Hollander. David P. Barrett 793

BRIEFLY NOTED

THEFAR EAST AND AUSTRALASIA,1982-83. A Survey and Directory of Asia and the Pacific (Fourteenth Edition). Compiled by Europa Publications. Terry G. McGee 795 A BIBLIOGRAPHYOF CHINESE-LANGUAGE MATERIALS ON THE PEOPLE'SCOMMUNES. By Wei-yi Ma. James E. Nickum 796 THENEW RELIGIONS OF JAPAN.A Bibliography of Western- Language Materials (Second Edition). By H. Byron Earhart. John F. Howes 796 MY STRUGGLES.An Autobiography. By E.K. Nayanar. Robin Jeffrey 797 TONGANSOCIETY AT THE TIMEOF CAPTAINCOOK'S VISITS. Discussions with Her Majesty Queen Sslote Tupou. By Elizabeth Bott, with the assistance of Tavi. James A. Boutilier 798 THEISLANDS. By A. Alberts. Translated by Hans Koning. Edited by E.M. Beeban. George Woodcock 798

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE DIANEK. MAUZY,Lecturer in Political Science, University of British Columbia, Canada. Author of Barisan Nasional: Coalition Government in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur and Singapore: Marican & Sons, 1983); co- author (with R.S. Milne) of Politics and Government in Malaysia (Singa- pore: Times Books/Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980). R.S. MILNE,Professor of Political Science, University of British Colum- bia, Canada. Author of Politics in Ethnically Bipolar States: Guyana, Malaysia, Fiji (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981); co-author (with Diane K. Mauzy) of Politics and Government in Malaysia (Singapore: Times Books/Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980). ATULKOHLI, Assistant Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University, U.S.A. He is currently completing a book tentatively entitled The State and Poverty: Political Economy of Reform in Rural India. YUEN-FONGWOON, Assistant Professor, Centre for Pacific and Oriental Studies, University of Victoria, Canada. Author of Social Organization in South China: The Case of the Kuan Lineage of K'ai-p'ing County (forthcoming). TONTHAT TIEN, Professor of Modern Languages, Universite du Que- bec Trois Rivihres, Canada. Visiting professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, 1982-83. Author of India and South East Asia, 1947-1960 (Geneva: Droz, 1963).