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(Pahs) in Soils Around a Chemical Plant in Shanxi, China

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(Pahs) in Soils Around a Chemical Plant in Shanxi, China International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Distributions and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils around a Chemical Plant in Shanxi, China Haihua Jiao 1,2, Qi Wang 1, Nana Zhao 1, Bo Jin 3, Xuliang Zhuang 2,4 and Zhihui Bai 2,4,* ID 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China; [email protected] (H.J.); [email protected] (Q.W.); [email protected] (N.Z.) 2 Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; [email protected] 3 School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] 4 College of Environment & Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-62849156; Fax: +86-10-62849155 Received: 10 August 2017; Accepted: 14 September 2017; Published: 9 October 2017 Abstract: Background: Yearly the Shanxi coal chemical industry extracts many coal resources, producing at the same time many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are emitted as by-products of coal incomplete combustion. Methods: Sixty-six soil samples collected from 0 to 100 cm vertical sections of three different agricultural (AS), roadside (RS) and park (PS) functional soils around a chemical plant in Shanxi, China were analyzed for the presence of the 16 priority control PAHs. Results: The total concentrations (∑16PAHs) varied in a range of 35.4–116 mg/kg, 5.93–66.5 mg/kg and 3.87–76.0 mg/kg for the RS, PS and AS surface soil, respectively, and 5-ring PAHs were found to be dominant (44.4–49.0%), followed by 4-ring PAHs (15.9–24.5%). Moreover, the average value of ∑16PAHs decreased with the depth, 7.87 mg/kg (0–25 cm), 4.29 mg/kg (25–50 cm), 3.00 mg/kg (50–75 cm), 2.64 mg/kg (75–100 cm) respectively, in PS and AS soil vertical sections. Conclusions: The PAH levels in the studied soils were the serious contamination level (over 1.00 mg/kg) according to the Soils Quality Guidelines. The carcinogenic PAHs (SBPAHsBapeq) were approximately 14.8 times higher than the standard guideline level (0.60 mg/kg) and 90.3% of PAHs were produced by coal/wood/grass combustion processes. Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); soil contamination; chemical plant; organic pollutants 1. Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a complex group of chemicals containing two or more aromatic rings. The PAHs are products of incomplete combustion, present in petroleum products, and as such are commonly encountered as contaminants at hazardous waste sites. PAHs occur in the environment as complex mixtures of many components with widely varying toxic potencies. Some PAHs are carcinogens and mutagens. Sixteen PAHs have been listed as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency [1] and eight of them have been classified as probable or possible human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [2,3]. PAHs are derived mostly from anthropogenic sources such as combustion of coal, fuel and grass [4]. Coal is a complex heterogeneous mixture of organic and inorganic constituents of allothigenic or authigenic origin [5]. It is very useful in power generation, domestic and industrial heating and in the synthesis of chemicals such as gasoline, ammonia and urea, etc. Many deleterious compounds are Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1198; doi:10.3390/ijerph14101198 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1198 2 of 19 found in coal which may be released into the environment during coal mining combustion, coking, pyrolysis, and other coal preparation processes to make the coal consistent in quality and suitable for selling [6]. The PAHs are the main toxic pollutants emitted from chemical plants using coal [7], as large amounts of PAHs are formed and emitted as by-products of the incomplete combustion of coal. Consequently, communities surrounding chemical plants can be placed at increased risk of adverse health outcomes [8]. Many studies on the sources and distributions of PAHs in surface soils have been reported in the last decade [9–12]. The molecular marker approach has been widely used to identify the sources of hydrocarbon compounds [13,14]. However, most studies have been focused on PAH pollution in urban, mine and oil field soils [15–17], but seldom in chemical plant areas. PAH soil pollution near chemical plants could cause public health risks since residences and parks are nearby [18,19]. In this study, we investigated the PAH distribution and characteristics in terms of concentrations and compositions in contaminated soil at a vertical depth of 0–100 cm, and an area of 0–1500 m around a chemical plant located in Changzhi district (Shanxi, China). Samples were analyzed and characterized by PAH ratios and composition. The aim of this study was to provide baseline information on the levels of PAH contamination in the vicinity of the chemical plant. The data can be useful for assessment of the environmental impact of PAHs associated with chemical plants. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sample Collection To get a better understanding of PAH distribution and characteristics with respect to the PAH sources, we designed representative soil sampling sites based on the PAHs released from coal combustion from a chemical plant and agriculture regions and transportation areas. Sampling was conducted at these sites in September 2016. Sixty-six samples were randomly collected for the determination of the PAH distribution in the soil from the areas around the chemical plant. Fourteen samples were collected from agricultural soils (AS), twenty seven samples were collected from roadside soils (RS), and ten from park green space soils (PS) around the chemical plant. Agricultural soil refers to the soil that is used for agricultural production. Roadside soil refers to soil along roads and road junctions. Park green space soil refers to soil from gardens, greenbelts, and so on. On the average, one sampling point represented about 500–600 m2 (30–40 point soils then combined together as one sample), Global Positioning System (GPS) data was used to identify the sampling positions (Figure1). Fifty one samples were collected from surface (0–25 cm) soil around the chemical plant. Fifteen PS and AS soil samples were collected from different depths (25–50 cm, 50–75 cm, 75–100 cm layer). These types of soils are affected by the chemical plant activities. The sampling sites were selected in order to reflect the diverse exposure of soils and duration of exposure to the pollution sources. They represent samples directly affected by industrial emissions, and directly subjected to vehicles emissions. The soil samples obtained were transported to the Analytical Laboratory at Changzhi University, China. The soil samples were air-dried at room temperature after removing stones and residual roots, and passed through a 1 mm sieve to remove the coarse soil fraction. Soil samples were stored at −20 ◦C before analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1198 3 of 19 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1198 3 of 19 Figure1.FigureA map 1. A mapshowing showing the sampling the sampling area areaand sites. and sites. 2.2. 2.2.Sample Sample Extraction Extraction AccordingAccording to the to themodified modified standard standard method method [15], [ 15soil], soilsamples samples (10 (10g dry g dryweight weight (dw)) (dw)) and and anhydrousanhydrous sodium sodium sulfate sulfate (5 g) (5 were g) were added added into intoa 50 amL 50 mLglass glass flask flask and andmixed mixed with with 30 mL 30 mLacetone: acetone: dichloromethanedichloromethane solvent solvent (1:1 (1:1v/v).v /Thev). Thesample sample was wasextracted extracted for 15–20 for 15–20 min minin an in ultrasonic an ultrasonic agitation agitation apparatusapparatus (SB (SB5200 5200 DT, DT,Ning Ningbobo Xingzhi Xingzhi Biological Biological Technology Technology Co. Co.Ltd., Ltd., Ningbo, Ningbo, China), China), and andthe final the final extractextract was was filtered filtered through through a column a column (15 (15cm cmlength length × 10× mm10 mmid) filled id) filled with with 10 cm 10 dried cm dried anhydrous anhydrous sodiumsodium sulfate sulfate to remove to remove the residual the residual water, water, and and the theprocess process was was repeated repeated twice twice again again with with another another 30 mL30 mLof solvent. of solvent. The Thefinal final extracts extracts were were concentrated concentrated to around to around 2 mL 2 mLby a by gentle a gentle stream stream of nitrogen of nitrogen at 35–40at 35–40 °C, and◦C, cleaned and cleaned using using a 0.2 µm a 0.2 organicµm organic phase membrane phase membrane filter (Varian filter (VarianInc., Lake Inc., Forest, Lake CA, Forest, USA).CA, USA). 2.3. 2.3.PAHs PAHs Analysis Analysis PAHsPAHs analyses analyses were were carried carried out out using aa gasgas chromatography chromatography mass mass spectrometer spectrometer (GC/MS) (GC/MS) system system(Shimadzu (Thermo Enterprise Fisher Scientific, Management Waltham, (China) MA, USA) Co. Ltd.,equipped Shanghai, with a China)GC-MS equippedQP2010 Ultra with column a GC-MS (30 mQP2010 length Ultra × 0.25 column mm id (30 × 0.25 m length µm film× 0.25 thickness, mm id ×HP-50.25 MSµm capillary film thickness, column) HP-5 using MS helium capillary as column) the carrierusing gas. helium The GC-MS as the carrier analysis gas. was The operated GC-MS analysisin the selected was operated ion monitoring in the selected (SIM) ion mode, monitoring injection (SIM) ◦ volumemode, was injection 1 µL in volume split less was mode. 1 µL in Temperature split less mode.
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