Decarbonization of Industrial Sectors: the Next Frontier
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Pv/Battery Waste Management in the Context of Rural Electrification Support on Pv/Battery Waste Management for a Rural Electrification Program
PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SUPPORT ON PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM Amy Author, Bode Author, and Catherine Author National Renewable Energy Laboratory David Author and Emily Author Other Organization Document elaborated by Factor November 2016 PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SUPPORT ON PV/BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM Document elaborated by Factor November 2016 This publication was reproduced from the best available copy submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. -
Phosphine and Ammonia Photochemistry in Jupiter's
40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2009) 1201.pdf PHOSPHINE AND AMMONIA PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN JUPITER’S TROPOSPHERE. C. Visscher1, A. D. Sperier2, J. I. Moses1, and T.C. Keane3. 1Lunar and Planetary Institute, USRA, 3600 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX 77058-1113 2Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, 3Department of Chemistry and Physics, The Sage Colleges, Troy, NY 12180, ([email protected], [email protected]) Introduction: The last comprehensive photo- tions involving the amino radical (NH2) play a larger chemical model for Jupiter’s troposphere was pre- role. We note that this is the first photochemical sented by Edgington et al. [1,2], based upon the work model to include P2H as an intermediate species in PH3 of Atreya et al. [3] and Kaye and Strobel [4-6]. Since photolysis. The equivalent N2Hx species are believed these early studies, numerous laboratory experiments to be important in the combustion chemistry of nitro- have led to an improvement in our understanding of gen compounds [15]. PH3, NH3-PH3, and NH3-C2H2 photochemistry [7-13]. Furthermore, recent Galileo, Cassini, and Earth-based observations have better defined the abundance of key atmospheric constituents as a function of altitude and latitude in Jupiter’s troposphere. These new results provide an opportunity to test and improve theoretical models of Jovian atmospheric chemistry. We have therefore developed a photochemical model for Jupi- ter’s troposphere considering the updated experimental and observational constraints. Using the Caltech/JPL KINETICS code [14] for our photochemical models, our basic approach is two- fold. The validity of our selected chemical reaction list is first tested by simulating the laboratory experiments of PH3, NH3-PH3, and NH3-C2H2 photolysis with pho- tochemical “box” models. -
Ammonia As a Refrigerant
1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA www.ashrae.org ASHRAE Position Document on Ammonia as a Refrigerant Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors February 1, 2017 Expires February 1, 2020 ASHRAE S H A P I N G T O M O R R O W ’ S B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T T O D A Y © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on “Ammonia as a Refrigerant” was developed by the Society’s Refrigeration Committee. Position Document Committee formed on January 8, 2016 with Dave Rule as its chair. Dave Rule, Chair Georgi Kazachki IIAR Dayton Phoenix Group Alexandria, VA, USA Dayton, OH, USA Ray Cole Richard Royal Axiom Engineers, Inc. Walmart Monterey, CA, USA Bentonville, Arkansas, USA Dan Dettmers Greg Scrivener IRC, University of Wisconsin Cold Dynamics Madison, WI, USA Meadow Lake, SK, Canada Derek Hamilton Azane Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA Other contributors: M. Kent Anderson Caleb Nelson Consultant Azane, Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA Missoula, MT, USA Cognizant Committees The chairperson of Refrigerant Committee also served as ex-officio members: Karim Amrane REF Committee AHRI Bethesda, MD, USA i © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. HISTORY of REVISION / REAFFIRMATION / WITHDRAWAL -
Safer Cocktail for an Ethanol/Water/Ammonia Solvent
L A S C P LSC in Practice C P O C L Safer Cocktail for an Ethanol/Water/ K T I A I C Ammonia Solvent Mixture L S A Problem T A laboratory had been under pressure to move towards Using this mixture, the sample uptake capacity of I the newer generation of safer liquid scintillation ULTIMA-Flo AP, ULTIMA-Flo M and ULTIMA Gold O cocktails. Unfortunately, the sample composition of LLT (PerkinElmer 6013599, 6013579 and 6013377, one of their targets kept giving the researchers problems. respectively) at 20 °C was determined and N Before the lead researcher contacted PerkinElmer, the results were: they had tried PerkinElmer’s Opti-Fluor®, ULTIMA ULTIMA-Flo AP 4.00 mL in 10 mL cocktail N Gold LLT, and ULTIMA Gold XR. All of the safer O ™ ULTIMA-Flo M 4.25 mL in 10 mL cocktail cocktails could incorporate each of the constituents T as indicated by their sample capacity graphs. ULTIMA Gold LLT 4.25 mL in 10 mL cocktail E The problematic sample was an extraction solvent From these results, we observed that it was possible consisting of 900 mL ethanol, 50 mL ammonium to get 4.0 mL of the sample into all of these cocktails. hydroxide, 500 mL water and an enzyme containing In addition, we determined that it was not possible to 14C. The mixture had a pH in the range of 10 to 11. get 4 mL sample into 7 mL of any of these cocktails. To complete this work, we also checked for lumines- Discussion cence using 4 mL of sample in 10 mL of each cocktail. -
Role of Natural Gas Networks in a Low-Carbon Future
The Role of Gas Networks in a Low-Carbon Future December 2020 Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 The Role of Natural Gas ............................................................................................................................... 6 Natural Gas Today .................................................................................................................................... 6 The Potential Role of Natural Gas Networks in a Low-Carbon Future .................................................... 7 Local Distribution Company Strategies to Decarbonize Gas ....................................................................... 8 Increasing Energy Efficiency and Optimizing Energy Use ...................................................................... 9 Reducing Methane Emissions Across the Value Chain .......................................................................... 15 Decarbonizing Gas Supply ..................................................................................................................... 19 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration .......................................................................................... 24 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 26 M.J. Bradley & Associates | Strategic Environmental Consulting Page | 1 -
Improving the Efficiency of Ammonia Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
Improving The Efficiency Of Ammonia Electrolysis For Hydrogen Production A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Ramasamy Palaniappan December 2013 © 2013 Ramasamy Palaniappan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Improving the Efficiency of Ammonia Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production by RAMASAMY PALANIAPPAN has been approved for the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Russ College of Engineering and Technology by Gerardine G. Botte Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Dennis Irwin Dean, Russ College of Engineering and Technology 3 ABSTRACT PALANIAPPAN, RAMASAMY, Ph.D., December 2013, Chemical Engineering Improving the Efficiency of Ammonia Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production Director of Dissertation: Gerardine G. Botte Given the abundance of ammonia in domestic and industrial wastes, ammonia electrolysis is a promising technology for remediation and distributed power generation in a clean and safe manner. Efficiency has been identified as one of the key issues that require improvement in order for the technology to enter the market phase. Therefore, this research was performed with the aim of improving the efficiency of hydrogen production by finding alternative materials for the cathode and electrolyte. 1. In the presence of ammonia the activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) followed the trend Rh>Pt>Ru>Ni. The addition of ammonia resulted in lower rates for HER for Pt, Ru, and Ni, which have been attributed to competition from the ammonia adsorption reaction. 2. The addition of ammonia offers insight into the role of metal-hydrogen underpotential deposition (M-Hupd) on HER kinetics. -
Ethylene Dichloride (Edc) Handbook
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE (EDC) HANDBOOK OXYCHEM TECHNICAL INFORMATION 11/2014 Dallas-based Occidental Chemical Corporation is a leading North American manufacturer of basic chemicals, vinyls and performance chemicals directly and through various affiliates (collectively, OxyChem). OxyChem is also North America's largest producer of sodium chlorite. As a Responsible Care® company, OxyChem's global commitment to safety and the environment goes well beyond compliance. OxyChem's Health, Environment and Safety philosophy is a positive motivational force for our employees, and helps create a strong culture for protecting human health and the environment. Our risk management programs and methods have been, and continue to be, recognized as some of the industry's best. OxyChem offers an effective combination of industry expertise, experience, on line business tools, quality products and exceptional customer service. As a member of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation family, OxyChem represents a rich history of experience, top-notch business acumen, and sound, ethical business practices. 1 Table of Contents Page Introduction to Ethylene Dichloride ............................................................................................................ 3 Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Ethylene Dichloride (EDC) — Uses ................................................................................................................ -
Cellulosic Ethanol Production Via Aqueous Ammonia Soaking Pretreatment and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Asli Isci Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2008 Cellulosic ethanol production via aqueous ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation Asli Isci Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Isci, Asli, "Cellulosic ethanol production via aqueous ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation" (2008). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15695. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15695 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cellulosic ethanol production via aqueous ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation by Asli Isci A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-majors: Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering; Biorenewable Resources and Technology Program of Study Committee: Robert P. Anex, Major Professor D. Raj Raman Anthony L. Pometto III. Kenneth J. Moore Robert C. Brown Iowa State University Ames, Iowa -
Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States
Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States Trieu Mai, Paige Jadun, Jeffrey Logan, Colin McMillan, Matteo Muratori, Daniel Steinberg, Laura Vimmerstedt, Ryan Jones, Benjamin Haley, and Brent Nelson Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States Trieu Mai, Paige Jadun, Jeffrey Logan, Colin McMillan, Matteo Muratori, Daniel Steinberg, and Laura Vimmerstedt National Renewable Energy Laboratory Ryan Jones and Benjamin Haley Evolved Energy Research Brent Nelson Northern Arizona University Suggested Citation Mai, Trieu, Paige Jadun, Jeffrey Logan, Colin McMillan, Matteo Muratori, Daniel Steinberg, Laura Vimmerstedt, Ryan Jones, Benjamin Haley, and Brent Nelson. 2018. Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-71500. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/71500.pdf. iii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. NOTICE This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308. Funding provided by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Strategic Programs. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov. -
Algorithmic Analysis of Chemical Dynamics of the Autoignition of NH3–H2O2/Air Mixtures
energies Article Algorithmic Analysis of Chemical Dynamics of the Autoignition of NH3–H2O2/Air Mixtures Ahmed T. Khalil 1,2, Dimitris M. Manias 3, Efstathios-Al. Tingas 4, Dimitrios C. Kyritsis 1,2,* and Dimitris A. Goussis 1,2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; [email protected] (A.T.K.); [email protected] (D.A.G.) 2 Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE 3 Department of Mechanics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 157 73 Athens, Greece; [email protected] 4 Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands, (UHI), Perth PH1 2NX, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2019; Accepted: 7 October 2019; Published: 21 November 2019 Abstract: The dynamics of a homogeneous adiabatic autoignition of an ammonia/air mixture at constant volume was studied, using the algorithmic tools of Computational Singular Perturbation. Since ammonia combustion is characterized by both unrealistically long ignition delays and elevated NOx emissions, the time frame of action of the modes that are responsible for ignition was analyzed by calculating the developing time scales throughout the process and by studying their possible relation to NOx emissions. The reactions that support or oppose the explosive time scale were identified, along with the variables that are related the most to the dynamics that drive the system to an explosion. -
Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene
ETHYLBENZENE 151 5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL 5.1 PRODUCTION Ethylbenzene is primarily produced by the alkylation of benzene with ethylene in liquid-phase slurry reactors promoted with aluminum chloride catalysts or by vapor-phase reaction of benzene with dilute ethylene-containing feedstock with a boron trifluoride catalyst supported on alumina (Cannella 2007; Clayton and Clayton 1981; HSDB 2009; Welch et al. 2005; Ransley 1984). Newer versions of the method employ synthetic zeolites in fixed-bed reactors as catalysts for alkylation in the liquid phase or narrow pore synthetic zeolites in fixed-bed reactors in the vapor phase (Welch et al. 2005). Other methods of manufacturing ethylbenzene include preparation from acetophenone, dehydrogenation of naphthenes, catalytic cyclization and aromatization, separation from mixed xylenes via fractionation, reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide and chlorobenzene, extraction from coal oil, and recovery from benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) processing(Clayton and Clayton 1981; HSDB 2009; Ransley 1984; Welch et al. 2005). Commercial grades of ethylbenzene may contain small amounts of m-xylene, p-xylene, cumene, and toluene (HSDB 2009). Ethylbenzene is traditionally ranked as one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States. Table 5-1 shows the historical production volumes of ethylbenzene from 1983 to 2005 (C&EN 1994a, 1994b, 1995, 2006; Kirschner 1995). Table 5-2 lists the facilities in each state that manufacture or process ethylbenzene, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts of ethylbenzene that are stored on site. There are currently 3,755 facilities that produce, process, or use ethylbenzene in the United States. The data listed in Table 5-2 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI06 2008). -
ETHYLENE from METHANE (January 1994)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 208 ETHYLENE FROM METHANE (January 1994) This report evaluates two routes for the production of ethylene from methane: the direct synthesis based on the oxidative coupling of methane, and the less direct chemistry of converting methanol (which is derived from methane via synthesis gas) in the presence of an aluminophosphate molecular sieve catalyst. Our evaluations indicate that at the present state of development, the economics of both routes are unattractive when compared with the steam pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. We analyze the results of our evaluations to define the technical targets that must be attained for success. We also present a comprehensive technical review that examines not only the two routes evaluated, but also some of the more promising alternative approaches, such as synthesis gas conversion via a modified Fischer-Tropsch process, ethanol synthesis by the homologation of methanol, and ethylene production via methyl chloride. This report will be of interest to petrochemical companies that produce or consume ethylene and to energy-based companies (or equivalent government organizations in various countries) that have access to or control large resources of methane-rich natural gas. PEP’91 SCN CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 2 SUMMARY 2-1 TECHNICAL REVIEW 2-1 Oxidative Coupling 2-1 Methanol Conversion to Ethylene 2-3 Modified Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Process 2-3 Methanol Homologation 2-3 Conversion via Methyl Chloride 2-4 SRI’S PROCESS CONCEPTS 2-4 Ethylene from Methane by Oxidative