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The Case of Georgius Baglivi (1668-1707)

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The Case of Georgius Baglivi (1668-1707) Original Article How to Create a Medical Knowledge: the Case of Georgius Baglivi (1668-1707) Zrinka Blažević1 1 History Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, Zagreb Abstract: Georgius Baglivi (1668-1707), Italian scientist of Ragusan origin, who worked as second physician to Pope Innocent XII and professor of anatomy and theoretical medicine at the College of Sapienza in Rome, was one of the first promotors of the fibre medical theory. Strongly influenced by Santorio Santorio’s iatrophysics, Baglivi conceptualised and propagated a “third path” between humoral and solidist medicine which explained all physiological and pathological processes by the living properties of fibres. In addition to this, Baglivi advocated a (Neo)methodist theory which stated that life and health were determined by the physical balance of the active solids (fibres) and the more passive fluids of the body. Despite his distinguished institutional status and professional prestige, Baglivi’s medical OPEN ACCESS theories, especially those concerning the function of the dura mater, were not unanimously accepted by his colleagues. Therefore, the interpretative focus of this article will be directed at Baglivi’s last work Correspondence: Canones de medicina solidorum ad rectum statices usum (Leiden, 1707) which is accompanied by three Zrinka Blažević [email protected] treatises in epistolary form dedicated to the Dutch botanist and professor of medicine, Peter Hout- orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3261-4333 tuyn (1648-1709). By following theoretical and methodological insights of the rhetoric of science, this article aims at highlighting literary techniques, i. e. subtle discursive strategies which Baglivi used to This article was submitted to RAD CASA - Medical Sciences shape and legitimise his own system of medical knowledge as well as to fashion his personal habitus as as the original article a Baroque erudite. In this manner Baglivi’s case will demonstrate how mechanisms and modalities of Conflict of Interest Statement: knowledge production and fashioning of scientific habitus were deeply interwoven with the processes The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any of accumulation and distribution of science capital within the early modern res publica literaria. commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Keywords: Georgius Baglivi, Canones de medicina solidorum, solidist medicine, fibrillar pathology Received: 28 February 2021 and therapeutics, rhetoric of science Accepted: 29 April 2021 Published: 15 June 2021 Sažetak: Citation: Blažević Z. How to Create a Medical Kako stvoriti medicinsko znanje: slučaj Georgiusa Baglivija (1668. - 1707.) Knowledge: the Case of Georgius Baglivi (1668-1707) Đuro Baglivi (1668-1707), glasoviti znanstvenik dubrovačkog podrijetla koji je bio drugi osobni RAD CASA - Medical Sciences. 547=54-55 (2021): 50-55 liječnik pape Inocenta XII te profesor anatomije i teorijske medicine na sveučilištu Sapienza u Rimu, DOI: https://dx.doi. smatra se jednim od začetnika fibrilarne medicinske teorije. Pod snažnim utjecajem ijatrofizike org/10.21857/9e31lhv8pm Santorija Santorija, Baglivi je konceptualizirao i propagirao “treći put” između humoralne i solidarne Copyright (C) 2021 Blažević Z. This is an open-access article distributed medicine koji sve fiziološke i patološke procese objašnjava specifičnim svojstvima vlakana. Osim under the terms of the Creative Com- toga, Baglivi je zagovarao (neo)metodističku teoriju koja je tvrdila da su život i zdravlje determinirani mons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in fizičkom ravnotežom između aktivnih čvrstih tvari (vlakana) i pasivnijih tjelesnih tekućina. No unatoč other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copy- njegovom uglednom institucionalnom statusu i profesionalnom prestižu, Baglivijeve medicinske right owners(s) are credited and that teorije, posebice ona o funkcijama dura mater, nisu bile jednodušno prihvaćene među njegovim kole- the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance whit accepted gama liječnicima. Stoga je u interpretativnom fokusu ovoga rada posljednje Baglivijevo djelo, Canones adacemic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which de medicina solidorum ad rectum statices usum (Leiden, 1707), kojemu su pridodane tri rasprave u does not comply with these terms. epistolarnoj formi posvećene nizozemskom botaničaru i profesoru medicine Peteru Houttuynu (1648- RAD 547. Medical Sciences 54-55 (2021) : 50-55 www.rad-med.com 50 June 2021 - Vol 547 = 54-55 Original Article 1709). S osloncem na teorijsko-metodološke uvide retorike znanosti, u radu će se nastojati osvijetliti literarne tehnologije, tj. suptilne diskurzivne strategije koje je Baglivi koristio kako bi oblikovao i legitimirao svoj sustav medicinskoga znanja te kreirao osobni habitus baroknog erudita. Na taj način će se na Baglivijevu slučaju pokazati kako su mehanizmi i modaliteti proizvodnje znanja i oblikovanja znanstvenoga habitusa bili čvrsto isprepleteni s procesima akumulacije i distribucije znanstvenoga kapitala unutar ranonovovjekovne res publica literaria. Ključne riječi: Đuro Baglivi, Canones de medicina solidorum, solidarna medicina, fibrilarna pa- tologija i terapeutika, retorika znanosti Introduction later works.2 Before long Baglivi became a member of the Royal The career of Georgius Baglivi (1668-1707), Italian scientist Society (1697), the Academia Naturae Curiosorum, the Arcadia of Ragusan origin, seemingly provides an exemplary case of a (1699) and Accademia dei Fisiocritici (1700). successful cursus honorum of an early modern erudite physi- At the very turn of the 18th century Baglivi published his most cian. Although he originated from an Armenian family of poor famous book De fibra motrice et morbosa (On Muscular and Sick merchants, he received decent humanist education at the Jesuit Fibre). According to the historian of medicine Hisao Ishizuka College in Dubrovnik. After both of his parents died when he who conducted a minute analysis of the epistemic structure of was fifteen, he was adopted by Pietro Angelo Baglivi, a physician the 18th century fibrillar theory, this Baglivi’s work represents one from Lecce. This was a decisive factor for Baglivi’s future medical of the heralds of the epistemic shift in medicine from humoral- career: having successfully completed his medical studies in Na- ism to solidism.3 De fibra motrice et morbosa can be described ples and Salerno, Baglivi worked in hospitals in Padua, Venice, as an accurate outline of fibrillary physiology founded on two Florence, Bologna and other Italian cities where he obtained types of fibres: membranous and motor/muscular. They belong practical medical knowledge. In 1691 he became an assistant to to two distinct but strictly interrelated subsystems directed by the famous Italian physician Marcello Malphigi (1628–1694) the dura mater and the heart. These fibres perform the principal who was one of the founders of microscopic anatomy. Closely tasks of the economy of the living organism and are subject to collaborating with Malphigi until his death, Baglivi acquired convulsions or relaxations.4 According to the medical historian admirable skills at physiological experiments and postmor- Anna Toscano, Baglivi’s studies on the structure of muscles and tem examinations. He dissected various animals such as lions, membranes were a key reference of the 18th century physiology, tortoises, snakes and deer and studied the function of the dura in particular his theory of the pulsations of the dura mater which mater by experimenting on dogs. Moreover, owing to the fact were recorded in De fibra motrice and mentioned in Philosophical that Malphigi worked as an archiater of Pope Innocent XII from Transactions of the Royal Society. Moreover, Hermann Boer- 1692 to 1694, Baglivi managed to create an influential circle of haave’s and Albrecht Haller’s works drew directly on the morpho- friends and patrons at the Papal court. It is, therefore, no wonder logical-structural approach elaborated by Georgius Baglivi.5 that a year after his patron’s death Baglivi became second physi- cian to the Pope. In the following year he was elected Professor Canones de medicina solidorum and the early of anatomy and theoretical medicine at the College of Sapienza modern textual culture of medicine in Rome.1 Since his De fibra motrice and morbosamostly concerned fibrillar In order to prove that he possessed necessary medical compe- physiology, Baglivi wrote a separate book, Canones de medicina tence to obtain such a distinguished institutional position, Ba- solidorum ad rectum statices usum (Canons on Solid Medicine for glivi published his first book entitled De praxi medica (The Medi- the Proper Use of Equilibrium), that dealt exclusively with fibrillar cal Practice). This was at the same time a programmatic account pathology and therapeutics. This latter work – which was written of Baglivi’s own medical views, mostly founded on Hippocratic not long before his premature death and which also represents and Baconian principles, and a polemical invective against futile the apex of his medical opus – may provide clear insight into the theoretical and philosophical approaches to the medical treat- epistemological aspects of Baglivi’s medical theory in its most ment without clinical observation. In De praxi medica Baglivi elaborate phase. Canones de medicina
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