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Airships in International Affairs, 1890–1940 Also by John Duggan

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Airships in International Affairs, 1890–1940 Also by John Duggan Airships in International Affairs, 1890–1940 Also by John Duggan LZ 130 GRAF ZEPPELIN AND THE END OF COMMERCIAL AIRSHIP TRAVEL (with Manfred Bauer) COMMERCIAL ZEPPELIN FLIGHTS TO SOUTH AMERICA (with Jim Graue) ZEPPELINPOST LZ 130 (with Gisela Woodward) GRAF ZEPPELIN FLIGHTS TO ENGLAND GRAF ZEPPELIN FLIGHTS TO THE BALKANS GRAF ZEPPELIN POLAR POST (with Gisela Woodward) Also by Henry Cord Meyer COUNT ZEPPELIN: A Psychological Portrait AIRSHIPMEN, BUSINESSMEN AND POLITICS, 1890–1940 THE LONG GENERATION: Germany from Empire to Ruin, 1913–1946 FIVE IMAGES OF GERMANY: Half a Century of American Views on German History MITTELEUROPA IN GERMAN THOUGHT AND ACTION, 1815–1945 Airships in International Affairs, 1890–1940 John Duggan Management Consultant specializing in Oil Industry Economics and Henry Cord Meyer Research Professor Emeritus University of California Irvine © John Duggan and Henry Cord Meyer 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-75128-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41234-1 ISBN 978-1-4039-2009-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403920096 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duggan, John, 1932– Airships in international affairs, 1890–1940 / John Duggan, Henry Cord Meyer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Airships—History. 2. International relations. 3. Airships– –Political aspects. I. Meyer, Henry Cord, 1913– II. Title. TL651 .D74 2001 629.133’24’0943—dc21 2001021885 10987654321 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Remembering these earlier analysts of airship wonder Hugo Eckener Guy Hartcup Hans G. Knäusel Sir Peter G. Masefield Douglas H. Robinson Richard K. Smith We are borne on their shoulders Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgements x The Airships xiii Airship Personalities xvi Introduction: Technology and the Human Psyche 1 1 Imperial German Precedents, 1890–1918 19 2 Zeppelins in International Politics, 1919–21 51 3 Zeppelin Reborn in America, 1922–24 81 4 Airships in International Political Competition, 1924–28 104 5 International Airship Hubris and Adversity, 1928–30 141 6 A Buffeting for German and American Airships, 1931–35 177 7 Airship Wonder Captured by Nazi Ideology, 1935–40 210 Conclusion 226 Notes 241 Suggested Further Reading 265 Index 269 List of Illustrations* 1 Departure of the Bodensee from Munich, bound for Berlin, 1919 (Deutsche Lufthansa)55 2 The wreckage of the US Navy’s Shenandoah, 3 September 1935 114 3 Los Angeles over the Statue of Liberty, New York, 1925 117 4 The Italia landing at Seddin, near Stolp in Pomerania, on 16 April 1928, after cruising over Austria and Silesia en route to Sweden and the north 120 5 Dr Ludwig Dürr, Reichspresident von Hindenburg and Dr Hugo Eckener, Berlin, 1928 145 6 German election poster, 1924 151 7 R100 at St Hubert, Montreal, August 1930. Canadian National Railways (Barry Countryman) 168 8 The two patriarchs of R101, prior to a flight to the Midlands: Lt Col. V. C. Richmond, Assistant Director of Airship Development, and Lord Thomson, Secretary of State for Air. Both were lost in the disaster (Joe Binks, G. Chamberlain Archives) 172 9 ‘Who comes after Hindenburg? – Hitler or Eckener?’ German press speculation, 1933 182 10 1931 Russian poster advocating an Airship Building Programme (Clive Foss) 184 11 US Navy recruiting poster 1931 – not an aircraft carrier in sight! 189 12 Funds for the Zeppelin cause. Zeppelin postcard sales, Friedrichshafen hangar 203 13 The Graf Zeppelin flies over the Hindenburg at the commencement of the Plebiscite Flight, 26–29 March 1936 212 14 The Hindenburg over Berlin during the 1936 Olympic Games 214 * Where no credit is given, the illustration is in the private collection of one of the authors. ix Acknowledgements After a generation of research and consultation it is a pleasure to express our appreciation for all the enlightenment and assistance we have received from nearly a hundred institutions and individuals scat- tered over four continents that were touched by the wonder of airship promise and operations. On various occasions our research has taken us over much of the United States, within Britain and Germany, and to Australia and Brazil. In our endeavors we have enjoyed friendly recep- tion, generous hospitality and liberal cooperation. For all these gifts and aid we are deeply grateful. Since historians usually turn first of all to documentation, let us begin by listing these basic institutions to which we are indebted, together with particularly helpful individuals: the archives of the Zeppelin Museum, Friedrichshafen (Dr Wolfgang Meighörner and Barbara Waibel); the National Archives, Washington, DC; the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC (Ms Catherine D. Scott); the Public Record Office, London, Chancery Lane and Kew; the Bundesarchiv, Koblenz (Drs Vogel and Montfort); the Political Archives, German Foreign Ministry, Bonn (Drs Weinandy and Keipert). Equally significant are the archives of several business firms: the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, OH (Mmes Marjory Garman, Cecile R. Norman, and Mary E. Maley); further documentation of the Goodyear-Zeppelin era deposited with the archives of the University of Akron (Dr John V. Miller); personal and business archives of Johann Schütte, Stadtmuseum and Stadtarchiv, Oldenburg (Drs J. Friedrich Jahn and Dorothea Halland); HAPAG-LLOYD archives, Hamburg (Rolf Fink); and Lufthansa archives, Cologne (Dr Werner E. Bittner). Personal archives and collections of papers constitute the next stratum of documentation: Papers of Garland Fulton, Naval Historical Foundation, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC (H. A. Vadnais, Jr); Scott E. Peck Papers, Chula Vista, CA; Douglas H. Robinson Collection, Pennington, NJ; Hallett Everett Cole Airship Collection, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; Papers of F. W. (Willy) von Meister, Peapack, NJ; Barnes Wallis Papers, the Science Library, London; Eckener Papers with Mrs Lotte Simon-Eckener, Konstanz; Dr Uwe Eckener Archives, Konstanz; Captain Hans von Schiller Archives, Tübingen (Mrs Elisabeth Pletsch); Friedrichshafen Rathaus Archives x Acknowledgements xi (Messrs Scharpf and Buhl); Airship History Collection of Max Schorn, Friedrichshafen; and the two very important private airship history archives of the late Alfred F. Weber, Karlsruhe, and Werner Strumann, Münster/Westfalen. We have enjoyed the resources and services of the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the British Museum, the Royal Aeronautical Society (A. W. L. Naylor), the Imperial War Museum, the Deutsches Museum (Munich) and the Hoover Institution (Stanford University, CA). Without the interviews that Meyer was privileged to have with a number of the survivors of the airship era between 1972 and 1985, significant data and insights would not have been available for poster- ity. He is particularly indebted to Captain Garland Fulton, USN; Vice- Admiral Charles E. Rosendahl, USN; Vice-Admiral Thomas (Tex) G. W. Settle, USN; Rear-Admiral Scott E. Peck, USN; F. W. (Willy) von Meister; Thomas A. Knowles (Goodyear Aerospace); George H. Lewis (Goodyear-Zeppelin); Captain Clarence (Dutch) Schildhauer (DO-X & PanAm); Lord Kings-Norton; Sir Barnes Wallis; Captain George F. Meager; Crispin Rope; Mrs Lotte Simon-Eckener; Captain Heinrich Bauer; Captain Albert Sammt; Captain Hans von Schiller; Erich Hilligardt; German Zettel; and Klaus F. Pruss. Duggan expresses appreciation to Manfred Bauer; E. Bowen; R. H. A. Carter; Sir Edward Fennesy; Oskar Fink; Cheryl Ganz; Jenny Hammerton; Admiral C. B. Higgins, RN; Georg Holl; Sidney Jefferson; R. V. Jones; Aleyn R. Jordan; Thomas Kass; Peter Kleinheins; Lis Koetter; Erwin Kube; Colin Latham; Jean-Pierre Lauwers; Manfred Lösemann; John Mellberg; Mildred Moering; J. Neil; Heinz Oberdrevemann; Peter Rickenback; Larry Sall; Heike Vogel; Barbara Waibel; and Nick Walmsley. We both wish to acknowledge how greatly indebted we are to our copy editor Anne Rafique for her dedication in reviewing and enhancing the text of this book. Finally, we should like to say how much we appreciate the interest and guidance of our commissioning editor Luciana O’Flaherty at Palgrave. For further data we are indebted to Peter W. Brooks; Geoffrey A. Chamberlain; Barry Countryman; Prof. Clive Foss; Stephen V. Gallup; Hans G. Knäusel; Sir Peter G. Masefield; John Provan; Werner Rau; Douglas H. Robinson; K. H. Royter; Richard K. Smith; Heinz Steude; Rolf Striedacher; Prof. William F. Trimble; A. D. Topping; and officers of the Lighter-than-Air Society (Akron, OH); and Heinz M. Wronsky. Each of the following individuals has made special contributions to our work over the years: Guy Hartcup; Prof. Robin Higham; Rolf xii Acknowledgements Italiaander; Prof. J. E. Morpurgo; Werner Strumann; Gordon Vaeth; Lord Ventry; and Hepburn Walker, Jr. We are especially indebted to the staffs of the Zeppelin Museum at Friedrichshafen and of the Interlibrary Loan section of the Library at the University of California at Irvine, CA.
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