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Developments in Germany in the Context of Visa www.ssoar.info Developments in Germany in the context of visa liberalisation: Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Netwrk (EMN) Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Paula Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, P. (2019). Developments in Germany in the context of visa liberalisation: Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Netwrk (EMN). (Working Paper / Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ), 83). Nürnberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ); Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Nationale Kontaktstelle für das Europäische Migrationsnetzwerk (EMN). https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-67608-7 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. 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Developments in Germany in the context of visa liberalisation Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Netwrk (EMN) ENGLISCH Working Paper 83 Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik Forschung Co-financed by the European Union Developments in Germany in the context of visa liberalisation Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Network (EMN) Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik Federal Office for Migration and Refugees 2019 Summary 5 Summary This study examines developments in Germany in con- cially for the Western Balkan countries. Divergent de- nection with visa liberalisation for five Western Balkan velopments can be observed for Georgia, Moldova and countries as well as for Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine Ukraine (Chapter 3). between 2007 and 2017. The visa requirement for these states was lifted after approval by the European The abolition of the examination of visa applications Parliament and the EU Council and was linked to the creates the potential for misuse of the visa waiver, for successful conclusion of visa liberalisation dialogues example through entry and stay for purposes other with the European Commission (Chapter 2). The visa than a short stay or through illegal employment during waiver came into force for the third countries exam- the visa-free stay. In the area of illegal employment, ined in this study on the following dates: there has been an increase in the number of pre-trial investigations in the years following visa liberalisation. FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia: 19 De- There has been no increase in the proportion of sus- cember 2009 pects from the countries under review among all non- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina: 15 Decem- German suspects in the police crime statistics (PCS), ber 2010 but the proportion of violations of the Residence Act Moldova: 28 April 2014 with regard to all offences has increased for almost all Georgia: 28 March 2017 these countries (with the exception of Georgia). The Ukraine: 11 June 2017 filing of an asylum application after visa-free entry does not in itself constitute abuse, even though the in- The lifting of the visa requirement for short stays in crease in asylum applications from visa-free countries the Schengen area has above all facilitated short-term had been discussed at several points in public discus- mobility for the third-country nationals concerned. sion in this context (Chapter 4). From a legal perspective, this has no impact on the conditions for longer-term immigration, for exam- In order to respond to the increased number of asy- ple. However, it can be assumed that the facilitation lum applications filed from 2014 onwards, measures of short-term stays will also lead to other changes rel- were taken in Germany to control and limit asylum im- evant to migration, such as an increase in longer-term migration: the processing of asylum applications from legal migration or irregular migration. In order to ex- the Western Balkan countries was prioritised, the visa- plore this, this study evaluates indicators to depict de- free Western Balkan countries were classified as safe velopments in the area of legal migration and irregular countries of origin between 2014 and 2015 and the migration. However, within the present study it is not possibilities for imposing re-entry restrictions were ex- possible to establish a direct causal link between visa panded. A number of measures have also been taken liberalisation and the developments outlined above. to restrict access to the labour market and integration services for people with ‘little prospect to remain’ that The number of new arrivals decreased in all the coun- also affect accommodation during the asylum process. tries under review (with the exception of Moldova) Measures have also been taken to increase the number in the year prior to visa liberalisation and increased of assisted voluntary returns and removals of irregular thereafter in the case of the Western Balkan countries residents from visa-free countries. This includes ob- and Moldova – in the case of Georgia and Ukraine, no taining the acceptance of EU travel documents by the developments can be identified at this point. For the countries of origin on return, information measures on Western Balkan countries, the number of asylum ap- the possibilities of promoting returns and reintegra- plications and residence permits issued for humanitar- tion measures. With the simplified legal labour migra- ian reasons increased in the years following visa liber- tion channel for nationals of the Western Balkan coun- alisation. In the medium term, however, the share of tries, the possibilities for legal immigration from the humanitarian immigration has declined and the share Western Balkan countries in the form of labour migra- of immigration for the purpose of employment has in- tion have also been expanded (Chapter 5). creased. The indicators presented in the area of irregu- lar migration show a significant increase in 2014 and Visa liberalisation also affects the work of missions 2015 and an equally significant decrease in 2016, espe- abroad and border police authorities of the countries 6 Summary of destination. The Federal Police in particular there- fore take measures prior to visa liberalisation to pre- vent or punish violations of the requirements for visa- free entry. This includes border police measures as well as measures in the visa-free countries themselves and cooperation with them. For missions abroad, the abolition of the visa requirement for short stays re- duces the administrative burden and at the same time has a positive impact on bilateral relations with the countries concerned (Chapters 4.1 and 4.2). The European Migration Network 7 The European Migration Network The European Migration Network (EMN) was launched In general, the National Contact Points do not con duct by the European Commission in 2003 due to an ini- primary research but collect, analyse and pre sent ex- tiative of the European Council in order to satisfy the isting data. Exceptions might occur when ex isting data need of a regular exchange of reliable informa tion and information are not sufficient. EMN studies are in the field of migration and asylum at the Eu ropean elaborated in accordance with uniform specifications level. Since 2008, Council Decision 2008/381/EC forms valid for all EU Member States plus Norway in order the permanent legal basis of the EMN and National to achieve comparable EU-wide re sults. Furthermore, Contact Points have been established in the EU Mem- the EMN has produced a Glos sary, which ensures the ber States (with the exception of Denmark, which has application of comparable terms and definitions in all observer status) plus Norway. national reports and is available on the national and international EMN websites. The EMN’s role is to meet the information needs of European Union institutions, Member States’ au- Upon completion of national reports, the European thorities and institutions as well as the wider pub lic Commission drafts a synthesis report with the sup port by providing up-to-date, objective, reliable and com- of a service provider. This report summarises the most parable
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