SAMBURU COUNTY 2015 SHORT RAINS FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

A Joint Report by the Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG)1 and Steering Group

February, 2016

1 Lillian K Marita – Ministry of Health, Liya Mango – FEWSNET, Don Owino – USAID and Samburu Technical County Steering Group (CSG)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1 County Background ...... 3 1.2 Current Factors Affecting Food Security ...... 3 2.0 COUNTY FOOD SECURITY SITUATION ...... 3 2.1 Current Food Security ...... 3 2.2 Food Security Trends ...... 4 2.3 Rainfall Performance ...... 4 2.4 Current Shocks and Hazards ...... 4 3.0 IMPACT OF RAINFALL PERFOMANCE, SHOCKS AND HAZARDS ...... 5 3.1 Crop Production ...... 5 3.2 Livestock Production ...... 7 3.2 Water and Sanitation ...... 8 3.3 Markets and Trade ...... 9 3.4 Health and Nutrition ...... 10 3.5 Education ...... 12 3.6 Coping Mechanisms...... 13 3.7 Ongoing Interventions by Sector ...... 13 3.8 Sub-County Ranking ...... 16 4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS ...... 16 4.1 Prognosis Assumptions ...... 16 4.2 Food Security Outcomes for February-April 2016 ...... 17 4.3 Food Security Outcomes for May-July 2016 ...... 17 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 17 5.1 Conclusion ...... 17 5.2 Summary of Recommendations ...... 17 6.0 ANNEXES ...... 19 Annex 1. Food Intervention Required ...... 19 Annex II. Non-food Interventions (by sector) ...... 19

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 County Background Samburu County borders Turkana County to the North-west, County to the North-east, Isiolo County to the East, Laikipia County to the South and Baringo County to the South- Pastoral all 6.4% species LZ west. It covers an area of approximately 20,183 square kilometres with an estimated Agro Pastoral LZ population of 223,947 (KNBS, 2009). The 37% 56.6% county has three sub-counties: Samburu Formal Employment/ North, Samburu East and Samburu West and Casual Waged Labour LZ two main livelihood zones: pastoral all species and agro-pastoral. Formal employment, casual waged labour and business comprise the remainder (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Proportion of population per livelihood In the pastoral livelihood zone, 50 percent of the population is fully nomadic while about 28 percent are semi-nomadic. The remaining population in this livelihood zone is either fully settled, out-migrant labour, occasionally nomadic or internally displaced. In the agro-pastoral livelihood zone, 60 percent of the population is fully settled while 30 percent are in-migrant labour. The assessment covered the pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood zones.

1.2 Current Factors Affecting Food Security The factors affecting food insecurity include the poor and uneven temporal distribution of the short rains, the wildlife menace which destroyed10 percent of the crop in Samburu Central Sub- county, crop pests and diseases notably maize stalk borer and head smut, and a lack of reliable farm input stockists in the county.

2.0 COUNTY FOOD SECURITY SITUATION 2.1 Current Food Security Currently, the pastoral livelihood zone is classified in the Stressed phase (IPC2 Phase two) in most parts of the zone except the southern parts which are classified in the Minimal phase (IPC Phase one). The agro-pastoral livelihood zone is also classified in the Minimal phase. There were maize stocks of 70 percent of the long term average (LTA) in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone but no stocks in the pastoral livelihood zone. Although livestock body condition was generally good for all livestock species across the livelihood zones, milk production was minimal at 0.5 - 1.5 litres per household, especially in the pastoral livelihood zone. Milk prices had increased and were KES 60-75 compared with the price of KES 30 – 50 which was normal at this time of the year. Terms of Trade (ToT) in January 2016 were good across both livelihood zones and 12 percent above the LTA; households could purchase 46 kg of maize compared with the LTA of 41 kg of maize from the proceeds of the sale of a goat. Water consumption was normal at 10 – 20 litres per person per day across the livelihood zones. In December 2015, 26, 42 and 32 percent of households had poor, borderline and acceptable food consumption scores respectively (FSOM report)3. The nutritional status had remained within seasonal norm as the proportion of children

2 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification 3 Food Security Outcome Monitoring report 3

at risk of malnutrition based on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC<135mm) in January 2016 4was 18.7 percent compared with the LTA of 19.1 percent.

2.2 Food Security Trends The county was classified as Stressed (IPC Phase two) in the pastoral livelihood zone and Minimal (IPC Phase one) in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone, during the long rains assessment 2015. The county retains its classification during this assessment. Food stocks available at the household level in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone were 70 percent of the LTA compared with 30 percent during the same time in 2015. Water consumption remained 20 litres per person per day as it was in July 2015. Livestock body condition had generally improved in comparison to the two previous seasons, although milk availability had remained at 0.5 - 1.5 litres in the pastoral zone due to successive poor seasons that interfered with the birth cycle of cattle. Terms of Trade (ToT) have remained stable: proceeds from the sale of a goat could enable households to purchase 46 kg of maize, comparable with 48 kg of maize in July 2015. The CSI was 22 in December 2014 compared with 19 in December 2015 (FSOM report) implying that households were employing consumption-related coping mechanisms less frequently during this season than they did previously. The proportion of children ‘at risk’ of malnutrition in January 2016 was 18.7 percent, higher than the17.6 percent reported in July 2015 although comparable to the same period in January 2015.

2.3 Rainfall Performance Samburu County receives bimodal rainfall with the long rains being the main season for the agro-pastoral livelihood and the short rains contributing more to the pastoral livelihood as it is more reliable. The onset of the short rains across the livelihood zones was late beginning in the second week of November compared with the normal third or fourth week of October. Generally, the county received 90-110 percent of normal rainfall except in the northern parts of Lorroki and the southern part of Kirisia which received 75-90 Figure 2: Rainfall performance as a percent of normal percent of normal rainfall. Samburu North sub-county received 140-200 percent of normal rains with areas of Nyiro receiving the highest amounts of 200 – 350 percent of normal (Figure 2). Temporal distribution was poor, marked by some dry periods in the second and third dekad of October, while spatial distribution was uneven. Cessation was early, in the second dekad of December as opposed to the third dekad normally.

2.4 Current Shocks and Hazards The county experienced insecurity and conflicts during the season in Marti and areas in which livestock were lost and about five human deaths occurred. Following the enhanced rains,

4 National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) drought early warning bulletin 4

there were flash floods in some pastoral areas of Donyo Wasin in which a borehole was submerged.

3.0 IMPACT OF RAINFALL PERFOMANCE, SHOCKS AND HAZARDS

3.1 Crop Production Crop production in the county is mainly done in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone and contributes 20 percent to cash income. The three major food crops grown in the county are maize and beans, which are grown under rain-fed, and vegetables such as kales, tomatoes and cabbages which are grown under small-scale irrigation. Maize contributes 80 percent to food and 40 percent to cash income. In the formal employment/casual labour/business livelihood zone, kales contribute 60 and 80 percent to cash income and food respectively.

Rain-fed Crop Production

Table 1: Food Crop Production in Samburu County Crop Area Long Term 2015 short rains season Long Term planted Average production (90 kg Average during the area planted bags) production 2015 short during the short Actual during the short rains season rains season rains season (Ha) (Ha) (90 kg bags) 1. Maize 400 350 2000 2400 2. Beans 380 320 1900 3000 3. Cow peas 40 30 200 300

The acreage under maize increased by 14 percent above the LTA while the area under beans and cowpeas was 19 and 33 percent above their LTA respectively (Table 1). The increases were attributed to intensified campaigns by the Department of Agriculture following the forecasted above-normal short rains. The availability of subsidized mechanized land preparation and the supply of relief seeds by the County Government also contributed to the increase. Maize in the agro-pastoral livelihood zones was yet to be harvested and production was expected to be 83 percent of the LTA. Cowpeas and beans have been harvested and production was 67 and 63 percent of the LTA for cowpeas and beans respectively (Table 1). The reduced production for all crops was mainly attributed to the poor temporal distribution of the rainfall and late planting. Other factors that may have contributed was lack of reliable farm input stockists in the county which forced farmers to use uncertified seeds and crop damage by wildlife.

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Irrigated Crop Production

Table 2: Irrigated crop production in Samburu County Crop Area planted Short Term 2015 short rains Short Term during the Average area actual Average 2015 short planted during production production rains season the short rains (Tonnes) during short (Ha) (Ha) rains season (Tonnes) 1. Kales 20 10 25 35 2. Tomatoes 10 5 55 65 3. Cabbage 8 5 25 30

Irrigated cropping is largely done in the Samburu North and Samburu Central sub-counties. The main crops grown under irrigation are vegetables. The area cultivated for kales and tomatoes was twice the short-term average (STA) while that of cabbage was 60 percent above the STA (Table 2). The increase in area cultivated was attributed to the increase in adoption of green-house technology and the Kenya Red Cross irrigation initiative around Kurungu. Another reason was that more agro-pastoralists were embracing green-house irrigated agriculture especially in areas such as Porro, Tuum and Loosuk. Production reduced for all the crops under irrigation and was 71, 85 and 83 percent of the LTA for kales, tomatoes, and cabbage respectively (Table 2). The reduced production was attributed to Tuta Absoluta affecting tomatoes, and aphids affecting cabbages and kales.

Maize stocks Table 3: Maize Stocks in Samburu County Maize stocks Quantities of maize held Long Term Average quantities held held by (90-kg bags) (90-kg bags) at similar time of the year House Holds 7,000 10,000 Traders 5,000 4,500 Millers 4,000 2,500 NCPB 10,700 10,000 Total 25,700 27,000

Total stocks held in the county were five percent below the LTA. Most of the household stocks were held in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone and were 70 percent of the LTA. Stocks held by the millers were 60 percent above the LTA while those held by the traders and the National Cereals & Produce Board (NCPB) slightly increased and were 11 and seven percent above the long term average respectively (Table 3). The increase in stocks by millers was attributed to the fact that learning institutions purchase flour for consumption and thus the millers stocked in December in anticipation of schools opening for term one. The available household stocks were expected to last for two months through to April compared to the normal of three months.

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3.2 Livestock Production Introduction The county mostly depends on livestock as a source of income which constitutes more than 85 percent of the economy in the pastoral livelihood zone. In the agro-pastoral zone it contributes 60 percent to household income.

Pasture and Browse Browse condition is good in the pastoral livelihood zone and was expected to last for four months until May. Pasture condition was fair, attributed to the enhanced short rains as well as the controlled (deferred) grazing system practised mainly in Samburu East. It was expected to last for 3 – 4 weeks in lowland areas such as Lodungokwe and Wamba, and 1 – 2 months in the conserved/regulated lowland areas of Nkoteiya, Namunyak, Kalama, West gate and Sarara. In the insecure areas of Marti, Angata Sikira and Waso Rongai in Samburu North, pasture was available in large quantities which could last up to 4 – 5 months but was inaccessible due to insecurity. In the agro-pastoral livelihood zone the pasture condition was fair while the browse good and expected to last 3 – 4 months. In Kirisia hills, forage access was regulated by controlled (deferred) grazing and wildlife-livestock conflict.

Livestock Productivity Livestock Body Condition Livestock body condition in the pastoral zone was good for grazers and very good for browsers (goats and camel). The current body condition was normal and the trend may remain stable for two months for grazers, as pasture was still available in the dry season grazing areas, and four months for browsers. In the agro-pastoral zone, the livestock body condition was good for all species across all livelihood zones which was normal.

Birth rate, Milk availability& Milk consumption Birth rates were low across the two livelihood zones due to the previous successive poor seasons that affected the breeding cycle of livestock. Milk was primarily available from goats and sheep in pastoral zones, its availability ranged from 0.5 - 1.5 litres per household which was below the normal rate of 1 – 2 litres at this time of the year. In the agro-pastoral livelihood zone, availability ranged from 1.0 – 2.5 litres which was also below normal. The low milk production was attributed to the low birth rate resulting from last year’s drought. In both livelihood zones, much of the milk produced was consumed at the household level except in very few areas in the agro-pastoral zone of Samburu central sub-county where some farmers were selling milk in and Suguta Marmar centres. The average retail price of milk was KES 60 – 75 per litre which was higher than the normal price of KES 30 – 50 as supply was still lower than normal.

Tropical Livestock Units The average TLUs per household in the pastoral zone were less than four for low-income households and six for middle-income households, while in the agro-pastoral zone they were eight for low-income households and 10 for middle-income households. The current TLUs have not changed from last year due to poor herd growth due to past droughts.

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Water for Livestock The current primary sources of water for livestock include water pans, seasonal streams, shallow wells and rivers. In the pastoral areas, the average return trekking distance for livestock was 4 – 5 km while in agro-pastoral areas it was 1 – 2 km. The distances were lower than normal in both livelihood zones attributable to the rejuvenation of pasture and the availability of water in most parts of the county following enhanced short rains. The variation between the livelihood zones was attributed to the availability and closer proximity of water sources such as water pans and streams in the agro-pastoral zone. In isolated areas of Nachola and Laresoro, the return trekking distances remained high at 13 km each, followed by West gate at 7 km.

The watering frequency for cattle in pastoral areas was once per day which was normal, except in a few areas such as Lengei where cattle were watered once every two days. In agro-pastoral areas, livestock accessed water on a daily basis. Trekking distances in pastoral areas were expected to increase and watering frequency to reduce, while in agro-pastoral areas the distances were projected to remain stable for the next three months.

Migration Minimal internal movement of cattle was reported from Longewan, Longorrate and Lolmolok in agro-pastoral areas of Samburu Central to Samburu East. Most pastoralist communities in Samburu East engaged in deferred grazing and regeneration of pastures which improved fodder that attracted cattle from parts of Laikipia County. Pastoralists in Sereolipi who have not implemented controlled grazing have moved with their cattle to Kauro and Sira in search of pastures while cattle from Elbarta in Samburu North have migrated to Ndonyo Wasin due to insecurity. The influx of cattle will lead to faster depletion of pasture and increased risk of livestock disease outbreaks.

Livestock Diseases and Mortalities Currently there were no major disease outbreaks reported. However, the county veterinary department was undertaking routine vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and sheep and goat pox. Suspected cases of East Coast fever (ECF) were reported across both livelihood zones. Cases of Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia (CCPP) were reported in Nachola and Laresoro. Diarrhea in sheep and suspected cases of Goat and Sheep pox in small stock were reported across both two livelihood zones.

3.2 Water and Sanitation Major water sources The main water sources for domestic use include the River Ewaso Ngiro, shallow wells, springs, boreholes, water pans and dams which were the normal sources for this time of the year. Approximately 81percent of boreholes were operational, with the remaining not in operation due to mechanical problems. In Donyo Wasin, the borehole was submerged and destroyed during the El Nino rains. Most water sources were sufficiently recharged following the above-normal short rains. Water in dams and pans was expected to last for the normal three months in both the pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood zones.

Distance to and waiting time at the source The average distance to water sources for domestic use was normal at 0.5 – 4 km in the agro- pastoral zone and 5 – 7 km in the pastoral livelihood zone, except in some pockets in Samburu

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East where households were walking as far as 15 km. Waiting time at the source has remained within the normal 10 minutes across the livelihood zones except in some parts of Sereolipi, Ndonyo Wasin and Samburu North in the pastoral zone where it is 15 – 20 minutes. The main source of water was a borehole that was submerged during the flash floods so households had to access water from other shallow wells in the area which already had a high concentration of households depending on them.

Cost of water and Consumption The cost of water remained the same across both livelihood zones and was KES 2 – 5 per 20 litre jerry can. Where water was delivered to the door, the cost was KES 20 per 20 litre jerry can. Average water consumption remained normal at 20 litres per person per day in the agro-pastoral zone and 10 – 20 litres per person per day in the pastoral zone.

Sanitation and Hygiene Based on community interviews, there were a few cases of contaminated water sources especially those that were not protected. Although water treatment chemicals were available in some parts of the county, majority of the households (85%) were not treating their water before consumption. Households used jerrycans for water collection and storage in all livelihood zones. The latrine coverage across the livelihood zones was low at 28, 21 and 33 percent in Samburu East, Samburu North and Samburu Central respectively. Low latrine coverage coupled with poor hygiene such as poor hand washing practices may be linked to the increase in water and sanitation-related morbidities.

3.3 Markets and Trade Market operations The main markets in the county are Baragoi, South Horr, Archer’s Post and Wamba in the pastoral livelihood zone and Suguta, Kisima, Maralal, Lekuru and Poro in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone. The markets were functioning well and were adequately supplied with staples such as maize, posho, beans, rice, sugar and other goods. There were no reported disruptions to market functions except in Samburu North where there was limited access due to insecurity. Most households in the pastoral livelihood zone were dependent on the market for the sale of their goats to purchase their staple food commodities.

Market Prices Maize Flour prices Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 According to the NDMA bulletin, the average 60 price of maize flour (posho) in January 2016 was

50 KES 50, comparable to KES 49 in December 2015, and above the LTA of KES 46 by nine 40 percent. The price remained stable from July to 30 December 2015 and above both the LTA and the 20

same period in 2014 (Figure 3). Prices in parts of / kg) (Ksh. Price 10 Samburu North sub-county such as Baragoi were higher at between KES 50-60 due to insecurity 0 and limited access to markets because of poor Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep OctNovDec infrastructure. Prices continued to be stabilized by Figure 3. Maize flour prices in Samburu County imports of staples from other counties such as

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Isiolo and Laikipia and will reduce in the next three months being at their lowest in March when the short rains harvest becomes available.

Goat price Goat prices remained stable across the county at an average of KES 2,300 in January 2016, having marginally increased from KES 2,295 in Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 3000 December 2015. (NDMA January 2016 bulletin) The current price was 23 percent above the LTA 2500 (Figure 4). The price range across the livelihood 2000 zones was KES 2,000-2,500. The prices of goats 1500 were highest in August and thereafter, they

1000 reduced and have since then stabilized. The Price (Ksh.) Price stability in prices was as a result of increased 500 supply in the market as households were currently 0 selling more goats in a bid to obtain school fees. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDec Figure 4. Goat prices in Samburu County

Terms of trade Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 Terms of trade in January 2016 were above the

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LTA and stable. Currently, the sale of a goat 70 could be exchanged for 47 kg of maize compared 60 with 46 kg in December 2015. Terms of trade 50 were 12 percent above the LTA and reflect the 40 positive impact of the short rains on livestock. 30

The current terms of trade were relatively better 20 Kilograms of maize maize of Kilograms than they were in July when the sale of one goat goat a for exchanged 10 0

could be exchanged for 48 kg of maize (Figure 5). Jul

Jan

Jun

Sep

Feb

Apr

Aug Oct

Mar

May Dec Nov Figure 5. Terms of trade in Samburu County 3.4 Health and Nutrition Morbidity and mortality patterns Morbidity patterns for both the under-fives and the general population were similar to those of the previous two seasons with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs), diarrhea, eye infections, pneumonia and diseases of the skin being the most prevalent diseases among the under-fives and the general population (DHIS5 December 2015).

5 District Health Information Systems 10

Table 4: Morbidity patterns for children aged below five years in Samburu County

Morbidity Under fives Percentage change July-December July-December 2015 2014 Upper Respiratory Tract 25743 24326 6% Infections (URTIs) Diarrhea 8942 9554 -6% Eye infections 2406 2261 6% Pneumonia 4584 3866 19% Diseases of the skin 2593 2290 13%

Cases of pneumonia and diseases of the skin increased by 19 and 13 percent respectively among the under-fives for the period July – December 2015 compared with the same period in 2014. URTIs increased by six percent while diarrhea cases reduced by six percent attributed to improved availability of water (Table 4).

There were three suspected cases of measles reported between July and December 2015, compared with eight cases in the same period in 2014. Cases of dysentery increased by 12 percent and were 934 in July to December 2015 compared with 835 in the same period in 2014. Typhoid cases also increased by 32 percent during the period under review. The increase in both typhoid and dysentery was attributed to contamination of water sources due to open defecation as latrine coverage was low in the county at approximately 27 percent.

Immunization and Vitamin A supplementation The coverage for the fully immunized child (FIC) was 51.6 percent between July and December 2015, similar to 51.4 percent reported for the same period in 2014, but below the national target of 80 percent. Vitamin A supplementation coverage for children aged 6-11 months and 12-59 percent were 28 and eight percent respectively for the period July to December 2015.

Nutrition Status and Dietary Diversity The proportion of children under five at risk of malnutrition based on mid-upper-arm- circumference (MUAC <135mm) was 18.7 Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 percent in January 2016, similar to January 2015 30.0 and to the LTA (NDMA January 2016 bulletin). 25.0 The proportion of children at risk for July to 20.0 December 2015 was generally within seasonal 15.0 norms and slightly below the LTA except in November when they were slightly above. The 10.0 meal frequency was normal across both 5.0 livelihood zones with most households

0.0 consuming 2-3 meals per day. According to the

'at risk' (MUAC<135mm) risk' 'at

Jul

Jan

Jun

Sep

Feb

Apr

Aug Oct

Mar

May Dec

Nov FSOM report in December 2015, 26, 42 and 32 percent of households had poor, borderline and Figure 6. Proportion of children at risk acceptable food consumption respectively, compared with 38, 27 and 55 percent in the same period in 2014. From the field interviews,

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community members reported that their meals comprised of maize, milk, oil, beans and potatoes. According to the Kenya Demographic Health Survey (2014), the rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 60 percent. Community interviews revealed that those closer to health facilities were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than those further away.

3.5 Education Enrolment Samburu County has 159 primary schools with an enrolment of 43,404 pupils, and 159 Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) centres with an enrollment of 13,168 pupils. Compared with 2015, primary schools recorded an increase in enrolment of 10.2 percent, while ECDE centres recorded an increase of 18 percent. A general increase in both genders was observed in both primary and ECDE centres attributed to the on-going School Meals Programme.

Drop-out Drop-out rates were 20.4 percent for boys and 14 percent for girls in primary schools, and 8.3and 8.2 girls for boys and girls respectively in ECDE centres respectively. The drop-out rate in the primary schools was mainly driven by migration, early marriage, circumcision and pregnancies. The rates were on the decline compared with previous years due to the School Meals Programme, free primary education, sensitization and mobilization of communities on the importance of education, and good rains resulting in adequate water and pasture and hence reducing migration. Among the children in ECDE schools, the reasons for children dropping out of school included distances to schools, hazards posed by wild animals, looking after livestock, poverty, absence of teachers, poor school management and health-related problems.

Transition In December 2015, attendance in primary school was 92.6 and 93.6 percent for boys and girls respectively and 96.9 and 99.1 percent for boys and girls respectively. The high rates of attendance were attributed to the availability of food in schools.

School meals programme The county was implementing the Home Grown Schools Meals Programme. A total of 159 schools were under the programme with 56,572 beneficiaries (Table 5). The programme was handed over to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology at the end of 2015 by the World Food Programme. However, it was not operational in all schools in the county due to lack of funds to purchase food as there were delays in releasing the same from the Ministry of education which had taken over funding of the programme. It was further noted that there were fewer days funded and therefore pupils lacked food on some days which made pupils to opt to stay at home during such days.

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Table 5: School Meals Programme in Samburu County HGSMP Sub-County Number Primary& ECDE of Schools Boys Girls Total Samburu Central 85 18,619 15,083 33,702 Samburu North 34 2,508 4,651 11,124 Samburu East 40 6,357 5,389 11,746 SUB TOTAL 31,449 25,123 GRAND TOTAL 159 56,572

3.6 Coping Mechanisms The mean coping strategy score was 19 in December 2015, comparable to the 20 reported in September 2015 according to FSOM data. The mean coping strategy score had reduced from 22 reported in December, 2014 indicating that the proportion of households employing common consumption related strategies had reduced. The most common coping strategies employed by households included relying on less expensive or preferred foods, borrowing from relatives and friends and reducing the portion size. Livelihood diversification strategies reported by households included charcoal burning, casual labour and petty trade.

3.7 Ongoing Interventions by Sector Food interventions General Food Distribution (GFD) was targeting 60,460 beneficiaries under the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO). Food for Assets (FFA) programmes were yet to start, however a further 20,000 beneficiaries were earmarked to be included in the programme. A total of 1,800 metric tonnes of cereals was contributed by the county government. The national government also distributed food in September 2015 in areas not targeted by the PRRO, which included 200 bags of 50 kg beans, 600 bags of 50 kg rice, 200 bags of 90 kg maize and 18 cartons of cooking oil. There were 159 schools with a total of 56,572 beneficiaries from the HGSMP. Supplementary Feeding Programmes (SFP) and Outpatient Therapeutic Programmes (OTP) by the Ministry of Health, World Food Programme and UNICEF were ongoing.

Table 6 . Non-food interventions (food security related)

Intervention Objective Specific Location Cost No. of Implementation Implementation in beneficiaries Time Frame stakeholders KES. AGRICULTURE Post-harvest Reduce Kirimun/ Kisima/ 0.1M 3200 Department of handling of post- Baawa/Lodokejek/ households Jan, Feb, March Agriculture farm harvest Maralal Urban 2016 Farmers produce losses NGOs FBOs Relief seed Increase South Horr, 1.4M 130 Feb to March Department of supply acreage Tuum, Kurungu, households 2016 agriculture/Coun

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Intervention Objective Specific Location Cost No. of Implementation Implementation in beneficiaries Time Frame stakeholders KES. under crop Baragoi, Nachola ty Drought production Wamba, Ngilai Management East, Ngilai central Irrigation Improved Kurungu and 100 250 Continuous Feb to March crop Arsim M households 2016 production WATER SECTOR Fuel subsidy To reduce All vulnerable 6 M 150,000 On-going County for water boreholes in the government boreholes stress for County. domestic and livestock use Water To reduce Institutions, 6 M 100,000 3 months County trucking to water schools and persons government vulnerable stress for strategic sites population domestic and livestock use Provision of To reduce All boreholes in 2 M 150,000 Continuous County fast-wearing water the county persons government spare parts stress Attending to To reduce All boreholes in 2 M 150,000 Continuous County breakdowns water the county persons government by the stress for drought domestic response and teams livestock use Construction To reduce Samburu East 30 M 5 persons 3 months/ on- County of Barsilinga water going government water supply stress for domestic and livestock use LIVESTOCK SECTOR Provision of To Wamba, 200 3rd - 4th quarter Department of camel improve Sereolipi, households livestock breeding milk Lodungokwe, production heifers and production Achers Post, bulls Tuum, Lesirikan, Baragoi, Nachola,

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Intervention Objective Specific Location Cost No. of Implementation Implementation in beneficiaries Time Frame stakeholders KES. Lulu/Morijo, Opiroi, Lodokejek EDUCATION SECTOR Provision of To County-wide 32,755 1 year County water tanks provide Government, to schools clean WVK, water to UNICEF/partners schools De-worming To Samburu East 13,165 Feb – March GOK/MOH/MOE increase and Central 2016 enrolment and retention HEALTH AND NUTRITION SECTOR Vitamin A To 77 facilities 13,934 1 year County and zinc improve government, supplementa on 5 M UNICEF tion nutrition (WVI,IMC) status IYCN To 77 facilities 13,934 1 year County Interventions improve government, (EBF and health UNICEF timely intro status 5 M (WVI,IMC) of complementa ry Foods) School Improved 35 schools 1 year County health health government, 4 M education status World Vision and AMREF Community Improved 10 community 15,000 1 year County health health units 3 M government and strategy status AMREF Integrated Improved 77 facilities 1 year Beyond outreaches health 10 M Zero/County status government

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3.8 Sub-County Ranking

Table 7. Sub-county food security ranking (worst to best) Sub County Food security rank Main food security threat (if any) (Worst to best) Samburu East Waso Accelerated depletion of pasture, low terms of trade, in-migration of livestock, insecurity and poor water coverage Wamba Poor water coverage, cross-border conflict, accelerated depletion of pasture, low terms of trade Samburu North Nyiro High food prices, insecurity, poor access to markets due to insecurity, , high malnutrition rates Baragoi Insecurity, poor access to markets, livestock deaths, high malnutrition rates Samburu Central Lorroki Access to markets, shorter distances to water points, accessibility to services, alternative livelihoods, better infrastructure, more security Kirisia Access to markets, shorter distances to water points, service accessibility, alternative livelihoods, better infrastructure, more productive livestock

4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS

4.1 Prognosis Assumptions The food security outcomes in the next six months are influenced by the following assumptions:  The long rains are likely to be normal to above-normal.  The prices of food commodities, especially maize, which currently are stable, are expected to decrease in the next three months while livestock prices are expected to increase, leading to an increase in purchasing power.  Rangeland resources are expected to remain stable in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone over the next three months but deteriorate in some parts of the pastoral livelihood zone.  With the noted in-migration, cases of conflict are likely to arise, as well as livestock disease outbreaks and transmission.  No significant changes are expected in milk production as currently the cycle for breeding is disrupted.  Maize harvests are expected in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone and thus maize stocks are expected to improve.  Market operations are expected to remain normal.

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4.2 Food Security Outcomes for February-April 2016 The food security situation is expected to be relatively stable across both livelihood zones. Water availability and accessibility are expected to remain stable throughout this period in the agro- pastoral zone with some slight stress expected in the pastoral zone over the next one and a half months. Livestock body condition is expected to remain stable given the availability of pasture and browse across both zones. Food availability is expected to slightly improve in the agro- pastoral zone following the expected maize harvest. The terms of trade are likely to follow seasonal trends. The nutritional status of children under five is expected to deteriorate across the livelihood zones due to lack of milk with no significant change in mortality rates for both children under five and the general population. Households are expected to employ normal coping mechanisms and livelihood strategies. The overall food security situation is expected to remain stable.

4.3 Food Security Outcomes for May-July 2016 The onset of the long rains in March is expected to improve the forage conditions by April which in turn is expected to improve livestock body condition. Livestock production is likely to improve leading to an increase in milk production in goats and sheep. Improved livestock productivity is expected to stabilize household food availability and access. There are no significant changes expected in the mortality rates for both children under five and the general population. Most households in the agro-pastoral zone are expected to remain in Minimal/ None (IPC Phase one) while households in the pastoral livelihood zone are expected to remain in Stressed (IPC Phase two). The food security situation is likely to deteriorate in July towards the lean season.

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion Samburu County is currently classified in the Stressed (IPC Phase two) in most parts of the pastoral livelihood zone and Minimal (IPC Phase one) in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone and southern part of the pastoral zone. The situation is expected to remain stable with significant changes expected in April in the pastoral zone and in May in the agro-pastoral zone. The factors to be monitored include: distance to water sources across the livelihood zones, forage situation especially in the pastoral livelihood zone, food and livestock prices, livestock body condition, water availability and access, nutrition status of children under five, imminent conflict over grazing resources, and security threats.

5.2 Summary of Recommendations  Enhance traditional grazing systems for pasture/fodder conservation  Commercial off-take, targeting sheep  Continue the promotion of camel-keeping as an alternative livelihoods  On-farm water harvesting  Promotion of greenhouse tomato farming  Promotion of drought-tolerant crops  Expansion of potential arable land under crop production  Capacity build water users associations  Drilling of boreholes

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 Rehabilitation of Donyo wasin, Maralal & Lerata A & B water supplies  Scale up Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition programmes in new health facilities  Strengthening of community units  Data Quality Assurance to ascertain malnutrition levels  Continued School Meals Programme  Setting up more day schools  Enhance peace building initiatives

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6.0 ANNEXES

Annex 1. Food Intervention Required

Table 8. Proposed population in need of food assistance

Division/Ward Pop in need Proposed mode of name (% range min – max) intervention Waso 45-50% GFD Nyiro 45-50% GFD Wamba 40-45% GFD Baragoi 35-40% GFD Kirisia 20-25% FFA Lorroki 20-25% FFA

Annex II. Non-food Interventions (by sector)

Table 9. Non-food interventions by sector Ward Intervention Location No. of Proposed Required Available Time- name benefici Implementers Resources Resources Frame aries in million in million (KES) (KES) AGRICULTURE Samburu On-farm water Kirimun 2000 County 20 M Land, Feb- harvesting Maralal Department of unskilled Mar Urban Agriculture Labor 2016 South Horr NGOs FBOs Farmers Samburu Promotion of Kirimun 3500 County 7 M Land Feb- drought Maralal Department of manure Mar tolerant crops South Horr Agriculture Unskilled 2016 Wamba NGOs Labour Ngilai Central FBOs Ngilai East Farmers Tuum Nachola Marti Samburu Promotion of Barsaloi 750 County 8 M Land Feb- green-house Kisima Department of Labour Mar tomato Baawa Agriculture Manure 2016 farming Lodokejek NGOs Skilled Tuum FBOs labour Nachola Farmers Archers post Wamba Samburu Expansion of County-wide 1100 County 22 M Feb-

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Ward Intervention Location No. of Proposed Required Available Time- name benefici Implementers Resources Resources Frame aries in million in million (KES) (KES) arable land Department of Mar under crop Agriculture 2016 production NGOs FBOs Farmers LIVESTOCK Enhance traditional All the 3 Target all County grazing Jan - Sub wards in 8549 Government/NG 2.7M systems for March Counties pastoral zones Os/Partners pasture/fodder conservation Construction Ndonyo Land, of four Wasin, Samburu GoK/NGOs/Do Labour, 12 livestock Archers Psot, 3400 40 M East nors Technical months market centre Nkorika and Staff (Sale-yards) Nairimirimo Promote camel County 500 Jan- Entire keeping for Department of 11 wards househo 40 M June county alternative Livestock lds 2016 livelihoods Production Commercial Samburu Over Off-take, Target all County Central 5,000 Feb- targeting wards in the Government/NG 500,000 sub- HH at March Sheep sub-county Os/Partners county risk

WATER SECTOR Samburu Rehabilitation Waso, 10,000 County 10 M Nil 6 East/Wa of Ndonyo- Samburu East government/part months so ward Wasin, ners Sereolipi and Lerata A &B water supplies Samburu Siting , drilling Ndoto and 5000 County 10 M Nil 6 North/N boreholes at Nachola Government/par months doto/Nac Illaut and tner hola Longetei Samburu Augmentation/ Samburu 60,000 County 50 M Nil 12 Rehabilitation Central and Government/par months of Maralal North tners water supply Samburu Capacity Countywide- 150,000 County 2 M Nil 6 building of 53 WUAS government/part months Water users ners

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Ward Intervention Location No. of Proposed Required Available Time- name benefici Implementers Resources Resources Frame aries in million in million (KES) (KES) associations HEALTH & NUTRITION Samburu Up scaling 15 facilities 15,000 CGS, UNICEF( 3m Health staff 3years County IMAM WVI,IMC) program in new health facilities Samburu Strengthening 29 50,000 CGS,UNICEF 10m ALL 3years County of community existing units on community Nutrition and units other services Samburu DQA to 14 sentinel 13,934 CGS/NDMA/U 600,000 NDMA 4 County ascertain sites NICEF monitors/CS months malnutrition G levels in Samburu north and other hot spots Samburu Nutrition Samburu CGS/UNICEF/ 4,000,000 UNICEF/C 6 County survey (Smart county NDMA GS months survey) EDUCATION Samburu Setting up of Barsaloi zone, 400 MOE Funding None Contin Central, more day Nyiro zone, uous East, and secondary Waso zone, North schools Sere olipi zone Samburu Water tracking All sub- 11,026 GOK, Funds, Storage Central, counties County Water tanks Contin East, and Government boozers uous North

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