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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory & Archaeology Joyce Marcus General Editor Volume I A Fuego y Sangre: Early Zapotec Imperialism in the Cuicatlán Cañada, Oaxaca, by Elsa Redmond, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 16. 1983. Volume II Irrigation and the Cuicatec Ecosystem: A Study of Agriculture and Civilization in North Central Oaxaca, by Joseph W. Hopkins, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 17. 1984. Volume III Aztec City-States, by Mary G. Hodge, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 18. 1984. Volume IV Conflicts over Coca Fields in Sixteenth-Century Peru, by María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 21. 1988. Volume V Tribal and Chiefly Warfare in South America, by Elsa Redmond, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 28. 1994. Volume VI Imperial Transformations in Sixteenth-Century Yucay, Peru, transcribed and edited by R. Alan Covey and Donato Amado González, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 44. 2008. Volume VII Domestic Life in Prehispanic Capitals: A Study of Specialization, Hierarchy, and Ethnicity, edited by Linda R. Manzanilla and Claude Chapdelaine, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 46. 2009. Volume VIII Yuthu: Community and Ritual in an Early Andean Village, by Allison R. Davis, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 50. 2011. Volume IX Advances in Titicaca Basin Archaeology–III, edited by Alexei Vranich, Elizabeth A. Klarich, and Charles Stanish, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 51. 2012. Volume X Regional Archaeology in the Inca Heartland: The Hanan Cuzco Surveys, edited by R. Alan Covey, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 55. 2014. Volume XI The Northern Titicaca Basin Survey: Huancané-Putina, by Charles Stanish, Cecilia Chávez Justo, Karl LaFavre, and Aimée Plourde, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 56. 2014. Volume XII Coastal Ecosystems and Economic Strategies at Cerro Azul, Peru: The Study of a Late Intermediate Kingdom, edited by Joyce Marcus, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 59. 2016. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan Number 59 STUDIES IN LATIN AMERICAN ETHNOHISTORY & ARCHAEOLOGY Joyce Marcus, General Editor Volume XII Coastal Ecosystems and Economic Strategies at Cerro Azul, Peru The Study of a Late Intermediate Kingdom edited by Joyce Marcus Ann Arbor, Michigan 2016 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL ©2016 by the Regents of the University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-915703-88-3 Cover design by John Klausmeyer and Katherine Clahassey; sky image: Mykola Mazuryk/Shutterstock.com; cliff image: photo eye/Shutterstock.com; ocean image: Seaphotoart/Shutterstock.com. Original paintings by John Klausmeyer. The Museum currently publishes two monograph series: Anthropological Papers and Memoirs. For permissions, questions, or catalogs, contact Museum publications at 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079; [email protected]; www.lsa.umich.edu/ummaa/publications Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Marcus, Joyce, editor of compilation. Title: Coastal ecosystems and economic strategies at Cerro Azul, Peru : the study of a Late Intermediate kingdom / edited by Joyce Marcus. Description: Ann Arbor, Michigan : University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, 2016. | Series: Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan ; number 59 | Series: Studies in Latin American ethnohistory & archaeology ; volume 12 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051173 | ISBN 9780915703883 (alkaline paper) Subjects: LCSH: Cerro Azul Site (Peru) | Coastal archaeology--Peru--Cerro Azul Region. | Environmental archaeology--Peru--Cerro Azul Region. | Biotic communities--Peru--Cerro Azul Region--History--To 1500. | Coastal ecology--Peru--Cerro Azul Region--History--To 1500. | Plant remains (Archaeology)--Peru--Cerro Azul Region. | Animal remains (Archaeology)--Peru--Cerro Azul Region. | Indians of South America--Peru--Cerro Azul Region--Antiquities. | Indians of South America--Peru--Cerro Azul Region--Economic conditions. | Ethnoarchaeology--Peru--Cerro Azul Region. Classification: LCC F3429.1.C44 C63 2016 | DDC 985/.25--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051173 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper). COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Dedication I dedicate this book to María Rostworowski, a generous friend and co-directora of the Cerro Azul project. She was a brilliant and relentless advocate for the study of coastal señoríos and curacazgos. I miss her exceptional contributions, which shed so much light on coastal societies. Her much-needed coastal focus complemented the highland focus of John Murra and many others. I was introduced to María in 1980 by Ramiro Matos Mendieta, who thought, unbeknownst to me, that she and I would make a good research team. I met her at the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos in Lima. She was at her desk and she said that we should talk at length about the 16th-century documents. She discussed her most recent publication, a study of the señoríos of Huarco and Lunaguaná in the Cañete Valley (Rostworowski de Diez Canseco 1978–1980), stressing that she was still interested in that document and wanted to find an archaeologist who would excavate Cerro Azul, a key site in the señorío of Huarco. With real enthusiasm in her voice she urged me to excavate Cerro Azul. She suggested that I visit the site the very next day, and I did. When I saw the site and its spectacular setting overlooking the Pacific Ocean, I was sold. I recognized that Cerro Azul’s excellent preservation would allow me to study prehispanic fishing and evaluate the extent to which ethnohistoric data could be projected into the past. María Rostworowski (1978–1980) had already done much of the ethnohistoric work; what remained to do was excavate Cerro Azul. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Table of Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Tables xvi Acknowledgments xix Part I: An Introduction to the Kingdom of Huarco and its Ecosystems 1 The Ecosystems of the Kingdom of Huarco 3 Joyce Marcus 2 Provenience and Context of the Plant and Animal Remains at Cerro Azul 20 Joyce Marcus Part II: How Cerro Azul Made Use of Trophic Levels 2, 3, and 4 3 The Collection of Shellfish 35 Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus 4 The Collection of Crustaceans 54 Kent V. Flannery and Jeffrey D. Sommer 5 Crayfish Trapping 65 Joyce Marcus and Ramiro Matos 6 The Fish Resources of Cerro Azul in the 1980s 72 Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus 7 Fishing Strategies and Fishing Gear 98 Joyce Marcus 8 The Drying of Fish for Export 116 Joyce Marcus 9 The Archaeological Fish Remains from Cerro Azul 120 Jeffrey D. Sommer and Kent V. Flannery 10 The Hunting of Birds and Mammals 158 Joyce Marcus 11 The Bird Life of Cañete and the Avifauna of Cerro Azul 172 Joyce Marcus and Christopher P. Glew vi COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 12 The Hunting of Marine Mammals 186 Christopher P. Glew and Kent V. Flannery Part III: The Use of Plants at Cerro Azul 13 Edible, Ritual, and Medicinal Plants 201 C. Earle Smith, Jr. and Joyce Marcus 14 Comments on the Late Intermediate Maize 232 C. Earle Smith, Jr. and Joyce Marcus 15 Phaseolus and Erythrina from Cerro Azul 254 Lawrence Kaplan 16 Industrial Plants 262 C. Earle Smith, Jr. and Joyce Marcus Part IV: The Domestic Animals, Their Skeletal Remains, and Their Byproducts 17 Camelids and Ch´arki at Cerro Azul 287 Christopher P. Glew and Kent V. Flannery 18 Domestic Dogs 318 Kent V. Flannery and Christopher P. Glew 19 The Raising of Guinea Pigs 324 Christopher P. Glew and Kent V. Flannery 20 Macrofossil and Palynological Analysis of the Coprolites from Cerro Azul 334 John G. Jones Part V: The Interface of Ecology and Economy 21 The Economy of the Kingdom of Huarco 340 Joyce Marcus Appendix A: Artisanal Fishing at Cerro Azul, 1984–1986 352 Khalid Kattan, Robert G. Reynolds, and Joyce Marcus References Cited 359 Index 371 vii COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL List of Illustrations front cover Designed by John Klausmeyer and Kay Clahassey 1.1. Map of the lower valley of the Río Cañete, 4 1.2. An 1893 map of the Kingdom of Huarco, 5 1.3. The costa or cobble beach environment lying between Cerro Azul and the Río Cañete, 7 1.4. The playa or sandy beach environment of the Kingdom of Huarco, 8 1.5. Remnants of Cerro Azul’s defensive wall, 9 1.6. The peña, or rocky coast environment, of the Kingdom of Huarco, 13 1.7. The 15–20 year cycles during which anchovetas and sardines alternate as the dominant small fish,15 1.8. Monthly ocean temperatures at Callao, Peru, during the years 1981–1987, 17 1.9. Cross-section of the Kingdom of Huarco, 18 2.1. Contour map of the ruins of Cerro Azul, 21 2.2. An artist’s conception of the southwest quadrant of Structure D, 22 2.3. Human fingernail and toenail clippings from Feature 6,23 2.4. An artist’s conception of the southeast quadrant of Structure D, 24 2.5. An artist’s conception of the northeast quadrant of Structure D, 25 2.6. An artist’s conception of the northwest quadrant of Structure D, 26 2.7. An artist’s conception of Structure 9, 27 2.8. Profile of Squares N6 and N7 in Terrace 16, Quebrada 5, Cerro Azul, 29 2.9. Cross-section of Terrace 9, Quebrada 5a, Cerro Azul, 31 3.1.