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Key Driving Factors of Selenium-Enriched Soil in the Low

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Key Driving Factors of Selenium-Enriched Soil in the Low Catena 196 (2021) 104926 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Key driving factors of selenium-enriched soil in the low-Se geological belt: A T case study in Red Beds of Sichuan Basin, China ⁎ Yonglin Liua,b, Xinglei Tianc,d,e, , Rui Liua,b, Shuling Liua,b, Andrew V. Zuzaf a The Key Laboratory of GIS Application Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China b Geography and Tourism College, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China c Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan 250013, China d Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization Subordinated to the Ministry of Land and Resources, Jinan 250013, China e Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resources Utilization in Shandong Province, Jinan 250013, China f Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans given its varying health benefits. It is generally re- Red Beds region cognized that China has a wide belt of low-Se soil stretching from the northeast to southwest. Nevertheless, there Geodetector are Se-enriched areas distributed in the low-Se belt of China. However, the quantificational relationships among Selenium soil properties, topographic characteristics, parent materials, land use and soil Se content in those Se-enriched Soil organic matter soils remain to be elucidated. Similarly, the key driving factors of the Se-enriched soil in the low-Se geological Spatial variation belt need to be documented. These aims could be an useful basis for evaluating the health of the soil ecosystem (in terms of Se toxicity or deficiency) and the potential intake of Se by humans from soils to food crops and animal products. To solve the above questions, Jiangjin district, Chongqing City, as an area in low Se red beds, was selected, and 156 topsoil samples were collected to explore the relationships between Se content in topsoil under various land use type and soil properties (pH, organic matter (OM), major elements content in topsoil) and topographic characteristics such as elevation (H), slope (SL), and topographic wetness index (TWI) and geolo- gical condition (stratum). Geostatistics, principal component analysis (PCA) and Geodetector were used to analyze the controlling factors of Se distribution in topsoil. The results show that in the analyzed topsoil (1) Se contents vary from 0.039 to 1.110 mg/kg, with a mean of 0.315 mg/kg, and higher than the background value of Chinese soil (0.290 mg/kg). 82.3% are classified as having moderate Se levels (Se > 0.175 mg/kg). (2) The Se contents in northeast of Jiangjin district are higher (Se > 0.315 mg/kg) than the midwest (Se < 0.315 mg/kg). (3) The key controlling factor of the soil Se distribution is OM. In addition, the soil weathering and leaching process and pedogenic rock are the secondary factors controlling Se distribution. Together, these findings reveal that Se-rich soil of low Se belt tends to be distributed in regions with higher OM, stronger leaching, and car- bonate parent materials. These observations are beneficial to explore the Se-rich soil resources in low Se region in China. 1. Introduction the key factor of the health of the entire ecosystem (Liu et al., 1984; Tan, 1989; Tan et al., 2002; Natasha et al., 2018; López-Bellido et al., Selenium (Se), as essential nutrient trace element for humans, has 2019; Castro et al., 2020; Ngigi et al., 2020). However, because of the antioxidant, anti-aging and anticancer properties (Rayman, 2002; complexity of the geographical environment, the soil Se distribution is Zhang et al., 2009; Dinh et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018b; Natasha et al., uneven on the surface of the Earth (Zhang et al., 2005; Sun et al., 2008; 2018). The threshold of Se for human is narrow; deficient or excessive Yamada et al., 2009; Gabos et al., 2014; Ni et al., 2016). The soil Se intake may cause diseases (Navarro-Alarcón and Cabrera-Vique, 2008; content in Se-deficient ecological environment is lower than 0.01 mg/ Zhu et al., 2008; Li et al., 2011; Rayman, 2012; Yuan et al., 2012; Wang kg (Fordyce, 2007), and it could be up to 2018 mg/kg in high Se geo- et al., 2017; Natasha et al., 2018). The human body’s intake of Se is logical background (Zhu et al., 2008). For these reasons, Se content and linked to soil Se through the food chain. Therefore, Se content in soil is distribution in soil and its association with controlling factors are of ⁎ Corresponding author at: No 52, Lishan Road, Lixia district, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China. E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Tian). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104926 Received 19 February 2020; Received in revised form 11 September 2020; Accepted 15 September 2020 Available online 01 October 2020 0341-8162/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Y. Liu, et al. Catena 196 (2021) 104926 growing interest for both the scientific community and government content band (Tan, 1989; Tan et al., 2002). However, there are also Se departments in the world (Dinh et al., 2018; Ullah et al., 2019; Song enrichment areas in the low-Se belt of China, such as Ziyang, Shaanxi et al., 2020; Tolu et al., 2020). So, better understanding of key con- Province (Se ≥ 3.0 mg/kg) (Luo et al., 2004). Specifically, the red bed trolling factors of Se distribution can help more accurately evaluate Se soils of southwest China, with Mesozoic terrestrial clastic rock, is gen- toxicity or deficiency. erally considered to be deficient (Se < 0.125 mg/kg) or marginal Numerous factors affect the Se content in the soil, including parent (0.125 mg/kg ≤ Se < 0.175 mg/kg) with regard to Se contents (Liu material, soil physicochemical properties (pH, organic matter (OM), et al., 1984; Tan, 1989; Tan et al., 2002; Dinh et al., 2018). major elements), topography and land use (Tuttle et al., 2014; Dinh The red beds of Southwest, China, with Mesozoic terrestrial facies et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018a; Natasha et al., 2018; Shao et al., 2018; clastic rock, is mainly distributed in Sichuan Basin and Central Yunnan Chang et al., 2019; Ngigi et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2020). Commonly, Province (Cheng et al., 2004). Sichuan Basin has commonly been excessive Se regions (Se ≥ 3.0 mg/kg) are underlain by Se-rich black identified as a deficient or marginal Se region (Tan, 1989; Tan et al., shale rocks, such as Ziyang, Shaanxi Province (Luo et al., 2004), Enshi, 2002; Dinh et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018a; Luo et al., 2018). Huang and Hubei Province (Zhu et al., 2008), Taoyuan, Hunan Province (Ni et al., Yuan (1997) investigated the Se content in soil from Yibin 2016) and Kaiyang, Guizhou Province (Tong et al., 2013). However, Se- (Se = 0.141 mg/kg), Neijiang (Se = 0.211 mg/kg) and Suining deficient regions (Se < 0.175 mg/kg) exposed in sandstone and silt- (Se = 0.285 mg/kg) in south-middle of Sichuan Basin and found that stone with low Se contents, such as Suining, Sichuan Province (Liu soil Se content was lower than Chinese soil background value et al., 2018b), Liangping, Chongqing City (Tong, 2016). With the pro- (Se = 0.290 mg/kg). The soil in Bazhong (Se = 0.154 mg/kg) and cess of soil formation, the effect of soil physicochemical properties on Nanchong (Se = 0.140 mg/kg) was marginal at Se < 0.175 mg/kg (Liu the Se content tends to increase (Matos et al., 2017). Therefore, these et al., 2018a). Tong (2016) researched the spatial distribution of soil Se regions without black shales also have moderate Se soil enrichment, in Chongqing of Eastern Sichuan Basin and found that the soil Se such as Guilin, Guangxi Province (Shao et al., 2018). It is indicated that content (Se = 0.173 mg/kg) in eastern and northern of Chongqing City parent materials play critical contribution to excessive Se soil, while has was lower than 0.175 mg/kg, while that (Se = 0.215 mg/kg) of little effect on Se-rich soil. southern and western of Chongqing City was at moderate Se level Soil physical and chemical properties (pH and OM) also affect soil (0.175 ≤ Se < 0.4 mg/kg). These results showed that pedogenic rock Se distribution. Soil pH shows a negative correlation with Se content were all Mesozoic terrestrial clastic rock, but the soil Se content had (Shao et al., 2018; Xing et al., 2018), although some researchers found significant variations due to the geographical differences. In addition, that there was no significant relationship between soil pH and soil Se Tong (2016) also found that there was Se-rich soil in Red Beds of content (Zhang et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2018). Selenite (+4) and selenate Southwest, indicating that in traditional low-Se region also exist Se-rich (+6) could be adsorbed by soil OM, which affect the content of Se in soil. The spatial distribution of soil Se in the Sichuan Basin has been soil (Dinh et al., 2019). Generally, OM-rich soil had higher Se content, previously studied (Tan et al., 2002; Tong, 2016; Liu et al., 2018a), but such as dark-brown earth and black soils in northeastern China (Tan there are some problems still need to be further explored: (1) what is et al., 2002). When the soil OM content is very low, oxy-hydroxides (Al, the spatial distribution of soil Se content in Red Beds with Se-rich area? Fe, Mn) are responsible for adsorption of soluble Se (Zhang et al., 2009; (2) what are the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of soil Se Hurst et al., 2013; Shao et al., 2018).
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