DOCSLIB.ORG

Cytology and Physiology of Arthrospore Formation in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton Mentagrophytes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cytology and Physiology of Arthrospore Formation in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton Mentagrophytes Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1978 Cytology and Physiology of Arthrospore Formation in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes Ruth Gail Emyanitoff Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Emyanitoff, Ruth Gail, "Cytology and Physiology of Arthrospore Formation in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes" (1978). Dissertations. 1740. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1740 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1978 Ruth Gail Emyanitoff 0 "} ' CYTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTHROSPORE FORMATION IN THE DERMATOPHYTE TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES by Ruth Emyanitoff A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1978 UBKn.r;. WYOLA Ul'l'lVERS!TY MEDICl\L CENTER l ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To: Dr. Tadayo Hashimoto with gratitude and thanks for his guidance, support and friendship offered to help me -become a scientist. To: Dr. H. J. Blumenthal for his valuable suggestions and his support. To: Dr. Marvin Stodolsky, Dr. Charles C. C. O'Morchoe and Dr. John U. Balis for the time and effort they spent in the critical evaluation of this work. To: The faculty of the Department of Microbiology for their many and varied contributions to my graduate education. To: Mrs. T. Hashimoto for her generosity and skill in preparing many of the figures used in this dissertation. To: Diana Contreraz for her skill and patience in typing this manu­ script. To: My family and friends. Some of them understood all of this and some didn't, but they gave me help and support through it all. 11 LIFE Ruth Gail Emyanitoff was born to Zolman and Julia Emyanitoff in Chicago, Illinois on January 10, 1951. She graduated from the Theodore Roosevelt High School, Chicago, Illinois in June 1968, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois in June, 1972. She began her studies in the Department of Microbiology, Loyola University of Chicago, in July 1973 where she received her masters degree in June 1975 under the guidance of Dr. Dale C. Birdsell and Dr. Tadayo Hashimoto. Ms. Emyanitoff was the recipient of an American Society for Microbiology President's Fellowship in October 1974 and a Loyola University of Chicago Dissertation Fellowship in July, 1976. i11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION. ...... • . • . • 1 M.L\TERIALS AND METHODS. • . • . • . 25 Organism................................ 25 ~1edia .................................................. 25 A. Sabouraud's medium ........................... 25 B. Complex peptide sources ...............•...... 25 C. Defined medium............................... 25 Inoculation and Culture Conditions..................... 26 A. Preparation and standardization of micro- conidia inoculum ............................. 26 B. Growth on solid media ........................ 27 C. Growth in liquid media ....................... 28 D. Incubation temperature ..................•.... 28 E. Incubation atmosphere ........................ 28 F. Growth inhibitors.. • . • . • . 29 Phys i ca 1 and Bi ochemi ca 1 Assays. 29 A. Dry weight determination..................... 29 B. Growth determination ......................... 30 1. Dry weight............................... 30 2. Germ tube elongation rate ................ 30 3. Colony diameter.......................... 30 C. Quantitation of arthrospore formation ........ 31 D. RNA and protein analysis..................... 31 E. Oxygen uptake................................ 32 F. Pigment...................................... 33 G. Isolation of arthrospore walls ............... 33 H. Acid hydrolysis of arthrospore walls......... 34 I. Paper chromatography......................... 34 J. Isotope incorporation........................ 34 Light and Electron Microscopy ......................... 35 A. Light microscope and camera systems ......... 35 B. Lipid stain . ................................ 35 c. Nuclear stains .............................. 35 D. Time lapse photomicrography ................. 36 E. Electron microscopy ...........•.......•.....• 36 iv Page RESULTS......................................................... 38 I. Structure of l· mentagrophytes arthrospores and morphological changes occurring during arthro- sporulation.......................................... 38 A. General growth characteristics during arthro- sporul at ion...................................... 38 B. Time lapse photomicrography of arthrospore formation in I· mentagrophytes ................... 41 C. Nuclear segregation during arthrosporulation ..... 44 D. Cytological changss in lipid content during arthrosporul at ion................................ 47 E. Accumulation of pigmented intracellular granules. 47 F. Ultrastructural changes occurring in T. menta- grophytes during arthrospore formation ........... 50 II. Analysis of selected cellular components of arthro- spores and their changes during sporulation .......... 63 A. Cell wall carbohydrates .......................... 63 B. RNA and protein.................................. 65 C. Pigments. 68 III. Changes in respiratory activities during arthro- sporulation in I· mentagrophytes ..................... 70 IV. Factors affecting growth and arthrosporulation of T. mentagrophytes.................................... 72 A. Temperature.. 72 B. Effect of temperature on selected metabolic activities in I· mentagrophytes .................. 78 C. pH............................................... 78 D. Gaseous environment .............................. 80 E. Effect of carbohydrate on arthrospore formation on neopeptone or other comrlex rertide sources ... 80 F. Effect of carbohydrate on arthrospore formation in minima 1 media................................. 87 G. Effect of amino acids and ammonium salts on arthrospore formation in minimal media ........... 89 H. Inorganic salts .................................. 91 I. Minimum nutritional requirements for arthrospore formation in I· mentagrophytes. 91 J. Effect of antifungal agents on arthrospore formation~ ............... ~······················· 92 DISCUSS lOr~ ............................ ~ ....................... ~. 95 SUMMARY ..•...•......••••.........•..••••.••••• ~ .. , ............ '!'":' 117 LITERATURE CITED............................................... 120 v LIST OF TABLES. Table Page Relative number of nuclei at different stages of arthro­ sporulation in .!.· mentagrophytes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 2. Effect on arthrospore formation of successive transfer of SOB cultures of.!.· mentagrophytes from 37°C to 30°C ..... 74 3. Effect on arthrospore formation of successive transfer of SOB cultures of.!.· mentagrophytes from 30°C to 37°C ........ 75 4. Growth rate ofT. mentagrophytes at various temperatures and nutritional conditions •.......•...•.....•.............. 77 5. Comparative metabolic rates at sporulation conducive and non-conducive temperatures •.........•...................... 79 6. Effect of additional carbon sources on arthrospore forma- tion on 1% neopeptone at 30°C ..................... · ...... · · 86 7. Effect of selected carbohydrates on arthrosporulation in defined medium at 30°C and 37°C .....................•...... 88 8. Arthrospore formation at 37°C on defined medium containing various amino acids ............................... ····.···· 90 9. Effect of medium composition on arthrosporulation in T. mentagrophytes cultures of various ages ................. 93 10. Effect of selected antifungal agents on arthrospore forma- tion in T. mentagrophytes at 30°C ......................... • 94 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Alternative asexual life cycles of I· mentagrophytes..... 2 2. Growth curve ofT. mentagrophytes in SOB at 37°C .....•... 39 3. Phase contrast micrographs of T. mentagrophytes under- going arthrospore formation ...-:.......................... 40 4. Time lapse phase contrast micrographs of a hypha of I· mentagrophytes undergoing arthrospore formation on SDA at 37°C.............................................. 43 5. Nuclear stains of I· mentagrophytes hyphae at various stages of segmentation .................•................. 45 6. Lipid stains of I· mentagrophytes hyphae at various stages of segmentation................................... 48 7. Photomicrograph of pigmented arthrospore ofT. menta- grophytes .................................. -:-............ 49 8. Electron micrograph of a typical cross section of a mature arthrospore of I· mentagrophytes .................. 51 9. Electron micrograph of a vegetative hypha of T. menta- grophytes from an 18 h culture .............. -:-........... 53 10. Electron micrograph of a hyphal tip of I· mentagrophytes from a 40 h culture...................... 54 11. Electron micrographs of hyphal tips of I· mentagrophytes during and after completion of a double walled spore septum. 55 12. Electron micrograph of a higher magnification of a spore septum of I· mentagrophytes during formation ............. 57 13. Electron micrograph of a cross
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dermatophytosis Due to Microsporum Nanum Infection in a Canine
    DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p317 Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino Marilia Avila Valandro1*; João Paulo da Exaltação Pascon2; Maria Lígia de Arruda Mistieri2; Irina Lubeck2 Abstract Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine. Key words: Dermatophytes. Dog. Therapy. Resumo O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Dermatophytosis Due to Microsporum Nanum Infection in A
    Semina: Ciências Agrárias ISSN: 1676-546X [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brasil Avila Valandro, Marilia; da Exaltação Pascon, João Paulo; de Arruda Mistieri, Maria Lígia; Lubeck, Irina Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 38, núm. 1, enero-febrero, 2017, pp. 317-320 Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445749994048 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p317 Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino Marilia Avila Valandro1*; João Paulo da Exaltação Pascon2; Maria Lígia de Arruda Mistieri2; Irina Lubeck2 Abstract Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M.
    [Show full text]
  • How Much Human Ringworm Is Zoophilic? Mcphee A, Cherian S, Robson J Adapted from Poster Produced for the Zoonoses Conference 25–26 July 2014 Brisbane
    How much human ringworm is zoophilic? McPhee A, Cherian S, Robson J Adapted from poster produced for the Zoonoses Conference 25–26 July 2014 Brisbane Introduction Epidermophyton floccosum Humans Common Dermatophytes can be the cause of common infections in both Trichophyton rubrum [worldwide] Humans Very common humans and animals. The source of human infection may be Trichophyton rubrum [African] Humans Less common anthropophilic (human), geophilic (soil) or zoophilic (animal). Trichophyton interdigitale Anthropophilic Humans Common Zoophilic dermatophyte infections usually elicit a strong host [anthropophilic] response on the skin where there is contact with the infective Trichophyton tonsurans Humans Common animal or contaminated fomites. Table 1 illustrates the range of Trichophyton violaceum Humans Less common dermatophytes that are isolated from the mycology laboratory Microsporum audouinii Humans Less common and grouped by source of acquisition. Microsporum gypseum Soil Common Geophilic Microsporum nanum Soil/Pigs Rare Guinea pigs, Aim Trichophyton interdigitale [zoophilic] Common kangaroos To characterize and compare zoophilic with non-zoophilic Microsporum canis Cats Common dermatophyte human infections isolated at Sullivan Nicolaides Zoophilic Trichophyton verrucosum Cattle Rare Pathology (SNP) for the year 2013. Trichophyton equinum Horses Rare Microsporum nanum Soil/pigs Rare Method Table 1: Classification of dermatophytes according to source Superficial fungal cultures submitted in 2013 to Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology were reviewed. This laboratory services Queensland and extends into New South Wales as far south as Coffs Harbour. Specimens include skin scrapings, skin biopsies, nails and involved hair. All cutaneous samples (Figure 1) submitted for fungal culture receive direct examination using Calcofluor white/Evans Blue/ KOH/Glycerol under fluorescent and/or light microscopy (Figure 2) and cultured.
    [Show full text]
  • DERMATOPHYTOSIS ( Ti Ri ) ( Ti Ri ) (=Tinea = Ringworm)
    DERMATOPHYTOSIS (Ti(=Tinea = Ringworm) IInfection of the skin, hair or nails caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi, called dermatophytes ¨ Microsporum Hair, skin ¨ Epidermophyton Skin, nail ¨ TTihrichoph htyton HHiair, skin, nail DERMATOPHYTES IDigest keratin by their keratinases IResistant to cycloheximide IClassified into three groups depending on their usual habitat All three dermatoppyhytes contain virulence factors that allow them to invade the skin, hair, and nails Keratinases Elastase Proteinases DERMATOPHYTES IANTROPOPHILIC Trichophyton rubrum... IGEOPHILIC Microsporum gypseum... IZOOPHILIC Microsporum canis: cats and dogs Microsporum nanum: swine Trichophyton verrucosum: horse and swine… Zoophilic dermatophytes Microscopic characteristics of dermatophyte genera Microsporum Epidermophyton Trichophyton DERMATOPHYTOSIS PhPathogenesi s and Immuni ty IContact and trauma IMoisture ICrowded living conditions ICellular immunodeficiency Æ(()chronic inf.) IReRe--infectioninfection is possible (but, larger inoculum is needed, the course is shorter ) DERMATOPHYTOSIS Clllinical Cllfassification IInfection is named according to the anatomic location involved: a. Tinea barbae e. Tinea pedis (Athlete’ s foot) b. Tinea corporis f. Tinea manuum c. Tinea capitis g. Tinea unguium d. Tinea cruris (Jock itch) DERMATOPHYTOSIS Clini ca l manifestat ions ISkin: Circular, dry, erythematous, scaly, itchy lesions IHair: Typical lesions,”kerion”, scarring, “l“alopeci i”a” INail: Thickened,,fm, deformed, friable, discolored nails, subungual debris accumulation IFavus (Tinea favosa) DERMATOPHYTOSIS TiiTransmission IClose human contact ISharing clothes, combs, brushes, towels, bedsheets... (Indirect ) IAnimalAnimal--toto--humanhuman contact (Zoophilic) DERMATOPHYTOSIS Diagnos is I. Clllinical Appearance Wood lamp (UV, 365 nm) II. Lab A. Direct microscopic examination ((1010--2525%% KOH) Ectothrix/endothrix/favic hair DERMATOPHYTOSIS Diagnos is B. Culture Mycobiotic agar Sabdbouraud dextrose agar DERMATOPHYTES Iden tifica tion A. Colony characteristics B.
    [Show full text]
  • Dematophytes
    Dematophytes Dermatophytes (name based on the Greek for 'skin plants') are a common label for a group of three types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans. These anamorphic (asexual or imperfect fungi) genera are: Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton. There are about 40 species in these three genera. Species capable of reproducing sexually belong in the teleomorphic genus Arthroderma, of the Ascomycota The organisms are transmitted by either direct contact with infected host (human or animal) or by direct or indirect contact with infected exfoliated skin or hair in combs, hair brushes, clothing, furniture, theatre seats, caps, bed linens, towels, hotel rugs, and locker room floors. Depending on the species the organism may be viable in the environment for up to 15 months. There is an increased susceptibility to infection when there is a preexisting injury to the skin such as scares, burns, marching, excessive temperature and humidity. Dermatophytes are classified as anthropophilic, zoophilic or geophilic according to their normal habitat. Geophilic species species are usually recovered from the soil but occasionally infect humans and animals. They cause a marked inflammatory reaction, which limits the spread of the infection and may lead to a spontaneous cure but may also leave scars. Anthropophilic dermatophytes are restricted to human hosts and produce a mild, chronic inflammation. Zoophilic organisms are found primarily in animals and cause marked inflammatory reactions in humans who have contact with infected cats, dogs, cattle, horses, birds, or other animals. This is followed by a rapid termination of the infection. Dermatophytes cause infections of the skin, hair and nails due to their ability to obtain nutrients from keratinized material.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments VOLUME 1: COASTAL and FRESH WATERS
    GUIDELINES FOR SAFE RECREA The World Health Organization’s (WHO) new Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water TI Environments describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of ENVIRONMENTS ONAL WATER Guidelines for recreational use of coastal and freshwater environments upon the health of users – specifically drowning and injury, exposure to cold, heat and sunlight, water quality safe recreational water (especially exposure to water contaminated by sewage, but also exposure to free- living pathogenic microorganisms in recreational water), contamination of beach sand, exposure to algae and their products, exposure to chemical and physical agents, environments and dangerous aquatic organisms. As well, control and monitoring of the hazards VOLUME 1 associated with these environments are discussed. COASTAL AND FRESH WATERS The primary aim of the Guidelines is the protection of public health. The Guidelines are intended to be used as the basis for the development of international and national approaches (including standards and regulations) to controlling the health risks from AND FRESH WATERS 1. COASTAL VOLUME hazards that may be encountered in recreational water environments, as well as providing a framework for local decision-making. The Guidelines may also be used as reference material for industries and operators preparing development projects in recreational water areas, as a checklist for understanding and assessing potential health impacts of recreational projects, and in the conduct of environmental impact and environmental health impact assessments in particular. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ISBN 92 4 154580 1 GENEVA WHO Guidelines for safe recreational water environments VOLUME 1: COASTAL AND FRESH WATERS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2003 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World Health Organization.
    [Show full text]
  • View Full Text-PDF
    Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 2016, 3(5): 102-106 International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology ISSN: 2349-8080 (Online) ● Volume 3 ● Number 5 (May-2016) Journal homepage: www.ijcrbp.com Original Research Article doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.305.016 Antidermatophytic Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants against Microsporum Species G. Krishnaveni1, 2, C. Banu Rekha2*, P. Rajendran2, V. Nithyakalyani2 and P. Vithiyavani2 1Research & Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Microbiology, Dr. MGR Janaki College of Arts & Science for Women, Chennai-600 028, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author. Abs t r a c t Article Info Leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and bulb extracts of Allium sativum Accepted: 22 April 2016 (garlic) extracted with various solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous for Available Online: 06 May 2016 Cymbopogon citratus, and ethyl acetate chloroform and aqueous for Allium sativum) were evaluated for antidermatophytic activity against Microsporum spp. isolated from K e y w o r d s different water samples. Out of a total of 60 water samples analysed, 19, 18, 9, 6 and 4 samples showed Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum nanum, Antifungal activity Microsporum persicolor and Microsporum audouinii respectively. For the present Dermatophytes study, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis were used to find out the Medicinal plants antidermatophytic activity of the extracts since they were found to be predominant in Microsporum canis Microsporum gypseum the water samples analysed. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were found out with different solvent extracts of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus and combination of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus extracts which showed best activity when tested individually.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Poonam Shakya  Fungi That Require and Use Keratin for Growth  Confined to the Superficial Integument of the Skin, Nails, Claws & Hair of Animals and Man
    Dr. Poonam Shakya Fungi that require and use keratin for growth Confined to the superficial integument of the skin, nails, claws & hair of animals and man Classical lesions- circular ( ringworm) Traditionally the dermatophytes are placed in the Deuteromycota or Fungi Imperfecti in 3 genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton Epidermophyton The Microsporum species tend to produce spindle shaped macroconidia Microsporum canis: spindle-shaped macroconidia. (LPCB, ×400) Microsporum gypseum: boat shaped macroconidia. (LPCB) Trichophyton mentagrophytes: cigar shaped numerous microconidia and a macroconidium. Microsporum nanum: round & two celled macroconidia. (LPCB) The geophilic (soil-loving) dermatophytes inhabit the soil and can exist there as free-living saprophytes. Example- Microsporum gypseum and M. nanum The zoophilic dermatophytes are obligate pathogens, primarily parasitizing animals but also capable of infecting humans. Humans are the main host for the anthropophilic dermatophytes and these very rarely cause ringworm in animals Some dermatophytes have become adapted for survival in the skin of specific host animals, for example: Microsporum canis: cats Microsporum persicolor: voles Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes: rodents Trichophyton verrucosum: cattle. Trichophyton erinacei: muzzle alopecia in a terrier known to worry hedgehogs. Infective arthrospores germinate within 6 hours of adhering to keratinized structures. Minor trauma of the skin and dampness may facilitate infection. The ability of the dermatophytes
    [Show full text]
  • Antifungal Activity of Ocimum Sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) on Clinically Isolated Dermatophytic Fungi Balakumar S1, Rajan S2, Thirunalasundari T3, Jeeva S4*
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)654-657 654 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtm Document heading doi: Antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) on clinically isolated dermatophytic fungi Balakumar S1, Rajan S2, Thirunalasundari T3, Jeeva S4* 1Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, SASTRA University, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, Kumbakonam- 612001, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Microbiology, M.R. Government Arts College, Mannargudi, Thriuvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India 3Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India 4Centre for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam-629 165, Tamil Nadu, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: Ocimum sanctum To assess antifungal activity of leaves against dermatophytic fungi. Received 21 February 2011 Methods: Ocimum sanctum Antifungal activity of leaves was measured by 38 A NCCLS method. Received in revised form 20 April 2011 (MIC) (MFC) Accepted 15 July 2011 Minimum inhibitory concentrationOcimum sanctum and minimum fungicidal concentrationResults: ofOcimum various extracts and fractions of leaves were also determined. Available online 20 August 2011 sanctum leaves possessed antifungal activity against clinically isolated dermatophytes at the concentration of 200 g/mL. MIC and MFC were high with water fraction (200 g/mL) against Keywords: 毺 Conclusions: Ocimum sanctum 毺 dermatophytic fungi used. has antifungal activity, and the leaf Antifungal activity extracts may be a useful source for dermatophytic infections. EpidermophytonDermatophytosis floccosum MicrosporumMinimum fungicidal concentration sp OcimumMinimum sanctum inhibitory concentration Trichophyton sp 1. Introduction (WHO) estimates that about three quarters of the world population currently use herbs and other forms of traditional system of medicines for treating their diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0196966 A1 HENDERSON (43) Pub
    US 2017.0196966A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0196966 A1 HENDERSON (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 13, 2017 (54) MICRONEEDLE COMPOSITIONS AND A6IR 9/00 (2006.01) METHODS OF USING SAME A6IR 48/00 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (71) Applicant: Verndari, Inc., Sacramento, CA (US) CPC .......... A61K 39/145 (2013.01); A61K 48/005 (2013.01); C12N 7/00 (2013.01); A61K 9/002I (72) Inventor: Daniel R. HENDERSON, Sacramento, (2013.01); CI2N 27.60/16(34 (2013.01); CI2N CA (US) 2760/16234 (2013.01); C12N 2770/36143 (2013.01); A61 K 2039/53 (2013.01) (21) Appl. No.: 15/403,989 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Jan. 11, 2017 Described herein, are microneedle devices comprising a recombinant alphavirus replicon encoding an exogenous Related U.S. Application Data polypeptide, wherein the recombinant alphavirus replicon is (60) Provisional application No. 62/277.312, filed on Jan. coated onto or embedded into a plurality of microneedles. 11, 2016. Also described herein are methods of preparing a microneedle device comprising a recombinant alphavirus replicon encoding an exogenous polypeptide. Also disclosed Publication Classification herein are methods of inducing an immune response in an (51) Int. Cl. individual comprising contacting the individual with a A6 IK 39/45 (2006.01) microneedle device comprising a recombinant alphavirus CI2N 7/00 (2006.01) replicon encoding an exogenous polypeptide. Patent Application Publication Jul. 13, 2017. Sheet 1 of 19 US 2017/O196966 A1 ---- Patent Application Publication Jul. 13, 2017. Sheet 2 of 19 US 2017/O196966 A1 F.G. 2 Patent Application Publication US 2017/O196966 A1 |?ON-1685(36/6) Patent Application Publication Jul.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of Medical Fungi
    DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI THIRD EDITION (revised November 2016) SARAH KIDD1,3, CATRIONA HALLIDAY2, HELEN ALEXIOU1 and DAVID ELLIS1,3 1NaTIONal MycOlOgy REfERENcE cENTRE Sa PaTHOlOgy, aDElaIDE, SOUTH aUSTRalIa 2clINIcal MycOlOgy REfERENcE labORatory cENTRE fOR INfEcTIOUS DISEaSES aND MIcRObIOlOgy labORatory SERvIcES, PaTHOlOgy WEST, IcPMR, WESTMEaD HOSPITal, WESTMEaD, NEW SOUTH WalES 3 DEPaRTMENT Of MOlEcUlaR & cEllUlaR bIOlOgy ScHOOl Of bIOlOgIcal ScIENcES UNIvERSITy Of aDElaIDE, aDElaIDE aUSTRalIa 2016 We thank Pfizera ustralia for an unrestricted educational grant to the australian and New Zealand Mycology Interest group to cover the cost of the printing. Published by the authors contact: Dr. Sarah E. Kidd Head, National Mycology Reference centre Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Sa Pathology frome Rd, adelaide, Sa 5000 Email: [email protected] Phone: (08) 8222 3571 fax: (08) 8222 3543 www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au © copyright 2016 The National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: creator: Kidd, Sarah, author. Title: Descriptions of medical fungi / Sarah Kidd, catriona Halliday, Helen alexiou, David Ellis. Edition: Third edition. ISbN: 9780646951294 (paperback). Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: fungi--Indexes. Mycology--Indexes. Other creators/contributors: Halliday, catriona l., author. Alexiou, Helen, author. Ellis, David (David H.), author. Dewey Number: 579.5 Printed in adelaide by Newstyle Printing 41 Manchester Street Mile End, South australia 5031 front cover: Cryptococcus neoformans, and montages including Syncephalastrum, Scedosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Microsporum, Purpureocillium, Paecilomyces and Trichophyton. back cover: the colours of Trichophyton spp. Descriptions of Medical Fungi iii PREFACE The first edition of this book entitled Descriptions of Medical QaP fungi was published in 1992 by David Ellis, Steve Davis, Helen alexiou, Tania Pfeiffer and Zabeta Manatakis.
    [Show full text]
  • Monograph on Dermatophytes
    Monograph On Dermatophytes A guide for isolation and identification of dermatophytes, diseases and treatment By Mohamed Refai, Heidy Abo El-Yazid and Mahmoud El-Hariri Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 2013 1 Dedication This monograph is dedicated to my master, friend, teacher and spiritual father Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans Rieth, whom I met for the first time in July 1962, in Travemunde on the occasion of the second meeting of the German-speaking Mycological society, 6 months after my arrival to Germany, and whom I met for the last time in September, 1993 in Greifswald on the occasion of 27th meeting of the society, 5 months before his death. During the 30 years I visited him almost every year, where I always updated my knowledge in mycology Mohamed Refai Late Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans Rieth, 11.12.1914-10.2.1994 1962, in Travemunde Greifswald, 30.9. 1993 2 Contents 1. Introduction and historical 2. classification of dermatophytes 3. Morphology of dermatophytes 4. Gallery of the commonly isolated dermatophytes 5. Diseases caused by dermatophytes 5.1. Diseases caused by dermatophytes in man 5.2. Diseases caused by dermatophytes in animals 6. Diagnosis of diseases caused by dermatophytes 6.5. Phenotypic identification of dermatophytes 6.6. Molecular identification of dermatophytes 7. Treatment of diseases caused by dermatophytes 7.1. Treatment of diseases caused by dermatophytes in man 7.2. Treatment of diseases caused by dermatophytes in animals 8. Prevention and control of diseases caused by dermatophytes 8.1. Hygienic measures 8.2. Vaccination 9. Materials used for identification of dermatophytes 10.
    [Show full text]