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1 FERRYBOX WHITEBOOK Version 21.09.2017 www.eurogoos.eu KNOWLEDGE OF THE OCEAN IS LIMITED The EuroGOOS FerryBox Task Team is one of seven EuroGOOS Task Teams, operational networks of observing platforms promoting scientific synergy and technological collaboration among European ocean observing infrastructures. Jointly Task Team members make available European ocean data to the EuroGOOS Regional Operational Oceanographic System (ROOS) data portals across all European maritime regions, which in turn feed data to the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) and Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS). FerryBox technology allows taking automated measurements aboard ships of opportunity. The core ocean parameters measured are temperature, salinity, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a fluorescence. In addition, non-standard sensors provide data on currents and sediment transport, pH, oxygen, nutrients, and algal species. Currently, FerryBox systems are installed on a network of European FerryBox contributors, mainly national marine research institutes and environmental agencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 Unit 1 – Development of FerryBox Systems to date 7 Chapter 1: FerryBox systems 7 Chapter 2: Links between FB operators and the shipping industry 8 Chapter 3: FerryBox Data management 10 Chapter 4: Links between FerryBox systems and other (inter)national 12 organizations, governance of FB systems Chapter 5: Participating institutes, and groups; specific expertise 12 (Table of institutes and persons involved with their expertise from FerryBox website (www.ferrybox.org) Unit 2 – Applications and users of FB data 14 Chapter 6: Regional and global long-term time series based on FB observations 14 Chapter 7: FB measurements as ground truth for satellite observations 18 Chapter 8: Use of FB measurements for the fishing and aquaculture community 21 Chapter 9: Use of FB data by the scientific community including 23 the use of FB data by modelers Chapter 10: Use of FerryBox systems as an efficient alternative 26 to current monitoring strategies Chapter 11: Development of new sensors for (coastal) oceanographic 28 observations (Innovation) Chapter 12: Integration between different observational methods and 31 FerryBox (HF Radar, moorings, gliders, Euro-Argo, etc.) Chapter 13: Need for environmental data from FerryBox systems 33 Chapter 14: Role of FB data in climate change research: ocean acidification 35 and impact of (coastal) oceans for CO2 uptake from the atmosphere Unit 3 – Indicative Costs 36 Chapter 15: Operational and investment costs of systems including maintenance 36 Summary, conclusions and recommendations 39 References 40 Annex 1: EuroGOOS FerryBox Task Team 43 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Whitebook presents a scientific and technical years and of great help in detecting long-term description on a newly developed instrument effects of eutrophication and their reduction. In for automatic measurements of a series of other areas examples of riverine nutrient inputs environmental oceanographic parameters called can be shown. Furthermore, the continuous FerryBox which supports monitoring of the water measurements, repeated along a certain transect quality of coastal and offshore waters of European within days or more often, are also very helpful seas. Thus, a contribution to a future European to detect short-term events that can be detected Oceanographic Observation System (EOOS). by research cruises only occasionally due to the limited coverage in time. The principal idea is to use ships of opportunity like ferries on fixed routes to make automatic The FerryBox time series can be further used for measurements of important oceanographic validation and improvement of physical models parameters. These measurements are made in and the increasing number of biogeochemical a flow-through system where different sensor variables will be very useful for further are applied to continuously measure parameters development and improvement of eco-system like water temperature, salinity, turbidity as a models. Real-time FerryBox data can be used for measure of the amount of suspended matter, and data assimilation to support and enable better fluorescence as a measure of the amount of algae. estimates in operational models. Furthermore, The sustainability of the systems could be greatly the high spatial and temporal frequency of enhanced by using automatic cleaning systems so data by FerryBox systems can provide real-time that the effort for maintenance could be reduced. information for nearby aquaculture and fishing In comparison to other in situ measurement operations including early warning indicators for systems, the reliability and data availability of e.g. toxic algal blooms. FerryBoxes is higher and maintenance costs are significantly lower. FerryBox systems have With the introduction of new sensors for alkalinity reached a state of matureness and the number of and pH ocean acidification and the special measured parameters is still increasing with focus behavior of the coastal ocean as a highly dynamic on more biogeochemical variables. The systems component of the global carbon budget can be are extended with new sensors and analyzers for followed in detail as the diverse sources and sinks e.g. algal composition, pH, carbon budget (pCO2, of carbon and their complex interactions in these alkalinity) and on some ferry routes nutrients like waters are still poorly understood. phosphate, nitrate and silicate. The Whitebook describes the technical details of such FerryBox As most FB systems are equipped with systems in detail. Furthermore, the applications automated water sampler this makes it possible of the collected data for monitoring and scientific to get water samples from certain areas on a purposes is described for different water systems regular basis for subsequent lab analysis. First like the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Bay of pilot studies highlighted the feasibility for both Biscay and the Mediterranean Sea. To overcome target and non-target exploratory screening the problem of spatial scale a strong connection of trace contaminants. Another application of has been built with satellite remote sensing, water sampling could be the investigation of the which can deliver images of certain parameters steadily growing abundance of micro plastics (e.g. chlorophyll-a, TSM etc.) of much larger in the oceans which might be possible after the areas. development of suitable analytical techniques. Long term observations on fixed transects are a Compared with other marine monitoring and powerful mechanism to detect long-term trends measuring systems FerryBoxes acquire very in coastal and oceanographic waters. In the Baltic large amounts of data. Hence quality control, Sea, such time series are available for over 25 evaluation and processing of these data need 5 to be highly automated, robust and reliable. In a dedicated chapter, the estimated costs for Therefore, new procedures for data processing installation and maintenance of such instruments and evaluation have been developed for are presented. Finally, a plea for support by the increasing number of routinely operated the European Commission (DG Mare and FerryBoxes. The planned common European DG Innovation) is made to be able to extend database in connection with the EuroGOOS the current routes to e.g. other parts of the ROOSes, EMODnet and Copernicus Marine Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea and to Environment Monitoring Services (CMEMS) will support the overall data system within the future help to make FerryBox data easily available and European Ocean Observing System (EOOS). visible. A list of key messages derived from the whitepaper is summarized below: • FB systems have evolved with a set of standard • FB systems enable discrete water sampling on sensors to a mature observational system; certain positions for specific compounds (e.g. • FB systems allow cost-effective measurements contaminants, micro plastics, etc.) without extra with high resolution in space and time along a cost; certain route; • A common European FB database including • FB data may strongly support the validation of data quality control increases the availability of numerical ocean models; FB data and supports the activities of CMEMS • FB data can be used as ground truth and EMODnet; measurements for satellite remote observations; • FB systems are still operated mainly by research • New developments of biogeochemical sensors money and suffer from unsustainable funding in enable full insight into ocean acidification and the long term; the impact of coastal oceans on atmospheric • New FB lines must be developed, especially in CO2; the Mediterranean and Black Sea; • Continuous and long-term observations of the • There is a further need for discussions with carbon cycle enable the detection of climate all potential stakeholders on which type of relevant changes in coastal and open ocean data products are needed to fulfill science or waters; societal requirements e.g. for environmental assessments. 6 INTRODUCTION Our knowledge of the ocean is limited by our project (2002-2005) helping to optimize the use observational ability and the ocean continues to of these systems for automated measurements be severely under-sampled. To better understand and water sampling on ships of opportunity, e.g. and manage the oceans and the coastal systems, merchant vessels and ferries. The core parameters there is a clear need for environmental data of measured were temperature, salinity, turbidity, high spatial
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