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Provenance of the Hamilton Group: a Study of Source-To-Sink Relationships Within the Middle Devonian Central Appalachian Basin

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Provenance of the Hamilton Group: a Study of Source-To-Sink Relationships Within the Middle Devonian Central Appalachian Basin Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2017 Provenance of the Hamilton Group: A Study of Source-to-Sink Relationships within the Middle Devonian Central Appalachian Basin Brittany N. Hupp Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Hupp, Brittany N., "Provenance of the Hamilton Group: A Study of Source-to-Sink Relationships within the Middle Devonian Central Appalachian Basin" (2017). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5846. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5846 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Provenance of the Hamilton Group: A study of source-to-sink relationships within the Middle Devonian central Appalachian Basin Brittany N. Hupp Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology Amy Weislogel, Ph.D., Chair Joe Donovan, Ph.D. Shikha Sharma, Ph.D. Department of Geology and Geography Morgantown, West Virginia 2017 Keywords: Marcellus Shale, Mahantango Formation, Hamilton Group, mudrock, provenance Copyright 2017 Brittany N. Hupp ABSTRACT Provenance of the Hamilton Group: A study of source-to-sink relationships within the Middle Devonian central Appalachian Basin Brittany N. Hupp Little is known of the provenance of detrital clays in the Hamilton Group, which contains one of the most lucrative unconventional shale gas plays in the world. The Hamilton Group consists of both the organic-rich Marcellus Shale and the overlying, clay-rich Mahantango Formation. This research, in collaboration with the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory (MSEEL) project, aims to constrain the provenance of the two units within the Hamilton Group and evaluate paleoclimate indicators in order to better understand the role of clastic influx on organic-matter production and preservation within the Middle Devonian Acadian foreland basin. Geochemical and petrographic analysis of 121 samples from two different wells in Monongalia Co., West Virginia indicate slight changes in provenance throughout the deposition of the Marcellus Shale into the Mahantango Formation. Major and trace element geochemistry indicates a felsic igneous, upper-continental crust sediment source of granodioritic composition with additional influx from a quartzose recycled sedimentary source. Nine samples throughout the Hamilton Group underwent Sm-Nd isotopic analysis, yielding εNd values ranging from -7.06 to -11.75 and Nd depleted mantle model ages (τNd) ranging from 1.63-1.85 Ga, with ages becoming younger up- section. Mineralogical data acquired from x-ray diffraction analysis found the dominant mineral phases to be illite, muscovite, and quartz with fairly consistent mineralogy found throughout the Mahantango Formation and slightly more heterogeneous mineralogy found throughout the Marcellus Shale. Weathering indices including the CIA, CIW, and ICV all indicate increased weathering throughout the deposition of the Marcellus Shale followed by constant moderate rates of weathering during deposition of the Mahantango Formation. These results suggest that the extrabasinal detrital sediments of the Hamilton Group came from a mixed sediment source with clay influx from both the Superior Craton to the north (τNd >2.7 Ga) and Grenville-sourced sediments of the adjacent Acadian fold-thrust belt to the east (~1.0-1.3 Ga). Older model ages, felsic composition, and evidence of sediment recycling suggest little to no influx from the Acadian volcanic arc, aside from the volcanic air fall tuffs of the Tioga Ashes. Model ages and trace element geochemistry indicate increased sediment influx from the fold-thrust belt during the deposition of the Hamilton Group, with the highest sediment influx having occurred during Mahantango Formation deposition. Petrographic and geochemical analyses suggest that variations in organic-content throughout the Hamilton Group is due to dilution of organic-matter by increased influx of detrital clays during its deposition, particularly within the Mahantango Formation. Consistent clay mineralogy and weathering indices suggest that this influx of detrital sediment is not a function of climate fluctuations at this time, but rather may be influenced by increased tectonic activity and fluvial progradation during the second tectophase of the Acadian Orogeny. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES AND EQUATIONS ........................................................................ xi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 1.1 Research Purpose ...................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory (MSEEL) .......1 1.1.2 Research Objectives ......................................................................................1 1.2 Geologic Background ............................................................................................4 1.2.1 Tectonic Setting .............................................................................................4 1.2.2 Stratigraphy of the Acadian Basin ..............................................................4 1.2.3 Devonian Paleoclimate................................................................................13 1.3 Previous Studies ..................................................................................................15 1.3.1 Provenance Terrane surrounding the Middle Devonian Acadian Basin ......................................................................................................................15 1.3.2 Previous provenance analysis of Acadian syn-orogenic sediments ........21 2. Research ........................................................................................................................24 2.1 Sampling ...............................................................................................................24 2.1.1 MSEEL: MIP-3H ........................................................................................24 2.1.2 WV-6 ............................................................................................................24 2.2 Methods .................................................................................................................27 2.2.1 Thin-section Petrography ...........................................................................27 2.2.2 X-ray Diffraction Geochemical Analysis (XRD) ......................................28 2.2.3 X-ray Fluorescence Geochemical Analysis (XRF) ...................................29 2.2.4 Samarium-Neodymium (Sm-Nd) Isotopic Analysis .................................34 3. Results ...........................................................................................................................36 3.1 Petrographic Results ............................................................................................36 3.1.1 Petrofacies 1: Tarly Claystone ...................................................................36 3.1.2 Petrofacies 2: Organic-rich Argillaceous Sarl ..........................................42 3.1.3 Petrofacies 3: Styliolinid Carl ....................................................................44 iii 3.1.4 Petrofacies 4: Silty Tarly Claystone ..........................................................46 3.2 Geochemical Results ............................................................................................48 3.2.1 XRD Results ................................................................................................48 3.2.2 XRF Results .................................................................................................57 3.2.3 Sm-Nd Isotopic Dating Results ..................................................................71 4. Discussion......................................................................................................................74 4.1 Constraints on sediment influx from Hamilton Group petrography and mineralogy ..................................................................................................................74 4.2 Source rock lithology from geochemical composition ......................................79 4.3 Source area age characterization .......................................................................81 4.4 Paleoclimate influence .........................................................................................82 4.5 Provenance model and
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