DOCSLIB.ORG

Marks and Spencer and the Social History of Food C. 1950 - 1980

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marks and Spencer and the Social History of Food C. 1950 - 1980 Marks and Spencer and the social history of food c. 1950 - 1980, with particular reference to the relationship between consumer behaviour and retailing strategies Josephine Freear Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History April 2015 Intellectual Property and Publication Statements The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2015 The University of Leeds and Josephine Freear Acknowledgements I would like to dedicate this PhD thesis to the memory of Professor Katrina Honeyman. Katrina’s energy and enthusiasm for this project have been felt at every stage and spurred me on whenever I struggled to see the wood for the trees. Professor Malcolm Chase, Professor Richard Whiting and Professor John Chartres have been absolutely unwavering in their support, both academic and pastoral. Without their guidance, this thesis would not have been completed. I will always be grateful for the kindness and generosity of spirit they have shown me. Many thanks to Marks and Spencer who generously provided the studentship which allowed me to carry out this research. Thanks also to the fantastic archive team at the Marks and Spencer company archive and the staff at the head office who took the time to talk to me about their work. Most of all, thank you to my friends and family. You have put up with me, laughed with me, cried with me and made me endless cups of tea. I feel honoured to know such wonderful human beings and do not know how I will ever repay the patience and compassion you have shown me throughout the last few years. Thank you all so much. 1 Abstract This thesis uses a detailed study of the relationship between the retailing strategies of Marks and Spencer and consumer behaviour to examine wider changes in the history of food retail and consumption in Britain between 1950 and 1980. Using material from the Marks and Spencer company archive, it situates these traditional business history sources alongside primary material from a wide range of social, cultural and political and multi-disciplinary scholarship in order to contextualise the company’s experiences as a food retailer. The first half of the thesis explores the complexities of this relationship and investigates the ways in which the histories of consumption, retail and supply interacted during the twentieth century. The second half then uses this retailer-customer interface to identify patterns, trends and areas of change and continuity in consumer behaviour through the lens of Marks and Spencer’s retail strategies. This includes the development of the company’s hygienic food retail practices in the 1940s and its creation of the chilled ready meals sector in 1979. It finds that Marks and Spencer’s focus on the progressive dimensions of advances food technology allowed the company to redefine its relationship with its customers while building on its cultural role as a ‘national institution’. This technological emphasis then permeated the company’s product range through a series of innovations, first through a focus on hygiene, then by the diversification of its product range and finally through the packaged ready meal. Ultimately, it argues that Marks and Spencer was able to create a new relationship with food consumers and develop retail strategies which allowed the company to navigate and, to a certain extent, actively shape consumer preferences over this thirty year period. 2 Contents Acknowledgements 1 Abstract 2 Contents 3 List of figures 4 Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 Chapter 1 - Mediating the market 27 Chapter 2 - Consumer history 68 Chapter 3 - Multiple food retailing 98 Chapter 4 - Hygienic practices 132 Chapter 5 - Introducing new tastes 165 Chapter 6 - Chilled ready meals case study 198 Conclusion 233 Bibliography 240 3 List of figures Figure 1 Page 26 Marks and Spencer company archive, Q/Q5/36/4, presentation to the Board by Mr A. Griffiths, ‘The Changing Role of Technology’, 20th October 1981, p. 7. Figure 2 Page 61 Marks and Spencer company archive, Q5/20/5, ‘Canned New Potatoes’, 14th March 1967, p. 2. Figure 3 Page 190 Marks and Spencer company archive, Q/Q5/8/2, Nathan Goldenberg, ‘Israel - Research projects’, 6th July 1982, appendix 1. Figure 4 Page 205 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Family Food Datasets (December, 2013). Figure 5 Page 218 Office of National Statistics, ‘Employment rate of women by whether they have children and age of youngest child’, General Household Survey (London: HMSO, 1992). 4 Abbreviations AGM Annual General Meeting BLSA British Library Sound Archive Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs FACC Food Additives and Contaminants Committee HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food MSCA Marks and Spencer company archive NFU National Farmers’ Union OED Oxford English Dictionary TNA The National Archives 5 Introduction Introduction Historians are prone to seeing revolutions everywhere and scholars of the history of consumption are no exception. From a ‘consumer revolution’ and ‘industrious revolution’ in eighteenth-century Britain to a ‘color revolution’ in twentieth-century America, charting the rapid pace of technological change and arguing for the transformational effect this had on the experiences of consumers and vice versa has proved to be a popular line of inquiry.1 The history of food consumption in the twentieth century is concerned with major changes in the ways in which food was produced, sold, purchased and eaten. However, what is most striking about the social history of food in Britain c. 1950 and 1980 are the remarkable continuities in both food-retailing strategies and in the behaviour and demands of consumers. This thesis explores the social history of food consumption by analysing primary material from the Marks and Spencer company archive alongside a wide array of social, cultural and political sources and multi-disciplinary scholarship. In doing so, it sheds light on a small but significant facet of both the British food industry and British social history: the relationship between a food retailer and their customers. It will be seen that the demands and behaviours of consumers underwent significant changes, the most notable of which was the emergence of convenience as a major motivational factor for food purchasing decisions. Ultimately, it finds that Marks and Spencer was able to create a new relationship with food consumers and develop retail strategies 1 Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London: Europa, 1982); Jan De Vries, The industrious revolution: consumer behavior and the household economy, 1650 to the present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Regina Lee Blaszczyk, The Color Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2012). 6 Introduction which allowed the company to navigate and, to a certain extent, actively shape consumer preferences over this thirty year period. It did so by focussing on the development of food technologies, beginning in 1949 with the publication of its ‘Hygienic Food Handling’ manual and culminating in its creation of the chilled ready meals sector in 1979. The periodization of this thesis is determined by these two key landmarks in the company’s history. The food retail practices of Marks and Spencer were established in the post-war period with the appointment of Nathan Goldenberg to the food department in 1948 and subsequent publication of the hygiene manual in 1949. The company developed a distinctive marketing strategy which set it apart from other food retailers, as it was not conducting formal market research nor engaging in extensive print or media advertising of its food business. Instead, it was successful in leveraging its involvement in food technologies in order to speak to customers and market the company in different ways, such as through the political sphere. This focus on technology was then applied to the company’s product range through a series of developments. The first area in which this was most clearly evident was the company’s work on hygienic food practices. It then applied this technological approach to the diversification of its food offering and, eventually, through the sale of pre-packaged chilled ready meals in 1979. This exploration of the interface between Marks and Spencer and its customers thus serves to illuminate the ways in which technological modernity penetrated into the practices of everyday life for British consumers by the 1980s. 7 Introduction The primary and secondary sources with which this thesis engages are inherently multi-disciplinary in scope. The issues and themes which will be addressed, such as the historical geographies of multiple retailing and social constructions of hygiene, are areas of research for which there is a diverse body of scholarship.2 The analytical framework of this project thus makes a virtue out of the richness of this material by utilising approaches which are not necessarily based in traditional historical scholarship. This includes adopting the ‘thick description’ approach, which originated in ethnographic studies of researchers such as Clifford Geertz in the 1970s, whereby social and cultural codes are viewed as embodied in the actions of individuals and organisations.3 Whilst drawing upon the wealth of material available in the Marks and Spencer company archive, this is not a straightforward business history. It uses the traditional business history sources of the company to explore the relationship between Marks and Spencer as a food retailer and their customers, in order to investigate the social history of food consumption and retail in Britain in the twentieth century.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CBI South East Regional Council Directory of Members
    CBI South East Regional Council Directory of members South East Delivering prosperity through private-sector growth Getting Britain building Creating a global role for Britain in a new Europe Encouraging high-growth export champions Delivering for consumers and communities CBI South East Regional Council: Directory of members 3 Chairman’s message Having been an active member of the CBI SE These are all great foundations but to make real council for a number of years I am delighted to progress a great deal more building work needs to begin my two year term as the CBI South East be done. To achieve this we have set out our Regional Chairman, taking over the reins from workplan – our own growth agenda – for 2013, Debbie McGrath who I must congratulate and under the banner ‘Delivering prosperity through thank for doing such a fine job. private sector growth.’ The four central pillars will In addition to being an informal networking seek to: Get Britain Building; Create a global role opportunity and an unrivalled forum in which to for the UK; To encourage high-growth export share views on the current state of business and champions; and Deliver for consumers and trade, the Council above all, plays a vital role in communities. ensuring that the CBI’s national campaigns reflect These though will not be in isolation to the many the views of businesses in the region. I am looking other issues affecting business, so members will forward to working with so many experienced continue to contribute to discussions on, for business leaders and council members from a example, aviation, energy, business reputation diverse range of business and educational and of course the economic and business case establishments that singles out the South East relevant to the European referendum debate that and Thames Valley as unique and highly will gain momentum over the next two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Acquisitions (2010–15) by British Regional Museums
    AUG.SUP.BritishRegional.qxp_ma.nov.coop/plaz.pp.corr 17/07/2015 11:10 Page 585 The Michael Marks Charitable Trust Supplement Recent acquisitions (2010–15) by British regional museums I. John Earle of Heydon and his wife Sarah, by Sir Peter Lely. Mid-1650s. Canvas, 122 by 163 cm. (Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery). Accepted in lieu of inheritance tax by HM Government and allocated to Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery, 2014. II. Portrait of Dr John Ash, by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 1788. Can- vas, 241.3 by 147.3 cm. (Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery). Pur- chased by Birmingham Museums Trust with the assistance of the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Art Fund, Birming- ham Museums & Art Gallery Development Trust, the Public Pic- ture Gallery Fund, the Friends of Birming- ham Museums, the WA Cadbury Charitable Trust, the Feeney Charitable Trust and the people of Birming- ham, 2012. III. Portrait of Matthew Jefferys, by John Russell. 1775. Pastel on paper, 85 by 69 cm. (Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum). Accepted in lieu of inheritance tax by HM Government and allo- cated to Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum, 2010. the burlington magazine • clvii • august 2015 585 AUG.SUP.BritishRegional.qxp_ma.nov.coop/plaz.pp.corr 17/07/2015 11:10 Page 586 BRITISH REGIONAL MUSEUMS ACQUISITIONS ( 2 0 1 0 – 1 5 ) IV. David Garrick and Mrs Cibber as Jaffier and Belvidera in ‘Venice Preserv’d’, by Johann Zoffany. 1762. Canvas, 101.6 by 127 cm. (Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle). Accepted in lieu of inheritance tax by HM Government and allocated to the Bowes Museum, 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Publication
    IN MEMORIAM Dr. Judith Freedman UDITH Freedman, who died in London on 20 December 2009, was for fifty years associated with the production of the Jewish Journal Jof Sociology, which her husband Professor Maurice Freedman had helped establish half a century earlier and which served and serves as the vehicle for the dissemination of high-quality research into problems of social formation, ethnic identity and demography amongst Jews both of the diaspora and of Israel. Dr Freedman was herself a scholar of international repute. Born into the large and well-connected Djamour family in Egypt on 22 September 1921, she was educated at the University of Cairo and at the London School of Economics, where she completed her doctoral research. This investigation, focussing on issues of kinship and matri- mony within the Malay community of Singapore, resulted in two influ- ential monographs, Malay Kinship & Marriage in Singapore and The Muslim Matrimonial Court in Singapore. Her professional interest in the social anthropology of south-east Asia had brought her into contact with a fellow researcher in this field, Maurice Freedman, late of the Royal Artillery. The couple were married in London in 1946. She collaborated with Sir Raymond Firth (her doctoral supervisor, Professor of anthropology at LSE and one of the founders of modern social anthropology) in his researches into issues of family and kinship in a south London borough. Maurice, mean- while, had returned to LSE as a lecturer, succeeding Firth as Professor of anthropology there in 1965. Five years later Maurice moved to Oxford, where, on the retirement of Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard, he had been elected to its prestigious chair of social anthropology, and to an All Souls fellowship.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Shareholdings of the Linde Group
    LINDE FINANCIAL REPORT 2014 [41] List of shareholdings of The The results of companies acquired in 2014 are included as of the date of acquisition. The information about the equity Linde Group and Linde AG at and the net income or net loss of the companies is as at 31 December 2014 in accordance 31 December 2014 and complies with International Financial with the provisions of § 313 (2) Reporting Standards, unless specifically disclosed below. No. 4 of the Ger man Commercial Code (HGB) 138 COMPANIES INCLUDED IN THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (IN ACCORDANCE WITH IFRS 10) Partici- Net Coun- pating Thereof income/ Registered office try interest Linde AG Equity net loss Note in percent in percent in € million in € million Gases Division EMEA AFROX – África Oxigénio, Limitada Luanda AGO 100 – 0.1 0.4 c, d LINDE GAS MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 11.4 –1.7 f LINDE HEALTH CARE MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 –1.1 –2.9 f LINDE HELIUM M E FZCO Jebel Ali ARE 100 3.4 0.2 ATION Linde Electronics GmbH Stadl- Paura AuT 100 10.8 2.1 ORM Linde Gas GmbH Stadl- Paura AuT 100 230.8 24.9 F 246 Bad Wimsbach- ER IN ER PROVISIS Gase & Service GmbH Neydharting AuT 100 0.5 0.1 H T O Chemogas N. V. Grimbergen BEL 100 8.0 2.5 Linde Gas Belgium NV Grimbergen BEL 100 1.2 0.8 Linde Homecare Belgium SPRL Scalyn BEL 100 100 4.0 0.0 Linde Gas Bulgaria EOOD Stara Zagora BGR 100 8.8 0.1 Linde Gas BH d.
    [Show full text]
  • PREFACE to 1895 EDITION, OUTLINE of CONTENTS and INDEX to COMPANIES LISTED in 1895 (PDF File
    PREFACE TO 1895 EDITION, OUTLINE OF CONTENTS & INDEX TO COMPANIES LISTED IN 1895 By 1895 the Stock Exchange Official Yearbook had settled into a format that it was to stay with for the duration. We reproduce the Preface, Outline of Contents and the Index to companies listed in 1895 to give readers an idea of the typical organisation of a yearbook, and of the great variety of companies covered in this and in future volumes. PREFACE. The year 1894 has not proved so favourable to business as was expected. This is chiefly due to the further considerable decline in the prices of natural products, and to some extent to the difficulty in bringing to a conclusion the tariff and other reforms in the United States to which President Cleveland had put his hand. But the year closes with a nearly complete absence of disturbing causes, though the prices of produce are still at their lowest, and the return to commercial and agricultural prosperity is in all parts of the world proceeding at an abnormally slow rate. But it is generally admitted that the worst is now more than over. This is an immense gain in itself, especially as regards Stock Exchange securities, amongst which selling from fear or necessity no sooner ceases than an upward movement on some scale sets in. A year ago we had to report a further considerable fall in the aggregate of Stock Exchange values; but for 1894 there has been a rise in prices which more than outsets the decline then reported, and to all appearance the upward movement is still in progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Mergers & Acquisitions in the US Industrial Gas Business
    Mergers & Acquisitions in the US Industrial Gas Business PART II – THE MAJOR INDUSTRY SHAPERS By Peter V. Anania, Leaders LLC he Industrial Gas (IG) industry has seen tremendous growth a process to separate oxygen in 1880. In 1886 the brothers Brin started over the past 100 years, fueled by rapidly expanding technol- commercially developing the use of oxygen. T ogy in market leading countries that required more mixes of Interestingly, one of BOC’s first mergers — and now its last — was gases (including the exotics), purer gases for high-tech applications, with Linde. In 1906, Linde joined with Brin Oxygen by contributing as well as new applications of traditional gases. With the develop- its British Linde patents. These patents represented a new method for ment of industry in emerging economies, demand for industrial producing oxygen by cryogenic distillation of air. The resulting gases continues to grow worldwide. This is Part II of this series that merged entity was renamed British Oxygen Company or BOC. In the examines mergers and acquisitions activity in the industrial gas busi- 1920s, a process for the large-scale production of liquid oxygen ness. In this feature we look at some of the “majors” and how they allowed the oxygen to be delivered in liquid form by road tanker and have grown over the years through acquisitions. In compiling this greatly expanded its market applications. article, we researched the websites of many of the companies men- BOC’s growth in the first half of the 20th century was achieved tioned herein, had access to the archives of JR Campbell Associates, largely by developing or acquiring rights to new technology and Inc., along with discussions with Buzz Camp- processes, including further improvements in liq- bell, and used The History of Industrial Gases, uefaction and cryogenic cooling in the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • Direction and Discretion: the Roles of Centre and Branch in the Interwar Management of Marks and Spencer
    This is a repository copy of Direction and discretion: the roles of centre and branch in the interwar management of Marks and Spencer. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83940/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Purvis, MC (2015) Direction and discretion: the roles of centre and branch in the interwar management of Marks and Spencer. History of Retailing and Consumption, 1 (1). pp. 63-81. ISSN 2373-518X https://doi.org/10.1080/2373518X.2015.1015239 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Direction and discretion: the roles of centre and branch in the interwar management of Marks and Spencer Martin Purvis School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK [email protected] 2 Abstract The successful expansion of multiple retailing in interwar Britain is often seen to rest, in part, on the inculcation of efficient and uniform working practices throughout a company’s branch network.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of the EVOLUTION of CONCENTRATION in the FOOD DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY for the UNITED KINGDOM October 1977
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES A STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF CONCENTRATION IN THE FOOD DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM October 1977 In 1970 the Commission initiated a research programme on the evolution of concen­ tration and com petition in several sectors and markets of manufacturing industries in the different Member States (textile, paper, pharmaceutical and photographic pro­ ducts, cycles and motorcycles, agricultural machinery, office machinery, textile machinery, civil engineering equipment, hoisting and handling equipment, electronic and audio equipment, radio and television receivers, domestic electrical appliances, food and drink manufacturing industries). The aims, criteria and principal results of this research are set out in the document "M ethodology of concentration analysis applied to the study o f industries and markets” , by Dr. Remo LINDA, (ref. 8756), September 1976. This particular volume constitutes a part of the second series of studies, the main aims of which is to present the results of the research on the evolution of concentration in the food distribution industry for the United Kingdom. Another volume, already published (vol. II: Price Surveys), outlines the results of the research on the distribution o f food products in the United Kingdom, w ith regard to the evolution of prices and mark-ups, based on a limited sample of food products and on a limited number of sales points in the Greater London area. Similar volumes concerning the structures of the distributive systems and the evolution of prices and mark ups have been established also fo r other Member States (Germany, France, Italy and Denmark). COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES A STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF CONCENTRATION IN THE FOOD DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM VOLUME I Industry structure and concentration by Development Analysts Ltd., 49 Lower Addiscombe Road, Croydon, CRO 6PQ, England.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Records and Updates of Range Expansion in House Crow Corvus Splendens
    Colin Ryall 39 Bull. B.O.C. 2016 136(1) Further records and updates of range expansion in House Crow Corvus splendens by Colin Ryall Received 31 May 2015 Summary.—House Crow Corvus splendens continues its ship-assisted global invasion, reaching locations further from its native range in the Indian Subcontinent. This report reviews the species’ recent spread as well as changes in the status of existing introduced populations where information is available. With the collapse of long-standing eradication programmes in Kenya and Tanzania, and a spread to inland sites in both countries, it is inevitable that House Crows will colonise the heart of Africa. In South and East Asia too, the species is spreading unobstructed through the region. Nevertheless, there is now a growing recognition of the threats of invasive alien species in general, including House Crow, and a willingness by some authorities and funding bodies to prevent the species’ proliferation. As a result, control programmes are now in operation at several locations where House Crows have established, and increasingly proactive approaches involving risk assessments, surveillance and action plans are being developed where a risk of invasion exists. Native to the Indian Subcontinent, southern Iran, Myanmar and western Yunnan (China), House Crow Corvus splendens has, over the past century or so, shown itself to be an invasive alien species (IAS) that is progressively spreading globally. Initially, the spread was mediated by deliberate releases in Aden (Yemen), Zanzibar and Klang (Malaysia) as of the late 1800s, for the purpose of dealing with refuse and crop pests. However, this was soon superseded by ship-assisted range expansion, at first within the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and its islands, probably via ships from Mumbai and Colombo, but also from ports including Aden and Suez, which possess large House Crow populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Shareholdings of Linde Aktiengesellschaft As of 31
    GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OTHER INFORMATION [39] List of shareholdings of The results of companies acquired in 2017 are included as of the date of acquisition. The information about The Linde Group and Linde AG the equity and the net income or net loss of the com- at 31 December 2017 in panies is as at 31 December 2017 and complies with International Financial Reporting Standards, unless accordance with the provisions specifically disclosed below. of § 313 (2) of the German Commercial Code (HGB) COMPANIES INCLUDED IN THE GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (IN ACCORDANCE WITH IFRS 10) 132 Partici- pating Thereof Profit/loss Registered office Country interest Linde AG Equity for the year Note in percent in percent in EUR m in EUR m Gases Division EMEA AFROX – África Oxigénio, Limitada Luanda AGO 100 – – LINDE GAS MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 2.1 –3.9 f LINDE HEALTHCARE MIDDLE EAST LLC Abu Dhabi ARE 49 49 –7.7 –1.3 f LINDE HELIUM M E FZCO Jebel Ali ARE 100 4.7 0.6 Linde Electronics GmbH Stadl-Paura AUT 100 11.4 1.5 Linde Gas GmbH Stadl-Paura AUT 100 297.2 21.6 Bad Wimsbach- PROVISIS Gase & Service GmbH Neydharting AUT 100 1.7 0.5 Linde Gas Belgium NV Grimbergen BEL 100 3.9 0.9 Linde Homecare Belgium SPRL Scladina BEL 100 100 3.7 0.5 Linde Gas Bulgaria EOOD Stara Zagora BGR 100 7.7 – 0.1 "Linde Gaz Bel" FLLC Telmy BLR 100 99 0.3 – 0.3 AFROX GAS & ENGINEERING SUPPLIES (BOTSWANA) (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – BOTSWANA OXYGEN COMPANY (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – BOTSWANA STEEL ENGINEERING (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – HANDIGAS (BOTSWANA) (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – HEAT GAS (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – KIDDO INVESTMENTS (PTY) LIMITED Gaborone BWA 100 – – PanGas AG Dagmersellen CHE 100 103.8 23.5 RDC GASES & WELDING (DRL) LIMITED Lubumbashi COD 100 0.8 – LINDE HADJIKYRIAKOS GAS LIMITED Nicosia CYP 51 51 10.6 1.7 Linde Gas a.
    [Show full text]
  • Version Management
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Cranfield CERES Cranfield University - School of Management PhD submission 2005 – 6 Charles Stephens Enablers and inhibitors to horizontal collaboration between competitors: an investigation in UK retail supply chains Supervisor: Dr Paul Chapman © Cranfield University, 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder. Table of contents 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................1 1.2 Scoping the Research: The UK Food Retailing Market .....................7 1.2.2 A new paradigm: Co-operation between Competing Retailers .12 1.2.3 Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) .......................................13 1.3 Cross Chain Collaboration through Opportunity Technologies? ......17 1.3.1 The contribution of PD Contractors to ECR..............................19 1.3.2 Transaction Cost Economics....................................................22 1.3.3 Managed Primary Networks .....................................................27 1.4 Collaboration in Practice..................................................................33 1.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................39 2.1 Exploratory phase – UK Food Retailers...........................................45 2.2 Secondary Research .......................................................................48 2.2.1 Parity between Retailer
    [Show full text]
  • 125 Years of Linde 125 Years of Linde of 125 Years a Chronicle
    chronik_Cover_gb 05.07.2004 17:54 Uhr Seite 1 Idea no 0001– no 6385 125 Years of Linde 125 Years of Linde of 125 Years A Chronicle Idea No 0001 – No 6385 “The only thing I find comparable to the great satisfaction of a scientific endeavor pursued together with ambitious and productive men is production carried out on one’s own and in one’s own area of expertise.” Carl von Linde in a letter to Göttingen mathematician Felix Klein, 1895 Inventive spirit and innovation are still our mainsprings A look back at the achievements of engineer/inventor Carl von Today, Linde is the world’s largest supplier of industrial and Linde and at the development of the company he helped found, medical gases. We stand for cutting-edge technology in inter- the “Gesellschaft für Linde’s Eismaschinen,“ into today’s Linde AG national facilities engineering, hold a leading position among means more to us than fond memories – it is also a commitment the most important manufacturers of forklift trucks and warehouse to the future. equipment and are the market leaders in refrigeration technology The abilities and characteristics exemplified by scientist and in Europe. With some 46,500 employees, we achieved sales of inventor Carl von Linde during his lifetime are, today more than approximately 9 billion euro in fiscal year 2003. ever, a model for corporate leaders who want to lead a technol- This impressive corporate development did not happen on its ogy group like Linde into a long-term, successful future. His own, and it is certainly no guarantee of future success.
    [Show full text]