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Organizational Safety Climate, Precondition for Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Acts of Turkish Commercial Airline Pilots

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Organizational Safety Climate, Precondition for Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Acts of Turkish Commercial Airline Pilots ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CLIMATE, PRECONDITION FOR UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE ACTS OF TURKISH COMMERCIAL AIRLINE PILOTS ATHESIS SUBMITTED TO GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GİZEM SERİN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ Prof. Dr. Sibel Kazak Berument Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ ___________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Bahar Öz Assoc. Prof. Dr. Türker Özkan Co-Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Tülin GENÇÖZ (METU, PSY) _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Türker ÖZKAN (METU, PSY) _________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Didem KADIHASANOĞLU (TOBB ETÜ, PSY) _________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Gizem Serin Signature: iii ABSTRACT ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY CLIMATE, PRECONDITION FOR UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE ACTS OF TURKISH COMMERCIAL AIRLINE PILOTS Serin, Gizem M.S., Department of Psychology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Türker Özkan Co-Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Bahar Öz September 2016, 158 pages The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between organizational safety climate, preconditions for unsafe acts, particularly perceived stress, locus of control, risk perception and behavioral markers of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training, and unsafe acts of airline pilots among Turkish sample. Although unsafe acts got attention through years to analyze accident causation, there has been no study to investigate the relationship between unsafe acts, their antecedents and contributors. 155 airline pilots participated in the present study. The age range of the pilots was between 21 and 62. To measure unsafe acts of the pilots, Airline Pilot Behavior Inventory was developed. Pilots perceived stress was measured by asking them to rate their stress level in normal flight conditions. To measure preconditions for unsafe acts Aviation Safety Locus of Control scale, Risk Perception-Self and -Other scales and Safety Operation Behavior scales were adapted into Turkish. To measure safety climate, Aviation Safety Climate Scale was adapted into Turkish. The relationships between study variables were examined based on the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System framework. The present study is the first study to examine the relationship between unsafe acts of iv commercial aviation pilots and their antecedents and contributors. Evaluations of the findings, possible contributions of the study and limitations and possible suggestions for future research were discussed in the light of the literature. Keywords: airline pilots, unsafe acts, preconditions for unsafe acts, stress, locus of control, risk perception, CRM training, safety climate, HFACS. v ÖZ KURUM GÜVENLİK İKLİMİ, EMNİYETSİZ DAVRANIŞLARIN ÖNKOŞULLARI VE TÜRK TİCARİ HAVA YOLU PİLOTLARININ EMNİYETSİZ DAVRANIŞLARI Serin, Gizem Yüksek Lisans, Psikoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Türker Özkan Tez Eş-Yöneticisi: Yard. Doç. Dr. Bahar Öz Eylül 2016, 158 sayfa Bu çalışmanın amacı kurum güvenlik iklimi, emniyetsiz davranışların önkoşulları, özellikle algılanan stres, kontrol odağı, risk algı ve ekip kaynak yönetimi eğitiminin davranışsal belirteçleri ve pilotların emniyetsiz davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Her ne kadar emniyetsiz davranışların kazalara etkisi yıllardır araştırılsa da bu davranışlar, öncülleri ve bunlara katkı yapan etmenler arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen bir araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmaya, 155 hava yolu pilotu katılım sağlamıştır. Katılımcıların yaş aralığı 21 ve 62 arasında değişmektedir. Pilotların emniyetsiz davranışlarını ölçmek amacıyla, Hava Yolu Pilotları Davranış Envanteri geliştirilmiştir. Algılanan stres, pilotlara normal uçuş durumlarındaki stres seviyelerini derecelendirmeleri istenerek ölçülmüştür. Kontrol odağı, risk algısı ve ekip kaynak yönetiminin davranışsal belirteçlerini ölçmek amacıyla, Uçuş Emniyeti Kontrol Odağı ölçeği (Hunter, 2002), Risk Algısı-Kendi ve -Diğerleri ölçekleri (Hunter, 2006) ve Emniyetli Operasyon Davranışları ölçeği (You, Li ve Han, 2013) Türkçeye adapte vi edilmiştir. Kurum güvenlik iklimini ölçek amacıyla ise Uçuş Güvenlik İklimi ölçeği (Evans, Glendon ve Creed, 2007) Türkçeye adapte edilmiş ve kullanılmıştır. Çalışma değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiler, İnsan Faktörü Analizi ve Sınıflama Sistemi modeli çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma, bilindiği kadarıyla hem Türk hava yolu pilotları ile yapılan hem de ticari hava yolu pilotlarının davranışları ve bu davranışların öncülleri arasındaki ilişkiyi İnsan Faktörü Analizi ve Sınıflandırma Sistemi modeli çerçevesinde inceleyen ilk çalışmadır. Bulguların değerlendirilmesi, çalışmanın olası katkıları, limitasyonları ve gelecek araştırmalar için öneriler literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: hava yolu pilotları, emniyetsiz davranışlar, emniyetsiz davranışların önkoşulları, stres, kontrol odağı, rik algısı, CRM eğitimi, güvenlik iklimi, HFACS. vii To my lovely family and especially my grandmother & grandfather… viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Türker Özkan for his unique support, patience, motivation and immense knowledge. Without his support and constructive critism, it was very hard for me to complete this thesis and staying still strong after all troubles. Also, I really appreciate my co-supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Bahar Öz for her priceless support. I would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Didem Kadıhasanoğlu for being a member of thesis committee and also giving valuable feedback. Throughout thesis writing, I tried to balance the work between data collection for her project and writing my thesis. Without her patience and support, it could be very hard for me to complete my thesis. I started to work for this thesis with his call, former chairman of Turkish Airine Pilot Association Captain Pilot Gürcan Mantı. Without his support, I would never finish this thesis. I really appreciate his endless support and priceless comments. Moreover, I would like to thank board of managers of Turkish Airline Pilot Assosciation for their lovely support. Special thanks go to Captain Pilot Engin Aksüt. His support helped me to sustain my motivation and his knowledge and valuable feedback helped to develop better data collection. I really really appreciate for his priceless help. Moreover, founder of Facebook group “UÇARKENE…” Captain Pilot Ümit Erdizer and group admins, and also group admins of “ATC-Pilot Platform (Türkiye)”, I really appreciate for you all for helping me while collecting data. Without your support, the data would not be collected. And lovely Captain Pilot Emel Arman, my inspiration and role model…Thank you for your support and motivating messages. ix Many thanks go to Safety Research Unit Members, I am really lucky to be a member of Safety Research Unit, especially Yeşim Üzümcüoğlu, Derya Azık and İbrahim Öztürk. They were always there when I was in trouble with SPSS and ready for help. I learned everything abourt word and SPSS from İbrahim, thank you so much for being there when I was in trouble… Seven-year friend, three-year flatmate, beyond these a lovely sister…I could not express my feelings about Cansu Öz with just words. Throughout my METU years, she was always next to me. When all things went wrong, she made me stay strong. Her continuous support, patience and friendship is everything to me. Without her, it could be very hard for me to stay sane during both undergraduate and graduate education. I really appreciate for your support and friendship. I really love you very much my sister… Finally, many special thanks to my lovely family for their endless support, motivation and love. It is very hard for me to find enpugh word to express my gratitude. Sizi çok seviyorum. x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................. III ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... IV ÖZ….……………………………………………………….………………………...…VI DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………...VIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………IX TABLE OF CONTENT……………………….……………………………………......XI LIST OF TABLES………………………..……………………………………………XV LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………..……………..XVIII CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION…..…………………………………………………………..……1 1.1.Human Factors in Aviation…………………………………………………...2 1.2.Human Factors Perspectives………………………………………………….3 1.2.1. Cognitive Perspectives……………………………………………3 1.2.2. Ergonomics and System Design Perspectives……………………3 1.2.3. Aeromedical Perspectives………………………………………...4 1.2.4. Psychosocial Perspectives………………………………………...4 1.2.5. Organizational Perspectives………………………………………4 1.3.Human Factors Related to Aviation Safety…………………………………13 1.3.1. Unsafe Acts of Pilots……………………………………………13
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