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Gardening with Succulents Rebutia And Essex SucculentReview Volume 52 Number 1 March 2015 A garden in Essex Gardening with succulents by Paul Spracklin Rebutia and DNA Answers or simply more questions? by Ivor Crook British Cactus and Succulent Society – Zone 15 Newsletter Editorial Zone 15 Events 2015 Welcome to the Essex Succulent Saturday 23 May 12noon–5.00pm Review. Lea Valley Branch Annual Show: At the end of 2014 the Ilford Capel Manor College, Bullsmoor Lane, Enfield EN1 4RQ The plants remain on display over the May Bank Holiday weekend and the Branch of the BCSS, formerly the show includes sales of cacti, succulents and garden plants. Capel Manor Essex Branch, was amalgamated offers extensive gardens and our greenhouse display of mature cacti and with Havering Branch. succulent plants. The Essex Succulent Review was Saturday 6 June 11.00am–4.00pm originally a newsletter, produced Havering Branch Annual Show by the Essex Branch, with the North Romford Community Centre, Collier Row, Romford RM5 3QJ first issue being published in December 1963. At the time the Saturday 13 June 11.00am–4.00pm Essex Branch, which had been in Southend-on-Sea Branch Show: existence since 1953, had ‘about United Reformed Church Hall, Kings Road, Leigh-on-Sea SS0 8PP 100 members’ of which some Saturday 11 July 10.30am–4.00pm 35–40 regularly attended Waltham Forest Branch Show: meetings. The first issue of the Chingford Horticultural Hall, Larkshall Road, Chingford E4 6PE Essex Succulent Review was Plant sales from 9.00am sent, free of charge, to all Saturday/Sunday 18/19 July 11.00am–4.00pm members, who were invited to Zone 15 Annual Show each day pay an annual subscription of 4/- RHS Garden Hyde Hall, Creephedge Lane, Rettendon, Chelmsford, (20p) to continue to receive it. Essex CM3 8ET Today, of course, an on-line ‘subscription’ to the Essex Succulent Review is completely A new Zone 15 Show venue free. Just send me an email to This year’s Zone 15 Show will be garden plants which are drought the address below and I will add held at the RHS Garden, Hyde tolerant. you to the notification list. You Hall, near Chelmsford. can stop this at any time simply Last year the Chelmsford Branch by telling me to do so. The garden extends over 360 staged a display of plants at acres and includes a number of Hyde Hall in July which attracted different growing areas, a lake, a lot of interest from the public Essex ponds and woodland walks. SucculentReview (see ESR Vol 51 No 3, September Of particular interest is the dry 2014) and it is hoped that the Zone Show, which extends over The Essex Succulent Review is garden, created in 2001 on a two days, will do the same. published quarterly in March, south-facing slope, featuring June, September and December. Spalding Branch looks forward to welcoming you to the It is available on-line free of charge. Just send an email to Spalding Cactus Mart [email protected] to receive notification of each Saturday 25 April 2015 issue when it is available. 10.00am – 3.00pm at Past issues are archived at www.zone15.bcss.org.uk/esr.html Holbeach Community Centre Fishpond Lane, Holbeach Editor Sheila Cude Lincs PE12 7DG Address 25 Macleod Road London N21 1SW At least 13 growers and nurseries will be participating see www.spalding.bcss.org.uk/cactusmart.html for a list of these Phone 020 8340 1928 An extensive selection of refreshments will be available all day Email [email protected] There will be ample FREE parking and admission is FREE! 2 Fig. 1 Mediolobivia steinmannii ‘cincinnata’ Rebutia and DNA Answers, or simply more questions? by Ivor Crook For hundreds of years mankind has organisms be referred to by two names, wanted to classify the natural world by the first being the genus (plural genera) placing similar living organisms into and the second the species name. groups. As our knowledge expands it is Together these should form a unique necessary to revise these classifications. combination across the whole of the The development of DNA technology has plant and animal kingdom. In other changed our perception of these words no two different living organisms classifications dramatically over the last should have the same scientific name. 25 years. Secondly he realised that there was a If the classification of any group of plants hierarchy or tiered system of has been thrown into utter confusion classification. There was often more than with the advent of DNA technology, then one species in a genus. For example, the that group is surely Rebutia. To wild horse, donkey and zebra all look understand why this happened we need different but are also very similar in a lot to start at the beginning. of ways and all belong to the genus Equus. Horses, giraffes, monkeys and The father of modern taxonomy is surely humans all have hair and are warm- the great Swedish scientist blooded therefore, at a higher level of Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778). Prior to classification, they are all mammals. At a Linnaeus, plant names were often a short higher level still, along with reptiles, birds Latin description, for instance the and amphibians, they are all chordates, humble tomato was referred to as that is animals with a backbone. ‘Solanum caule inermi herbaceo, foliis pinnatis incisis, racemis simplicibus’. The next major breakthrough occurred Linnaeus made two major contributions in 1859 with the publication by to classification. He determined that all Charles Darwin of his famous work, 3 Rebutia and DNA continued ‘The Origin of Species’. We all pygmaea and steinmannii. The plants know that Darwin proposed were placed in the genus for two evolution as a process of change, reasons. Geographically, they all grow at in which the best suited to a high altitude in the South American changing environment survived Andes of Bolivia and Argentina. while others died out. What is Secondly, they are all small, globular or often not fully realised is that short cylindrical plants and have a flower Darwin also set the rules for ‘a with a distinct tube. good genus’. He was the first to By 1997, when John Pilbeam’s book, suggest that all species in any ‘Rebutia’ was published, 71 species had genus should have evolved from a been divided into three subgenera, common ancestor in the past, and Rebutia, Aylostera and Mediolobivia. that the genus should contain all When I talk to people in the hobby, this organisms, living or extinct, that is what most people seem to understand evolved from that point. by the word Rebutia. The plants all fit the Thus, as more and more cacti similarities defined by Britton and Rose, Fig. 2 A typical were discovered and named, they but are split into three groups or Aylostera flower in had to fit into this framework. Before the subgenera on the grounds of differences section showing the 1990s there was no DNA technology in the form of the flower. Subgenus narrow tube with contents fused in the applied to plants. So, how were they Rebutia has flowers without, or almost lower part and hairs classified? The answer is, by the only without, any hair. Subgenus Mediolobivia on the tube means known at the time. Plants were contains plants with a few hairs or classified and placed into genera, as bristles at the base of a short, relatively were all other organisms, by factors they broad flower. Finally, plants in the had in common. Cacti with flowers that subgenus Aylostera have much narrower have no areoles, hair or spines were flowers with more hair. placed in the genus Gymnocalycium. Plants with flat pads were all placed Next came the ‘lumpers’ movement’. within Opuntia and so on. This was an initiative by botanists to look for the similarities between plants rather The first Rebutia, Rebutia minuscula was than their differences. The lumpers’ named by Karl Schumann in 1895. By heyday was back in 2006 with the the time Britton and Rose published ‘The publication of the ‘New Cactus Lexicon’ Cactaceae’ in 1923, five species were by David Hunt and others. At this point, Fig. 3 Aylostera included in the genus Rebutia, namely, Weingartia and Sulcorebutia, along with fiebrigii 'hoffmannii' minuscula, fiebrigii, pseudominuscula, Cintia, Mediolobivia and Aylostera, were transferred into the genus Rebutia. The first paper on DNA sequencing applied to South America cacti in detail was published in 2007. It had dramatic consequences for the genus Rebutia in the sense of the New Cactus Lexicon. Now a completely new system was used to classify plants. Rather than relying on just the outward look of the plant, DNA sequencing allowed a closer look at the genetic make-up of the plant. Most botanists feel this gives a more reliable indicator of the true relationship between plants because it can show the differences and similarities between their DNA. This enables scientists to more accurately predict which plants shared a 4 Rebutia and DNA continued common ancestor at some time in the past which, as we saw above, was Darwin’s indicator of a good genus. I think it is important to see this DNA paper as the next step and not the final solution to classification of Rebutia. It makes advances to our understanding of how South American cacti are related to each other but also poses some new questions. The DNA evidence appears to show an early major split into two large groups. The first being many of the genera found today in Brazil along with cacti found in valleys on the eastern side of the Andes Fig.
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