Samuel Purchas

PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

THIS WORLD IS NOT FOR EVERYONE1

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

1. What the book HAKLUYTUS POSTHUMUS, OR PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES amounts to is white geographical expansion as the unfolding of a Divine purpose and plan, a plan available only to white men; but not all whites, decidedly only Christian ones; but not all Christian whites, definitely only Protestant ones. To emphasize this point, here are some of the more blatantly offensive remarks by the racist Reverend Samuel Purchas: “These Savages are naturally great thieves.” “Civility is not the way to win Savages.” “[S]cour the country of the unneighborly malicious naturals.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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CAPE COD: It is remarkable that there is not in English any PEOPLE OF adequate or correct account of the French exploration of what is CAPE COD now the coast of New England, between 1604 and 1608, though it is conceded that they then made the first permanent European settlement on the continent of North America north of St. ÆSOP Augustine. If the lions had been the painters it would have been XENOPHANES otherwise. This omission is probably to be accounted for partly by the fact that the early edition of Champlain’s “Voyages” had CHAMPLAIN not been consulted for this purpose. This contains by far the most particular, and, I think, the most interesting chapter of what we may call the Ante-Pilgrim history of New England, extending to one hundred and sixty pages quarto; but appears to be unknown WEBSTER equally to the historian and the orator on Plymouth Rock. Bancroft BANCROFT does not mention Champlain at all among the authorities for De Monts’ expedition, nor does he say that he ever visited the coast of New England. Though he bore the title of pilot to De Monts, he was, in another sense, the leading spirit, as well as the historian of the expedition. Holmes, Hildreth, and Barry, and BARRY apparently all our historians who mention Champlain, refer to the edition of 1632, in which all the separate charts of our harbors, &c., and about one half the narrative, are omitted; for the author explored so many lands afterward that he could afford to forget a part of what he had done. Hildreth, speaking of De Monts’s HILDRETH expedition, says that “he looked into the Penobscot [in 1605], which Pring had discovered two years before,” saying nothing PRING about Champlain’s extensive exploration of it for De Monts in 1604 (Holmes says 1608, and refers to Purchas); also that he followed HOLMES in the track of Pring along the coast “to Cape Cod, which he PURCHAS called Malabarre.” (Haliburton had made the same statement before HALIBURTON him in 1829. He called it Cap Blanc, and Malle Barre (the Bad Bar) was the name given to a harbor on the east side of the Cape.) Pring says nothing about a river there. Belknap says that Weymouth BELKNAP discovered it in 1605. Sir F. Gorges says, in his narration (Maine WEYMOUTH Hist. Coll., Vol. II. p. 19), 1658, that Pring in 1606 “made a GORGES perfect discovery of all the rivers and harbors.” This is the most I can find. Bancroft makes Champlain to have discovered more western rivers in Maine, not naming the Penobscot; he, however, must have been the discoverer of distances on this river (see Belknap, p. 147). Pring was absent from England only about six months, and sailed by this part of Cape Cod (Malebarre) because it yielded no sassafras, while the French, who probably had not heard of Pring, were patiently for years exploring the coast in search of a place of settlement, sounding and surveying its harbors. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1575

By about this year Gabriel Archer had been born in Mountnessing, Essexto John Archer and Eleanor Frewin Archer. He would be educated at Cambridge University.

It was probably in about this year that Samuel Purchas was born at Thaxted in Essex (we know he was a near- contemporary of the Reverend Richard Hakluyt and that he would graduate at St John’s College of Cambridge University, in 1600).

Francis Bacon graduated from Trinity College of Cambridge University.

TRINITY COLLEGE HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1600

Phineas Fletcher, a scholar from the Westminster School of Eton in Buckinghamshire, matriculated at King’s College of Cambridge University.

KING’S COLLEGE

ST JOHN’S HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Samuel Purchas graduated at St John’s College of Cambridge University (later he would become a B.D.).

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1604

Having been rejected with rudeness by the court of King James I of England, Michael Drayton found an outlet for his bitterness in an unfortunate satire, THE OWLE (entered at Stationers’ Hall in February). The “owle,” keeping a careful eye on all the other birds, amused no-one. In this year he would also create a misbegotten 2 scriptural narrative, MOYSES IN A MAP OF HIS MIRACLES, as an epic in heroic stanzas.

Samuel Purchas was presented by King James I of England to the vicarage of St. Laurence and All Saints, Eastwood, Essex.

The POETICALL ESSAYES OF ALEXANDER CRAIGE, SCOTO-BRITANE, by Alexander Craig of Rosecraig, imprinted by William White dwelling in Cow-lane neere Holborne Conduit and dedicated to King James I of England.

William Alexander’s TRAGEDIE OF DARIUS was reprinted in London together with a 2d tragedy, CROESUS. Introduced by Argyll at the court of King James VI in Scotland, this playwright gained the favour of the monarch, whom he followed to England, where he was made one of the gentlemen-extraordinary of Prince Henry’s chamber. In this timeframe he wrote AURORA and also created a set of 8-lined stanzas on the familiar 3 theme of princely duty, intituled A PARÆNESIS TO PRINCE HENRY (as Sir William wrote of the River Forth of Scotland in this poetic source, Henry Thoreau would eventually be writing of the Merrimack River of New England).

2. 26 years later this would be revised into MOSES, HIS BIRTH AND MIRACLES. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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3. Thoreau seems to have quoted from Sir William Alexander’s “A Parænesis to Prince Henry” on page 85 of A WEEK ON THE CONCORD AND MERRIMACK RIVERS. Professor E. Robert Sattelmeyer indicates on his page 119 that Thoreau had become familiar with this during his study in Alexander Chalmers, THE WORKS OF THE ENGLISH POETS, FROM CHAUCER TO COWPER; INCLUDING THE SERIES EDITED WITH PREFACES, BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL, BY DR.SAMUEL JOHNSON: AND THE MOST APPROVED TRANSLATIONS. Although we do not have a record that Thoreau ever consulted that particular volume, Volume V, of this 21-volume set, PERUSE VOLUME V PARÆNSIS TO PRINCE HENRY I must acknowledge that I presently know only of a secondary source from which Thoreau might have accessed such materials, and have no greater evidence that Thoreau was familiar with any such secondary source. Thoreau might possibly have copied this extract from some secondary source such as pages 585/586 of the Reverend William Nimmo, Minister of Bothkennar’s HISTORY OF STIRLINGSHIRE. CORRECTED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME BY THE REV. WILLIAM MACGREGOR STIRLING, MINISTER OF PORT (Re-issued in 1817 by John Fraser for Andrew Bean, Bookseller, Stirling; A. Constable & Co. Oliphant & Co. J. Ogle, J. Fairbairn, J. Anderson & Co. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh; Lumsden & Son, A. & J.M. Duncan, Brash and Reid, M. Ogle, W. & P. Jenkins, Glasgow; W. Reid, Leith; J. Rankine, Falkirk; and, J. Macisack, Alloa), for that secondary source reads as follows: A still earlier writer, Sir William Alexander 1st Earl of Stirling, was correct, when, in his “Parænesis, or Exhortation to Government,” addressed to the renowned Prince Henry, he says, “Forth, when she first doth from Benlowmond rinne, Is poore of waters, naked of renowne; But Carron, Allan, Teath and Devon in, Doth grow the greater still the further downe: Till that abounding both in power and fame, She long doth strive to give the sea her name.” The Romans, adopting, no doubt, the words of the natives, and fitting them to their own pronunciation, called this river “Bodotria.” Tacitus in Agricolam, c. 23. But what was Bodotria, and what was the pronunciation of the natives that suggested the name? To this question a Celtic scholar has favoured us with the following answer. “I have been induced to think that the Celts, in comparing this much finer river, the Teath, “the hot or boiling stream,” with the sluggish, moss-banked river which the Forth exhibits from Gartmore to Frew, called the latter Bao-shruth, “insignificant stream.” We observe that Mr P. MacFarlan translates Bath-shruth “smooth slow stream.” Gaelic Vocabulary, Edinburgh, 1815. A question still occurs, how came it to be called Forth? Phorth pronounced with the aspirates quiescent, becomes Port. Changing Ph into F, we have Forth; a name applicable to a river affording the means of navigation.

E. Robert Sattelmeyer. THOREAU’S READING: A STUDY IN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY WITH BIOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE. Princeton NJ: Princeton UP, 1988

LIST AS PREPARED IN 1988 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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A WEEK: By the law of its birth never to become stagnant, for it has PEOPLE OF come out of the clouds, and down the sides of precipices worn in the A WEEK flood, through beaver-dams broke loose, not splitting but splicing and mending itself, until it found a breathing-place in this low land. There is no danger now that the sun will steal it back to heaven again before it reach the sea, for it has a warrant even to recover its own dews into its bosom again with interest at every eve. It was already the water of Squam and Newfound Lake and Winnipiseogee, and White Mountain snow dissolved, on which we were floating, and Smith’s and Baker’s and Mad Rivers, and Nashua and Souhegan and Piscataquoag, and Suncook and Soucook and Contoocook, mingled in incalculable proportions, still fluid, yellowish, restless all, with an ancient, ineradicable inclination to the sea. So it flows on down by Lowell and Haverhill, at which last place it first suffers a sea change, and a few masts betray the vicinity of the ocean. Between the towns of Amesbury and Newbury it is a broad commercial river, from a third to half a mile in width, no longer skirted with yellow and crumbling banks, but backed by high green hills and pastures, with frequent white beaches on which the fishermen draw up their nets. I have passed down this portion of the river in a steamboat, and it was a pleasant sight to watch from its deck the fishermen dragging their seines on the distant shore, as in pictures of a foreign strand. At intervals you may meet with a schooner laden with lumber, standing up to Haverhill, or else lying at anchor or aground, waiting for wind or tide; until, at last, you glide under the famous Chain Bridge, and are landed at Newburyport. Thus she who at first was “poore of waters, naked of renowne,” having received so many fair tributaries, as was said of the Forth, “Doth grow the greater still, the further downe; Till that abounding both in power and fame, She long doth strive to give the sea her name”; or if not her name, in this case, at least the impulse of her stream. From the steeples of Newburyport you may review this river stretching far up into the country, with many a white sail glancing over it like an inland sea, and behold, as one wrote who was born on its head- waters, “Down out at its mouth, the dark inky main blending with the blue above. Plum Island, its sand ridges scolloping along the horizon like the sea-serpent, and the distant outline broken by many a tall ship, leaning, still, against the sky.”

SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER HDT WHAT? INDEX

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As King James I of England, James increased his import tax on tobacco by 4,000% and issued

ACOUNTERBLASTE TO TOBACCO: Smoking is a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black, stinking fume thereof nearest resembling the horrible Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless.

The monarch indicated the contempt in which he held those of his subjects who needed daily to use a drug for mere pleasure, and who were able easily to accept a habit of a bunch of mere unbaptized barbarians. He bewailed the cost of a “precious stink,” and repeated some of the horror stories then being circulated by nonsmokers. Among other things, he reminded his readers that some great tobacco-takers had been found, upon dissection, to have “infected” their “inward parts” with “an oily kind of soot.” King James said if he ever had the Devil to dinner, he’d offer him a pipe. With regards to secondhand smoke, he offered accurately enough that “The wife must either take up smoking or resolve to live in a perpetual stinking torment.” The government of James would be the first to find a tax upon tobacco to be enormously profitable. Trying to stamp out smoking, he first increased taxes on tobacco 4,000%, from 2 pence/pound to 6 shillings, 8 pence/pound. That stopped his subjects from buying licit tobacco but dried up the money stream that had been coming into his Treasury. He therefore slashed his tax to 2 shillings/pound and watched as the coin of the realm again poured into his coffers. As a result of the high duty placed upon tobacco (a duty which was continually advanced during King James I’s and his son Charles I’s reigns over England), a situation would arise similar to our own during our prohibition era. The common phrases and conditions of that era are also applicable to the tobacco trade in London early in the 17th Century; the commodity was “free of duty,” was retailed by smugglers as “right off the ship,” all dandies knew where the best stuff was to be secretly had, domestic tobacco was reworked to give it the semblance of “Spanish,” and the wide advertising which smoking received because of the campaign against it induced many, who had never smoked before, to experiment with the habit.

JAMES I

A PARAENESIS to prince HENRY. Lo here, brave youth, as zeal and duty move, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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I labour, though in vain, to find some gift Both worthy of thy place, and of my love ; But whilst myself above myself I lift, And would the best of my inventions prove, I stand to study what should be my drift ; Yet this the greatest approbation brings, Still to a prince to speak of princely things. When those of the first age that erst did live In shadowy woods, or in a humid cave, And taking that which th’ earth not forced did give, Would only pay what nature’s need did crave ; Then beasts of breath such numbers did deprive, That, following Amphion, they did deserts leave, Who with sweet sounds did lead them by the ears, Where mutual force might banish common fears. Then building walles, they barbarous rites disdain’d, The sweetnesse of society to finde; And to attayne what unity maintain’d, As peace, religion, and a vertuous minde, That so they might have restless humours rayn’d, They straight with lawes their liberty confin’d, And of the better sort the best preferr’d, To chastise them against the lawes that err’d. I wot not if proud minds who first aspir’d Ore many realms to make themselves a right ; Or if the world’s disorders so requir’d, That then had put Astræa to the flight ; Or else if some whose vertues were admir’d, And eminent in all the people’s sight, Did move peace-lovers first to reare a throne, And give the keys of life and death to one. That dignity, when first it did begin, Did grace each province and each little towne ; Forth, when she first doth from Benlowmond rinne, Is poore of waters, naked of renowne, But Carron, Allon, Teith, and Doven in, Doth grow the greater still, the further downe : Till that, abounding both in power and fame, She long doth strive to give the sea her name. Even so those soveraignties which once were small, Still swallowing up the nearest neighbouring state, With a deluge of men did realmes appall, And thus th’ Egyptian Pharoes first grew great ; Thus did th’ Assyrians make so many thrall, Thus rear’d the Romans their imperiall seat : And thus all those great states to worke have gone, Whose limits and the worlds were all but one. But I’le not plunge in such a stormy deepe, Which hath no bottome, nor can have no shore, But in the dust will let those ashes sleepe, Which (cloath’d with purple) once th’ Earth did adore ; Of them scarce now a monument wee keepe, Who (thund’ring terrour) curb’d the world before; Their states, which by a number’s ruine stood, Were founded, and confounded both, with bloud. If I would call antiquity to minde, I, for an endlesse taske might then prepare; But what ? ambition, that was ever blinde, Did get with toyle that which was kept with care, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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And those great states ’gainst which the world repin’d, Had falls, as famous, as their risings rare : And in all ages it was ever seene, What vertue rais’d, by vice hath ruin’d been. Yet registers of memorable things Would help, great Prince, to make thy judgment sound, Which to the eye a perfect mirror brings, Where all should glass themselves who would be crowned. Read these rare parts that acted were by kings, The strains heroic, and the end renowned ; Which, whilst thou in thy cabinet dost sit, Are worthy to bewitch thy growing wit. And do not, do not thou the means omit, Times matched with times, what they beget to spy, Since history may lead thee unto it — A pillar whereupon good sp’rits rely, Of time the table, and the nurse of wit, The square of reason, and the mind’s clear eye, Which leads the curious reader through huge harms, Who stands secure whilst looking on alarms. Nor is it good o’er brave men’s lives to wander, As one who at each corner stands amazed. No, study like some one thyself to render, Who to the height of glory hath been raised ; So Scipio, Cyrus, Caesar, Alexander, And that great Prince choosed him whom Homer praised. Or make, as which is recent, and best known, Thy father’s life a pattern for thine own. Yet, marking great men’s lives, this much impairs The profit which that benefit imparts, While as, transported with preposterous cares, To imitate but superficial parts. Some for themselves frame of their fancies snares, And shew what folly doth o’er-sway their hearts’: For counterfeited things do stains embrace, And all that is affected, hath no grace. Of outward things who, shallow wits, take hold, Do shew by that they can no higher win. So, to resemble Hercules of old, Mark Antony would bear the lion’s skin ; A brave Athenian’s son, as some have told, Would such a course, though to his scorn, begin, And bent, to seem look like his father dead, Would make himself to lisp, and bow his head. They who would rightly follow such as those, Must of the better parts apply the powers, As the industrious bee advis’dly goes, To seize upon the best, shun baser flowers. So, where thou dost the greatest worth disclose, To compass that, be prodigal of hours. Seek not to seem, but be. Who be, seem too. Do carelessly, and yet have care to do.

Thou to resemble thy renowned sire, Must not, though some there were, mark trivial things, But matchless virtues, which all minds admire, Whose treasure to his realms great comfort brings. That to attain, thou race of kings ! aspire, Which for thy fame may furnish airy wings ; And like to eaglets thus thou prov’st thy kind, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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When both like him in body and in mind. Ah, be not those most miserable souls, Their judgments to refine who never strive, Nor will not look upon the learned scrolls, Which without practice do experience give ; But, whilst base sloth each better care controls, Are dead in ignorance, entombed alive? ’Twixt beasts and such the difference is but small — They use not reason, beasts have none at all. Heavenly treasure which the best sort loves, Life of the soul, reformer of the will, Clear light which from the mind each cloud removes, Pure spring of virtue, physic for each ill, Which in prosperity a bridle proves, And in adversity a pillar still ! Of thee the more men get, the more they crave, And think, the more they get, the less they have. But if that knowledge be required of all, What should they do this treasure to obtain, Whom in a throne time travels to install, Where they by it of all things must ordain ? If it make them, who by their birth were thrall, As little kings, whilst o’er themselves they reign, Then it must make, when it hath throughly graced them, Kings more than kings, and like to him who placed them. This is a grief which all the world bemoans, When those lack judgment who are born to judge, And, like to painted tombs or gilded stones, To troubled souls cannot afford refuge. Kings are their kingdoms’ hearts, which, tainted once, The bodies straight corrupt in which they lodge ; And those by whose example many fall Are guilty of the murder of them all. The means which best make majesty to stand Are laws observed, whilst practice doth direct : The crown the head, the sceptre decks the hand, But only knowledge doth the thoughts erect. Kings should excel all them whom they command, In all the parts which do procure respect; And this a way to what they would, prepares, Not only as thought good, but as known theirs. Seek not due reverence only to procure With shows of sovereignty and guards oft lewd ; So Nero did, yet could not so assure The hated diadem, with blood embrued : Nor as the Persian kings, who lived obscure, And of their subjects rarely would be viewed ; So one of them was secretly o’er-thrown, And in his place the murderer reigned unknown.

No, only goodness doth beget regard, And equity doth greatest glory win ; To plague for vice, and virtue to reward, What they intend, that, bravely, to begin : This is to sovereignty a powerful guard, And makes a prince’s praise o’er all come in : Whose life, his subjects law, cleared by his deeds, More than Justinian’s toils, good order breeds. All those who o’er unbaptized nations reigned, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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By barbarous customs sought to foster fear, And with a thousand tyrannies constrained All them whom they subdued their yoke to bear ; But those whom great Jehovah hath ordained Above the Christians lawful thrones to rear, Must seek by worth to be obeyed for love, So, having reigned below, to reign above. Happy Henry, who art highly born, Yet beautifi’st thy birth with signs of worth, And, though a child, all childish toys dost scorn, To shew the world thy virtues budding forth, Which may by time this glorious isle adorn, And bring eternal trophies to the north, While as thou dost thy father’s forces lead, And art the hand, whileas he is the head. Thou, like that gallant thunder-bolt of war, Third Edward’s son, who was so much renowned, Shalt shine in valour as the morning star, And plenish with thy praise the peopled round. But like to his, let nought thy fortune mar, Who in his father’s time did die uncrowned ! Long live thy sire, so all the world desires, But longer thou, so Nature’s course requires. And, though time once thee by thy birth-right owes Those sacred honours which men most esteem, Yet flatter not thyself with those fair shows Which often-times are not such as they seem, Whose burdenous weight, the bearer but o’er-throws, That could before of no such danger deem : Then if not, armed in time, thou make thee strong, Thou dost thyself and many a thousand wrong. Since thou must manage such a mighty state, Which hath no borders but the seas and skies, Then, even as he who justly was called great Did, prodigal of pains where fame might rise, With both the parts of worth in worth grow great, As learned as valiant, and as stout as wise, So now let Aristotle lay the ground, Whereon thou after may thy greatness found. For if, transported with a base repose, Thou did’st, as thou dost not, misspend thy prime, O what a fair occasion would’st thou lose, Which after would thee grieve, though out of time ! To virtuous courses now thy thoughts dispose, While fancies are not glued with pleasure’s lime. Those who their youth to suchlike pains engage, Do gain great ease unto their perfect age. Magnanimous now, with heroic parts, Shew to the world what thou dost aim to be, The more to print in all the people’s hearts That which thou would’st they should expect of thee ; That so, preoccupied with such deserts, They after may applaud the heavens’ decree When that day comes, which, if it comes too soon, Then thou and all this isle would be undone. And otherwise what trouble should’st thou find, If first not seized of all thy subjects love, To ply all humours till thy worth have shined, That even most malcontents must it approve ; HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

For else a number would suspend their mind, As doubting what thou afterwards might’st prove, And when a state’s affections thus are cold, Of that advantage foreigners take hold. I grant in this thy fortune to be good, That art t’ inherit such a glorious crown — As one descended from that sacred blood, Which oft hath filled the world with true renown. The which still on the top of glory stood, And not so much as once seemed to look down — For who thy branches to remembrance brings, Count what he list, he cannot count but kings. And pardon me, for I must pause a while, And at a thing of right to be admired. Since those from whom thou cam’st reigned in this isle, Lo, now of years even thousands are expired, Yet none could there them thrall, nor thence exile, Nor ever failed the line so much desired : The hundred and seventh parent living free, A never-conquered crown may leave to thee. Nor hath this only happened as by chance ; Of alterations then there had been some. But that brave race which still did worth enhance, Would so presage the thing that was to come, That this united Isle should once advance, And, by the Lion led, all realms o’er-come. For if it kept a little free before, Now, having much, no doubt it must do more. And though our nations long, I must confess, Did roughly woo before that they could wed, That but endears the union we possess, Whom Neptune both combines within one bed. All ancient injuries this doth redress, And buries that which many a battle bred : Brave discords reconciled, if wrath expire, Do breed the greatest love, and most entire. Of England’s Mary had it been the chance To make King Philip father of a son, The Spaniard’s high designs so to advance, All Albion’s beauties had been quite o’er-run. Or yet if Scotland’s Mary had heired France, Our bondage then had by degrees begun : Of which, if that a stranger hold a part, To take the other that would means impart. Thus from two dangers we were twice preserved When as we seemed without recovery lost, As from their freedom those who freely swerved, And suffered strangers of our bounds to boast. Yet were we for this happy time reserved, And, but to hold it dear, a little crossed, That of the Stewarts the illustrious race Might, like their minds, a monarchy embrace.

Of that blest progeny, the wellknown worth Hath of the people a conceit procured, That from the race it never can go forth, But, long hereditary, is well assured. Thus, son of that great monarch of the north, They to obey are happily inured, O’er whom thou art expected once to reign. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

To have good ancestors one much doth gain. He who by tyranny his throne doth rear, And dispossess another of his right, Whose panting heart dare never trust his care, Since still made odious in the people’s sight, Whilst he both hath, and gives, great cause of fear, Is, spoiling all, at last spoiled of the light, And those who are descended of his blood, Ere that they be believed, must long be good. Yet though we see it is an easy thing For such a one his state still to maintain, Who, by his birthright born to be a king, Doth with the country’s love the crown obtain, The same doth many to confusion bring, Whilst, for that cause, they care not how they reign. O never throne established was so sure, Whose fall a vicious prince might not procure. Thus do a number to destruction run, And so did Tarquin once abuse his place, Who for the filthy life he had begun, Was barred from Rome, and ruined all his race; So he whose father of no king was son, Was father to no king, but, in disgrace From Sicily banished by the people’s hate, Did die at Corinth in an abject state. And as that monarch merits endless praise Who by his virtue doth a state acquire, So all the world with scornful eyes may gaze On their degener’d stems, which might aspire, As having greater power, their power to raise, Yet of their race the ruin do conspire, And for their wrong-spent life with shame do end. Kings chastised once, are not allowed t’ amend. Those who, reposing on their princely name, Can never give themselves to care for ought, But for their pleasures everything would frame, As all were made for them, and they for nought, Once th’ earth their bodies, men will spoil their fame, Though, whilst they live, all for their ease be wrought ; And those conceits on which they do depend Do but betray their fortunes in the end. This self-conceit doth so the judgment choke, That when with some aught well succeeds through it, They on the same with great affection look, And scorn th’ advice of others to admit. Thus did brave Charles, the last Burgundian duke, Dear buy a battle purchased by his wit ; By which in him such confidence was bred, That blind presumption to confusion led.

O sacred council, quintessence of souls, Strength of the commonwealth, which chains the fates, And every danger, ere it come, controls, The anchor of great realms, staff of all states ! O sure foundation which no tempest fouls, On which are builded the most glorious seats ! If ought with those succeed who scorn thy care, It comes by chance, and draws them in a snare. Thrice happy is that king, who hath the grace HDT WHAT? INDEX

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To choose a council whereon to rely, Which loves his person, and respects his place, And, like to Aristides, can cast by All private grudge, and public cares embrace, Whom no ambition nor base thoughts do tie — And that they be not, to betray their seats, The partial pensioners of foreign states. None should but those of that grave number boast, Whose lives have long with many virtues shined. As Rome respected the Patricians most, Use nobles first, if to true worth inclined ; Yet so, that unto others seem not lost All hopes to rise; for else, high hopes resigned, Industrious virtue in her course would tire, If not expecting honour for her hire. But such as those a prince should most eschew, Who dignities do curiously affect ; A public charge those who too much pursue Seem to have some particular respect. All should be godly, prudent, secret, true, Of whom a king his council should elect ; And he, whilst they advise of zeal and love, Should not the number, but the best approve. A great discretion is required to know What way to weigh opinions in his mind; But ah ! this doth the judgment oft o’er-throw, When whilst he comes within himself confined, And of the senate would but make a show, So to confirm that which he hath designed— As one who only hath whereon to rest For councillors, his thoughts, their seat his breast. But what avails a senate in this sort, Whose power within the capital is pent — A blast of breath which doth for nought import, But mocks the world with a not acted intent? Those are the councils which great states support, Which never are made known but by the event: Not those where wise men matters do propose, And fools thereafter as they please dispose. Nor is this all which ought to be desired In this assembly, since the kingdom’s soul, That, with a knowledge more than rare inspired, A commonwealth, like Plato’s, in a scroll They can paint forth ; but means are, too, acquired Disorder’s torrent freely to control, And, arming with authority their lines, To act with justice that which wit designs. Great empress of this universal frame, The Atlas on whose shoulders states are stayed, Who sway’st the reins which all the world do tame, And mak’st men good by force, with red arrayed! Disorder’s enemy, virgin without blame, Within whose balance good and bad are weighed, O ! sovereign of all virtues, without thee Nor peace nor war can entertained be ! Thou from confusion all things hast redeemed. The meeting of Amphictyons had been vain, And all those senates which were most esteemed, Were ’t not by thee their councils crowned remain; HDT WHAT? INDEX

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And all those laws had but dead letters seemed, Which Solon, or Lycurgus, did ordain, Were ’t not thy sword made all alike to die, And not the weak, while as the strong ’scaped by. O not without great cause all th’ ancients did Paint magistrates placed to explain the laws, Not having hands, so bribery to forbid, Which them from doing right too oft withdraws; And with a veil the judges’ eyes were hid, Who should not see the party, but the cause. God’s deputies, which his tribunal rear, Should have a patent, not a partial ear. An lack of justice hath huge evils begun, Which by no means could be repaired again ; The famous sire of that most famous son, From whom, while as he sleeping did remain, One did appeal, till that his sleep was done, And whom a widow did discharge to reign Because he had not time plaints to attend, Did lose his life for such a fault in th’ end. This justice is the virtue most divine Which like the King of kings shews kings inclined, Whose sure foundations nought can undermine, If once within a constant breast confined : For otherwise she cannot clearly shine, While as the magistrate oft changing mind Is oft too swift, and sometimes slow to strike, As led by private ends, not still alike. Use mercy freely, justice as constrained ; This must be done, although that be more dear, And oft the form may make the deed disdained, Whilst justice tastes of tyranny too near. One may be justly, yet in rage arraigned, Whilst reason ruled by passions doth appear : Once Socrates, because o’ercome with ire, Did from correcting one, till calmed, retire. Those who want means their anger to assuage, Do oft themselves, or others, rob of breath. Fierce Valentinian, surfeiting in rage, By bursting of a vein did bleed to death ; And Theodosus, still but then, thought sage, Caused murder thousands, whilst quite drunk with wrath, Who, to prevent the like opprobrious crime, Made still suspend his edicts for a time. Of virtuous kings all the actions do proceed Forth from the spring of a paternal love, To cherish, or correct, as realms have need ; For which he more than for himself doth move, Who, many a million’s ease that way to breed, Makes sometime some his indignation prove, And like to Codrus, would even death embrace, If for the country’s good and people’s peace.

This lady, that so long unarmed hath strayed, Now holds the balance, and doth draw the sword, And never was more gloriously arrayed, Nor in short time did greater good afford ; The state which to confusion seemed betrayed, And could of nought but blood and wrongs record, Lo! freed from trouble and intestine rage, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Doth boast yet to restore the golden age. Thus doth thy father, generous prince, prepare A way for thee to gain immortal fame, And lays the grounds of greatness with such care, That thou may’st build great works upon the same; Then since thou art to have a field so fair, Whereas thou once mayst eternize thy name, Begin, whileas a greater light thine smothers, And learn to rule thyself ere thou rul’st others. For still true magnanimity, we find, Both harbour early in a generous breast : To match Miltiades, whose glory shined, Themistocles, a child, was robbed of rest ; Yet strive to be a monarch of thy mind, For as to dare great things all else detest ; A generous emulation spurs the sp’rit, Ambition doth abuse the courage quite. Whilst of illustrious lives thou look’st the story, Abhor those tyrants which still swimmed in blood, And follow those who, to their endless glory, High in their subjects’ love by virtue stood; O ! be like him who on a time was sorry Because that whilst he chanced to do no good There but one day had happened to expire : He was the world’s delight, the heaven’s desire. But as by mildness some great states do gain, By lenity some lose that which they have. England’s sixth Henry could not live and reign, But, being simple, did huge foils receive: Brave Scipio’s army mutinied in Spain, And, by his meekness bold, their charge did leave. O ! to the state it brings great profit oft, To be sometimes severe, and never soft. To guide his coursers warily through the sky, Erst Phoebus did his phaeton require, Since from the middle way if swerving by, The heavens would burn or the earth would be on fire. So doth ’twixt two extremes each virtue lie To which the purest sp’rits ought to aspire; He lives most sure who no extreme doth touch, Nought would too little be, nor yet too much. Some kings whom all men did in hatred hold, With avaricious thoughts whose breasts were torn, Too basely given to feast their eyes with gold, Used ill and abject means, which brave minds scorn ; Such whilst they only seek, no vice controlled, How they may best their treasuries adorn, Are, though like Crœsus rich, whilst wealth them blinds, Yet still as poor as Irus in their minds.

And some again, as foolish fancies move, Who praise preposterous fondly do pursue, Not liberal, no, but prodigal do prove, Then, whilst their treasures they exhausted view, With subsidies do lose their subject’s love, And spoil whole realms, though but t’ enrich a few, Whilst with authority their pride they cloak, Who ought to die by smoke for selling smoke. But O ! the prince most loathed in every land HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Is one all given to lust ; who hardly can Free from some great mishap a long time stand ; For all the world his deeds with hatred scan. Should he who hath the honour to command The noblest creature, great God’s image — man, Be to the vilest vice the basest slave, The body’s plague, soul’s death, and honour’s grave ? That beastly monster who, retired a part, Amongst his concubines began to spin, Took with the habit too a woman’s heart And ended that which Ninus did begin. Faint-hearted Xerxes, who did gifts impart To them who could devise new ways to sin, Though backed with worlds of men, straight took the flight, And had not courage but to see them fight. Thus doth soft pleasure but abase the mind, And making one to servile thoughts descend, Doth make the body weak, the judgment blind — An hateful life, an ignominious end ; Where those who did this raging tyrant bind With virtue’s chains, their triumphs to attend, Have by that means a greater glory gained Than all the victories which they attained. The valorous Persian who not once but gaz’d On faire Panthea’s face to ease his toyls, His glory, by that continency, rais’d More than by Babylon’s and Lydia’s spoyls; The Macedonian monarch was more prais’d Than for triumphing ore so many soils, That of his greatest foe (though beauteous seene) He chastely entertain’d the captiv’d queene. Thus have still-gazed-at monarchs much ado Who, all the world’s disorders to redress, Should shine like to the sun, the which still, lo ! The more it mounts aloft, doth seem the less; They should with confidence go freely to, And, trusting to their worth, their will express; Not like French Louis th’ Eleventh, who did maintain That who could not dissemble could not reign. But still, to guard their state, the strongest bar And surest refuge in each dangerous storm Is to be found a gallant man of war, With heart that dare attempt, hands to perform. Not that they venture should their state too far, And to each soldiers course their course conform; The skilful pilots at the rudder sit, Let others use their strength, and them their wit. In Mars his mysteries to gain renown It gives kings glory, and assures their place ; It breeds them a respect among’st their own, And makes their neighbours fear to lose their grace; Still all those should, who love to keep their crown, In peace prepare for war, in war for peace : For as all fear a prince who dare attempt, The want of courage brings one in contempt. And, royal off-spring, who mayst high aspire, As one to whom thy birth high hopes assigned, This well becomes the courage of thy sire, Who trains thee up according to thy kind ; HDT WHAT? INDEX

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He, though the world his prosperous reign admire, In which his subjects such a comfort find, Hath, if the bloody art moved to embrace, That wit then to make war, which now keeps peace. And O ! how this, dear prince, the people charms, Who flock about thee oft in ravished bands — To see thee young, yet manage so thine arms, Have a mercurial mind and martial hands. This exercise thy tender courage warms ; And still true greatness but by virtue stands ; Agesilaus said no king could be More great, unless more virtuous than he. And though that all of thee great things expect, Thou, as too little, mak’st their hopes ashamed. As he who on Olympus did detect The famous Theban’s foot, his body framed, By thy beginnings so we may collect How great thy worth by time may he proclaimed. For who thy actions doth remark, may see That there he many Qesars within thee. Though every state by long experience finds That greatest blessings prospering peace imparts As which all subjects to good order binds, Yet breeds this isle, still populous in all parts, Such vigorous bodies and such restless minds, That they disdain to use mechanic arts, And, being haughty, cannot live in rest, Yea, such, when idle, are a dangerous pest. A prudent Roman told in some few hours To Rome’s estate what danger did redound Then, when they razed the Carthaginian towers, By which, while as they stood, still means were found With others’ harms to exercise their powers ; The want whereof their greatness did confound, For when no more with foreign foes embroiled. Straight by intestine wars the state was spoiled. No, since this soil, which with great sp’rits abounds, Can hardly nurse her nurslings all in peace, Then let us keep her bosom free from wounds, And spend our fury in some foreign place. There is no wall can limit now our bounds, But all the world will need walls in short space To keep our troops from seizing on new thrones. The marble chair must pass the ocean once. “What fury o’er my judgment doth prevail ? Methinks I see all th’ earth glance with our arms, And groaning Neptune charged with many a sail ; I hear the thundering trumpet sound th’ alarms, Whilst all the neighbouring nations do look pale, Such sudden fear each panting heart disarms, To see those martial minds together gone, The lion and the leopard in one.

I, Henry, hope with this mine eyes to feed, Whilst, ere thou wear’st a crown, thou wear’st a shield, And when thou, making thousands once to bleed That dare behold thy count’nance and not yield, Stirr’st through the bloody dust a foaming steed. An interested witness in the field, I may amongst those bands thy grace attend, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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And be thy Homer when the wars do end. But stay, where fliest thou, Muse, so far astray? And whilst affection doth thy course command, Dar’st thus above thy reach attempt a way To court the heir of Albion’s warlike land, Who gotten hath, his generous thoughts to sway, A royal gift out of a royal hand, And hath before his eyes that type of worth, That star of state, that pole which guides the north. Yet o’er thy father, lo, such is thy fate, Thou hast this vantage which may profit thee — An orphaned infant, settled in his seat, He greater than himself could never see, Where thou may’st learn by him the art of state, And by another what thyself should’st be, Whilst that which he had only but heard told, In all his course thou practised may’st behold, And this advantage long may’st thou retain, By which to make thee blest the heavens conspire, And labour of his worth to make thy gain, To whose perfections thou may’st once aspire ; When as thou shew’st thyself, whilst thou dost reign, A son held worthy of so great a sire, And with his sceptres and the people’s hearts, Dost still inherit his heroic parts.

NO-ONE’S LIFE IS EVER NOT DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HAPPENSTANCE

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1607

December 29, Tuesday (Old Style): The American deer hunters who had captured John Smith took him to Powhatan at Werawocomoo (which, according to Smith, was located on the north side of the Pamaunkee River, now the York River, 25 miles below where the “river is divided” at what we call West Point in Gloucester County) to evaluate his fate. The sachem was apparently as greatly impressed with Smith’s self-confidence as by any of the contents of his pockets. Smith was questioned about his colony and then participated in some sort of ritual or trial, after which, in keeping with an Indian custom, he was made a subordinate chief in the tribe.

Powhatan’s 11-year-old daughter took part in the ceremony in some way, and Smith would eventually be proclaiming the likely story that this girl, nicknamed Pocahontas, had somehow romantically determined his destiny.

Smith would be released on January 2 and guided back to Jamestown. Meanwhile the colony had been in a ferment due to lack of supplies, laziness, and periodic attempts at desertion by many of the colonists, personal conflicts among its various leaders, and disagreement over various new policies being formulated in London. At his entrance before the King, all the people gave a great shout. The Queen of Appomattock was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel to dry them: having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could lay hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereupon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas the King’s dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death.... HDT WHAT? INDEX

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There are a couple three major problems with this, not least the fact that even if such a scene had gone down during John Smith’s captivity, it would not necessarily have been interpretable as a failed execution. Captives were regularly adopted into the tribes by some such symbolism as preparing them for execution then embracing them, and virtually anyone in the area at the time, even a white man, would have well understood this. One of the major problems to be overcome, in order to accept such a narrative at face value, is that this eager cultivator of a personal legend breathed not a work of this fave story at the time: Smith would only begin to tell of this dramatic crisis in his life at a much later date, specifically 1622, the last year in which it would have possible for anyone else who had been on the scene to step forward and announce “That’s just not what happened, not what happened at all.” Where had this interesting detail been during the fourteen full years from 1608 to 1621? The lie now seems almost too obvious: the rescue story did not appear anywhere in his published writings until 1622, the year that Rolfe died; by dint of hearsay at least, he had been the last possible witness.

CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE

Another major problem is that this would not be the only time Smith would brag that his life had been saved by one or another notable woman. Over the years the guy would claim to have been saved by, count them, • “The beauteous Lady [Charatza] Tragabigganza, when I was a slave to the Turks” [in Constantinople] • “[T]he charitable Lady Callamata [a Russian], when I overcame the Bashaw of Nalbrits in Tartaria” • “[T]hat blessed Pocahontas, the great King’s daughter of Virginia” • “[T]he good Lady Madame [de] Chanoyes [a Frenchwoman], when I escaped the cruelty of pirates and most furious storms, a long time alone in a small boat at sea”

Smith mangles the names, and presents them all Italian style, as if he were copying such materials out of one or another book he had been perusing, a book which we have unfortunately not as yet identified.

(Actually, this self-promoter would embellish that Princess Pocahontas had saved his life not merely once, but “oft.” His word, “oft.” “Oft.” This guy had stories he hadn’t even made up yet.)

Another major problem is that this soldier’s autobiography seems to be constructed in long narrative paragraphs, in which he recounts general details of which he would not be likely as a person passing through to have had any personal knowledge, followed by short particular paragraphs, in which he makes his claims to his dramatic personal exploits such as chopping off three heads in a row. There seem to be in addition significant similarities between the general narratives Smith provided, and some secondhand extrapolations from an unpublished manuscript now lost to which Smith very likely had access by way of its editor the Reverend Samuel Purchas, to wit, Francisco Ferneza’s THE WARS OF HUNGARY, WALLACHIA AND MOLDAVIA. Smith seems to have embellished his own recollections with some outside literary materials. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Well, figure this out for yourself.

Interestingly, at another point in his elaborate bragging about himself Smith relates that once upon a time Pocahontas came out of the woods with a pair of antlers strapped to her head to do an elaborate dance for the white people, attired only in a few strategically placed leaves. Smith may have been having a whole lot of fun at our expense not only with brags, but also with erotic fantasies.

We tend to think of Captain Smith as having been something of a friend to the native Americans, on the basis of his having been adopted into one of their tribes. For a time it met the colony’s publicity needs, to pretend this, but by 1624 the original financial backers of the Virginia colony were no longer part of the picture, with what was left of the colony having been placed under the control of the crown. At that point there was no further need for Smith to dissimulate, and so, at the end of his account of the 1622 attack by tribespeople upon the white settlement, he included the following material which to my reading establishes as fact that he was not merely a get-tough guy but was inspired by a serious long-term racist genocidal intent: [N]ow we have just cause to destroy [the Salvages] by all means possible: but I think it had been much better [that the 1622 attack] had never happened, for they have given us an hundred times as just occasions long ago to subject them.... Moreover, where before we were troubled in clearing the ground of great timber, which was to them of small use: now we may take their own plain fields and habitations, which are the pleasantest places in the country. Besides, the deer, turkeys, and other beasts and fowls will exceedingly increase if we beat the Salvages out of the country: for at all times of the year they never spare male nor female, old nor young, eggs nor birds, fat nor lean, in season or out of season; with them all is one. The like they did in our swine and goats, for they have used to kill eight in ten more than we, or else the wood would most plentifully abound with victual; besides it is more easy to civilize them by conquest than fair means; for the one may be made at once, but their civilizing will require a long time and much industry. the manner how to suppress them is so often related and approved, I omit it here: And you have twenty examples of the Spaniards how they got the West Indies, and forced the treacherous and rebellious infidels to do all matters of drudgery work and slavery for them, themselves living like soldiers upon the fruits of their labors. This will make us more circumspect, and be an example to posterity: (But I say, this might as well have been put in practise [sic] sixteen years ago as HDT WHAT? INDEX

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now.) TURKEYS

I think the last word on Smith has already been said: In the last analysis, Smith the man was not merely cruel-minded, but pathetically irrelevant. The manufacturers of his legend had, in the end, taken only what they wanted of him, and left him behind.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1613

The initial volume of the Reverend Samuel Purchas’s PILGRIMES series, a continuation of the work of the Reverend Richard Hakluyt by a clergyman of a similar “This World is Not for Everyone” orientation (the final volume of this series, HAKLUYTUS POSTHUMUS, would be based in part on manuscripts left by the Reverend 4 Richard Hakluyt and would amount to a continuation of his PRINCIPAL NAVIGATIONS).

CONSULT E-TEXTS OF THIS

(Note that the 4th edition of the PILGRIMAGE is usually catalogued as the 5th volume of the PILGRIMES — despite the fact that the two works are essentially distinct.)

4. The RELACIÓN of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca had been translated into Italian in 1556, and this Italian version had become the source for an English version of his adventure, a paraphrase which appeared in this year as part of PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1614

Samuel Purchas became chaplain to Archbishop George Abbot and rector of St Martin, Ludgate, London (he had already been spending a lot of time in London in regard to his geographical work). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1615

Samuel Purchas was admitted at Oxford University.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1617

The 3d edition of the Reverend Samuel Purchas’s PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMAGE, OR RELATIONS OF THE WORLD AND THE RELIGIONS OBSERVED IN ALL AGES AND PLACES DISCOVERED, FROM THE CREATION .... (this is an utterly different work from PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMS):

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1625

William Hawkridge, with two ships, entered Hudson’s Strait to search for the Northwest Passage.

In London, the Reverend Samuel Purchas, having obtained some of the Reverend Richard Hakluyt’s manuscripts, at this point condensed them into what is now referred to as HAKLVYTVS POSTHUMUS, OR, PVRCHAS HIS PILGRIMES. CONTAYNING A HISTORY OF THE WORLD, IN SEA VOYAGES, & LANDE-TRAUELLS, BY ENGLISHMEN AND OTHERS ... SOME LEFT WRITTEN BY MR. HAKLUYT AT HIS DEATH, MORE SINCE ADDED, HIS ALSO PERUSED, & PERFECTED. ALL EXAMINED, ABREUIATED, ILLUSTRATES WTH NOTES, ENLARGED WTH DISCOURSES, ADORNED WTH PICTURES, AND EXPRESSED IN MAPPS. IN FOWER PARTS, EACH CONTAINING FIUE BOOKES. [COMPILED] BY SAMVEL PVRCHAS (London, Printed by William Stansby for Henrie Featherstone), PURCHAS HIS PILRIMES, I PURCHAS HIS PILRIMES, II PURCHAS HIS PILRIMES, III PURCHAS HIS PILRIMES, IV

or as A RELATION OR IOURNALL OF THE BEGINNING AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENGLIſH PLANTATION ſETTLED AT PLIMOTH, IN NEW-ENGLAND, BY CERTAINE …, described the initial experiences of the Brownists and “Old Comers” in their Massachusetts Bay settlement at Plymouth:

Least Travellers may be greatest Writers. Even I which have written so much of travellers and travells, never travelled 200. miles from Thaxted in Essex, where I was borne.... — Volume I, page 201

“MOURT’S RELATION”

Captain Martin Pring’s short account of his initial voyage of expedition to America was included in the 4th volume. It provides valuable material about the lives of the precolonial Abenaki and Wampanoag, as well as the explorer’s descriptions of geography, plants, and animals. They had explored areas of present-day Maine, New Hampshire, and Cape Cod, the initial Europeans known to have ventured inland along the Piscataqua River.

Captain George Weymouth’s journal of his abortive 1602 voyage up Hudson’s Strait into the ice was also included.

Robert Juet’s journal of Henry Hudson’s 1609 voyage was also included, while portions of Captain Hudson’s journal of the voyage were published in John De Laet’s NIEUWE WERELT. This source contained some experience obtained in 1600 that would prove useful to sufferers from the scurvy: The Voyage to Asia by James Lancaster, 1600. In the first voyage made to the East Indies on account of the HDT WHAT? INDEX

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English East India Company [1600] there were employed four ships commanded by Captain James Lancaster, their General, viz. the Dragon, having the General and 202 men, the Hector 108 men, the Susan 82 and the Ascension 32. They left England about 18 April; in July the people were taken ill on their passage with the scurvy; by the first of August all the ships except the General’s were so thin of men that they had scarce enough to hand the sails; and upon a contrary wind for fifteen or sixteen days the few who were well before began also to fall sick. Whence the want of hands was so great in these ships that the merchants who were sent to dispose of their cargoes in the East Indies were obliged to take their turn at the helm and do the sailors duty till they arrived at Saldanha [near the Cape of Good Hope]; where the General sent his boats and went on board himself to assist the other three ships, who were in so weakly a condition that they were hardly able to let fall an anchor without his assistance. All this time the General’s ship continued pretty healthy. The reason why his crew was in better health than the rest of the ships was owing to the juice of lemons of which the General having brought some bottles to sea, he gave to each, as long as it lasted, three spoonfuls every morning fasting. By this he cured many of his men and preserved the rest; so that although his ship contained double the number of any of the others yet (through the mersey of God and to the preservation of the other three ships) he neither had so many men sick, nor lost so many as they did.

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1626

September: During this month or the following one, Samuel Purchas died (some would say this happened in a debtors’ prison).

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1797

Summer: Samuel Purchas’s PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMAGE evidently served as some sort of stimulus for Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Kubla Khan (“In the summer of the year 1797, the Author, then in ill health, had retired to a lonely farm-house between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire. In consequence of a slight indisposition, an anodyne had been prescribed, from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair at the moment that he was reading the following sentence, or words of the same substance, in PURCHAS’S PILGRIMAGE: ‘Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed with a wall.’”).

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1852

March 16, Tuesday: Henry Thoreau checked out, from Harvard Library, Erik Acharius’s METHODUS QUA OMNES DETECTOS LICHENES SECUNDUM ORGANA CARPOMORPHA AD GENERA, SPECIES ET VARIETATES REDIGERE ATQUE 5 OBSERVATIONIBUS ILUSTRATAE (Stockholm, 1803).

Thoreau also checked out both volumes of Edward Allen Talbot’s FIVE YEARS’ RESIDENCE IN THE CANADAS: INCLUDING A TOUR THROUGH PART OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE YEAR 1823 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824).

He did not check out, but he did look into, the Reverend Samuel Purchas’s HAKLYUYTUS POSTHUMUS OR PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES, or as A RELATION OR IOURNALL OF THE BEGINNING AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENGLIFH PLANTATION FETTLED AT PLIMOTH, IN NEW-ENGLAND, BY CERTAINE …, describing first contacts and early sailings, and the initial experiences of the “Old Comers” in their Massachusetts Bay

5. Acharius is now known as “the father of Lichenology,” in belated recognition of the fact that he did for lichens what Fries did for gilled fungi and what Lamarck did for invertebrates — he provided the first coherent and productive classification system for a large group of organisms that had been utterly underclassified and ignored by Linnaeus. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

settlement at Plymouth:

Least Travellers may be greatest Writers. Even I which have written so much of travellers and travells, never travelled 200. miles from Thaxted in Essex, where I was borne.... — Volume I, page 201

Thoreau would make entries in his Indian Books #9 and #10, and refer to what this book had to say about the voyage of Captain Martin Pring in CAPE COD.

“There is no Frigate like a Book To take us Lands away” — Emily Dickinson

March 16: Before Sunrise With what infinite & unwearied expectation and proclamations the cocks usher in every dawn as if there had never been one before. & the dogs bark still–& the thallus of lichens springs– So tenacious of life is nature. DOG Spent the day in Cambridge Library. Walden is not yet melted round the edge. It is perhaps more suddenly warm this Spring than usual. Mr Bull thinks that the Pine gross-beaks [Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator] which have been unusually numerous the past winter have killed many branches of his elms by budding them– & that they will die & the wind bring them down as heretofore. Saw a large flock of geese [Canada Goose Branta canadensis] go over Cambridge. & heard the robins in the college yard. The library a wilderness of books. Looking over books on Canada written with the last 300 yrs could see how one had been built upon another each author consulting & referring to his predecessors. You could read most of them without changing your leg on the steps. It is necessary to find out exactly what books to read on a given subject– Though there may be a thousand books written upon it, it is only important to read 3 or 4–they will contain all that is essential–& a few pages will show which they are. Books which are books are all that you want–& there are but half a dozen in any thousand. I saw that while we are clearing the forest in our westward progress we are accumulating a forest of books in our rear–as wild & unexplored as any of natures primitive wildernesses. The volumes of the 15th 16th & 17th centuries which lie so near on the shelf are rarely opened are effectually forgotten–& not implied by our literature & newspapers. When I looked into Purchas’ Pilgrims– it affected me like looking into an impassable swamp–10 feet deep with sphagnum where the monarchs of the forest covered with mosses & stretched along the ground were making haste to become peat. Those old books suggested a certain fertility–an Ohio soil–as if they were making a humus for new literatures to spring in. I heard the bellowing of bull frogs & the hum of mosquitoes reverberating through the thick embossed covers when I had closed the book. Decayed literature makes the richest of all soils HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

CAPE COD: “From this place we sailed round about this headland, PEOPLE OF almost all the points of the compass, the shore very bold; but as CAPE COD no coast is free from dangers, so I am persuaded this is as free as any. The land somewhat low, full of goodly woods, but in some places plain.” It is not quite clear on which side of the Cape they landed. If it was inside, as would appear from Brereton’s words, “From this JOHN BRERETON place we sailed round about this headland almost all the points of the compass,” it must have been on the western shore either of Truro or Wellfleet. To one sailing south into Barnstable Bay along the Cape, the only “white, sandy, and very bold shore” that appears is in these towns, though the bank is not so high there as on the eastern side. At a distance of four or five miles the sandy cliffs there look like a long fort of yellow sandstone, they are so level and regular, especially in Wellfleet, — the fort of the land defending itself against the encroachments of the Ocean. They are streaked here and there with a reddish sand as if painted. Farther south the shore is more flat, and less obviously and abruptly sandy, and a little tinge of green here and there in the marshes appears to the sailor like a rare and precious emerald. But in the JOURNAL OF PRING’S VOYAGE the next year (and PRING Salterne, who was with Pring, had accompanied Gosnold) it is said, “Departing hence [i. e. from Savage Rocks] we bore unto that great gulf which Captain Gosnold overshot the year before.” [“Savage Rock,” which some have supposed to be, from the name, the Salvages, a ledge about two miles off Rockland, Cape Ann, was probably the Nubble, a large, high rock near the shore, on the east side of York Harbor, Maine. The first land made by Gosnold is presumed by experienced navigators to be Cape Elizabeth, on the same coast. (See Babson’s HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS.)] BABSON’S HISTORY So they sailed round the Cape, calling the southeasterly extremity “Point Cave,” till they came to an island which they named Martha’s Vineyard (now called No Man’s Land), and another on which they dwelt awhile, which they named Elizabeth’s Island, in honor of the queen, one of the group since so called, now known by its Indian name Cuttyhunk. There they built a small storehouse, the first house built by the English in New England, whose cellar could recently still be seen, made partly of stones taken from the beach. Bancroft says (edition of 1837), the ruins of the fort BANCROFT can no longer be discerned. They who were to have remained becoming discontented, all together set sail for England with a load of sassafras and other commodities, on the 18th of June following.

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1855

September 29, Saturday: Henry Thoreau was sent, by Ticknor & Co. in Boston, a royalty payment for the sale of 344 copies of WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS in the amount of $51.60 along with an expression of corporate condolences:

Boston, Sept. 29, 1855 H. D. Thoreau In a/c with W.D. Ticknor & Co Walden— On hand last settlement 600 Cops. Sold Since last a/c 344 remaining on hand—256 Cops Sales 344 Cops @ 15¢ is $51.60

Dear Sir, We regret, for your sake as well as ours, that a larger number of Walden has not been sold. 60 We enclose our check for Fifty One /100 Dollars for sales to date.

Ever Respy W. D. Ticknor & Co. Henry D. Thoreau Esq Concord Mass.

Men who regretted for Thoreau’s sake as well as their own that a larger quantity of WALDENs has not been sold. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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On this day Thoreau was studying James Ellsworth De Kay’s MOLLUSCA OF NEW YORK. MOLLUSCA, VOLUME V HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Soon he would be reading in George Bancroft’s A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT,

BANCROFT’S US, I BANCROFT’S US, II BANCROFT’S US, III

in Richard Hildreth’s THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE CONTINENT TO THE ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT UNDER THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 82, Cliff Street, 1848-1852), HILDRETH’S US, I HILDRETH’S US, II HILDRETH’S US, III

in the 4th volume of the Reverend Samuel Purchas’s HAKLUYTUS POSTHUMUS OR PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES, HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

CONTAYNING A HISTORY OF THE WORLD, IN SEA VOYAGES, & LANDE TRAVELS, BY ENGLISHMEN AND OTHERS, or perhaps A RELATION OR IOURNALL OF THE BEGINNING AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENGLIſH PLANTATION ſETTLED AT PLIMOTH, IN NEW-ENGLAND, BY CERTAINE ... (Imprinted at London for Henry Fetherstone at ye Signe of the Rose in Pauls Churchyard, 1625), or perhaps THE PRINCIPAL NAVIGATIONS, VOYAGES, TRAFFIQUES & DISCOVERIES OF THE ENGLISH NATION: MADE BY SEA OR OVERLAND TO THE REMOTE & FARTHEST DISTANT QUARTERS OF THE EARTH AT ANY TIME WITHIN THE COMPASSE OF THESE 1600 YEARS BY RICHARD HAKLUYT VOLUME FOUR (London: J.M. Dent & Co.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.) PURCHAS’S VOLUME IV

and in the 26th volume of Sir William Jardine’s edition THE NATURALIST’S LIBRARY, a volume originated in 1839 on whales and other mammals, AMPHIBIOUS CARNIVORA; INCLUDING THE WALRUS AND SEALS, AND THE HERBIVOROUS CETACEA, MERMAIDS, &C., VOL.VII BY ROBERT HAMILTON, WITH PORTRAIT AND MEMOIR OF FRANÇOIS PÉRON6 (Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars; London: Henry G. Bohn, 1852 [that edition being electronically unavailable, I am forced to render for you the previous edition, of 1843]).

MAMMALIA. WHALES, ETC.

6. Some of this material on whales would find its way into CAPE COD. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Additional cemetery land was consecrated in “Sleepy Hollow” adjoining Concord’s New Burial Ground, the Middlesex County Courthouse, the Concord Townhouse, and the grounds of the Agricultural Society.

Waldo Emerson dedicated the new garden cemetery as “the palm of Nature’s hand.” “Address at the Consecration of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery” ... They have thought that the taking possession of this field ought to be marked by a public meeting and religious rites: and they have requested me to say a few words which the serious and tender occasion inspires.... The life of a tree is a hundred and a thousand years; its decays ornamental; its repairs self-made: they grow when we sleep, they grew when we were unborn. Man is a moth among these longevities...... when these acorns, that are falling at our feet, are oaks overshadowing our children in a remote century, this mute green bank will be full of history.... HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Our use will not displace the old tenants. The well-beloved birds will not sing one song less, the high-holding woodpecker, the meadow-lark, the oriole, the robin, purple finch, bluebird, thrush and red-eyed warbler, the heron, the bittern will find out the hospitality and protection from the gun of this asylum, and will seek the waters of the meadow.... We shall bring hither the body of the dead, but how shall we catch the escaped soul?

[Also (Baker, Charles, EMERSON AMONG THE ECCENTRICS, Penguin Books, New York, 1996, pp. 397-398): “I have heard that when we pronounce the name of man, we pronounce the belief in Immortality.” “The real evidence is too subtle, or is higher than we can write down in propositions… All sound minds rest on a certain preliminary conviction, namely, that if it be best that conscious personal life shall continue, it will continue; if not best, then it will not.” “In this quiet valley, as in the palm of Nature’s hand, we shall sleep well when we have finished our day.”]

Thoreau had measured for the new artificial pond in the cemetery, termed “Cat Pond.”

John Shepard Keyes had been active in the creation of this cemetery. During this summer and fall almost alone and unaided I laid out the cemetery according to Clevelands plan, so far as was feasible, and with my own hands drove the stakes for the lots and saved as many trees as possible from cutting. Made all the arrangements for dedication and had a memorable address from Emerson a poem from Sanborn, an ode by Channing all delivered on a lovely September day in the glen by the lot I afterwards selected. This was followed by a sale of lots the choice for the first bringing $50. from Wm Monroe and realizing more than I expected some fifty lots sold, and the undertaking successful Thanks to me we have a ‘Sleepy Hollow’ cemetery I am quite content to take my long sleep in— and for my only epitaph “The Founder of This Cemetery” J.S. KEYES AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Friend Daniel Ricketson had been scheduled to visit Concord again and spend time with Henry, but had canceled the visit when he learned that Ellery Channing had moved to Dorchester and would not be available in Concord. So Henry, not standing on dignity, went off to New Bedford:

Clear fine day, growing gradually cooler. Henry D. 1 Thoreau of Concord arrived about 1 /2 o’clock.

September 29: Go to Daniel Ricketson’s, New Bedford. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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At Natural History Library saw Dr. Cabot, who says that he has heard either the hermit, or else the olivaceous, thrush sing, — very like a wood thrush, but softer. Is sure that the hermit thrush sometimes breeds hereabouts. De Kay, in the New York Reports, thus describes the blackfish— [The quotation is somewhat abridged.]

“FAMILY DELPHINIDÆ. Genus Globicephalus. Lesson. The Social Whale. Globicephalus melas. Delphinus melas. Trail, Nicholson’s Journal. D. globiceps. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Vol. 19. D. deductor. Scoresby, Arct. Regions. D. intermedius. Harlan. Phocena globiceps. Sampson, Am. Journal.”

“Length 15 to 20 feet;” “shining, bluish black above;” a narrow light-gray stripe beneath; “remarkable for its loud cries when excited.” “Black Whale-fish,” “Howling Whale,” “Social Whale,” and “Bottle-head.” Often confounded with the grampus. Not known why they are stranded. In 1822 one hundred stranded in one herd at Wellfleet. First described in a History of Greenland. In the Naturalists’ Library, Jardine, I find Globicephalus deductor or melas, “The Deductor or Ca’ing Whale.” First accurately described by Trail in 1809. Sixteen to twenty-four feet long. In 1799 two hundred ran ashore on one of the Shetland Isles. In the winter of 1809-10, one thousand one hundred and ten “approached the shore of Hvalfiord, Iceland, and were captured.” In 1812 were used as food by the poor of Bretagne. They visit the neighborhood of Nice in May and June. Got out at Tarkiln Hill or Head of the River Station, three miles this side of New Bedford. Recognized an old Dutch barn. R.’s sons, Arthur and Walton, were just returning from tautog fishing in Buzzard’s Bay, and I tasted one at supper, — singularly curved from snout to tail.7 THE SLEEPY HOLLOW CEMETERY — OLD GRAVES (Franklin Benjamin Sanborn) My arrival to reside in Concord was at the time when old customs were changing for new ones. The settlement of Waldo Emerson here in 1834, after his return from Europe, and his first acquaintance with Thomas Carlyle, had something to do with these changes, especially after his friends began to gather round him here — the Thoreaus, John and Henry, in 1836; Alcott in 1840; Hawthorne in 1842; Ellery Channing in 1843; Margaret Fuller from 1836 to 1845 (though she never resided but only visited in Concord); and the Ripley family in 1845, inheriting the Old Manse, and receiving there Mrs. Ripley’s brother, George Bradford, who had been with Hawthorne at Brook Farm, and at Plymouth with Marston Watson at his garden and nursery of “Hillside,” which Thoreau surveyed and mapped for the Watsons in 1854. Mrs. Marston Watson (Mary Russell, a sister of William and Thomas Russell, Boston lawyers) had also lived in the Emerson family before her marriage, and was “The Maiden in the East” to whom Thoreau inscribed an early poem. These friends and among the Concord residents, the Hoar, Whiting and Bartlett families, and Edmund Hosmer, a sturdy farmer, with his daughters and kindred, all made up a circle especially intimate with Emerson, Alcott and Thoreau, though by no means all agreeing with the social, religious and political reformers, to which class belonged Garrison, Phillips, Theodore Parker, the Brook 7. [Refer to DANIEL RICKETSON AND HIS FRIENDS, page 337.] WALTON RICKETSON HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Farm and Fruitlands residents, and many visitors from America and Europe. Among these soon appeared Henry James, Charles Newcomb, the May family, Frederick Douglass, and other fugitive slaves, whom Mrs. Brooks, the Thoreaus, and other anti-slavery households received and cherished — helping them on their way to freedom, when pursued, as they sometimes were. My school grew in numbers during its first term, and much more in its first full year, 1855-56, near the beginning of which, in September, 1855, I was called on to make my first public appearance as a citizen — not as a voter; for I still had a voting residence in New Hampshire, where my brother and I had aided in voting down the pro-slavery Democratic party, whose leader at the time was Hawthorne’s college friend, Gen. Pierce, then President of the United States. One evening, early in September, I was sitting in our Channing apartment with my sister, when Mr. Emerson called for an errand surprising to me. The Sleepy Hollow Cemetery had been purchased and was to be dedicated, and Emerson was to give the address. He was also on the Town Committee to arrange for the exercises at the grove, where the prayers, hymns and poems were read and sung; and it was in that capacity he called on me. He said, “I asked Mr. Channing for a poem on this occasion, and he has sent me a good poem, but they tell me it cannot be sung. Now will you not write for us verses that will go to some familiar tune?” He had seen some of my college verses, and others which were made to be sung, and had been sung, and he inferred from that, a capacity to do the same for Concord. I assented, and presently showed him these lines: Ode. Shine kindly forth, September sun, From heavens calm and clear, That no untimely cloud may run Before thy golden sphere, To vex our simple rites today With one prophetic tear. With steady voices let us raise The fitting psalm and prayer;— Remembered grief of other days Breathes softening in the air: Who knows not Death — who mourns no loss,— He has with us no share. To holy sorrow, solemn joy, We consecrate the place Where soon shall sleep the maid and boy, The father and his race, The mother with her tender babe, The venerable face. These waving woods, these valleys low, Between the tufted knolls, Year after year shall dearer grow To many loving souls; And flowers be sweeter here than blow Elsewhere between the poles. For deathless Love and blessed Grief Shall guard these wooded aisles, When either Autumn casts the leaf, Or blushing Summer smiles, Or Winter whitens o’er the land, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Or Spring the buds uncoils. The day proved to be that prayed for; these lines were sweetly sung to the tune of St. Martin’s; and in the choir I recognized the voices of some of my new friends. Mr. Emerson liked them, and printed them afterward in his “Parnassus,” as he did Channing’s poem, which as poetry was much better, and which also appears in “Parnassus,” and in the XIth volume of the Centenary edition of Emerson, as here: Sleepy Hollow. (W.E. Channing) No abbeys gloom, no dark cathedral stoops, No winding torches paint the midnight air; Here the green pine delights, the aspen droops Along the modest pathways, and those fair Pale asters of the season spread their plumes Around this field, fit garden for our tombs. And thou shalt pause to hear some funeral bell Slow stealing o’er thy heart in this calm place; Not with a throb of pain, a feverish knell, But in its kind and supplicating grace It says, “Go, Pilgrim, on thy march! be more Friend to the friendless than thou wast before:” Learn from the loved one’s rest, serenity! Tomorrow that soft bell for thee shall sound, And thou repose beneath the whispering tree, One tribute more to this submissive ground:— Prison thy soul from malice, bar out pride! Nor these pale flowers, nor this still field deride. Rather to those accents of Being turn, Where a ne’er-setting sun illumes the year Eternal: and the incessant watch-fires burn Of unspent holiness and goodness clear,— Forget man’s littleness, — deserve the best,— God’s mercy in thy thought and life confest! Seldom has a finer poem been read on such an occasion. My own verses were favorably received, and the late Judge Keyes, whose daughter Annie had become one of my pupils, said that I was now a citizen of Concord, and, like some French poet whom he named, as rewarded with a grave at Pere la Chaise, ought to have a burial lot granted me wherever I chose. Long afterward I bought my present lot, in which my poet-son is buried with a slab of marble from Athens above him, inscribed with a Greek line from a Roman tomb in Boetia, of the early Christian period. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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CAPE COD: In the summer and fall sometimes, hundreds of blackfish (the PEOPLE OF Social Whale, Globicephalus melas of De Kay; called also Black Whale- fish, Howling Whale, Bottle-head, &c.), fifteen feet or more in CAPE COD length, are driven ashore in a single school here. I witnessed such a scene in July, 1855. A carpenter who was working at the light-house arriving early in the morning remarked that he did not know but he had lost fifty dollars by coming to his work; for as he came along the Bay side he heard them driving a school of blackfish ashore, and he had debated with himself whether he should not go and join them and take his share, but had concluded to come to his work. After breakfast I came over to this place, about two miles distant, and near the beach met some of the fishermen returning from their chase. Looking up and down the shore, I could see about a mile south some large black masses on the sand, which I knew must be blackfish, and a man or two about them. As I walked along towards them I soon came to a huge carcass whose head was gone and whose blubber had been stripped off some weeks before; the tide was just beginning to move it, and the stench compelled me to go a long way round. When I came to Great Hollow I found a fisherman and some boys on the watch, and counted about thirty blackfish, just killed, with many lance wounds, and the water was more or less bloody around. They were partly on shore and partly in the water, held by a rope round their tails till the tide should leave them. A boat had been somewhat stove by the tail of one. They were a smooth shining black, like India-rubber, and had remarkably simple and lumpish forms for animated creatures, with a blunt round snout or head, whale-like, and simple stiff-looking flippers. The largest were about fifteen feet long, but one or two were only five feet long, and still without teeth. The fisherman slashed one with his jackknife, to show me how thick the blubber was, –about three inches; and as I passed my finger through the cut it was covered thick with oil. The blubber looked like pork, and this man said that when they were trying it the boys would sometimes come round with a piece of bread in one hand, and take a piece of blubber in the other to eat with it, preferring it to pork scraps. He also cut into the flesh beneath, which was firm and red like beef, and he said that for his part he preferred it when fresh to beef. It is stated that in 1812 blackfish were used as food by the poor of Bretagne. They were waiting for the tide to leave these fishes high and dry, that they might strip off the blubber and carry it to their try-works in their boats, where they try it on the beach. They get commonly a barrel of oil, worth fifteen or twenty dollars, to a fish. There were many lances and harpoons in the boats, — much slenderer instruments than I had expected. An old man came along the beach with a horse and wagon distributing the dinners of the fishermen, which their wives had put up in little pails and jugs, and which he had collected in the Pond Village, and for this service, I suppose, he received a share of the oil. If one could not tell his own pail, he took the first he came to.

ROBERT HAMILTON JAMES ELLSWORTH DE KAY HDT WHAT? INDEX

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As I stood there they raised the cry of “another school,” and we could see their black backs and their blowing about a mile northward, as they went leaping over the sea like horses. Some boats were already in pursuit there, driving them toward the beach. Other fishermen and boys running up began to jump into the boats and push them off from where I stood, and I might have gone too had I chosen. Soon there were twenty-five or thirty boats in pursuit, some large ones under sail, and others rowing with might and main, keeping outside of the school, those nearest to the fishes striking on the sides of their boats and blowing horns to drive them on to the beach. It was an exciting race. If they succeed in driving them ashore each boat takes one share, and then each man, but if they are compelled to strike them off shore each boat’s company take what they strike. I walked rapidly along the shore toward the north, while the fishermen were rowing still more swiftly to join their companions, and a little boy who walked by my side was congratulating himself that his father’s boat was beating another one. An old blind fisherman whom we met, inquired, “Where are they, I can’t see. Have they got them?” In the mean while the fishes had turned and were escaping northward toward Provincetown, only occasionally the back of one being seen. So the nearest crews were compelled to strike them, and we saw several boats soon made fast, each to its fish, which, four or five rods ahead was drawing it like a race-horse straight toward the beach, leaping half out of water blowing blood and water from its hole, and leaving a streak of foam behind. But they went ashore too far north for us, though we could see the fishermen leap out and lance them on the sand. It was just like pictures of whaling which I have seen, and a fisherman told me that it was nearly as dangerous. In his first trial he had been much excited, and in his haste had used a lance with its scabbard on, but nevertheless had thrust it quite through his fish. I learned that a few days before this one hundred and eighty blackfish had been driven ashore in one school at Eastham, a little farther south, and that the keeper of Billingsgate Point light went out one morning about the same time and cut his initials on the backs of a large school which had run ashore in the night, and sold his right to them to Provincetown for one thousand dollars, and probably Provincetown made as much more. Another fisherman told me that nineteen years ago three hundred and eighty were driven ashore in one school at Great Hollow. In the Naturalist’s Library, it is said that, in the winter of 1809-10, one thousand one hundred and ten “approached the shore of Hvalfiord, Iceland, and were captured.” De Kay says it is not known why they are stranded. But one fisherman declared to me that they ran ashore in pursuit of squid, and that they generally came on the coast about the last of July. About a week afterward, when I came to this shore, it was strewn as far as I could see with a glass, with the carcasses of blackfish stripped of their blubber and their heads cut off; the latter lying higher up. Walking on the beach was out of the question on account of the stench. Between Provincetown and Truro they lay in the very path of the stage. Yet no steps were taken to abate the nuisance, and men were catching lobsters as usual just off the shore. I was told that they did sometimes tow them out and sink them; yet I wondered where they got the stones to sink them with. Of course they might be made into guano, and Cape Cod is not so fertile that her inhabitants can afford to do without this manure, –to say nothing of the diseases they may produce. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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After my return home, wishing to learn what was known about the Blackfish, I had recourse to the reports of the zoölogical surveys of the State, and I found that Storer had rightfully omitted it in his Report on the Fishes, since it is not a fish; so I turned to Emmons’s Report of the Mammalia, but was surprised to find that the seals and whales were omitted by him, because he had had no opportunity to observe them. Considering how this State has risen and thriven by its fisheries, –that the legislature which authorized the Zoölogical Survey sat under the emblem of a codfish,– that Nantucket and New Bedford are within our limits, –that an early riser may find a thousand or fifteen hundred dollars’ worth of blackfish on the shore in a morning, –that the Pilgrims saw the Indians cutting up a blackfish on the shore at Eastham, and called a part of that shore “Grampus Bay,” from the number of blackfish they found there, before they got to Plymouth, –and that from that time to this these fishes have continued to enrich one or two counties almost annually, and that their decaying carcasses were now poisoning the air of one county for more than thirty miles, –I thought it remarkable that neither the popular nor scientific name was to be found in a report on our mammalia, – a catalogue of the productions of our land and water. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2015. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: March 27, 2015

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Reverend Samuel Purchas HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:REVEREND SAMUEL PURCHAS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD