Notes

Introduction 1. Both Justin Stagl in A History of Curiosity (64, 84) and George B. Parks in “Travel as Education” (264–65) describe ars apodemica as flourishing from about 1570 to 1630. 2. William Thomas’ The History of Italy, for example, is the product of a humanist conception of travel as a means to equip one with the kinds of knowledge and skills able to effect one’s promotion back home, a prepa- ration, through experience, for a state career. 3. This debate continued throughout the early modern period and even beyond, as studies by Jeremy Black (The British Abroad), John Stoye (English Travelers Abroad, 1604–1667), and Chloe Chard (Pleasure and Guilt on the Grand Tour) show. 4. See Stagl, History of Curiosity 58. 5. A contemporary translation of Albrecht Meyer’s book on travel method dedicated to Sir Francis Drake specifically states that travelers can draw increased profit from travel by “vouchsaf[ing] the reading, portage, and practise of this pamphlet of notes” (Certaine briefe, and speciall Instruc- tions, “Epistle Dedicatory”). 6. Thomas Coryat had entered into such an agreement with Joseph Starre, a draper from Yeovil, an incident recounted in Coryats Crambe. 7. As Kristian Jensen notes, “A danger inherent in the humanists’ passion- ate interest in presentation and style was a disdain for factual knowledge” (“Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching” 77). 8. For examples of the latter, see especially Anthony Grafton, “New Sci- ence and the Traditions of Humanism”; Ann Blair and Anthony Grafton, “Reassessing Humanism and Science”; and Cesare Vasoli, “The Contri- bution of Humanism to the Birth of Modern Science.” For studies that make the former approach, see note 22 to this chapter. 9. Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer in Leviathan and the Air-Pump iden- tify three main ways by which witnesses can be secured and matters of fact thereby established: by sharing in a scientific experiment in the labo- ratory; by replicating the experiments contained in written reports; and by “virtual witnessing.” They cite as evidence Robert Boyle’s claim that 198 Notes

readers “need not reiterate themselves an experiment to have as distinct an idea of it, as may suffice them to ground their reflexions and specula- tions upon” (Leviathan and the Air-Pump 62). 10. As Mary Baine Campbell notes in The Witness and the Other World, this tension “was eventually to resolve itself in the increasing separation of two spheres of discourse, the scientific and (for lack of a better word) the novelistic” (260). 11. The New Organon is the second part of the Instauratio Magna. 12. This is of a piece with William Petty’s commentary on “the constitution, functions, membership and officers of the Royal Society” (BL Manu- scripts catalogue), when he cites its “performances” as “Instruments, Bookes, Rarityes, Collections of Experiments, Letters, Discourses” (Add 72898, fol. H5). 13. Heads of Enquiry sought to provide for this two-pronged approach of observing and collecting. See, for example, the section entitled “Direc- tions for the Collecting, Preserving, and Sending over Natural things, from Foreign Countries” in John Woodward, Brief Instructions for Making Observations in all Parts of the World. One can see the traveler responding to such requirements in BL Sloane 1911, which contains let- ters from Edward Browne from Vienna to his father, dated 24 April (fol. 25–26) and 8 August 1669 (fols. 44–45). 14. See, in particular, Anthony Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts and “New Science and the Traditions of Humanism”; Blair and Grafton, “Reassessing Humanism and Science”; Brian Ogilvie, “The Many Books of Nature” and The Science of Describing; Timothy Reiss, Knowledge, Dis- covery and Imagination in Early Modern Europe; Vasoli, “Contribution of Humanism to the Birth of Modern Science”; Jessica Wolfe, Human- ism, Machinery, and Renaissance Literature; and Jess Edwards, Writing, Geometry, and Space in Seventeenth-Century England and America. 15. Ascham writes in The Scholemaster that “bookes of common places be verie necessarie to induce a man, into an orderlie generall knowledge, how to referre orderlie all that he readeth, ad certa rerum Capita, and not wander in studie” (English Works 259), a phrase indicative of his concern to use travel as a trope for learning. 16. See Mary Louise Pratt’s Imperial Eyes for a study of how scientific discov- ery can aid imperial expansion. Amy Boesky’s “Bacon’s New Atlantis and the Laboratory of Prose” and Amir Alexander’s “The Imperialist Space of Elizabethan Mathematics” are also useful contributions to this debate. Edwards in Writing, Geometry, and Space presents a challenge to the view that mathematics unproblematically served imperialist agendas. 17. See, for example, Tim Youngs, “Where Are We Going?,” and Joan-Pau Rubiés, “Travel Writing and Ethnography.” 18. Mary Fuller in Voyages in Print qualifies Stephen Greenblatt’s and Jeffrey Knapp’s picture of English settlers empowered through their possession of advanced technology by counterbalancing native American possession Notes 199

of food supplies; she also reads early modern English representa- tions of engagements in the New World as attempts to recoup various historical failures. 19. As represented by, for example, Parks, “Travel as Education.” See also Sara Warneke’s Images of the Educational Traveler for a more recent study in this tradition. 20. Although William H. Sherman in “Stirrings and Searchings (1500– 1720)” notes that “[b]efore Dunton began his more famous career as a bookseller and newspaper publisher, he traveled to America as part of a projected ‘Ramble through Ten Kingdoms’ [and] drew extensively upon his actual journeys in A Voyage Round the World” (33), Dunton’s narrator does not get further than the familiar locations of south-east England. 21. See, for example, Jeffrey Knapp, An Empire Nowhere. Ivo Kamps and Jyotsna Singh’s collection of critical essays, Travel Knowledge, makes the convincing case that early modern travel narratives should be distin- guished from—even though they helped to influence—texts that date from the period of colonial consolidation from the post-mid-eighteenth century, partly because their representational strategies are rendered increasingly complex by a three-way relationship between non-Europe- ans, Europeans, and European competitors. 22. See especially Denise Albanese, New Science, New World; Barbara M. Benedict, Curiosity: A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry; Mary Baine Campbell, Wonder and Science; and Lorraine Daston and Katha- rine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750. 23. The Grand Tour normally included the Low Countries, Germany, Swit- zerland and France, and held as its symbolic center a view of Italy and, especially, Rome. From Calais the traveler could pursue a number of routes into Italy, the majority traveling through Paris and Lyons, fol- lowed by either the Alps (usually via the Mt. Cenis pass to Turin and then to either Lombardy or Genoa) or, less popularly, the sea route to Leghorn. Few traveled south of Naples or to Iberia, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. 24. This view is a source of satire in Joseph Hall’s Mundus Alter et Idem (1605). 25. Pratt shows how this is also true of a later period of natural history, noting that in the totalizing gaze of Linnaeus’ classificatory system, “The differ- ences of distance factored themselves out of the picture: with respect to mimosas, Greece could be the same as Venezuela, West Africa, or Japan; the label ‘granitic peaks’ can apply identically to Eastern Europe, the Andes, or the American West” (Imperial Eyes 31). 26. Adrian Johns, in The Nature of the Book, identifies scientific and travel texts as comparable instances of the difficulties inherent in establishing and maintaining credibility in print. 27. For other comments on the competitive aspect to precise measurements at the level of both travel observation and travel writing, see Michael T. 200 Notes

Bravo, “Precision and Curiosity in Scientific Travel.” For critical consid- erations of the social constitution of scientific inquiry see in particular Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump; Shapin, A Social His- tory of Truth; Peter Dear, Revolutionising the Sciences; Barbara Shapiro, A Culture of Fact; and Daniel Garber, “Experiment, Community, and the Constitution of Nature.” 28. Contarini, Commonwealth and Government of Venice, “To the Reader” A2r. 29. Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions 103.

Chapter 1 1. Ascham describes in the preface to The Scholemaster how he began the book in December 1563 in response to a request by Richard Sackville and continued to work on it until the death of Sackville, which occurred in 1566. Ascham then abandoned it for almost two years before complet- ing it on the suggestion of another (thought to be Sir William Cecil). Ascham died in 1568. A manuscript version of The Scholemaster (1563) is at British Library Royal 18 B XXIV. fol. 47. See George B. Parks’ “The First Draft of Ascham’s Scholemaster” for a discussion of the dating of the manuscript and for a succinct account of the differences between the manuscript and the printed edition of 1570. 2. Eton, like St. Paul’s, Winchester, and Westminster, was a school whose humanist curriculum was used as a model for secondary education in schools throughout England. 3. See, in particular, T. W. Baldwin, William Shakspere’s Small Latine & Lesse Greeke; Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities; Alan Stewart, Close Readers; and Rebecca W. Bushnell, A Culture of Teaching. 4. See, for example, Frank Whigham, Ambition and Privilege; R. W. Maslen, Elizabethan Fictions; and Alistair Fox, The English Renaissance. 5. Yet other categories of travel, such as mercantile travel, can have ambiva- lent and unpredictable effects, with merchants introducing into England products that are seen by certain moralists to promote a luxury that weakens English fibre. 6. “Travel” and “travail” are, of course, etymologically cognate and were often used interchangeably in this period. 7. As R. W. Maslen notes, the title The Scholemaster “could refer either to the ideal pedagogue or to his corrupt foreign double” (43) who appeals to the senses rather than to the intellect of the scholar/traveller. 8. In his Booke of the Travaile, Thomas Hoby describes a murder at a “mask- erye” at Murano that went unpunished (14). 9. Alan Stewart describes how “[i]n common with many other, lesser edu- cational books of the period, it [The Scholemaster] constituted or claimed Notes 201

to constitute part of a service contract intended to provide humanist scholars with lucrative students, and wealthy young boys with outstand- ing one-to-one tuition” (104). 10. In “Against the Vernacular: Ciceronian Formalism and the Problem of the Individual,” John Leeds contributes to the ongoing critical debate about the relationship between humanism and the rise of individual- ism by submitting claims for the formative influence of Ciceronian imitation to analysis, looking at the ideological implications of Latin’s grammatical construction. 11. See, for example, Jeremy Black’s The British Abroad, which dates this move to the second half of the eighteenth century. 12. The Scholemaster is aimed not only at students of the Latin language but also at “common” schoolmasters and at humanist educators involved in formulating Tudor educational policy. Warren Boutcher in “Pilgrim- age to Parnassus” modifies our picture of humanism as giving rise to a “court-centered cultural nationalism” by considering pedagogical links between county, court, and university. This article also discusses, more specifically, the ways in which The Scholemaster offers “an exclusive escape route from local teaching practices” (111, 144). 13. The title page of The Scholemaster signals Ascham’s aim both to “shape the recalcitrant sons of the nobility and gentry into useful servants of the state” and to “provide educational qualifications for upwardly mobile youngsters who wish to gain access to noble households” (Maslen 41). 14. The manuscript draft of Book One of The Scholemaster lacks the preface describing the work as a response to a request by Sir Richard Sackville; Ascham instead attributes the work to a wish to educate his own son. 15. See Letters of Roger Ascham 267. 16. The section on “hard” and “quicke” wits is missing from the manu- script version and seems to have been included in the printed edition to strengthen structural and thematic links. 17. Thomas Campion in “Observations in the Art of English Poesie” (1602) describes rhyme as a feature of “lack-learning times” and attributes it specifically to “barbarized Italy” (329). 18. But neither, surely, is Ascham’s Scholemaster, which paints a contempo- rary Italy from descriptions made by Plato of ancient Sicily! 19. In a letter to John Astley from Cambridge, possibly dated 1545, which accompanies a presentation copy of Cicero’s De officiis, Ascham refers to Cicero as a preservative against the “pernicious charms of the court, which catch the inexperienced sooner than any songs of the Sirens” (Let- ters of Roger Ascham 78). 20. For an explication of those early modern associations between femininity and music, see, for example, Linda Phyllis Austern, “Sing Againe Syren” and “Alluring the Auditorie to Effeminacie.” 21. Ascham describes The Scholemaster in a letter to Johann Sturm from Lon- don, late in 1568, as “not Cantabrigian, but Windsorian, of the court, 202 Notes

not of the university” (Letters of Roger Ascham 267). The entry in the Stationers Register reads “the scholemaster of Wynsore” (Arber 1: 189). 22. Showing “humanity” and “courtesy” to be cognate terms, Pincombe discusses points of contact between the identities of the courtier and the humanist that G. K. Hunter in John Lyly: The Humanist as Courtier had established as opposites. 23. Frank Whigham has described how, at a time of increased social mobility, sprezzatura formed part of the aristocracy’s “rhetorical defense of their exclusive right to power and privilege” by designating “ascriptive iden- tity, an identity that by definition cannot be achieved by human effort” in part because it was deliberately vague (32–33). This reading has met with a significant recent challenge in Jennifer Richards’ Rhetoric and Courtli- ness in Early Modern Literature (2003), which uncovers the influence of Ciceronian “honestas” (or “self-restraint”) on Castiglione’s text to show how sprezzatura could also operate as a means to instil social decorum and aid social inclusiveness. 24. Thomas Drant, in the preface to his 1566 translation of Horace, attri- butes the fact that “bookes of learnynge seme so hard” to the “amarouse Pamphlets [that] have so preoccupyed the eyes, and eares of men” and which are “easye to be understanded and easye to be indyted” (Horace his Arte of Poetrie *5v-6r). 25. These lines, which reveal Ascham’s literary preferences, are unique in The Scholemaster for the suggestion that the conflation of biblical and both classical and modern Italian literature instils the kind of lack of discrimi- nation that leads ultimately to a fictionalization of godly literature. The erosion of a privileged position for the Bible is imagined to derive in part from those who make “Christ and his Gospell, onelie serve Civill poll- icie” (English Works 232): an implicit objection to the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli. 26. Ascham condemns the “Vulgars” of William Horman and Robert Whit- tington (phrasal illustrations of grammatical points intended to improve spoken Latin) not only because they are collections of poor literary qual- ity but also because such books can both replace a study of the sources and encourage pupils “to approach classical Latinity via a dog-Latin which aped the order of English” (G. K. Hunter 19); they might there- fore be seen as a debased compromise between Latin and English. 27. Fenton agrees with Ascham that the examples prevalent in historical writing are a more effective means of instruction than precepts but for a rather different reason: while precepts “seam . . . to governe us by awe and commaundement,” examples are “marchinge alwayes accordynge to the direction of our owne willes” (*4v). One might read Ascham’s heavy stress on the importance of examples—which in The Scholemaster are supported by a number of anecdotes neatly representative of his points and structurally placed to elucidate his precepts—as, in part, an Notes 203

attempt to rescue them from the wrong use to which they are put by Painter and Fenton. 28. Rebecca Bushnell provides a context in which to place The Scholemaster’s structural progression in identifying a move in the second half of the sixteenth century away from the concept of the book-as-garden (which “suggests a lack of concern for the appreciation of complete texts”) to the book-as-body (“a single and inviolable object,” which shows “a con- cern for argument and structure”) (119–20, 135). 29. David Glimp in Increase and Multiply considers possible contestations between the authority of the parent and teacher in his study of the role played by humanist pedagogy in the generation of useful members of the commonwealth. 30. Insofar as Euphues: The Anatomy of Wyt charts Euphues’ progress towards repentance, the reader is required to measure the opening against the closing sections of the book, but Lyly’s individual euphuistic sentences—even from the opening pages of the book—reflect in micro- cosm Euphues’ prodigal trajectory.

Chapter 2 1. Euphues: The Anatomy of Wyt went through seven editions between 1578 and 1581 and Euphues and his England eleven editions between 1580 and the end of Elizabeth’s reign (three of which were in 1580 alone). Euphues: The Anatomy of Wyt comprises two distinct but related parts: an opening narrative section that recounts the experiences of the young Athenian, Euphues, in Naples (where he rejects the good counsel of Eubulus, betrays his friend Philautus, and is deceived by Lucilla) and a closing epistolary section that describes his repentant return to Athens, from where he addresses to Philautus and others various moral, religious, and educational prescriptions. In Euphues and his England, Euphues and Philautus travel together to the English court; Philautus remains in England at the end of the work, married to the English Frauncis, while Euphues departs the country to live in obscurity at the foot of the mountain Silixsedra. References to these books in this chapter are to the Warwick Bond edition. 2. As Barnabe Riche writes in The Second Tome of the Travailes and Adven- tures of Don Simonides (1584) Euphues can “Court it with the best, and Scholler it with the most” (I3r). Judith Rice Henderson in “Euphues and his Erasmus” describes the epistolary communications that comprise the second half of Euphues: The Anatomy of Wyt and that include material from Plutarch, Erasmus, and Ovid as “the raison d’etre of the narrative” (145) and places Lyly within the tradition of the composition exercises in the humanist grammar school curriculum; more recently, Derek Alwes agrees that The Anatomy is “a work with fairly serious humanist creden- tials” (29). Other scholars, such as Paul Salzman and David Margolies, 204 Notes

read this text as a humorous treatment of didacticism, in which morality serves merely as a “vehicle for style” (Margolies 52). 3. For a study of different early modern usages of the word “wit,” particu- larly in relation to rhetoric, see William G. Crane, Wit and Rhetoric in the Renaissance. 4. Albert Feuillerat is perhaps the first to note that Euphues “n’est en somme qu’une antithèse longuement prolongée” (qtd. in Barish 17). 5. This is also the case in the short-lived burst of literary imitations of Euphues by Thomas Lodge, Robert Greene, and other of Lyly’s contem- poraries. Philamour in Lodge’s Euphues Shadow (1952), for example, is rewarded with the hand of Harpaste after having stabbed his best friend Philamis in a groundless fit of jealousy that he is attempting to woo her. 6. For a discussion of sixteenth-century perceptions of romance fiction as a feminine space and for a consideration of the persistent association of the reading and writing of romance with a lack of profit, see, for example, Caroline Lucas, Writing for Women; Jacqueline Pearson, “Women Read- ing, Reading Women”; and Helen Hackett, Women and Romance Fiction in the English Renaissance. 7. In 1571, John Lyly matriculated at Magdalen College, a center of humanist study at Oxford, after his grandfather and uncle. A friend of Erasmus, More, and Colet, and a godson of Grocyn, William Lily was headmaster of St. Paul’s School from 1510 to his death in 1523, when the position went to John Lyly’s uncle, John Rightwise or Ritwise. Wil- liam Lily contributed to what came to be known as “Lily’s grammar,” which was made compulsory in Tudor grammar schools by Henry VIII’s royal proclamation of 1543. George Lily left Oxford in 1533 and was a member of Reginald Pole’s household at Padua from 1534, where he developed a reputation as an antiquarian and cartographer. 8. This is an association strengthened by Anthony à Wood’s claim that Lyly was “esteemed in the university a noted wit” who was “always averse to the crabbed studies of logic and philosophy” having preferred to tread the “pleasant paths of poetry” (Athenae Oxonienses, 1: col. 676). 9. For a discussion of the relative paucity of English accounts of Naples before the 1610s, see Edward Chaney, “The Grand Tour and Beyond.” 10. See Hoby, A Booke of the Travaile and Lief of me Thomas Hoby, 10: 34. 11. Letter from Sir Philip Sidney to Robert Sidney, in Sir Philip Sidney 285; letter from Sir Francis Bacon to the Earl of Rutland, 4 January 1596 in The Works of Sir Francis Bacon, 9:11. 12. For an account of euphuism’s characteristic features see Croll, Style, Rhet- oric, and Rhythm 241–22 and G. K. Hunter, The Humanist as Courtier 265. 13. Sidney notes that because similes do not “prove anything to a contrary disputer” their over-use serves only as “a surfeit to the ears,” denoting Notes 205

one “more careful to speak curiously than to speak truly” (Miscellaneous Prose of Sir Philip Sidney 118). 14. Lyly has the reformed Euphues, at a time when he ought to be speaking against his former quick-wittedness, hold in greatest prize those plants that “in shortest time bringe forth much frute” (Euphues: The Anatomy 310)—a slippage also to be found in The Scholemaster. 15. For alternative readings of the security of this ending see Derek B. Alwes, Sons and Authors 45, and Leah Scragg’s introduction to her edition of Lyly’s Euphues 10–11. 16. Bacon is not alone in offering shifting pronouncements on this relation- ship. Margaret Cavendish, for example, defends antiquity against moder- nity’s claims to superiority but also objects to those who privilege “old authors before new truths” (Orations of Divers Sorts 117) and repeatedly advertises the absolute novelty and originality of her theories. 17. In Revolutionising the Sciences, Peter Dear sees humanism and the “Sci- entific Renaissance” as connected through a sense of the renewal of ancient wisdom; the “Scientific Revolution,” on the other hand, which Dear dates to the beginning of the seventeenth century, involves “a clean break with the past” (8, 48). 18. Brian Vickers argues that Bacon’s attack on Ciceronianism is not to be confused with an attack on humanism but “subscribes to a main tenet of humanist rhetoric: the need for a functional correspondence between the res or subject-matter of a discourse and its verba, with priority always to be given to the former” (“The Myth of Francis Bacon’s ‘Anti-Human- ism’” 141). 19. Euphues did, however, continue to be reprinted into the seventeenth cen- tury, and Scragg has recently challenged G. K. Hunter’s view of Lyly as “‘the victim of fashion’” by arguing that glances at his style in the period are a register of his continued cultural currency; she also reminds us that literary tastes are not neatly successive.

Chapter 3 There is a vast body of critical work on the new philosophy, and pressures of space allow me only to recommend key reading in this chapter. 1. For a succinct, and easily accessible, discussion of Bacon’s understanding of experience and experiment, see Peter Dear, Revolutionising the Sci- ences, especially chapter 7. 2. It was well recognized in the period that although instruments might allow for a more accurate interpretation of natural phenomena by enhancing the senses they also distort the object witnessed and lead to epistemological uncertainty. 3. For differences between Aristotelian and seventeenth-century under- standings of experience, see, for example, Peter Dear, “Narratives, Anec- dotes, and Experiments.” 206 Notes

Daniel Garber suggests that the mid-seventeenth-century move toward particularity in the writing of scientific reports, that Peter Dear attributes to a rejection of Aristotle’s common experience (and concomi- tant necessity for securing assent), might also be owing to changes in the establishing of scientific facts through a new insistence on the mul- tiple executing and witnessing of experiments. See Garber, “Experiment, Community, and the Constitution of Nature in the Seventeenth Cen- tury.” For further discussions of how experiments came to be regarded as capable of generating scientific facts through the verification of accredited witnesses, see Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump, Shapin, A Social History of Truth, and Barbara J. Shapiro, A Culture of Fact. 4. See Anthony Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts on this. The Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, founded in 1660, formed around a number of disparate groupings committed to experimental scientific projects, including lecturers at Gresham College in London and scholars who congregated around John Wilkins, warden of Wadham College; these groups included Robert Boyle, John Evelyn, Christopher Wren, and William Petty. 5. Boyle writes that “almost every day either discloses new Creatures, or makes new Discoveries of the usefulnesse of things; almost each of which hath yet a kinde of Terra incognita, or undetected part in it” (Some Con- siderations, Essay Two, 45). 6. Although the clock at Strasbourg is here denigrated as an object of study, it is repeatedly used in writings on the new philosophy to argue for the existence of a God who created the universe, like a great machine, its component parts functioning perfectly together. 7. Heads of Enquiry might also be formulated by the traveler himself. Hooke advises those who wish to compile a natural history of a par- ticular topic to begin by identifying certain questions, which should be “set down . . . in Writing, that so he may have a Scheme before his Eyes what are the things he looks after, what his Scope and Aim is” (“A Gen- eral Scheme, or Idea of the Present State of Natural Philosophy” 27). The Philosophical Transactions invites readers to send their own Heads of Enquiry to the Royal Society, who will then pass them on “to Our Cor- respondents, with the same earnestness we do our own Directions” (11 March 1667 [mislabeled 1666], 1: no. 23, 415). 8. For Bacon’s discussion of negative instances, see New Organon 43, 112, 154. 9. See, for example, “DIRECTIONS For Observations and Experiments to be made by Masters of Ships, Pilots, and other fit Persons in their Sea-Voy- ages” in the Philosophical Transactions, 8 April 1667, 1: no. 24, 433–48 [433]. 10. See, for example, “Inquiries for Suratte, and other parts of the East-Indies” in the Philosophical Transactions, 11 March 1666, 1: no. 23, 415–19 Notes 207

[415], and reprinted in Robert Boyle, General Heads for the Natural History of a Country. 11. For the alternative view, that the collection evidences a continuity between past and present, see Horst Bredekamps’s Lure of Antiquity and the Cult of the Machine. For secondary material on cabinets of curi- osities see, for example, Lorraine Daston, “Curiosity in Early Modern Science” and Wonders and the Orders of Nature, 1150–1750, especially chapter 7; Curiosity and Wonder from the Renaissance to the Enlighten- ment, ed. R. J. W. Evans and Alexander Marr, especially chapters 4 and 5; and Claire Preston, “In the Wilderness of Forms: Ideas and Things in Thomas Browne’s Cabinets of Curiosity.” There is a move toward com- partmentalizing and categorizing natural historical phenomena in the compilation of cabinets of curiosities, which aim to express resemblances in nature through physical contiguity, and enable an investigation into, and a display of mastery over, nature. 12. For an account of Bacon’s method see, for example, Michel Malherbe, “Bacon’s Method of Science,” and Brian Vickers, “Francis Bacon and the Progress of Knowledge.” 13. Those observations that are made from memory are, naturally, hedged about by assurances as to the reliability of the testimony. 14. See also Francis Vernon’s letter to Henry Oldenburg of 10 January 1676 “giving a short account of some of his Observations in his Travels from Venice through Istria, Dalmatia, Greece, and the Archipelago, to Smyrna, where this Letter was written” (Ray, Collection, Tome Two, 19–29; my emphasis). 15. Hooke requires that “Wheresoever . . . any thing is registred upon the Authority of another, there ought to be put in the Margin a C, a P, or a D, according as the Authority is Certain, Probable, or Doubtful” (“Gen- eral Scheme” 63), with these symbols communicating, in shorthand, the status of the observation. 16. As Hooke writes, queries and their responses should be physically arranged so as to be “all presented at once to the View: . . . all manifest to the Eye, quickly to be examined, recollected, reviewed, [or] blotted out, . . . according to occasion” (“General Scheme” 34). 17. See, for example, “The Form of a Scheme, Which at one view represents to the Eye Observations of the Weather, for a whole Moneth” in Philo- sophical Transactions, 8 April 1667, 1: no 24, 445. 18. See Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books 268–70 for a discussion of Bacon’s wish to modify the keeping of commonplaces so that they might enable new discoveries. 19. I agree with Barbara Shapiro that “it is difficult to know whether critics of rhetoric were attacking the larger conception of rhetoric as argument and style or only excesses of style” (160); the latter position would, of course, bring them into alignment with Ascham’s objections. 208 Notes

The inclusion of Tacitus—as opposed to Cicero—in the revised pro- grams of education produced by members of the Royal Society, such as that found in a manuscript by William Petty headed “Charls Petty’s Edu- cation born 14 July 1672” (BL Add. 72857, fol. 103r), links to reform movements in what has variously been called “late” or “Tacitean” or “pragmatic” humanism. 20. For critical studies of Dampier in relation to the new philosophy see Anna Neill, “Buccaneer Ethnography,” Geraldine Barnes and Adrian Mitchell, “Measuring the Marvelous,” and R. W. Frantz, The English Traveller and the Movement of Ideas, 1660–1732. 21. For a recent critique of this theory, see Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book. 22. Like Bacon, the Royal Society advertised its commitment to experimen- tation, collaborative investigations, the practical utility of knowledge, and the collection of natural historical facts. Bacon was also, of course, pictured on the frontispiece to Sprat’s History of the Royal Society. For a comparison of Baconian and Royal Society approaches to experience and experimentation see, for example, Michael Hunter, Establishing the New Science; Charles Webster, The Great Instauration, especially chapters 2 and 3; William T. Lynch, “A Society of Baconians?” and Solomon’s Child, especially chapter 1; and Daniel Garber, “Experiment, Community, and the Constitution of Nature in the Seventeenth Century.” 23. Brian W. Ogilvie in The Science of Describing examines two related his- torical moves in the development of natural history as a discipline: that from identifying plants against their description in classical texts to rec- ognizing that there are many more species of plants than those recorded in the classics; and that from describing to classifying nature by the early seventeenth century. See also Karen Meier Reeds “Renaissance Human- ism and Botany,” and Ogilvie, “The Many Books of Nature.” 24. Dampier often complains of having been hampered in his travels by the inaccuracy of both maps and written accounts, claiming the authority to challenge existing representations to the extent that he was misled in using them as guides to actually getting around a place. 25. Vernon’s letter also appears in the Philosophical Transactions, 24 April 1676, 11: no. 124, 575–82. 26. There is a perceived link in the period between compendiousness and a dependence on one’s own first-hand observation. Dampier’s New Voyage Round the World is said to be a work not “filled with Transcripts out of others, too frequently done by such as would be Voluminous” (qtd. in Frantz 18). 27. See, for example, Kristian Jensen, “The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching.” 28. Notes can also provide a means of casting aspersions on the testimony of others. See, for example, Ray’s critical editorial commentary on Leonhart Rauwolff’s “Itinerary into the Eastern Countries” included in Ray’s Collection. Notes 209

29. In the Preface to his New Voyage Round the World, Dampier refers to his plans to include an appendix providing a fuller description of certain natural phenomena discussed in the main body of the book, although this had to be abandoned because of considerations as to length. 30. For critical studies of Bacon’s use of aphorisms see, for example, Ste- phen Clucas, “A Knowledge Broken,” Alvin Snider, “Francis Bacon and the Authority of Aphorism,” and Christiane Schildknecht, “Experiments with Metaphors.” 31. Dampier bases his competitive claim to greater representational accuracy on the extent to which his “Traverses” (oblique approaches that equate to seeing an area from all angles) allow for a more in-depth experience of the land. He sees this form of engagement as enabling a deft manage- ment of further experiences on the part of future travelers.

Chapter 4 1. From contemporary reports Coryat emerges, somewhat contradictorily, as a man of considerable learning who “carried folly (which the charitable called merriment), in his very face,” and as one “received into the family of Henry, prince of Wales” whom “the wits, . . . found . . . little better than a fool in many respects.” (Thomas Fuller, The History of the Worthies of England, “Somerset-shire” 31; Anthony à Wood, Athenae Oxonienses 2: col. 208.) 2. Michelle O’Callaghan in The English Wits considers the class distinc- tions operating in the prefatory material to the Crudities in the context of a wider discussion of early modern clubbable society. For a study of the class and regional identities invoked in the panegyric verses, see also Melanie Ord, “Provincial Identification and the Struggle over Represen- tation in Thomas Coryat’s Crudities (1611).” 3. Although “pervestigatio” is Latin for investigation or examination, this word also suggests a peregrinatory investigation. 4. The title “Crudities” may have been inspired by John Selden’s antiquar- ian work, Analecton Anglo-Britannicon (written in 1607 and published in 1615 in Frankfort), which, meaning “‘a gathering of crumbs,’” sug- gests “a collection of fragments rather than a formally composed work” (Graham Parry 97). 5. This refers to the occasion when Sir Henry Wotton rescued Coryat from an over-vigorous disputation with the Jews of the Venetian ghetto (an act imagined by Jonson as an attempt to “expiate” [Crudities xix] his carnal knowledge of the courtesan). 6. See, for example, Traveler for the English Wits (5). 7. There is much truth in this for the Crudities is clearly intended as a vehicle for self-promotion, but Coryat’s fame as a traveler also depends heavily on this prior bodily experience, partly because it enables his own particular brand of exorbitant self-representation based on the 210 Notes

prodigious extent of his travels. Coryat aimed to catch the eye of the court and the city wits through the reach and mode of his travels and the complementary style and length of his travel book. It is, I would argue, Dunton for whom travel seems nothing more than a convenient peg on which to hang his narrative experimentation. 8. See, for example, Coryat’s oration to Queen Anne in Coryats Crambe B3r. 9. The question of the extent to which one digests or absorbs foreign obser- vations also recalls advice to the returned traveler to assimilate foreign gestures into native forms of address, such as that espoused in Sir Francis Bacon’s “Of Travel” (Francis Bacon: The Essays 113–14). 10. I differ here from Katherine Craik, for whom Coryat’s text “resists the educative goals of travel writing with its ‘Hochepot’ of miscellaneous observations and fragments of reading” (Reading Sensations 109). 11. Richmond Barbour in Before Orientalism describes Coryat as “Britain’s first modern tourist and travel writer” (115). 12. See Andrew Hadfield’s Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing (59). 13. For a thorough analysis of the association between food and knowledge in the context of the bibliophagic imagery of Coryat’s Crudities, see Craik’s Reading Sensations in Early Modern England and “Reading Coryats Crudities.” O’Callaghan also shows how the “ludic and often burlesque images of bibliophagia travesty the humanist analogies between eating and reading, and digestion and acquiring knowledge” (114). 14. Travel narratives, as Anthony Parr notes in “Thomas Coryat and the Dis- covery of Europe,” were “bound to borrow from and foster the ‘open’ structures of romance . . . , relying on episode and digression to preserve detail that is quirky and intractable” (583). 15. For important studies of the physiological effects of reading, see Craik, Reading Sensations, and Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book. 16. In Aleppo in May 1614, Coryat wrote up his observations of the Holy Land; these were acquired by Samuel Purchas and printed in abbreviated form in his Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes (1625). When Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador to India, arrived at Surat on 18 September 1615, Coryat gave Peter Rogers, the East India Company’s chaplain at Ajmer, who was returning with the crew, a letter addressed to the “High Seneschall” of the Mermaid Club. 17. Coryat describes a monastery of Augustinian monks on an island between Venice and Murano that was built with money bequeathed by the peni- tent courtesan Margarita Emiliana (387, 406). 18. See, for example, Roberta Mullini, “Streets, Squares and Courts”; Man- fred Pfister, “The Passion from Winterson to Coryate”; and Andreas Mahler, “Writing Venice.” For a succinct summary of those features characterizing “the Myth of Venice,” see James S. Grubb, “When Myths Notes 211

Lose Power” and David McPherson, Shakespeare, Jonson, and the Myth of Venice, Chapter 2. 19. As O’Callaghan notes, in using such words as “ravish” Coryat is “employ- ing the very language used to vilify such modes of travel, particularly in relation to the seductive delights of Italy”; “a new vocabulary of visual pleasure that is appreciative rather than pejorative enters English travel writing with the Crudities” (140).

Chapter 5 1. Dunton in fact gives the narrator of the Voyage two names, Evander and Kainophilus. Dunton uses these names interchangeably, and sometimes even conflates them as Kainophilus Vander. References in this chapter are to Kainophilus. 2. Dunton compiled the Athenian Mercury with the aid of Richard Sault (responsible for answering mathematical queries) and Samuel Wes- ley (who took care of matters of conscience) and with the occasional assistance of Dr. John Norris. Sault contributed an entry to the Phil- osophical Transactions and Wesley supplied an elegy on the death of Robert Boyle. 3. Note that the frontispiece to Herbert’s text reads A Discription of the Persian Monarchy now beinge: The Orientall Indyes, Iles, & other part’s of the Greater Asia, and Africk. 4. It is possible that Dunton’s frontispiece is a version of the four spheres depicting the moon’s surface in Galileo Galilei’s Sidereus Nuncius (Ven- ice, 1610). See Johns, The Nature of the Book 22–23. 5. As Urmi Bhowmik notes in “Facts and Norms in the Marketplace of Print,” as a bookseller and publisher Dunton was in a position “to iden- tify new audiences thirsty for new knowledge” (349). Dunton writes under the subheading “The Rise, Design, and Novelty of the Athenian, or Question PROJECT” in Athenianism that “A Bookseller, (for such I was when the Question-Project was first set on foot) if he’s a Man of any Capacity and Observation, can tell best what to go upon, and what has the best Prospect of Success” (113). 6. Dunton first stages an act of repentance in The Art of Living Incog- nito, where he recounts in a series of letters to an unnamed female correspondent how he has withdrawn from London to the country “[t]o study [him]self,” taking as his text Cowley’s comment that “The Voyage Life is longest made at home” (1). Here, in a letter entitled “Prov- ing—There is nothing New under the Sun,” he realizes that the “Grand Ramble” (53) he had intended to embark on is utterly pointless, because the implicit motive for travel—to find out things one did not previously know—is no longer valid. 212 Notes

7. Adrian Johns in The Nature of the Book, considers Dunton’s periodical in relation to the lull in the fortunes of the Philosophical Transactions fol- lowing Henry Oldenburg’s death in 1677. 8. In a comparable gesture, Descartes had earlier wished readers who can raise any “objections” to his writings to “send them to [his] publisher, and, on being advised of them by him, [he] shall try to publish at the same time both the objection and [his] reply; and, by this means, readers, seeing both together, may judge the truth all the more easily” (89). 9. The Grand Tour thereby served as “a whole new paradigm for travelling” (Buzard 37). 10. Aesop in Jonathan Swift’s Battle of the Books (1710) calls the spider’s “Entrails” “the Guts of Modern Brains” (151) in noting that the spider spins his wit from his own bowels. 11. “An Heroick Poem Upon Mr. Dunton’s Six Hundred Projects. . . . By the ATHENIAN SOCIETY” (Athenianism xxv). Coryat was from Odcombe in Somerset. 12. It is true that Kainophilus shows off his learning and jokes of adapting his conceits to the more modest intellects of his readers but Kainophilus is not just a philosophus gloriosus. Comments such as “not to mount the Argument above my Readers Head, lest I should crack both that and my own” ([55]) and “Not to venture any further in Greek, lest I should slip in over head and ears before I’m aware, and then how shall I get out again” ([81]) show that his self-representation shifts in the Voyage and includes apologies for his lack of learning. 13. Kainophilus sees himself as being on the verge of maturity when he sits down to write the story of his travels: he is thirty years old, “that time when the gaities of Fancy being workt off, the Judgment begins to Burnish, and a Man comes to years of Discretion, if ever he will be so” (Voyage [29]). 14. One should nevertheless take this reformation with a pinch of salt. Given that Dunton describes the Voyage as a folly of youth he has since regret- ted, it is ironic that the Life and Errors ends with an advertisement for “A Ramble through Six Kingdoms” containing “His Juvenile Travels. . . . The like Discoveries (in such a Method) never made by any Traveller before” ([252]).

Postscript 1. See especially J. Paul Hunter, Before Novels, and Percy G. Adams, Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Novel. 2. See Thomas Keymer, Sterne, the Moderns, and the Novel, for a study of how Sterne’s Tristram Shandy became “synonymous with modernity” (1). Dunton’s Kainophilus fits Swift’s description of the moderns in The Battle of the Books as “light-headed”: those who “have in Speculation, a Notes 213

wonderful Agility, and conceive nothing too high for them to mount” (145), that is, those who think they can encompass that which they are not equipped to perform, just as Kainophilus thinks he can effect a voyage “round the world” while being unable even to leave southeast England. 3. The Voyage Round the World conforms to only some of Hunter’s list of features typical of the novel. While it fits its “[c]ontemporaneity”; “[r]ejection of traditional plots”; “[i]ndividualism, subjectivity”; “[i] nclusivity, digressiveness, fragmentation[;] . . . ability to parenthesize”; and “[s]elf-consciousness about innovation and novelty,” it does not show “[c]oherence and unity of design”; “[e]mpathy and vicariousness”; nor “[c]redibility and probability” (23–24). 4. In Sterne, the Moderns, and the Novel, Keymer neatly summarizes com- peting views of Sterne as “a solitary postmodern anticipation or a Renais- sance/Scriblerian throwback” (7) and attempts to reconcile these two critical schools by seeing Sterne as not only recalling his literary predeces- sors but also contributing to and interrogating the narrative conventions of the novel of his own day. 5. For a further eighteenth-century use of a seventeenth-century traveler and travel writer, see Coriat Junior (Samuel Paterson), Another Traveller! (1767). For an account of the differences between A Sentimental Jour- ney and Another Traveller! see Katherine S. H. Turner, “At the Boundar- ies of Fiction: Samuel Paterson’s Another Traveller!” and British Travel Writers in Europe 1750–1800. 6. Digressions are nevertheless a sign of giving literary shape to one’s expe- rience, as Percy Adams notes in Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Novel (208). 7. Stagl, History of Curiosity 87. For a study of the unstable separation of novelistic fiction and scientific fact by the mid-eighteenth century, see John Bender, “Enlightenment Fiction and the Scientific Hypothesis.” See also Thomas M. Curley, “Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey and the Tradition of Travel Literature,” which examines A Sentimental Journey as a text combining “moral preoccupations of Renaissance tourism, sci- entific techniques of Enlightenment explorers, and a unique Shandean drive for intimate emotional communication” (205). 8. Sterne’s concern in A Sentimental Journey to bring types of travelers under “Heads” (6: 15) may refer both to Royal Society attempts at sys- tematic observation and to the humanist pedagogical practice of keep- ing commonplace books, in which one might arrange quotations under “heads” or categories. 9. In The Aphorisms of Education Wotton had concluded the entry “They who travel far, easily miss their way” with the comment that, given the proneness of the English to corruption while abroad, he “least discredits his Travel, who returns the same man he went” (Reliquiae Wottonianae 311). 214 Notes

10. Drawings, for example, are not to be regarded as an aesthetic resource but are to have practical efficacy in enabling the related acts of discern- ment and classification. 11. If one also reads Dunton’s Voyage as an attempt to democratize travel through its choice of both narrative persona and travel destination, then this presents a challenge to Ascham’s social conservatism while also reg- istering changing historical patterns of travel throughout this period. Works Cited

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Entries in italics refer to illustrations. The letter n following a page number indicates a note on that page.

Abyssinia, 95 Ascham, Roger, 4–7, 11, 16, 118, Acosta, José de: Naturall and 125–26, 148, 183, 190, Morall Historie of the East and 192–95, 207n19, 214n11; West Indies, 12 Lyly and, 58–64, 80–82, Adams, Percy, 188, 213n6 194; Scholemaster, The, 2, 19, Addison, Joseph, 170, 191–92; 24–25, 29–56, 58–62, 66, Remarks on Several Parts of 70, 74, 77, 80, 84, 101, 120, Italy, 5 198n15, 200–202nn, 203n28; Adler, Judith, 131, 148 Toxophilus, 31–32, 47 aerial view, 99–100 “Asia,” 22 aims, ends, and routes, vocabulary Astley, John, 201n19 of, 5, 30–35, 37–40, 55–56, Athens, 17–18, 58, 62, 68, 70–71, 92, 96. See also digression 76–77, 82, 203n1 Albanese, Denise, 85, 94, 183 attraction-repulsion dialectic, 147 Aleppo, 106 Attridge, Derek, 46 Allen, Robert, 128 Alps, 93, 134–35, 144 Bacon, Francis, 5–7, 9, 11–14, 25, Alwes, Derek, 203n2, 205n15 32–33, 38, 64–65, 83–86, Anne, Queen [Anne of Denmark], 126 89–92, 95–98, 110–13, antiquity (ancients), 7–10, 15, 25, 118–20, 162, 164–66, 177, 37, 67, 69, 124–25, 127, 132, 183, 188, 194, 205nn, 141–43; modernity vs., 10, 206n8, 207nn, 208n22, 13, 18, 58, 85–86, 91, 143, 209n30; Advancement of 164, 179–80, 187; natural Learning, The, 9, 12–13, 92, philosophy and, 85–86, 90, 100–101, 106, 116, 119–20; 94–95, 101, 111. See also Instauratio Magna (The Great classical texts Instauration), 12, 86, 166; aphorisms, 116 New Atlantis, 12, 90, 108; New Ariosto, 33 Organon, The, 9, 12, 85–87, Aristotle, 9, 10, 84, 90–91, 111, 89, 91–92, 103, 108, 113–14, 205–6n3 116, 119–20, 198n11; “Of 232 Index

Bacon, Francis (continued ) Burnet, Gilbert, 4 Studies,” 38; “Of Travel,” 5, Burton, Robert: Anatomy of 65, 97, 210n9 Melancholy, The, 64, 74–75, Baker, William, 133 160–61 Bandello, Matteo, 52–53 Bushnell, Rebecca, 203n28 Barbour, Richmond, 128, 141, 143, Buzard, James, 170, 212n9 210n11 Bargrave, Robert, 114, 147 Caesar, 78 Barish, Jonas, 59, 63 Cairo, Gran, 143 Bate, Jonathan, 130, 152 Calais, 191–92 bee, ant, and spider distinction: Cambridge University, 49–50 Bacon and, 119–20; Dunton Camden, William, 124; Britannia, and, 177–79; Swift and, 124; Remaines of a Greater 212n10 Worke, Concerning Britaine, Behdad, Ali, 133–34, 145 124 Belleforest, François de, 52 Campbell, John (Edward Brown), Belon, Pierre: “Remarks on the 23, 26, 94–98, 116–18, 171 Island of Crete,” 114 Campbell, Mary Baine, 19, 22, 142, Bender, John, 213n7 198n10 Bhowmik, Urmi, 168, 211n5 Campion, Thomas, 201n17 Bible, 52, 72, 94–95, 142, 144, 151 Castiglione, Baldassare, 62, 202n23; Black, Jeremy, 170, 178, 201n11 Courtier, The, 49–50 Blair, Ann, 15 Catania, 6 Blount, Henry, 143, 166, 190; Catholicism, 5, 47–48, 51–52, 56 Voyage into the Levant, A, Caus, Salomon de, 125 139–41 Cavendish, Margaret, 15–16, Boccacio, Giovanni, 52 86, 205n16; Philosophical Botton, Alain de: Art of Travel, The, and Physical Opinions, The, 16 119; Orations of Divers Sorts, Boutcher, Warren, 52, 201n12 205n16 Boyle, Robert, 92–93, 111–12, Cecil, Sir William, 66, 200n1 198n9, 206nn, 211n2; Certeau, Michel de, 170 “Enquiries for Guaiana and Chamloe, Sir Roger, 74 Brasil,” 12; General Heads chance, 6, 32, 116, 163, 174, 192 for the Natural History of a Chard, Chloe, 68, 170–71 Country, 12, 16, 109; Some Cheke, John, 49, 50 Considerations, 93, 112, 116 Chios, 143 Brathwait, Richard: English Cicero, 2, 35, 46, 53, 60, 124, 191, Gentleman, The, 160 207n19; De officiis, 201n19 Brescia, 145 ciceronian and ciceronianism, 101, Brown, Edward. See Campbell, John 201n10, 202n23, 205n18 Brown, Tom, 168 civility, 3, 153 Browne, Sir Thomas: Pseudodoxia civilization, 35, 40 Epidemica, 116 classical texts, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 30, Bullinger, Henry, 124 33–34, 52–53, 56–57, 62, 67, Index 233

72, 83–86, 95, 106, 142–43, Dallington, Robert, 1, 129; Method, 148, 152, 154, 179–80 5 Colet, John, 204n7 Dampier, William, 26, 94, 114–15, collecting, 13–14, 94, 96, 145, 163, 117–18, 171, 208nn, 209nn; 207n11 New Voyage Round the World, colonialism or imperialism, 18–19, 20–21, 101, 208n26, 209n29 85, 198n16, 199n21 Daston, Lorraine, 100 commonplace books, 15–16, 33, Dear, Peter, 85; Revolutionising the 96, 100, 141, 182 Sciences, 205n17 Constantinople, 110 Descartes, René, 10–11, 211–12n8; Contarini, Gasparo: Commonwealth Discourse on Method, 10 and Government of Venice, The, Digby, Kenelm, 166 146 digestion and indigestion, 66, Coryat, Thomas, 9, 19, 21, 58–59, 96, 102, 119, 121, 129–30, 73, 109, 111, 170–71, 177, 132–35, 141, 177, 184, 210nn 180, 184, 190–91, 197n6; digression (rambling, wandering), 6; Coryat’s Crambe, 126, 129, Ascham, 31–32, 34, 38, 39–40; 197n6; Coryat’s Crudities, Coryat amd, 27, 154; Dunton and, 27, 32, 39–40, 121, 5, 11, 17, 26–27, 38, 66, 154, 156, 161–63, 169–76, 101, 111, 115, 121, 123–54, 185, 187–88, 190, 194–95; 209–10nn, 211n19; Crudities equivocation about, 116–19; frontispiece, 158, 159, 160–61; Nashe and, 76; new science Dunton and, 155–62, 168; Mr and, 105, 115–17, 119, 163; Thomas Coriat to his Friends in Sterne and, 190, 213n6 England, 134; Thomas Coriate discernment (discrimination), 3, 5, Traveller for the English Wits, 30–31, 37, 42, 44, 52, 57, 59, 137, 139 69, 71, 177 Cotton, Sir Robert, 124 distraction of attention, 27, 31, court, courtier and courtliness, 5, 37–39, 105–6, 188. See also 202–3nn; Ascham and, 29–30, digression 35, 40, 42–50, 55–56, 58, Drake, Sir Francis, 197n5 60, 80; Coryat and, 125–26, Drant, Thomas, 202n24 152–53; Lyly and, 58, 60–63, Dunton, John, 6, 9, 11, 19, 21, 65–67, 77–78, 80–82 27, 32, 39–40, 58, 59, 99, courtesans and prostitutes, 26–27, 118, 120, 121, 122, 135, 138, 36, 47, 67, 128, 131, 145–53, 149–51, 154–85, 199n20, 150, 209n5 210n7, 211–12nn, 214n11; Cowley, Abraham, 165 Art of Living Incognito, 164, Craik, Katharine, 134, 210n10 211n6; Ascham and, 194–95; Crane, Mary Thomas, 141 Athenian Gazette: or Casuistical credibility, 21–22, 98. See also Mercury, The (periodical), 27, veracity. 99, 155, 164–69, 188, 211nn; Curley, Thomas M., 213n7 Athenianism, 163–64, 166, Cyzicum, 124 211n5, 212n11; Athenian 234 Index

Dunton, John (continued ) euphuism, 56, 59–60, 63, 69, 73, Oracle, 166; Coryat and, 82, 83–84, 87, 204n12 156–62, 168; Letters from New Evelyn, John, 11, 111, 206n4 England, 162; Life and Errors, everyday or common objects, 20–21 164, 184, 187, 212n14; Night- experience: Bacon and, 89–90, Walker, The, 151, 187–88; 92; common or “mere” vs. Ramble Round the World, A, methodized, 89, 92, 99–100, 177–78; Sterne and, 187–91; 110, 119; mediated vs. direct, Voyage Round the World, 6, 109–10; new science and, 9, 11, 19, 27, 32, 121, 135, 7, 9–13; two meanings of, 149–51, 154–65, 168–69, in Coryat, 145–54. See also 171–85, 188, 194–95, 199n20, education; theory vs. experience 211–12nn, 214n11; Voyage experiment, 9, 11, 14, 27, 95–96, frontispiece, 158, 160, 161, 98–99, 105, 107–8, 111, 155; 175, 181–82, 211n4 Bacon and, 89–90; Dunton and, 162–63, 166; eyewitness ease vs. labor, 41–45, 62, 141. See testimony; Coryat and, 139–41, also pleasure vs. profit 144–45, 147–48; new science education, 2, 4–5, 14–15, 18; and travel texts and, 101–2, Ascham and, 7, 24–25, 29–49, 104, 111 55–56, 60, 194, 201nn; Bacon and, 7, 33, 38, 120–21; Fenton, Geoffrey: Certaine Dunton and, 121, 182–83; Tragicall Discourses 52–54, Locke, John [in Hurd’s 202–3n27 Dialogues on the Uses of Foreign Feuillerat, Albert, 204n4 Travel] and, 20; Lyly and, 25, fiction, 12, 19, 21, 111, 204n6 60, 71–83, 182 first impressions and Edwards, Jess, 198n16 impressionability, 44–45, 61, Egypt, 6, 96–97, 100, 117, 144 71 Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 104 Florence, 66, 170 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 24, Florio, John: Second Frutes, 147 44, 62, 78 Fontainebleau, 137, 191 Elyot, Sir Thomas, 38–39, 54–55; foreign language proficiency, 3, 5, Boke Named The Governour, 66, 153, 193 39, 54 France, 6, 125, 139, 153, 194 Emiliana, Margarita, 210n17 Frantz, R.W., 21 Emylio, Paulo, 124 Frascati, 147 England, 19–20, 36, 78–82, 125, frontispieces, 158–61 178 Fuller, Mary, 198–99n18 Erasmus, Desiderius, 35, 101, 203n2, 204n7 Galileo Galilei, 211n4 Erithrea, 143 Garber, Daniel, 206n3 Estienne, Henry, 84 garden and fruit metaphors, 45, 55 Eton, 29, 200n2 Germany, 6, 42 Index 235

Gildon, Charles: History of the Homer, 61, 72, 151 Athenian Society, 165 Hooke, Robert, 86, 95, 116, Glimp, David, 203n29 162, 163, 207nn; “General Gohlke, Madelon, 75 Scheme,” 86, 95, 98–100, 111 government, 1, 3, 36, 147, 193 Horman, William, 202n26 grace, 29, 30, 31, 33, 48, 49 Hospinianus, Rodolphus, 124 Grafton, Anthony, 37, 40 Howard, Thomas, 14th earl of Grand Tour, 20, 170–71, 191, Arundel, 125–26 199n23, 212n9 Howell, James, 147 Greaves, John, 100 humanism, 1–2, 143, 202n22; Greece, 33, 43, 52–53, 77, 81, defined, 7–8; new science and, 141, 143, 153. See also Athens; 7–18, 111 classical texts humanist pedagogy (counsel), 5–7, Greenblatt, Stephen, 19, 21–22, 27, 11, 13, 15, 18, 201nn, 203n2, 142, 144, 198–99n18 203n29; Ascham and, 24, 25, Greene, Robert, 204n5; Greenes 29–34, 37–40, 42–48, 55–56, Farewell to Folly, 71; Menaphon, 80; Bacon and, 83, 86–87; 60 Coryat and, 125, 135; Dunton and, 177, 182–83; Lyly and, Grew, Nehemiah, 15 25, 57, 61–64, 69, 71–87; Grey, Lady Jane, 42–43 Sterne and, 193–94 Hunt, Robin, 136 Hadfield, Andrew, 130–31 Hunter, G.K., 62, 77, 205n19 Hall, Joseph, 45, 53, 69, 112, 152; Hunter, J. Paul, 187, 213n3 Mundus Alter et Idem, 199n24 Hunter, Michael, 163 Hartlib, Samuel, 14 Hurd, Richard: Dialogues on the Uses Harvey, David, 171 of Foreign Travel, 4 Harvey, Gabriel, 56, 101; Three Proper, and Wittie, Familiar India, 139 Letters, 46 “information overload,” 104 Hassan, Ihab, 171 Israel, 6 “Heads of Enquiry,” 16–17, 109, Italianization (Italianate 198n13, 206n7 Englishman), 35, 40, 44, 46, Heidelberg, 137–38, 138 48–49, 51–52, 61, 68, 80–81 Helgerson, Richard, 61, 63, 79 Italy, 4–5, 6, 19, 23–25, 29–30, Henderson, Judith Rice, 203n2 32–38, 40–41, 45–53, 55–64, Henry, Prince of Wales, 123, 70, 72, 78, 80–82, 125–26, 125–26, 129, 209n1 134, 139, 153, 194, 199n23, herbaries, 13–14 201nn; classical Greece vs., 77; Herbert, Thomas; Relation of Some classical vs. contemporary, 30, Yeares Travaile, A, 160 34–37, 41, 46, 53, 57, 72, 80, Hoby, Sir Thomas, 25, 50, 67; 86; contemporary literature Booke of the Travaile, 200n8 of, 30, 34–36, 47, 49, 51–52, Hodges, Devon, 64 202n25; women in, 60, 62, 65, Hole, William, 126, 161 67–71, 80–81, 151. See also Holy Land, 139, 210n16 specific cities 236 Index itineraries (lists of sights), 16–17, 132–33; Dunton and, 122, 23, 104–5, 130–31, 170–71, 157–58, 162, 171–72, 180–81, 174, 190 188; Lyly and, 87; new science and, 111–13; Sterne and, 188. James I, King of England, 126, 144 See also digression; persona; Jardine, Lisa, 32, 37, 40 repetition; verbosity Jensen, Kristian, 197n7 Lithgow, William, 142; Totall Johns, Adrian, 199n26, 211n7 Discourse of the Rare Jones, Ann Rosalind, 146, 152 Adventures, The, 128, 139–40, Jones, Inigo, 125–26 143–44 Jonson, Ben, 83, 124, 129, 146, Livy, 52, 69, 142 153, 157–58; Timber; or Locke, John [in Hurd’s Dialogues Discoveries, 83; Volpone, 129 on the Uses of Foreign Travel], 4, 6, 20 Kamps, Ivo, 199n21 Lodge, Thomas; Euphues Shadow, Keymer, Thomas, 212n2, 213n4 73, 204n5; Rosalynde, 60, 66, Kinney, Arthur F., 73, 77 73 Kirchnerus, Hermannus, 5, 135–36, London, 77, 81, 151, 172 180 London Mercury, 168 Knapp, Jeffrey, 198–99n18 Louvre, 137 love (sex), 25, 27, 58, 61, 65–67, Lacedemonians, 71–72, 149 69–70, 77–80, 82, 147, Lamb, Jonathan, 174 148–54. See also courtesans Lassels, Richard, 147; Voyage of and prostitutes; women and Italy, 22 femininity Latin, 1, 33, 43, 46, 52–53, 141, Lyly, John, 4, 6, 19, 24–25, 46, 153, 201nn, 202n26 55–87, 182–83, 203–5nn; Leeds, John, 201n10 Ascham and, 58–64, 80–82, Leigh, Edward: Three Diatribes or 194; Coryat and, 149; Dunton Discourses, 115 and, 182–83, 194; Euphues Lesbos, 6 and his England, 4, 6, 19, Lestringant, Frank, 10 25, 57, 60–62, 66, 73–74, “letters of advice to sons,” 16–17, 76–82, 203–5nn; Euphues: 64–65, 67, 105 The Anatomy of Wyt, 4, 6, 19, Levant, 97 25, 46, 57, 67–82, 84, 149, Lewkenor, Lewis, 146 203–5nn; new philosophy and, Leyden, 13, 14 83–87, 91; Sterne and, 193 Life, Travels, and Adventures of Lyly, William, 62, 204n7 Christopher Wagstaff, The, Lyons, 99, 190 188–89 Lily, George, 204n7 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 202n25 Linnaeus, Carolus, 199n25 manners, 3–4, 193. See also court, Lister, Martin, 106–7, 108 courtier and courtliness literary style: Bacon and, 87, 101, maps and mapping, 13–14, 78, 121; Coryat and, 121–22, 102–3, 109 Index 237

Margolies, David, 203–4n2 More, Sir Thomas, 204n7 Marxist theory, 18 Morison, Sir Richard, 42 Mascuch, Michael, 187–88 Moryson, Fynes: Itinerary, An, 69, masculinity, 68, 71, 81–82, 153. See 131, 145, 147 also Italianization Moss, Ann, 15 Maslen, Robert, 53, 61, 81, 83, Mulcaster, Richard, 7, 41, 50–51; 200n7 Elementarie, 31–33; Positions, McKeon, Michael, 163 41, 50, 51 McPherson, David C., 36, 146 Munday, Anthony; English Roman measurement, 17–18, 199–200n27 Life, The, 51 metaphors, images, and discourse of music, 47–48, 201n20 travel: antiquity vs. modernity and, 13; humanists and, 30–31, Naples, 25, 58, 62, 65–72, 74, 38, 48; new science and, 20, 76–78, 80–82, 142, 170, 91–93, 116, 166; reading and, 203n1, 204n9 134–35 Nashe, Thomas: Unfortunate methodology, 5, 7, 15, 17, 20, Traveler, The, 66, 75–76, 23; Ascham and, 31, 34, 40, 78–79 46–47; Coryat and, 131–32, natural history, 9, 11–16, 20, 25, 139, 141, 156; digression and, 84, 87, 89–95, 98–100, 103–4, 117; Dunton and, 155–56, 106–7, 162, 199n25, 208n23 162–63, 169–76, 182–84, 188; New Historicist critics, 18 new science and, 26, 95–105, new science (new philosophy), 162–63; persona linked with, 19–21, 26–27, 205–9nn; 140–41, 172 Bacon and, 84–87; Dunton Meyer, Albrecht: Certaine briefe, and, 27, 162–71, 182–83; and speciall Instructions, 17, humanism and, 7–18, 205n17; 197n5 Lyly and, 58, 83–87; theory Middle East, 142 and experience and, 106–22; Milton, John: “Of Education. To travel and, 7–18, 89–106 Master Samuel Hartlib,” 14–15 New World, 12–13, 18–22, 116, Misson, Francois Maximilien: New 198–99n18; Nile, 95 Voyage to Italy, A, 22, 171, 174 Norris, Dr. John, 211n2 modernity, Sterne and, 212n2. See notes (footnotes and marginal also under antiquity: modernity notes), 115, 127, 153, 208n28 vs. novel, 102, 187–88, 194, 212–13nn Montaigne, Michel de, 10–11, 27; novelle, 29–30, 52–53, 152 “On Experience,” 10 novelty, 9, 13, 27, 122, 129–32, Moore, Tim, 136 134, 141, 146–47, 154, 156, moral dangers (corruption, vice), 163–64, 171–72, 174, 176, 2–6, 25–27; Ascham and, 29, 178–80, 187–88 32–33, 35–36, 41, 44–45, 47–49, 51–52, 70; Coryat and, O’Callaghan, Michelle, 131, 209n2, 148–49, 152–53; Lyly and, 58, 211n19 61, 67, 70–73, 77, 78, 80–82 Odcombe, 127, 136, 212n11 238 Index

Ogée, Frederic, 23 pleasure vs. profit, 1–6, 18, 26, Ogilvie, Brian W., 107, 208n23 197n5, 204n6; Ascham and, Oldenburg, Henry, 17, 110, 211n7 41–43, 47, 52, 56–59, 63, order vs. disorder, 31, 33–35, 38, 92, 194; Bacon and, 92, 119, 41, 57, 132, 161, 183–84. See 194; Coryat and, 131, 141–42, also methodology 184, 211n19; Dampier and, Ovid, 203n2 118; Dunton and, 175, 184, Oxford University, 77 190, 194–95; Lyly and, 58–59, 62–65, 194; Sterne and, 190, Padua, 67, 124–25, 144 194–95 Painter, William, 202–3n27; Palace Pliny the Elder: Historia Naturalis, of Pleasure, The, 52–53, 152 84 Palladio, Andrea, 125–26; I Quattro Plukenet: Phytographia, 103 Libri dell’Architettura, 125 Plutarch, 179, 203n2 Palmer, Thomas, 4; Essay of the Pole, Reginald, 204n7 Meanes how to make our postmodernism, 171–73 Travailes, . . . the more profitable poststructuralist theory, 18 and honourable, 3 Pratolino, 147 Pratt, Mary Louise, 198n16, paradiastole, 48–49 199n25 paraphrase, 40 Prodigality: Bacon and, 86; Coryat Parks, George B., 200n1 and, 149; Dunton and, Parr, Anthony, 141, 210n14 182–84, 211n6; Lyly and, Parthians, 71–72 61–63, 70–71, 74–79, 86, 182, Paterson, Samuel (Coriat Junior): 183, 203n30 Another Traveller!, 213n5 Protestantism, 5, 27, 43, 48–49, 56 Perec, Georges, 170 Purchas, Samuel: Hakluytus Persians, 71–72 Posthumus or Purchas His persona (self-presentation), 121, Pilgrimes, 210n16 123–31, 136, 138–41, 144, Puttenham, George, 40 152–58, 161, 168–69, 172, 179–80 quantification, 46 Petrarch, 33, 52, 63 query and response, 95, 99, 165–69 Petty, William, 112, 198n12, 206n4, 207–8n19; “Dictionary Raab, Felix, 146 of Sensible Words, The,” 112; Rauwolff, Leonhart, 14, 97, 106, Petty Papers, The, 15 108–9, 208n28 Phelips, Sir Robert, 127 Ray, John, 11, 22–23, 25, 98, philosophus gloriosus, 180, 212n12 103, 106–8, 111–14, Pillars of Hercules, 12–13, 166 208n28; Collection of Curious Pincombe, Mike, 47, 63, 202n22 Travels and Voyages, A, plagiarism, 19, 157, 179, 183–84, 108–9; Collection of Exotick 194 Catalogues, 114; Observations Plato, 10, 32, 52, 72, 201n18; Topographical, Moral & Phaedrus, 43 Physiological, 22 Index 239

Raymond, John, 103 Said, Edward, 18 reader: Coryat and, 133–34, 153; Sallust, 64 Dunton and, 163, 169, 175–76 Salzman, Paul, 203–4n2 reading: as alternative to travel, 7, Sandys, George, 128, 143; Relation 133–34, 136; as form of travel, of a Journey, A, 139 134–36, 154, 173, 191; new Sault, Richard, 211n2 science and, 8–9. See also theory Sawday, Johnathan, 64, 104 vs. experience Schaffer, Simon, 8, 109, 197n9 record keeping, 93–100, 121, 189 Scragg, Leah, 82, 205n19 Red Sea, 95 Selden, John: Analecton Anglo- referrals to other texts (cross- Britannicon, 209n4 referencing), 22–23, 114–15, self, focus on, 11, 120, 158, 161, 132, 169–70 189–90, 195. See also persona repetition, 100, 103, 105, 110–15, Servi, Constantino de’, 125 132, 170–71 Settle, Elkanah: New Athenian Rhodes, Neil, 104 Comedy, The, 27 rhyme, 45–46, 201n17 Shakespeare, William: Love’s Rich, William, 129 Labour’s Lost, 66, 147 Richards, Jennifer, 40, 46, 49–50, Shapin, Steven, 8, 109, 197–98n9 56, 202n23 Shapiro, Barbara, 104, 207n19 Richardson, Samuel, 187 Sherbert, Garry, 175, 179–80 Riche, Barnabe: Second Tome of the Sherman, William H., 32, 128, Travailes and Adventures of 199n20 Don Simonides, 203n2 Sicily, 72, 94 Richmond, Robert, 153 Sidney, Sir Philip, 73, 204–5n13; Rightwise (Ritwise), John, 204n7 Profitable Instructions, 3, 5 Roberts, Lewes: Marchants Mappe of Commerce, The, 158 Silvestre, Dr Peter, 94 Roe, Sir Thomas, 210n16 Singh, Jyotsna, 199n21 Rogers, Peter, 210n16 Sirens, 47–48, 68, 70, 73, 101, 148 Rome, 4, 23, 34–35, 53, 55, 68, 77, Smirna, 6 102–3, 125–26, 170. See also Smith, Thomas, 49; “Historical classical texts; Italy Observations relating to Rooke, George, 93 Constantinople,” 110 Royal Society, 11, 17, 20, 25–26, Smollett, Tobias, 194 90, 93–94, 101, 103, 106, 108, Society of Antiquaries, 124 110, 111, 121, 145, 163, 165, Spain, 139 198n12, 206n4, 207–8n19, Spenser, Edmund, 56; Faerie 208n22, 213n8; Philosophical Queene, The, 92; Three Proper, Transactions, 16, 17, 27, and Wittie, Familiar Letters, 46 93–94, 98–99, 104, 115, 165, Spiller, Elizabeth, 8 167, 206nn, 211n2 Sprat, Thomas; History of the Royal Rutland, Earl of, 64 Society, 121–22, 165, 208n22 sprezzatura, 49, 62, 202n23 Sackville, Robert, 44 Stagl, Justin, 154, 190 Sackville, Sir Richard, 44, 201n14 Starr, George, 188 240 Index

Starre, Joseph, 197n6 Turler, Jerome: Traveiler of Jerome Steinberg, Theodore, 63 Turler, The, 1, 3–4, 25, 68–69, Sterne, Laurence, 59, 121, 134, 142 188–95, 212n2, 213nn; Turner, Katherine S.H., 213n5 “Prodigal Son, The,” 193; Sentimental Journey, A, 163, Ulysses, 32, 72, 136, 151 170, 190, 192–93, 213nn; Tristram Shandy, 158, 170, Vadianus, Glareanus, 132 173, 188–94, 212n2 Vansleb, Father, 114 Stewart, Alan, 201n9 Venice, 5, 19, 26, 35–36, 47, 111, Stoye, John, 170 124, 126, 130–32, 136–37, Strasbourg Cathedral, 137 139–40, 142, 145–54, 210nn Sturm, Johann, 202n21 veracity, 114, 147. See also Sulpicius, Servius, 191 credibility. Suez, 95 verbosity, 40, 66, 103–4, 111–14, Swift, Jonathan, 187; Battle of the 118–19, 132, 134–35 Books, 178–79, 212n10; “Ode verification, 23–24, 166 to the Athenian Society,” 165 Vernon, Francis, 17–18, 110–11, Sydenham, George, 137 208n25 Syracuse, 6 Verona, 125 Verstegan, Richard: Post for Divers Tacitus, 207–8n19 Partes of the World, The, 127 Taylor, John, 134; Laugh, and be Veryard, Ellis; Account of Divers Fat, 153; Sculler, The, 157 Choice Remarks, An, 6, 12–14, theory (text) vs. experience, 2–3, 23, 26, 94–95, 97, 99, 102–6, 5, 7–18, 21; Ascham and, 33, 109, 115, 117, 190 37–39, 47–48, 51–52, 56–59, Vicenza, 125–26 70–72, 83–84, 86; Bacon Vickers, Brian, 87, 119, 205n18 and, 83–87, 91; Blount and, Virgil, 69, 142 139–41; Coryat and, 26, 123, “virtual witnessing,” 8–9, 197–98n9 135–40, 147, 154; Dunton and, 162, 164, 175, 180–83, walking, city as text written by, 194–95; Lyly and, 24–25, 55, 170–71 58–59, 64, 67–68, 70–87; new Waller, Richard, 103 science and, 7–10, 12, 14, 93, Waserus, Gaspar, 124 95, 98, 101, 104–22, 164; well-worn observations and paths Sterne and, 191–92. See also (“beaten path”), 114, 116–17, education 146, 163–64, 171–72, 190. See Thomas, William: History of Italy, also digression; repetition The, 25, 36, 67–68, 197n2 Wesley, Samuel, 211n2 Trajan, Emperor of Rome, 142 Westminster, 172, 177 travel reports, 11, 12, 21–22, 26, Whigham, Frank, 48–49, 202n23 94–101, 105, 137, 145, 163 Whitaker, Laurence, 134–35, 137, Troy, 143 158 Turkey, 139, 143 Whittington, Robert, 202n26 Index 241

Wilkins, John, 206n4 Woodward, John: Brief Instructions, Willughby, Francis, 25; Ornithology, 20 The, 9, 102, 108–9, 112–14 Worledge, Chris, 136 wit, 204n3; Bacon and, 120; Lyly Worledge, Michele, 136 and, vs. Ascham, 59–60, Wotton, Sir Henry, 5, 193, 209n5; 62–66, 68–69, 71–72, 82, 87; Aphorisms of Education, The, “quicke” vs. “hard,” in Ascham, 213–14n9 Wren, Christopher, 206n4 33, 44–47, 54, 201n16; writing, linked to travel, 1, 59, 65, wisdom vs., 58, 63–64, 68, 71, 66, 128–29, 135, 172–76 75–78, 82, 193 women and femininity, 25, 71, youth vs. age, 4–6, 18, 24; Ascham 153; English vs. Italian, 62, and 37, 41–45, 52, 54, 57, 67–68, 78, 81–82; music and, 194; Bacon, 85–86, 91; 47, 201n20; readership and, Dunton and, 183; Lyly and, 62, 79, 81, 204n6. See also 56–83, 85, 91, 183; Sterne courtesans and prostitutes; love and, 193–94 (sex) Wood, Anthony à, 204n8 Zwinger, Theodor: Methodus, 4