SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 64

Some Tertiary Brachiopods ofthe East Coast of the United States

G. Arthur Cooper

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1988 ABSTRACT

Cooper, G. Arthur. Some Tertiary Brachiopods of the East Coast of the United States. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 64, 45 pages, 11 figures, 9 plates, 2 tables, 1988.—^The Tertiary brachiopod fauna of the United States is discussed and reference is made to the composition of the World Tertiary fauna. The brachiopod fauna of the East Coast of the United States at present numbers 17 genera (4 inarticulates and 13 articulates), of which 11 are discussed herein (asterisk): 2 linguilidids: Glottldia,* Discradisca; 2 craniidinids: Isocranial* and Crania?*; 2 rhynchonellids: Probolarina* and Cryptopora, the former extinct; 2 cancellothyrids: Eucalathis* and Terebratulina*; 5 extinct terebratulids: Embolosia, Oleneothy­ ris, Plicatoria,* Rhytisoria,* and Tanyoscapha; 2 terebratelUds: Argyrotheca* and Platidia; and 2 thecideids: Lacazella* and ThecidelUna.* PHocene Glottidia inexpectans Olsson in adult form is described. New species of Probolarina, Terebratulina, Argyrotheca, Lacazella, and ThecidelUna are described and illustrated. Specimens not identified as to species are described: Crania?, Isocrania?, Eucalathis?, and Terebratulina. The remarkable variation of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby) is described and illustrated.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limiled number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phacops rana Green.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cooper, G. Arthur (Gustav Arthur), 1902- Some Tertiary brachiopods of the East Coast of the United States (Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 64) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs.: SI 1.30:64 1. Brachiopoda, Fossil. 2. Paleontology—^Tertiary. 3. Paleontology—United States. I. Title. II. Scries. QE70LS56 no. 64 564'.8'0974 87-600205 [QE796] Contents

Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 3 Systematic Hierarchy of Species Described 3 Class INARTICULATA Huxley, 1869 4 Genus Glottidia Dall, 1870 4 Glottidia inexpectans Olsson, 1914 4 Genus Crania Retzius, 1781 4 Crania? species 1 5 Crania? species 2 5 Genus Isocrania Jaekel, 1902 5 Isocrania? species 1 5 Isocrania? species 2 5 Isocrania? species 3 5 Class ARTICULATA Huxley, 1869 6 Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Gray, 1848 6 Genus Probolarina Cooper, 1959 6 Probolarina brevirostris, new species 6 Probolarina holmesi santeensis, new subspecies 6 Probolarina transversa, new species 7 Superfamily CANCELLOTHYRIDACEA Thomson, 1926 7 Genus Terebratulina d'Orbigny, 1847 7 Terebratulina alabamensis, new species 7 Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich, 1907 8 Terebratulina capillata. new species 8 Terebratulina lachryma (Morton, 1833) 9 Terebratulina wilsoni, new species 10 Terebratulina species 11 Genus £Mca/ar/iw Fischer and Oehlert, 1890 11 Eucalathis? species 1 12 Eucalathis? species 2 12 Superfamily TEREBRATLTLACEA Gray, 1840 12 Genus Plicatoria Cooper, 1983 12 Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby, 1845) 12 Plicatoria parva, new species 18 Plicatoria ventricosa, new species 18 Genus Rhytisoria Cooper, 1983 19 Rhytisoria alabamensis Cooper, 1983 19 Superfamily TEREBRATELLACEA King, 1850 19 Genus Argyrotheca Dall, 1900 19 Argyrotheca beecheri (Clark, 1895) 19 Argyrotheca laevis, new species 19 Argyrotheca macneili, new species 20 Argyrotheca quadrata, new species 20 Argyrotheca quadrata transversa, new subspecies 21 Argyrotheca semicostata, new species 21

lU NUMBER 64 IV

Superfamily THECIDEACEA Gray, 1840 22 Genus Lacazella Munier-Chalmas, 1881 22 Lacazella nana, new species 22 Genus ThecidelUna Thomson, 1915 22 ThecidelUna alabamensis, new species 22 Localities 23 Literature Cited 25 Plates 27 Some Tertiary Brachiopods ofthe East Coast of the United States

G. Arthur Cooper

Introduction Tanyoscapha, and Rhytisoria. Identification of Gryphus in the Eocene and the Oligocene of the West Coast is doubtful and Tertiary deposits of the United States are endowed with a no typical Gryphus occurs in the Pacific today, although the variety and abundance of brachiopods only rarely and locally. genus has been doubtfully identified there. Although Gryphus Few brachiopods were noted and described by early workers is known in the Eocene of the Caribbean region (Cooper, in the United States. Schuchert (1897:68) Usts only six species 1979), where it is a likely invader from the Mediterranean, it of Tertiary brachiopods from the eastern United States: one has not been found in the Eocene or later sediments of the rhynchonellid that Lyell and Sowerby mistakenly identified Atlantic Coast. as Terebratula wilmingtonensis, 3 "Terebratula,'^ one Terebra­ Of the 17 genera of the East Coast Tertiary, 4 are tulina, and one inarticulate. In the many years since Schuchert's inarticulates: Isocranial, Cranial, Glottidia. and Discradisca; summary, only a few species have been described, mostly from 2 are rhynchonellids: Cryptopora and Probolarina; 5 are Paleocene and Eocene strata. The present work is designed to terebratulids: Embolosia. Plicatoria, Tanyoscapha. Oleneothy­ make known some new and old species from these Tertiary ris and Rhytisoria; 2 belong to the cancellothyrids: Eucalathisl deposits of the East Coast (including Alabama). Statistical and Terebratulina; 2 to the terebratellids: Argyrotheca and information was obtained from the literature to February 1986; Platidia; and 2 to the thecideids: Lacazella and ThecidelUna. therefore, numbers of genera recorded for the Tertiary and other The great development of the Terebratulacea and Terebratel­ geological times are suggestive rather than definitive. lacea in the Tertiary took place outside of the United States, Thirty genera of brachiopods have been described from chiefly in Austraha, New Zealand, Japan, and the Mediterra­ Tertiary sediments of the East, Gulf, and West coasts of the nean borders. The Tertiary rhynchonellids are moderately United States. Of these, 18 are now living in the waters of the represented generically in the Southern Hemisphere and the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific. Three living genera are Mediterranean. Hemithiris appears in the Pleistocene of New known from the Paleocene, 8 from the Eocene, 7 from the England and Quebec. It is not known from East Coast Tertiary Oligocene, 8 from the Miocene, 10 from the Pliocene, and 5 sediments. It has been recorded from the Tertiary of the West from the Pleistocene. Terebratulina. Argyrotheca, Discinisca, Coast, but the generic identity of some of the species is suspect and Discradisca occur in all of the Tertiary epochs and extend (//. dibbleei Hertlein and Grant, and H. regani Hertlein and into the Recent. Terebratalia and Dallinella extend from Grant). Cooper (1959:54) placed Hemithiris astoriana Dall in Oligocene to Recent on the West CoasL Only four genera of Frieleia. the East and Gulf Coast Tertiary are known on the West Coast: Terebratula [now Plicatoria] wilmingtonensis Lyell and Glottidia, Discradisca, Terebratulina, and Platidia. Four West Sowerby, from the Eocene of North Carolina, is of special Coast genera are extinct: Eogryphus. Miogryphus, Kingenal interest because of the variation shown in its development of and Terebratulal. Of East Coast genera, 7 are extinct: costae. It and some of its aberrations, were illustrated by Dall Isocrania?, Probolarina, Embolosia, Plicatoria, Oleneothyris, (1903). A species (now Rhytisoria alabamensis Cooper, 1983) from the Paleocene of Alabama was mistakenly referred to T. G. Arthur Cooper, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural wilmingtonensis and led to erroneous dating of the formation History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. in which it occurred (Aldrich, 1907:9). Based on exteriors SMITHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

TABLE 1.—^Numbers of brachiopod genera in existing superfamUies from Triassic lo Recent (from fUes of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, February 1986).

Class and/or Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary Recent Extinct in Superfamily Tertiary

Inarticulata 3 4 7 8' 10 2 Articulata Rhynchonellacea 61 113 30 18 17 8 Cancellothyridacea 0 4 13 6 10 2 Terebratulacea 11 136 67 27 19 18 Terebratellacea 13 10 40 62 54 28 Thecideacea 2 9 11 4 2 2

Total 90 276 168 125 112 60

Cooper (1983) split the variable T. wilmingtonensis into three Jurassic to 5 in the Cretaceous and became extinct thereafter genera, Embolosia, Plicatoria, and Tanyoscapha, all with (not in Table 1). Unlike the Terebratulacea, the Terebratellacea similar loops. increased from 10 genera in the Jurassic to 40 in the Most marine Tertiary deposits are marginal to the continents Cretaceous. and islands. Brachiopods found as fossils in these marginal Significant changes occurred after the Cretaceous. The deposits are often genera and species living offshore today. rhynchonelhds declined from 30 genera in the Cretaceous to Along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts fossil and living genera 18 in die Tertiary; the terebratulaceans declined to 27 genera are: Glottidia, Discradisca, Crania, Hemithiris, Terebratulina, in the Tertiary from 67 in the Cretaceous; the cancellothyri- ThecidelUna, Lacazella, Platidia, Argyrotheca, and Crypto­ daceans from 13 in the Cretaceous to 6 genera in the Tertiary. pora. Off the Pacific Coast of the United States, fossil and The terebratellids increased from 40 genera in the Cretaceous living genera are: Glottidia, Discinisca, Discradisca, Hemi­ to 62 in the Tertiary. The Thecideacea dropped from their thiris, Terebratulina, Platidia, Terebratalia, Dallinella and maximum of 11 in the Cretaceous to 4 in the Tertiary. The Laqueus. Eohemithiris, recorded by Hertlein and Grant (1944) inarticulates ntimbered 7 genera in the Cretaceous, increasing lives today in the southern Pacific. Brachiopods hving today to 8 in the Tertiary. off Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Although the Recent brachiopod fauna is thought by some Mediterranean shores occur in the marginal Tertiary and to be a mere remnant of the Tertiary fauna, in reality it numbers Pleistocene deposits. In addition (Cooper, 1982:4) recorded 112 genera, nearly as many as the 125 genera of the Tertiary. Cryptopora from off the Oregon coast. There is a slight increase (total of 10 genera) of the Inarticulata The brachiopod fauna of the West Coast of the United States, in the Recent and a slight decrease to 17 genera of the like that of the American Cretaceous brachiopod fauna, is a Rhynchonellacea. The Terebratulacea decreased from 27 limited one. Hertlein and Grant (1944:7) list 14 (15, with genera to 19 in the Recent and the Cancellothyridacea increased Dallinella separated from Terebratalia) genera from the West from 6 Tertiary genera to 10 genera in the Recent fauna. There Coast Tertiary, a fauna shghtly less diverse than that of the is a small decline in the number of Recent Terebratellacea to East Coast. The end of the Cretaceous wimessed a decline in 54 genera in the Recent fauna, in which they are now the most the brachiopods, as well as in other marine phyla. Only 9 numerous brachiopod element. The Thecideacea declined to 2 genera (10 with doubtful Isocrania) definitely crossed the genera in the Recent from the 4 present in the Tertiary. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Lingula, Discinisca, Discra­ Several Recent genera of the Atlantic and Pacific are not disca, Crania, Terebratulina. Argyrotheca. Megathiris, Bifo- found in Tertiary deposits adjacent to those coasts. Macan­ lium, and Glazewskia. All but the last two, and Isocrania, are drevia. occurs off New England but has not yet been found in living today. The Cretaceous brachiopod fauna (both extinct the Caribbean or East Coast Tertiary. Dallina is fairly common and extant) contains 173 genera; that of the Tertiary-Recent in the Caribbean, rare in the Gulf of Mexico, but has not yet numbers 180 (Table 1). been found as fossil in die Caribbean, East Coast and Gulf The Jurassic brachiopod fauna of 314 genera declined to 173 Coast Tertiary. It and Macandrevia occur in the Japanese in the Cretaceous. The rhynchonellids dropped from 113 Tertiary. genera in the Jurassic, their heyday, to 30 genera in the Ecnomiosa Cooper (1977) from Gulf and Caribbean waters, Cretaceous. The Terebratulacea declined from 136 genera in and also from the Indian Ocean, has not been found as a fossil. the Jurassic lo 67 in the Cretaceous. The Cancellothyridacea Chlidonophora, rare in the Caribbean, common in the Gulf of appeared in the Jurassic and increased to 13 genera in the Mexico, has also been found in the Indian Ocean. Its report as Cretaceous. The zeilleriids declined from 36 genera in the a fossil is probably erroneous. Rare Caribbean forms such as NUMBER 64

Erymnia (Cooper, 1977), Notozyga (Cooper, 1977) and Order Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 Megerlia are not known from the Caribbean, East Coast, or Superfamily Rhynchonellacea Gray, 1848 Gulf Coast Tertiary, Abyssothyris is rare in the North Atlantic, Family Basiliolidae Cooper, 1959 a possible deviant stock, and unknown in the American Subfamily BasiUohnae Cooper, 1959 Tertiary. It occurs with its homeomorphs Notorygmia and Genus Probolarina Cooper, 1959 Neorhynchia on the Baja Abyssal Plain off San Diego, Probolarina brevirostris, new species California. Abyssothyris has been identified from Miocene Probolarina holmesi santeensis. new subspecies Globigerina-hoai'mg deposits on Fiji (Cooper 1978). Crania, Probolarina transversa, new species rare in the Pacific, has not been found in the West Coast Order Terebratulida Waagen, 1883 Tertiary. Suborder Terebratulidina Muir-Wood, 1955 Superfamily Cancellothyridacea Thomson, 1926 In spite of the changes since the Tertiary, the modern Family Cancellothyrididae Thomson, 1926 brachiopod fauna is not in serious decline. Widespread modern Subfamily Cancellodiyridinae Thomson, 1926 dredging operations are fmding .brachiopods at many new Genus Terebratulina d'Orbigny, 1847 locations, with new species and occasional new genera as Terebratulina alabamensis, new species rewards. Continued exploration for fossil and Recent brachi­ Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich, 1907 opods is certain to add many new taxa to the literature. Terebratulina capillata, new species ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—Dr. Druid Wilson, retired from the Terebratulina lachryma (Morton, 1833) U.S. Geological Survey and well informed in Tertiary Terebratulina wilsoni, new species stratigraphy and paleontology .advised in connection with Terebratulina species recent advances in Tertiary stratigraphy. Dr. J. Thomas Dutro, Genus Eucalathis Fischer and Oehlert, 1890 Jr., U.S. Geological Survey, made valuable suggestions for the Eucalathis? species 1 improvement of the manuscript. I am most grateful to both of Eucalathis? species 2 these authorities. Superfamily Terebratulacea Gray, 1840 I am grateful to Mr. Rex Doescher, Museum Specialist, for Family Terebratulidae Gray, 1840 his help with brachiopod ranges. His compilations of genera Subfamily TerebratuUnae Gray, 1840 have been most helpful. Dr. P.M. Kier, formerly curator in the Genns Rhytisoria Cooper, 1983 National Museum of Natural History collected many of die Rhytisoria alabamensis Cooper, 1983 brachiopods from South Carolina; Mr. P.J. Harmatuck, Subfamily PUcatoriinae Cooper, 1983 Genus Plicatoria Cooper, 1983 Bridgeton, North Carohna, collected most of the specimens Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby, from the Ideal Cement Company, northeast of Castle Hayne, Nordi Carolina. 1845) Plicatoria parva, new species Plicatoria ventricosa, new species Systematic Hierarchy of Species Described Suborder Terebratellidina Muir-Wood, 1955 (frcHn Class through Species) Superfamily Terebratellacea King, 1850 Family MegaUiyrididae Dall, 1870 Class Inarticulata Huxley, 1869 Genus Argyrotheca Dall, 1900 Order LinguUda Waagen, 1885 Argyrotheca beecheri (Clark, 1895) Superfamily Lingulacea Menke, 1828 Argyrotheca laevis, new species Family Linguhdae Menke, 1828 Argyrotheca macneili. new species Genus Glottidia Dall, 1870 Argyrotheca quadrata. new species Glottidia inexpectans Olsson, 1914 Argyrotheca quadrata transversa, new subspecies Order Acrotretida Kuhn, 1949 Argyrotheca semicostata, new species Suborder Craniidina Waagen, 1885 Order Thecideida Pajaud, 1970 Superfamily Craniacea Menke, 1828 Suborder Thecideidina ElUott, 1958 Family Craniidae Menke, 1828 Superfamily Thecideacea Gray, 1840 Genus Crania Retzius, 1781 Family Thecideidae Gray, 1840 Crania? species 1 Subfamily Lacazellinae Backhaus, 1959 Crania? species 2 Genus Lacazd/a Munier-Chaknas, 1881 Genus/.socrama Jaekel, 1902 Lacazella nana, new species Isocrania? species 1 Subfamily Thecidellininae Thomson, 1915 Isocrania? species 2 Genus ThecidelUna Thomson, 1915 Isocrania? species 3 ThecidelUna alabamensis, new species Class Articulata Huxley, 1869 SMITHS0NL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Class INARTICULATA Huxley, 1869 with umbonal chamber occupied by umbonal muscle scar. Anterior of scar, short median septum extending for slighdy Genera of Inarticulata are generally scarce in the American more than one-diird valve lengdi. Septum ends in splayed Tertiary alUiough local occurrence of abundant specimens is anterior from which extends low median ridge nearly to known. Lingula, which is usually found in the Soudiern anterior margin. Muscle scars not resolved. Hemisphere, has not been found in die Tertiary of the United MEASUREMENTS.—Lengdi and width are in mdlimeters. States. However, its northern cousin, Glottidia is known from die Pliocene of the East Coast Tertiary and from die Miocene USNM ^"^'^ ^^'^ and Pliocene of the West Coast Tertiary, 551520b 32.0 12.5 Discradisca Stenzel (1964) is rare in die Paleocene of Texas 551520c 37.0 13.5 where its type species, D. littigensis Stenzel occurs. Discra­ 551520d 23.5 9.0 disca lugubris (Conrad) is fairly common in the Miocene of 551520g 47.0 17.0 Maryland and Virginia, less so in die PUocene. Discradisca 5515201 47.0 15.0 551520k 32.0 12.5 aldrichi (Gardner) occurs in die Miocene (Alum Bluff 551520-2 18.0 7.0 Formation) of Horida. Discradisca occurs in the Adantic 551520m 34.0 15.0 where it is rare; it is more common in the Pacific. 551520U 45.0 17.0 In the West Coast Tertiary Discradisca occurs in die Eocene, 551520y 40.0 17.0 Oligocene, and PUocene. Discinisca, the smooth relative of Discradisca, occtu-s in die Miocene and Pliocene and is fairly GEOLOGICAL OccimRENCE.—^Pliocene (Yorktown Forma­ common off the west coast of Soudi America. tion). Crania is rare off the Adantic coast of die United States. LOCALITY.—Virginia 1. The one specimen described from die Gulf of Mexico has now TYPES.—Hypotypes: USNM 551531; 551520a-z. proved to be a Discradisca (Tunned, in Utt. 17 Sep 1984). DISCUSSION.—The original specimens on which this species Typical, unornamented Crania is not known in the American is based are very small, 5-12 mm in length, undoubtedly Tertiary; those referred to Crania widi a query are radially juvendes. They were taken from the filling of a Pecten ornamented, as is die species from die Paleocene Salt Mountain jeffersonius shell (Olsson, 1914). Formation described by Touhnin (1940). Of described species, G. inexpectans is extremely similar externally to G. palmeri Dall (1871). The Pliocene species is Genus Glottidia Dall, 1870 shghtiy wider, averaging L/W = 2.62, while G. palmeri has LAV above 3.0. The posterior of G. palmeri is more pointed Glottidia inexpectans Olsson, 1914 and its anterior margin straighter than in G. inexpectans. Inside PLATE 1: HGURES 17-32 both valves, the internal ridges of G. inexpectans are proportionately shorter, and those of the ventral valve are more Glottidia inexpectans Olsson, 1914:21. pl. 12: figs. 17-21. widely divergent anteriorly than those of the modern species. Large, equivalve, length 2.5 times width; sides subparallel; Glottidia is very rare in the fossil state. It is known in the anterior margin broadly rounded; posterior pointed. Surface Tertiary of California. The known occurrences of modern marked by fine concentric growth varices. Dark brown widi a Glottidia are on the East and West coasts of North America, long median triangular area of lighter brown or grayish brown. the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Central America. Ventral valve with a long triangular median, elevated, flattened area originating at beak, broadening anteriorly to Genus Crania Retzius, 1781 disappear near anterior quarter. Flanks bounding elevated area gentiy concave, sloping laterally and marked by concentration The Craniidae have persisted since Ordovician times in a of growth varices. Beak sharp, making an angle of about 50°. variety of forms, some smooth, some spinose, some pustulose, Interior marked by two diverging ridges, separating posteriorly, or moderately costellate, die costellae continuous or discon­ each to form small flattened triangle. Ridges diverging tinuous. Cranias are found in the Tertiary of eastern United anteriorly, extending for slighdy less than half shell length. States, especially in the Eocene, which, of all the Tertiary on Anterior ends of ridges occupy median 7 mm of widdi in a the East Coast, is best endowed widi brachiopods. All specimen 15 mm wide. Posterior triangular patches are scars specimens so far collected from die Eocene of the Coastal Plain of umbonal muscle attachments. Midvalve marked by low have ornamented dorsal valves. Only three ventral valves are median ridge widi scars of central muscles on each side. known, and these show signs of costellation in die form of Anterior quarter with low median ridge, continuation of small peripheral projections. The younger Tertiary and preceding ridges at midvalve. Pleistocene have not yet yielded Crania, although it may be Dorsal valve with exterior like that of ventral valve widi expected. Crania is not known in the Recent fauna nordi of raised median area and gendy concave flanks with crowded Florida. Modern Crania in the western Adantic usually is growth varices. Inside dorsal valve beak is solid, excavated concentrically marked; no costellate forms are known. NUMBER 64

Specimens from the Eocene are not common and are usually The American shells referred to diis genus widi a query agree found in sample residues. They are often small, probably in die exterior ornament and in die interior of die dorsal valve. immature forms. Touhnin (1940:288, pl. 28: figs. 1-3) The ventral valve differs from that of Isocrania in having its described specimens from the Eocene (Salt Mountain Forma­ attachment surface occupying the entire exterior or a generous tion) as Crania species, a costellate form. Sufficient specimens share of it. The anterior adductor scars of die dorsal valve of for adequate specific characterization have not yet been found. die American shells are strongly diickened.

Crania? species 1 Isocrania? species 1

PLATE 5: HGURES 4-6 PLATE 3: HGURE 8; PLATE 6: nGiWES 1, 4

Small, widely and roundly elliptical, forming a low eccentric Small, circular in outUne, forming shaUow cone in profile; cone in lateral profde. Apex located about one-fifth length from apex one-fourdi valve length anterior to posterior margin. All posterior margin. Posterior slope slighdy concave; lateral and slopes gentiy concave. Surface marked by diin, elevated, anterior slopes shghdy convex. Surface covered by scattered thread-like radial costellae separated by wide spaces. pits except for die marginal region which is marked by low Ventral valve circular, attached by its entire surface; radial costellae. posterior adductor scars large; anterior adductor scars smaU; Interior marked on the posterior margin by small adductor short ridge located one-diird valve lengdi from posterior scars. Posteromedian region bearing V-shaped diickening with margin. Limbus narrow. short median ridge extending anteriorly to slightiy anterior of MEASUREMENTS (mm).—Ventral valve: USNM 551512: midvalve. Anterior muscle scars present in V-shaped thicken­ length 4.7; width 6.0; height 2.0?; dorsal valve: USNM ing. Inner anterior margin or Umbus minutely scalloped except 551509: length 4.8; width 4.8; height about 0.5. posteriorly. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Cross Member of MEASLIREMENTS (mm).—^Length 5.5; width 7.1; cone height Santee Formation). 1.8. LOCALITY.—South Carolina 3. GEOLOGICAL OCCTJRRENCE.—^Eocene (Castie Hayne Forma­ SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—USNM 551509, 551510, 551512. tion). DISCUSSION.—This species is characterized by the low LOCALITY.—North Carolina 1. conical form of both valves, the elevated numerous costellae SPECIMEN EXAMINED.—^USNM 549401. and the septum-like ridge in the ventral valve. Specimen USNM 551512 is regarded as a water worn example. Crania? species 2 Isocrania? species 2 PLATE 5: HGURES 1-3 PLATE 3: HGURES 9, 10; PLATE 6: HGURES 2, 3 Subcircular to subquadrangular in outline and conical in Small, low cone, eUiptical with apex near midvalve. Apical profde; apex one-sixth length from posterior margin. Posterior region flattened, smoodi, surrounded by concave slopes slope steep. Anterior and lateral slopes steep and flattened. marked by elevated thread-like costellae without definite Surface marked by densely crowded, discontinuous costellae pattern. Interior marked by swollen posterior; anterior adductor that form spines at lines of growth interruption and the margin. scars with short low ridge anterior to them. Interior with posterior adductor scars well defined and MEASUREMENTS (mm).—^USNM 551528: lengdi 6.3; width median region not thickened by V-shaped mass. Species 1 and 8.3?; height 0.75?. 2 of Cranial are unlike any living species. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Oligocene (Ashley Member of MEAStJREMENTS (mm).—^Length 5.2; width 5.8; cone height Cooper Formation). 2.3. LOCALITY.—South Carolina 5. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Castle Hayne Forma­ SPECIMENS EXAMIN'ED.—USNM 551509, 551528. tion). DISCUSSION.—The elliptical oudine and very flat cone LOCALITY,—North Carolina 1. distinguish this species from Isocranial species 1. SPECIMEN EXAMINED.—USNM 549410. Isocrania? species 3 Genus Isocrania Jaekel 1902 A fairly large dorsal valve, length 5 mm and width about 4.5 This genus is characterized by having bodi valves conical, mm, and several immature specimens are from the Santee the ventral one attached by its apex and both valves costellate. Formation, the former at South Carolina 1 and the immature The costae radiate from die apex to die margins. The adductor forms from Soudi Carolina 2. The dorsal valve is irregularly scars are well impressed in both valves and diere is a short costellate with apex at about one-third valve length. The median ridge separating the anterior adductor scars in the interior is marked by only a slight diickening of the muscle ventral valve. There is a strong Umbus around the periphery. scars. SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—USNM 549403; immature spec­ Probolarina holmesi santeensis, new subspecies imens unnumbered. PLATE 2: HGURES 9—17

DIAGNOSIS.—Probolarina with length and widdi of dorsal Class ARTICULATA Huxley, 1869 valve nearly equal and strongly convex dorsal valve. DESCRIPTION.—Small, inequivalve, subtriangular, dorsal Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Gray, 1848 valve deeper and more convex dian ventral one; maximum Rhynchonellids are very rare in the East Coast Tertiary. The widdi near midvalve; sides rounded, tapering slighdy ante­ small smooth Cryptopora occurs in die Salt Mountain riorly; posterolateral margins forming angle of 85° to slightly Formation of Alabama (Touhnin, 1940). A single dorsal valve over 90°. Lateral commissure nearly straight; anterior commis­ in die USNM collections comes from die Pliocene, SWl/4 sure uniplicate. Beak very narrow, tube-like; foramen small, section 16, T. 1 S., R. 4 W, Jacksons Bluff, Ocklocknee River, hypodiyridid, surrounded by alar extensions of conjunct, Florida (USNM 551530). Cryptopora was recendy reported wholly visible deltidial plates. Surface costate in anterior living off the Oregon coast (Cooper, 1982). It has not yet been two-thirds; umbonal regions smooth. found as a fossil in the West Coast Tertiary. Ventral valve gently convex in lateral profile, flady convex Hemithiris has been identified in the West Coast Tertiary in anterior view. Umbonal regional narrow, gentiy convex. and East Coast Pleistocene. The generic affinities of the West Sulcus shallow, originating at midvalve, forming short, Coast species are questionable. Eohemithiris, another rhyn­ anteriorly serrate tongue. Sulcus occupied by 2 to 4 rounded chonellid of the West Coast Eocene, is Uving in the soudiern costae; flanks occupied by 2 to 4 costae. Pacific but is not known in die Tertiary of the East Coast. Dorsal valve strongly convex in lateral profile, narrowly and Only new taxa of Probolarina are described here. steeply domed in anterior view. Dorsal valve length almost equal to shell width. Umbonal and median regions strongly swollen. Fold beginning at midvalve, not well defined, Genus Probolarina Cooper, 1959 occupied by 2 to 5 costae. Flanks rounded and steep widi 2 to 5 costae. Probolarina brevirostris, new species Ventral valve interior with short erect dental plates, small PLATE 3: HGURES 5-7 teedi and sessile pedicle collar. Adductor scar large, surrounded by elongate diductor scars. DIAGNOSIS.—SmaU, rotund, with narrow uniplication, low Dorsal valve interior with long expanding falcifer crura, fold and short tongue on ventral valve. crescentic in section and convex laterally. Outer hinge plates DESCRIPTION.—Small, compact, roundly triangular, lengdi narrow, concave. Socket ridges low, sockets long, narrow. and width nearly equal. Dorsal valve more convex than ventral MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in mdUmeters, one. Maximum width at about midvalve. Apical angle 90°. except apical angles, which are in degrees. Beak shorL Surface costate except for smoodi umbones. Costae numbering 16, 3 on fold, 2 in sulcus. Dorsal valve Thick­ Apical Ventral valve gently convex in lateral profile, flady convex USNM Length length Width ness angle in anterior view. Umbonal and median regions moderately swollen. Sulcus originating at midvalve, widening anteriorly 551518a 13.4 11.6 11.5 8.0 89 to occupy one-third valve width. Tongue short. Hanks 551518b 12.5 11.3 11.0 7.8 86 551518c 13.0 11.5 11.3 moderately steep, smooth posteriorly. 8.0 91 551518d 11.2 10.0 9.8 6.8 85 Dorsal valve strongly convex in lateral profile, strongly 551518e 11.0 9.8 9.7 7.0 86 domed in anterior view. Umbonal and median regions swollen. Fold low, originating at midvalve. Ranks swoUen and steep. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Santee Formation), MEASUREMENTS (mm).—USNM 551527: lengdi 7.3; dorsal LOCALITY.—South Carolina 2. valve lengdi 6.8; widdi 7.2; diickness 4.9; apical angle 90°. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 551518a; paratypes: USNM GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Castle Hayne Forma­ 551518b-n. tion), DISCUSSION.—This subspecies has the same narrowly LocALnY.—North Carolina 7, triangular form as Probolarina holmesi (Dall, 1903) from die TYPE.—Holotype: USNM 551527. Casde Hayne Formation at Wilmington but differs in its larger DISCUSSION.—This species is similar to Probolarina holmesi size, less development of a pedicle collar, the shell more (Dall, 1903), also from the CasUe Hayne Formation, but is strongly costate, and costae extending for two-thirds shell smaller, more compact, with shorter beak, and more pro­ length. It is less wide and tiiicker than P. transversa, new nounced fold and sulcus. species. NUMBER 64

Probolarina transversa, new species manasquani Stenzel, 1940), in Alabama (7: brundidgensis, Aldrich 1907, T. innovata de Gregorio, 1890), in Louisianna PLATE 2: HGURES 30-46 (T. louisianensis Stenzel, 1940), in Soudi CaroUna (T DIAGNOSIS.—^Widely triangular Probolarina. lachryma Morton, 1833) and in Nordi and Soudi Carolina (the DESCRIFOON.—Small, widely triangular in oudine; maxi­ new species described herein). Terebratulina occiu^s in all mum width anterior of midvalve; inequivalve, dorsal valve epochs of die West Coast Tertiary and is extant off die West more convex dian ventral one. Sides somewhat narrowly Coast, where it is fairly common. It is common off the New rounded. Anterior margin gendy convex; posterolateral extre­ England coast and in die Caribbean Sea, less common in the mities forming angle of slightiy more or slightiy less dian 90°. Gulf of Mexico. It is a long-Uved genus, from Jurassic to Beak narrow, foramen oval, small, hypodiyridid; deltidial Recent and is worldwide in its distribution. plates conjunct, alate, forming short tube. Lateral commissure Eucalathis is known from the Caribbean and is widely nearly straight; anterior commissure gentiy uniplicate. Surface distributed, usuaUy in deep water. It is rare and doubtfully semicostate, costae in anterior half, posterior half smoodi. identified in the East Coast Tertiary. It is not known in die Number of costae variable, from 8 (0 12, widi 2-5 in die sulcus West Coast Tertiary nor in die northern Pacific. and 3-6 on the fold, 4-6 on flanks. Ventral valve slightiy convex in lateral view, broadly and Genus Terebratulina d'Orbigny, 1847 gentiy convex in anterior profile. Beak narrow, umbonal Terebratulina alabamensis, new species median regions gendy swollen; sulcus beginning abrupdy at about midvalve, shallow, forming short serrate tongue. Flanks PLATE 6: HGLTIES 5-13 with genUe slopes, occupied by 4 costae. DIAGNOSIS.—SmaU Terebratulina with width about 80% or Dorsal valve fairly strongly convex in lateral view, broadly more of length, and with concentric growth varices. and moderately domed in anterior profile. Umbo smooth, DESCRIPTION.—Small, widely oval, longer than wide, swollen, sweUing continued anteriorly as low fold, slightiy subequivalve, greatest width anterior to midvalve; anterior elevated above steep, rounded flanks. truncate; posterolateral extremities forming an angle of Ventral valve interior without pedicle coUar (?); dental plates 80°-90° in the adult. Lateral commissure straight; anterior short, erect; umbonal chambers separating dental plates from commissure rectimarginate. Beak short, truncated; foramen sheU wall narrow. Muscle scars not seen. fairly large; deltidial plates smaU. Surface costeUate with strong Dorsal valve interior widi broad falcifer cnira. Other details growth varices. Costellae increasing by bifurcation and not seen. intercalation in three generations; costellae strongest poste­ MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in milUmeters, riorly, fairly uniform anteriorly with about 4 in a milUmeter at except apical angles, which are in degrees. the anterior of sheUs 10-12 mm long. Dorsal Ventral valve evenly and moderately convex in lateral view, valve Thick­ Apical broadly and moderately domed in anterior view. Umbonal and USNM Length length Width ness angle median regions swollen; anterior flattened. 551517a 10.7 9.4 11.4 6.3 92 Dorsal valve less convex in lateral profile than ventral valve, 551517b 10.8 9.6 9.8 6.4 92 anterior profile moderately narrowly domed, more so than 551517c 12.3 11.0 12.0 6.5 87 ventral valve. Anterior flattened; ears conspicuous. 551517f 10.9 9.6 10.0 6.0 92 Ventral valve interior with short, excavate pedicle collar, large teeth. Muscle scars lightiy impressed. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Santee Formation). Dorsal valve interior with stout loop one-third valve length. LocALFiY.—South Carolina 2. Socket ridges straight, obliquely directed crura and stout ring. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 551517a; paratypes: USNNM MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in millimeters, 551517b-f except apical angles, which are in degrees. DISCUSSION.—This species differs from Probolarina holmesi Dorsal santeensis, new subspecies, in the nearly equal dimensions of valve Thick­ Apical its length and width, whereas die subspecies is more narrowly USNM Length length Width ness angle triangular with length greater than width and with greater thickness. Probolarina transversa, new species, differs from 141028a 11.6 10.9 10.4 5.4 84 141028b 12.2 11.6 10.5 4.8 86 P. salpinx (Dall, 1903) in having narrower costae in die fold 141028e 10.3 9.9 9.4 4.6 88 and sulcus. 141028f 12.5 11.7 10.1 5.0 90 141028h 11.0 10.4 9.6 4.6 88 Superfamily CANCELLOTHYRIDACEA Thomson, 1926

As in modern seas, Terebratulina is common in the Tertiary GEOLOGICAL OCCLIRRENCE.—Oligocene (Jackson Group, of the world. It is present in the Eocene of New Jersey (I Zeuglodon Bed; and Jackson Group). 8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

LocALFiiEs.—Alabama 2, 5, 7. LOCALITY.—Alabama 1. TYPES.—Holotype USNM 141028a; paratypes: USNM TYPES.—Lectotype: USNM 639036; paralectotypes: USNM 141028b-h. 639037, 639038; hypotypes: USNM 551519a-e. DISCUSSION.—This Jackson Group species has been called DISCUSSION.—This species is based on diree syntypes T. lachryma (Morton, 1833), but it differs markedly from that (USNM 639036-639038); all three unlike in size and species in its greater width, greater frequency of occturence, preservation, two of them deviating strongly from die average and strength of its growth varices and shorter beak. Terebratu­ of a collection of 45 specimens from the type locality. lina brundidgensis Aldrich, 1907, is widest near midvalve, is Specimen USNM 639036 is smaU, about half grown, but all more elongate, and more strongly costellate than T. alabamen­ its features are like diose of die lot of 45 specimens (USNM sis. The latter differs from T. wilsoni, new species, in its wider 551519). Specimen USNM 639037 is aberrant as regards outline, flatter shells, and more prominent growdi varices. thickness. Its ornament is badly worn so that die specimen appears finely costellate. Specimen USNM 639038 is unlike Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich, 1907 the other two and unlike any in the collection. It is widest at midvalve rather than anterior to it and its apical angle is greater PLATE 1: HGURES 9-14; PLATE 3: HGURES 1-4, 16-19 than diat of any other specimen in the collection. In addition, the dorsal valve bears a narrow median furrow occupied by a Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich, 1907:8, pl. 1: figs. 1-3. single costeUa at its place of initiation near midvalve, becoming smaller and joined by implantation of a costella on each side About medium size, longer than wide, oval in outiine; just anterior to midvalve and extending to the anterior margin. inequivalve, ventral valve deeper than dorsal valve; sides On the ventral valve the narrow sulcus is opposed by a primary rounded; maximum widdi anterior to midvalve; anterior margin costa and a second intercalated costa adjacent, both of diese strongly rounded. Posterolateral margins forming angle of become enlarged as two tight bundles of costellae. Aldrich about 70°. Lateral commissure straight; anterior commissure (1907:8) described these as "a central raised rib doubled shows rectimarginate. Beak narrow, moderately extended; deltidial on the ventral valve, replaced by a depression between two plates small. Surface multicosteUate, early costellae narrowly ribs on dorsal valve ...." Nodiing like this is seen on any odier rounded, coarse at umbones, increasing by intercalation. First specimen in the coUection; it appears to be a unique aberration. intercalation just anterior to beaks, second at about 2 mm on Aldrich faded to designate a type specimen. His mention of ventral valve, third at or near midvalve, and fourth in anterior the raised double rib suggests that, in his opinion, this was the thu-d. most important specimen in the lot. Because this specimen is Ventral valve gently convex in lateral view; anterior profile unlike any other from die same locality and formation, it has broadly domed. Umbonal region narrowly convex; median not been selected as lectotype. Specimen USNM 639036, region moderately swollen; anterior slope flattened. although a young one, agrees with specimens in the lot of 45 Dorsal valve flatly convex in lateral profile; gentiy domed and is therefore here chosen as lectotype. in anterior view. Umbonal region narrow; median region gentiy According to Stenzel (1943, card 133) this species is known inflated. only from the type locality. Terebratulina brundidgensis Dorsal valve interior widi loop occupying nearly half valve Aldrich 1907, differs from T. capillata. new species, and T. length; crura stout; ring ribbons wide; ring diameter 1.3 mm, lachryma in its stronger costellation and flattened valves. It about one-fourth valve width. differs from T. alabamensis, new species, in its larger size, MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in mdlimeters, more ovoid outiine, stronger costellation, and lack of strong except apical angles, which are in degrees. growth varices. Dorsal valve Thick­ Apical Terebratulina capillata, new species USNM Length length Width ness angle PLATE 3: HGURES 37-41; PLATE 5: HGURES 7-11, 29^0 551519a 15.3 13.6 12.0 5.3 71 551519b 14.3 12.7 10.8 5.5 71 DIAGNOSIS.—Uniplicate, finely capillate Terebratulina with 551519c 14.2 13.0 10.2 5.0 67 short beak and stout loop. 551519d 13.4 12.1 10.1 5.3 69 DESCRIPTION.—Medium size, oval, longer than wide, maxi­ 551519e 11.0 10.0 8.4 4.3 72 mum width at or slightiy anterior to midvalve; sides rounded; 639036* 9.5 8.3 7.0 3.2 69 639037** 15.2 13.8 11.4 7.3 71 anterior margin narrowly rounded; posterolateral margins 639038** 12.8 11.3 9.8 5.3 81 forming angle of 80°-90° in adult. Lateral commissure moderately concave toward ventral side; anterior commissure *Lectotyj)e. uniplicate in large adults. Beak suberect, strongly truncated. ** Paralectotype. Foramen large; deltidial plates small. Surface marked by fine, GEOLOGICAL OcctmRENCE.—Paleocene (Wilcox Group, un­ elevated, thread-like crowded costellae, 4 to 5 in 1 mm at named limestone below the NanafaUa Formation). anterior. Costellae minutely beaded on posterolateral slopes. NUMBER 64

Ventral valve gendy convex in lateral profile, broadly but do maintain traces of die beads in die region around the ears, gently convex in anterior profile. Umbonal region swollen to which is usually protected. A few adults of T. capillata retain about midvalve, flattening or becoming gendy concave traces of the beaded costellae in die posterior regions. anteriorly to form a poorly defined sulcus. Ventral tongue Beading in die Wilmington specimens is variable as is die short. Ranks bounding sulcus convex; posterolateral slopes costellation in die earhest stages. Some young either did not short, concave. form beaded costellae at die earliest stages of die shells, died Dorsal valve about equal in depdi to ventral valve; flatter early, and, being the prey of currents, had die beads abraded. in lateral profile than ventral valve but considerably more convex than that valve in anterior view. Ears very small. Terebratulina lachryma (Morton, 1833)

Umbonal region narrowly swollen, swelling continued anteri­ FIGURES 1,2; PLATE 1: FIGURE 16; PLATE 3: FIGURES 11-15; orly to form moderately strong fold. Lateral slopes long, fairly PLATE 5: FIGURES 26-28; PLATE 6: FIGURES 14-28 steep. Terebratula lachryma Morton. 1833:130, pl. 10: fig. 11; 1834:17, pl. 16: fig. 6. Dorsal valve interior with erect, slender socket ridges diat Terebratulina lachryma (Morton).—Whitfield 1885:12, pl. 1: fig. 14.— project slighdy beyond posterior margin. Crura stout, bowed Stenzel, 1943, card 135. outward, supporting strong ring consisting of moderately broad DESCRIPTION.—Medium size, longer than wide, narrowly posterior band and ventrally projecting transverse band. oval; sides rounded; maximum width at midvalve. Anterior MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in mdUmeters, margin narrowly rounded; posterolateral margins forming except apical angles, which are in degrees. angle of 58°-82°. Lateral commissiu-e gentiy curved toward Dorsal the ventral side; anterior commissure rectimarginate to faindy valve Thick­ Apical uniplicate. Beak short, truncated; foramen large; deltidial plates USNM Length length Width ness angle small. Surface fmely costellate, costeUae strongest at posterior, 550814a 17.3 16.5 14.3 8.1 90 increasing by bifurcation and implantation in 5 generations; 6 550814b 14.0 12.6 11.2 6.8 81 costellae in 1 mm at anterior margin; 4 in 1 mm at midvalve 550814c 11.5 10.6 9.1 5.3 86 of a specimen 14 mm long. 550814d 9.1 8.3 7.5 3.4 88 Ventral valve moderately and gendy convex in lateral profile and anterior view, less convex than dorsal valve in same views. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Castie Hayne Forma­ Umbonal region weU rounded and swollen, swelling extending tion). LocALFTY.—North Carolina 1. TYPES,—Holotype: USNM 550814b; paratypes: 550814a,c- i; 550872, 550882a-e, 551525a, DISCUSSION.—This species has been known hitherto as Terebratulina lachryma (Morton, 1833), but it is wider, more strongly uniplicate, and has a stouter loop. It is also larger and more evenly and finely costellate than T brundidgensis Aldrich, 1907, from Alabama. Although its shape is simdar to that of T. manasquani Stenzel, 1940, it is much smaller, more finely costeUate and not so strongly folded as that species. It 8 is suggestive of T. louisianae Stenzel, 1943, but that species X I— has a larger foramen, more prominent ears, and appears not to Q 7 be uniplicate. Terebratulina capillata differs from T. wilsoni, new species, in its larger size, wider outiine, and less umbonate dorsal valve. Lot USNM 550882 from die Castie Hayne Formation at Wdmington, North Carolina, contains many small specimens of Terebratulina that I believe are the young of T. capillata. These variable, small specimens have been regarded hitherto as belonging to Terbratulina lachryma (Morton) because of their small size. The shape of these smaU terebratulinas is variable, some well rounded but odiers more elongated. Many of diem have strongly beaded costellae (Plate 5: figures 7-11), 10 II 12 i: '4 15 16 17i a characteristic of most immature terebratulinas. The beaded tENGTH nature of die costellae in many species of Terebratulina is not FIGURE 1.—Scattergram showing widthAength relationship of 24 specimens retained in the adult, probably due to abrasion. Some adults of Terebratulina lachryma (Morton) from South Carolina locality 2. 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

apical angle and more delicate loop. Occasional large mm 12 specimens of T. lachryma, such as USNM 551516-25, approach adult T. capillata in size and general appearance, but 11 the bulk of the specimens have a smaller apical angle and more slender form. (See discussion under T. wilsoni, new 10 to species, for distinction between the two species.) CO UJ 9 Z Terebratulina wilsoni, new species ^ • U 8 FIGURES 3, 4; PLATE 1: FIGURE 15; PLATE 6: FIGURES 29-36 I • • 1— • • 7 • • DIAGNOSIS.—Medium size Terebratulina, widest at mid­ • • valve and with ears obsolete. 6 • * • • •• • • • DESCRIPTION.—Medium size, oval, longer than wide; maxi­ 5 • • mum widdi at midvalve; dorsal valve slighdy deeper than ventral one; sides rounded, anterior margin narrowly rounded;

9 10 11 posterolateral extremities forming angle of 67°-91°. Lateral WIDTH commissure gentiy concave toward the ventral side; anterior commissure rectimarginate to gendy uniplicate. Beak short, FIGURE 2.—Scattergram showing thickness/width relationship of 24 specimens truncated; foramen small, deltidial plates small. Surface of Terebratulina lachryma (Morton) from South Carolina locality 2. variably multicosteUate, costellae intercalated in five genera­ tions; strongest posteriorly, becoming flattened and often to midvalve, dissipating anteriorly widi flattening of shell. obscure anteriorly. Posterolateral slopes rounded and steep. Interarea narrow. Ventral valve evenly and moderately convex in lateral Dorsal valve more convex than ventral valve in umbonal profile, broadly and gentiy convex in anterior view. Umbonal region in lateral view; anterior profile narrowly domed with region narrowly swollen, swelling continued to midvalve, long steep slopes. Umbonal and median regions swollen; flattened in anterior third to half to produce indistinct sulcus. anterior half flattened. Flanks bounding posterolateral margins rounded. Ventral valve interior with large teeth and short, excavate Dorsal valve moderately convex in lateral view, slightiy pedicle coUar. more so than the ventral valve, narrowly humped in anterior Dorsal valve interior with fairly large elliptical cardinal view. Umbonal region swollen, sweUing continued to anterior process; socket ridges short, thin; crura slender, bowed; ring margin forming narrow fold and somewhat nasute anterior. small, delicate, not complete in some fuUy grown specimens, Flanks steep; ears much reduced. complete in some only 9 mm long. Ventral valve interior with short anteriorly excavate pedicle coUar, elongate teedi; muscle scars lightiy impressed. MEASUREMENTS.—^All measurements are in mdUmeters, except apical angles, which are in degrees; questionmark indicates angle could not be measured.

Dorsal valve Thick­ Apical USNM Length length Width ness angle

551516-25 16.2 15.5 12.5 7.8 82 551516-24 16.0 14.5 11.5 8.3 66 551516-23 15.9 14.5 11.4 7.8 74 • • * X 551516-18 14.8 13.5 10.2 7.1 70 1— 551516-12 13.7 12.6 10.4 6.3 70 D 551516-22 11.6 10.5 7.9 5.8 62 *•*.* : 551516-26 10.2 9.1 7.3 5.0 69 i 551516-27 7.6 7.0 5.2 3.6 65 551516-28 5.6 5.0 3.7 2.5 7

GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—^Eocene (Santee Formation).

LOCALITIES.—South Carolina 1, 2. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 '1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18mm TYPES.—Hypotypes: USNM 550883a,b; 551514a-e; 551516a- LENGTH d; 551516-1-28; 551526a. FIGURE 3.—Scattergram showing width/length relationship of 51 specimens DISCUSSION.—Terebratulina lachryma (Morton) differs from of Terebratulina wilsoni, new species, from South Carolina locality 4. (The T. capillata, new species, chiefly in its narrow form, lesser digit "2" over a dot indicates 2 specimens.) NUMBER 64 11

mm generation of intercalated costellae at about 2 mm. A specimen 9 4.5 mm long has bifurcation as well as intercalation of costeUae at about midvalve. In a specimen 5 mm long anodier set of 8 costellae appears, and a specimen 7.5 mm long has 3 lO 7 intercalations. lO UJ This species differs from T. lachryma (Morton) m its more Z 6 convex valves when viewed from die anterior, its undefmed u E ' dorsal valve ears, narrower anterior, and finer ornament, especially on die anterior parts. It differs from T. capillata, new species, in its generaUy smaller size, more inflated dorsal valve and narrower oval outiine. It differs from T brundidgensis Aldrich and T. alabamensis, new species, in its quite different ornament from that of the other two. Named in honor of Dr. Druid Wdson whose great knowledge V/IDTH of die Tertiary of eastern United States has helped me in preparation of diis manuscript. FIGURE 4.—Scattergram showing thickness/width relationship of 51 specimens of Terebratulina wilsoni. new species, from South Carolina locality 4. (The digit "2" over a dot indicates 2 specimens.) Terebratulina species

PLATE 3: FIGURES 20-29 Dorsal valve with short, erect socket ridges extended DESCRIPTION.—Small, oval, sides and anterior rounded, posteriorly; cardinal process smaU; loop about one-difrd valve posterolateral margins forming angle of 80°-90°, Ventral valve length, about one-foiuth its width; crura widely bowed; crural deeper than dorsal one. Anterior commissure rectimarginate. processes smaU, sharply pointed in some specimens, coalesced Surface costellate in 4 generations. Loop with stout, subparellel to form small ring in older specimens. Pedicle muscle scars crura and narrow ring. narrow, elongate, separated by low ridge; adductor scars MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in mdUmeters, elongate, reaching midvalve. except apical angles, which are in degrees. MEASUREMENTS.—^All measurements are in mdUmeters, Dorsal except apical angles, which are in degrees. valve Thick- Apical USNM Length length Width angle Dorsal valve Thick­ Apical 145613a USNM Length length Width ness angle 10.4 9.4 8.2? 4.6 81 145613b 11.6 10.5 8.8 5.4 84 145613c 551515a 14.2 12.5 11.5 7.7 84 8.9 8.9 7.6 3.5 90 551515b 12.7 11.3 10.1 6.4 83 551515-1 14.8 13.3 13.0 7.4 91 GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Ohgocene (Jackson Group). 551515-5 13.8 12.2 10.2 7.7 76 551515-7 12.8 11.0 9.6 7.4 75 LocAUTY.—Alabama 6. 551515-21 11.7 10.5 9.0 6.2 75 SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—USNM 145613a-d. 551515-24 10.0 8.6 7.7 4.7 77 DISCUSSION.—Most of the specimens of this species are 551515^2 8.6 7.6 7.3 4.2 83 distorted by crushing. An uncrushed specimen (USNM 551515-26 6.7 5.7 6.1 3.3 83 145613b) indicates a less rotund species than T. alabamensis. new species, large specimens of which tend toward a circular GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Cross member of the outUne. Terebratulina species does not tend to the elongate Santee Formation). oval form of T. lachryma (Morton), although these specimens LocALTiTEs.—South Carolina 3,4. were originaUy placed in that species. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 551515a; paratypes: USNM 551513; 551515b,c; 551515-(l-50). Genus Eucalathis Fischer and Oehlert, 1890 DISCUSSION.—This is a variable species with a smaU percentage of specimens having a shallower, wider valve than Specimens of Eucalathisl are uncommon and the generic the majority. Very young specimens often have beaded identification is uncertain because die nature of the loop has costellae, especiaUy in the posterolateral regions, and well- not been determined. The relatively wide hinge of the defined dorsal ears that are much reduced in the adult. specimens noted below is suggestive of Eucalathis rather than In the growth of the shell, there is intercalation of costeUae Terebratulina, and the specimens differ strongly in shape and at a very early stage. On a specimen 1.5 mm long, all of the ornamentation from the young of Terebratulina. Eucalathis is 10-12 costellae are direct A specimen 2.5 mm long has a fu-st widespread in modern seas and can be expected in the Tertiary. 12 SMiraSONTAN CONTRBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Eucalathis? species 1 SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—USNM 550886a-c.

PLATE 5: FIGURES 41-44 DISCUSSION.—The strong and sparse costation of die valves sets diis species aside from any of the young of Terebratulina. Small, rotund, lengdi and width nearly equal; sides and It also differs from Eucalathis species 1 in its sti-onger anterior rounded; maximum widdi at midvalve; hinge narrower costation, beaded ventral valve and different proportion of die than maximum shell width. Apical angle 100°. Lateral valves. commissure straight; anterior commissure rectimarginate. Beak extended; interareas narrow. Delthyrium open, deltidial plates Superfamily TEREBRATULACEA Gray, 1840 not resolved. Surface costate, costae numbering 16 major costae with short ones intercalated at the margin. All of die Terebratulacea of die East Coast Tertiary are Ventral valve shghdy more convex than dorsal one; extinct. Oleneothyris, widi two species, from the Paleocene of moderately convex in lateral view, broadly domed in anterior New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and North CaroUna, is our view. Median and umbonal regions swoUen. largest Tertiary terebratulid. Its loop and folding are distinctive. Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral view, broadly, Rhytisoria from die Paleocene of Alabama, recently described moderately domed in anterior view. Median region swollen. by Cooper (1983), is a rare form with distinctive folding and Cardinal extremities forming small ears widi beaded posterior loop different from diat of Oleneothyris, and the three genera margin. of terebratulids from the Eocene (Casde Hayne Formation) of North Carolina. MEASUREMENTS (mm).—USNM 551511: lengdi 2.5; dorsal valve length 2.1; hinge width 1.6; width 2.3; thickness 1.2; The Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation) yielded rare speci­ apical angle 100°. mens of Embolosia, a narrow elongate genus, Tanyoscapha, a GEOLOGICAL OCCLHRRENCE.—^Eocene (Cross Member of the large smooth, wide form, and Plicatoria, a variously folded Santee Formation). genus. The three have similar loops with long outer hinge plates LocAUTY.—South Carolina 3, and the crural processes located just posterior of die transverse SPECIMEN EXAMINED.—USNM 551511. band. DISCUSSION.—This specimen differs from the young of Tertiary specimens called Terebratula coming from outside Terebratulina in its direct costation, rotund valves, and wider the Mediterranean region are probably incorrectly identified. hinge. It differs from Eucalathis species 2 in its finer costation On the West Coast, several species are incorrectiy referred to and shape of die valves. Terebratula, their true identify unknown. Kellum (1926) described Terebratula crassa (later renamed Terebratula Eucalathis? species 2 posteriora by Kellum in 1931) from the Casde Hayne Formation. Kellum's species has different cardinalia from PLATE 5: FIGURES 45-50 those of Tanyoscapha. There is some resemblance of the Small, subpentagonal, slightiy longer than wide; dorsal cardinalia of Kellum's species to those of Oleneothyris, but the valve more convex than ventral one; hinge narrower than loop and folding of T. posteriora are unknown and its true maximum width at midvalve; both commissures straight. Sides relationships cannot now be stated. and anterior margin rounded; apical angle 100°. Beak extended; interareas narrow. Deltidial plates not resolved, Genus Plicatoria Cooper, 1983 Delthyrium wide. Surface costate; costae wide, subangular, numbering 11 at anterior margin. Ventral valve costae Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby, 1845) prominently beaded in posterior two-thirds; dorsal valve not FIGURES 5-11; PLATE 2: FIGURES 18-29; PLATES 7, 8; beaded. PLATE 9: HGURES 1-40 Ventral valve gently convex in lateral view; gently domed in anterior profile. Umbonal and median regions swollen. Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby, 1845:431, fig. b.—Conrad, 1865:15.—Dall, 1903[part]:1537, pl. 58: figs. 14-17 [not 18-20].—Kellum, Anterior diird flady convex. Interior widi long pedicle collar 1926:7.—Hertlein and Grant, 1944:86. and large teedi. Anterior margin corrugate. Terebratula demissirostra Conrad, 1875:18, pl. 3: fig. 1, [7?]. Dorsal valve fairly strongly convex in side view especially Terebratula canipes sensu Stenzel, 1943, card 129 [not Terebratula canipes in umbonal and median regions, flattening anteriorly. Ears Ravenel, 1844]. flattened, not prominent. Interior with characteristic cancel- Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby).—Cooper, 1983:236. Not Terebratula wilmingtonensis Aldrich, 1907:9 [- Rhytisoria alabamensis lodiyridid socket ridges. Cooper. 1983:240]. MEASUREMENTS (mm).—USNM 550886a: length 2.5; dorsal valve length 2.0; hinge width 1,6; widdi 2,2; thickness 1,4; This is an important species in the Tertiary (Eocene) of die apical angle 100°. eastern United States. It is notewordiy not only for the GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—^Eocene (Castle Hayne Forma­ peculiarities of its loop, on which Cooper (1983) based die tion). genus Plicatoria, but also for the remarkable variation of its LOCAUTY.—North Carolina 1. specimens. Stenzel (1943, card 129) improperly put ''Terebra- NUMBER 64 13

3602 mm 34

32 • J^ 30 • • y^ 28 ". * /'^ 26

24 y^' ''

22 1. ••/ ^•' ^ I 20 . ."^.J^* * I- ,. •v* • Q '8 X • 3: 16 14 /. *• •* 12 y^ 10 v/<^ N = 79 8 y/^ W = 7IL*0.56 6

4

2

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 mm LENGTH

FIGURE 5.—Scattergram showing width/length relationship of 79 specimens of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby) from Wilmington, USGS locality 3602 (North Carolina 1)

3602 tula" wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby in synonymy with "Terebratula" canipes Ravenel (1844) an earlier named iTin species. The Ravenel species has never been figured, but its 26 • description indicates a species unlike "T." wilmingtonensis. 24 . . .. Moreover, Ravenel's species is said to have come from the 22 • . • Santee Formation of South Carolina (Stenzel, 1943, card 129). 20 , * Stenzel selected specimens from the Casde Hayne Formation 18 • from Rocky Point, North Carohna, as "neotypes" of "T." " • , canipes. die type of which is said to be lost. This naming of z- , * •<• neotypes is an improper procedure because there can be only one neotype and die designated specimen must come from the ^12 • •• * * X type locality of "7?" canipes, or close to it. Stenzel's selected 1- 10 '.'. .' •• N = 79 specimens come from a different formation and different state 8 than did Ravenel's "types." Stenzel's selection therefore cannot 6 be accepted. Dall (1903:1537) regarded Ravenel's species as t 4 unrecognizable and placed the Castie Hayne specimens from

2 Wdmington, North Carolina, in LyeU and Sowerby's (1845) species. Cooper (1983:241) rejected Stenzel's synonymy and 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 mm followed Dall in recognizing Lyell and Sowerby's species, WIDTH even diough its type specimen is a noncostate young one. FIGURE 6.—Scattergram showing thickness/width relationship of 79 specimens Kellum (1926:7) recognized Terebratula wilmingtonesis of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby) from WUmington, USGS Lyell and Sowerby in the Castle Hayne Formation of North locality 3602 (North Carolina 1) Carolina and stated that "die species is remarkably variable in 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

% N = 300

50

40 M)

20

10

A

FIGURE 7.—Histogram showing frequency of numbers of costae on 300 specimens of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby) from Wilmington (North Carolina 1). Specimens without costae mostly young.

M M 30

28

26

24

22

20

: 18 O 5 16

14

12

10

8

6

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40MM

LENGTH

FIGURE 8.—Scattergram showing width/length relationship of 235 specimens of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby) from Ideal Cement Company Quarry (North Carolina 2) NUMBER 64 15

M M 26 •

24 •

22 ... . •• 20 • . *.. • •^ (/) 18 . :• « * . * • (/) . • . , . LU . • •• * . • 16 • *•• • ; • * . o • • . • * •• T I • •. ' . •*• t• • • 1- 14

A 12

10 • %r • 8

6

6 8 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30MM

WIDTH

FIGURE 9.—Scattergram showing thickness/width relationship of 235 specimens of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby) from Ideal Cement Company Quarry (North Carolina 2). form, and variations of it have been described by several Dr. L.W. Stephenson and the second by Dr. T.W. Vaughan, audiors under different specific names[?]. A large number of both distinguished members of the United States Geological specimens, however, show perfect gradations between the Survey. CoUection 3602 consists of 103 specimens, 79 of most widely varying forms." which were measured and appear on the scattergram, and an The following remarks are based on collections from two additional 13 (USNM 549389a-m) diat are dlustrated (Plate locahties: the quarry or quarries in the east side of Wilmington, 7) to show various adult expressions of die species. and the Ideal Cement Company Quarry, northeast of Casde CoUection 3609 has 94 specimens and contains numerous Hayne not far southeast of Wilmington (North CaroUna young, noncostate forms, as well as a residue of imperfect, locaUties 1 and 2). unmeasureable specimens. Dall (1903) recognized the great The collection of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis from the city variation in this species when he placed very different forms of Wilmington contains more than 400 specimens in several together (USNM 138055, 549425-549429). lots with separate United States Geological Survey locaUty The collection from Ideal Cement Company Quarry (locality numbers (see description of locality North CaroUna 1). About North Carolina 2) includes about 600 specimens of which 235 150 of these are juveniles, at any rate smoodi, or showing only were measured for the scattergrams (Figures 8, 9). This incipient stages of costation. Eleven of the collections are from coUection was brought together by several coUectors chief of North Carolina 1. AU of the Wihnington lots were gadiered whom was Peter J. Harmatuck who accounted for about early in this century by different coUectors. Lots USGS 3602 two-diirds of die specimens. The Wilmington specimens differ and 3609, both from City Rock Quarry, contain good samples from those from the Ideal Cement Company Quarry in having of the species, including young and old specimens and have cream colored or hght yeUow sheUs while the others are grayish the appearance of random samples. The first was collected by white. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

% 40

30

20

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

FIGURE 10. Histogram showing frequency of numbers of costae on 235 specimens of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby) from Ideal Cement Company Quarry (North Carolina 2). Those without numbers are young, smooth shells.

30

40 ec UJ 30 QD

3

Z 20

10 ! ——^—. 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80

FIGURE 11.—Histogram showing frequency of width/length ratios of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby) from Wilmington (North Carolina 1) and Ideal Cement Company Quarry (North Carolina 2). (Dotted line = Wilmington; soUd line = Ideal Cement Company Quarry.)

FOLDING AND COSTATION.—The young and smooth young may be depressed to define a shaUow sulcus. adults are commonly rectimarginate, a condition diat may exist In some specimens, especiaUy depressed shallow ones, the into adulthood in a few specimens. A few very young initial lateral costae and die numerous intercalated ones are of specimens show incipient unipUcation which is usually about the same size and form a serrated margin (Plate 9: figures accompanied by costation. Uniplication starts at die anterior 20-22). of the dorsal valve with the appearance of two costae that define The initiation of costae is variable. The smallest specimen a fold. A more or less prominent depression appears between having costae (USNM 550810a) is 13.5 mm long and is marked the two costae on the dorsal valve. On the ventral valve the by die two primary costae only. Specimens as long as 40 mm two dorsal costae are opposed by a low fold. Simultaneously, may be without costae (USNM 550868). Costation usuaUy or shortly after the appearance of the initial costae defining the occupies one-half to one-diird valve length, rarely as much as developing fold, one or more secondary costae appear in die two-thirds valve lengdi. depressed space between the initial two on the dorsal valve. Other than the appearance of the initial two costae, there is These intercalated costae, which ntunber from 1 to 5, may be no general rule governing the appearance of additional costae. depressed between the initial 2 or rise above them to make a In rare cases, the depression between the initial costae becomes low fold between die 2 primary ribs. A simdar arrangement a weU-defined sulcus (USNM 549389h). Generally narrowly may occur on die ventral valve. The costae on the ventral valve oval or subcylindrical specimens, when anteriorly costate, are form a well-defined fold, which unites widi die elevated costae more strongly nasute than wider oval forms (USNM 5493891). of the dorsal valve and may produce a protuberance or nasute Like the median part of the valves, the flanks vary from anterior. In some specimens, die costae of die ventral valve smoodi to costate, often diree, rarely as many as six costae. NUMBER 64 17

TABLE 2.—Distribution of morphologic types of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby) in WUmington locaUties and the Ideal Cement Company Quany (Other = unclassified; numbers in parentheses indicate percentages).

Number of Smooth Locality specimens Type A TypeB Type C (young) Other

New County Quarry 50 22 11 5 12 0 Cemetery Quarry 16 12 2 2 0 0 City Quarry 35 22 3 3 6 1 LocaUty 3609 71 35 3 0 32 1 LocaUty 3602 79 37 13 4 24 1

Totals: Wilmington area 251(100) 128(51) 32(13) 14(6) 74(29) 3(1) Ideal Cement Co. 235(100) 122(52) 61(26) 0 51(22) 0

A number of types can be recognized, two of which are fairly roundly oval to subcylindrical with the gendy rounded sides persistent (Table 2). almost parallel (type B). Occasional rare specimens are very Type A: This commonest type is widely oval with strongly convex, subcylindrical, rectimarginate with costation maximum widdi anterior to midvalve and widi acute apical in its incipient stage (type E). Widely oval forms with straight angle (USNM 549389c), angular costae usually beginning near posteriorly tapering sides are the commonest form (type A). midvalve, nasute anterior and dorsal valve occasionally sidcate. GEOLOGICAL OcctjRRENCE.—Eocene (Castie Hayne Forma­ DaU's specimen (USNM 549425)(1903, pl. 58: figs. 16, 17) tion, Comfort Member). is an example. A specimen of Type A was selected by Stenzel LOCALITIES.—North Carolina 1-10. (1943, card 129) as one of the "neotypes" of Terebratula TYPES.—Hypotypes: USNM 65142a; 549389a-n; 549425- canipes Ravenel. The specimens may be large or small and the 549427;549429;549489; 550810a; 550811-550813;550865a; fold may have from 3 to seven costae. 550866-550870,550873-550879, 550880;550894a; 550914a- Type B: This type is narrowly subcylindrical, sides gendy c; 551494a; 551495a; 551496a; 551497a; 551499; 551500- convex and subparallel, the anterior strongly nasute. Costae 551502; 551524; 551525. Measured hypotypes: 549389-(l- variable in number. An example of type B is USNM 5493891 79); 551494-(l-90); 551495-(l-70); 551496-(l-75). and DaU's specimen USNM 549426 (1903, pl. 58: fig. 15). LrviNG HABITS.—It is Idcely that Plicatoria of the Eocene Type C: This type is broadly and longitudinaUy oval with lived in grape-like clusters or bunches like Liothyrella very compressed, narrowly lenticular profile. Costation is notorcadensis (Jackson) from Arthur Harbor, Antarctica (Plate sparse; this rare type is suggestive of'T" demissirostra Conrad 4: figure 45). Specunens crowded or squeezed against their in shape but not so thick. neighbors in a cluster tend to narrow form or stunted adults. Type D: One specimen (USNM 549389k) has two strong This might account for the numerous smaU, strongly costate angular pUcations on the dorsal valve and three on die ventral specimens which were unable to find room enough to attain valve. Very rare. normal size and shape as they grew thus stunted to adulthood. Type E: Several smooth, anteriorly wide specimens have a REMARKS.—Conrad's plate 3 exhibits three views of a rectimarginate anterior commissure and only incipient folding brachiopod identified as Terebratula demissirostra. figure 1, (USNM 550868). consisting of dorsal and side views of a large specimen and Some smooth specimens widi uniplicate anterior commis­ another figure 1 (probably 7) of a smaller specimen in ventral sure and narrow anterior are referred to Tanyoscapha glabra view. No enlargement is given for the figures (reproduced Cooper (1983). DaU's specimen USNM 549429 (1903, pl. 58: herein as Plate 9: figures 10 and 11); one assumes they are at fig. 11) is an example. DaU's specimen USNM 549428 (1903, natural size. The specimens are from Wdmington, North pl. 58: fig. 20) is an example of Tanyoscapha sigmanae Cooper Carolina. The large specimen, according to Conrad's figures (1983). The unusual wedge-shaped specimens USNM 138055 measures (in mm): lengdi 49.0, widdi 30.0, and thickness 29; (DaU 1903, pl. 58: fig. 19) were named by Cooper (1983) as a LAV = 1.63. It is posteriorly attenuated and has its greatest separate genus, Embolosia. width anterior to midvalve. It is said to have 5 plications, the VARIATION IN FORM.—Plicatoria wilmingtonensis varies in lateral ones the widest. In outiine, this specimen is Idee some shape and costation. Specimens are usually elongate oval, of Type A in which costation is retarded to late aduldiood tapering posteriorly to form an apical angle usually less than (Plate 9: figtu-e 15), but its diickness and lengdi are greater 80°. Maximum width is at or anterior to midvalve. They are than diose of any specimens of this type in die collection. It is biconvex, the valves subequal in depth, die ventral valve also larger than Ravenel's specimen of 'T" canipes. which usually sUghdy deeper. The oval outline varies from rarely also exceeds in width any specimens from Wilmington. 18 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Conrad figures a smaU specimen on his plate 3, numbered MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in millimeters, one (probably 7) but does not refer to it and there is no legend except apical angles, which are in degrees; questionmark for plate 3 in Appendix A. This is of a specimen seen from the indicates that thickness could not be measured. ventral side, measuring 25 mm long by 19 mm wide (LAV = 1.32) and having 2 incipient anterior costae on die left side. valve Thick­ Apical This suggests a more normal specimen of Plicatoria wilming­ USNM Length length Width ness angle tonensis of type A, but there are no data with it. 12.2 ? 11 Inasmuch as diese specimens of Conrad's conform to the 551529a 17.3 15.0 551529b 15.8 14.0 11.5 7.5 75 broad concept of Plicatoria wilmingtonensis developed here, it seems best to place Conrad's species in die synonymy of P. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—^Eocene (Cross Member of the wilmingtonensis, his specimen representing an unusually large Santee Formation). example. LocALHT.—South Carolina 3. A cluster of specimens of die modern, large brachiopod TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 551529a; paratype: USNM Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson, 1912) (Plate 4: figure 45), 551529b. so similar to Plicatoria, is illustrated to give an idea of the DISCUSSION.—This species is assigned to Plicatoria because possible life habit of Plicatoria. Such clusters with large and of its long loop, forward position of the crural processes, small specimens crowded together did not permit freedom of extremely long, deep outer hinge plates and incipient folding. growth to aU individuals. Some impinged against their fellows The anterior of the left side of the loop has been damaged. in such a way that growth might be limited on one side, or This species is the smallest described species oi Plicatoria. both sides, with resulting malformation or stunting. It is possible diat specimens in such a situation developed fuU adult Plicatoria ventricosa, new species characters without being able to expand to normal size. The development of adult characters in stunted specimens is a PLATE 6: HGURES 37-40 phenomenon often seen in fossil brachiopods. Some of the DIAGNOSIS.—Laterally compressed, strongly convex Plicato­ small specimens of Plicatoria diat have adult costation are ria. possible examples (Plate 9: figures 24-27). DESCRIPTION.—Medium size, narrowly elongate, eUiptical LOCALITY.—Antarctica 1. in outiine; sides gentiy rounded; anterior margin narrowly TYPES.—Hypotype USNM 550885. rounded; subequally biconvex, ventral valve slightiy more convex than ventral one. Apical angle 46°-69°. Lateral Plicatoria parva, new species commissure concave toward ventral side; anterior commissure PLATE 3: HGURES 30-36 rectimarginate to unipUcate. Beak protuberant, suberect; foramen large, round, permesothyridid. Symphytium visible. DLSIGNOSIS.—SmaU rectimarginate Plicatoria with incipient Surface smooth except for incipient costation at anterior in old costation. specimens. DESCRIPTION.—Small, elongate oval, maximum width ante­ Ventral valve strongly convex in lateral view, narrowly rior to midvalve, anterior margin rounded; posterolateral domed widi steep, straight sides. Umbonal region swollen, margins forming angle of 15°-11°; valves subequally convex; swelling continuing to anterior margin. Ventral interior widi ventral valve more convex than dorsal one. Lateral commissure short sessile pedicle collar. Muscle scars not seen. straight; anterior commissure rectimarginate to development Dorsal valve widi strongly convex lateral profile and of slight sulcation. Beak long, suberecL Foramen large, round, narrowly domed anterior view. Umbonal region swollen, submesothyridid. Symphytium visible. Smooth except for swelUng continued to anterior margin. Sides nearly straight occasional growth varices and incipient lateral costae. and steep. Dorsal valve interior with flat semielliptical cardinal Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral view, moderately process; loop length one-diird valve lengdi; outer hinge plates and roundly domed in anterior profile. Umbonal region long; crural processes at about 0.7 of loop lengdi. Transverse swollen, swelling continued anteriorly to midvalve, flattening band broad, narrowly folded. anteriorly. Flanks rounded. MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in mdlimeters, Dorsal valve flatiy convex laterally, broadly and gentiy except apical angles, which are in degrees. domed in anterior view. Umbonal and median regions Dorsal moderately swollen; anterior less so. Flanks rounded, steep. valve Thick­ Apical Holotype with narrow sulcus and incipient lateral costae. USNM Length length Width ness angle Dorsal valve widi long loop occupying half dorsal valve length and one quarter of its width. Outer hinge plates long, 551498a 29.5 26.0 18.0 20.3 68 551498b 32.0 27.7 21.0 22.3 68 deeply concave; crural processes at two-diirds loop length, 551498c 25.2 22.0 16.5 18.0 68 needle sharp; transverse band broad, narrowly arched; terminal 551498d 32.2 27.5 18.2 21.0 46 points short. Cardinal process large, semielliptical. 551498e 24.0 21.4 16.0 15.6 69 NUMBER 64 19

GEOLOGICAL OXURRENCE.—^Eocene (Castle Hayne Forma­ Morrisia by Hertlein and Grant, 1944). It is rarely found in die tion, Comfort Member). Eocene of the East Coast. LOCALTTY.—^Nortii Carolina 2. Argyrotheca is abundant in die Tertiary of the Caribbean TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 551498a; paratypes: USNM region, occurring in a variety of species (Cooper, 1977, 1979). 551498b-g. It was found by Cooper (1971) in Eocene deposits on die Island DISCUSSION,—^This species differs from aU others in die great of Eua, Tonga Group, central Pacific Ocean. It occurs rarely thickness and convexity of the valves, which produce a laterally in the Miocene of New Zealand. compressed rather eUiptical outUne when viewed from die In addition to die species described below, Stenzel (1943) dorsal side. Although the holotype shows only traces of and odiers described Tertiary species of Argyrotheca, as costation, specimens USNM 551498b, d, and g, are costate in follows. Paleocene: A. dalU Aldrich, 1911; A. hatehetigbeensis the anterior third of die median part of the shell; the flanks are Stenzel, 1940; A. plicatilis Clark, 1895; A. powersi Gardner, not costate. This is a rare species. 1925; A. saltmountainensis Toulmin, 1940. Eocene: A. akymatophora Stenzel, 1940. Clark and Martin (1901) described Platidia marylandica and Genus Rhytisoria Cooper, 1983 Touhnin (1940) described Platidial sp. from die Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama. Rhytisoria alabamensis Cooper, 1983

PLATE 3: HGURES 42-46 Genus Argyrotheca Dall, 1900 Terebratula wilmingtonensis.—Aldrich, 1907:9 [not Terebratula wilming- Argyrotheca beecheri (Clark, 1895) tonens'is LyeU and Sowerby, 1845]. Rhytisoria alabamensis Cooper, 1983:240, pl. 53: figs. 1-7. PLATE 1: FIGURES 5-8

This brachiopod, which comes from die Paleocene, was Cistella beecheri Qark. 1895:3. figs. O C^.—WeUer, 1907:361. pl. 27: figs. identified by Aldrich (1907:9) who stated that "aU die different 14-17. forms of Terebratula wilmingtonensis mentioned and figured Argyrotheca beecheri (Clark).—Stenzel. 1943. card 140. by Prof. DaU [1903] in Vol. 3, of Wagner Free Inst, of Science, This is a smaU Argyrotheca strongly resembling A. p. 1537, pl. 58, figures 14-20, are found here [Brundidge quadrata, new species. It differs in having narrowly convex Depot, Alabama]." Specimens from Brundidge Depot, how­ costae with wide interspaces and less costae on a side, with ever, are folded differendy and have a completely different fewer intercalations. The figured types show no intercalations loop from that of Oleneothyris and diat oi Plicatoria (e.g., "T." aldiough Clark mentions, and Weller (1907, pl. 27: figs. 14, wilmingtonensis). 15) figures, two specimens with a median costa inserted at the According to Stenzel (1943, card 133), "Aldrich's conclu­ anterior of the wide sulcus. Of 38 specimens in die USNM sions concerning the Jackson age of this fossil [Terebratulina coUections only one shows a costa in the sulcus. Argyrotheca brundidgensis Aldrich] and his identification of Terebratula quadrata usuaUy has an intercalated costa in its sulcus but also wilmingtonensis seem to be erroneous. The geologic map of short intercalations between the lateral costae in many Alabama (1926) shows only Nanafalia formation at Brundidge specimens. and the Jackson is too far away to produce outliers at diis GEOLOGICAL 0:CURRENCE.—^Paleocene (Vincentown Forma­ place." This is a lesson in misconception of geologic age that tion). can arise from species misidentification. LOCALTTY.—New Jersey 1. GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE.—Paleocene (Wdcox Group, un­ TYPES.—Hypotype: USNM 551523a. named limestone below the Nanafalia Formation). LOCALTTY.—Alabama 1. Argyrotheca laevis, new species TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 549392a; paratypes: USNM 549392b-g. PLATE 9: HGURES 45-50 DUGNOSIS.—SmaU, smooth Argyrotheca. Superfamily TEREBRATELLACEA King, 1850 DESCRIPTION.—Small, subpentagonal in oudine, lengdi and widdi about equal; hinge straight, narrower than maximum Unlike the Tertiary of the Southern Hemisphere, which is widdi which is shghtiy anterior to midvalve. Sides rounded. rich in terebrateUids, only two are known from the Tertiary of Beak moderately extended. Cardinal extremities obtuse. Valves the eastern United States: Argyrotheca and Platidia. The subequal in depth. Anterior commissure rectimarginate. former is common in the Mediterranean and Caribbean seas Coarsely punctate. Surface smooth. but rare elsewhere. Platidia is rare but widely distributed in Ventral valve broadly convex in lateral profile. Beak modern seas. Both are rare in die Pacific. Platidia occurs in forming angle of 95°-96''. Interareas narrow; delthyrium wide, the PUocene and Pleistocene of die West Coast (reported as margined by low, oblique lateral plates. Interior widi long 20 SMrraSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY excavated pedicle collar. Median septum long, occupying 7/8 occupied by one costa diat does not reach the apex; median shell length; crest at about 3/4 valve length from beak. Crest costa matching one in median flattened part of ventral valve. of septum with oval pit. Ventral valve interior with variable apical plate, short in Dorsal valve broadly and gentiy convex in side and anterior some, gready elongated in others; apical plate supported by views. Notothyrial chamber short, narrow, occupied by low strong median septum extending to slightiy beyond midvalve. myophragm. Septum high, long, reaching anterior margin widi Teeth flattened and wide. angular crest at about midvalve. Loop not preserved. Adductor Dorsal valve interior widi narrow deltiiyrial platform, wide scars elongate, teardrop shape. socket ridges bounding slit-ldce sockets. Median septum strong MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in mdlimeters, with apex anterior of midvalve and with concave nonserrate except apical angles, which are in degrees; questionmark anterior margin. indicates that thickness could not be measured. MEASUREMENTS.—^AU measiu-ements are in millimeters.

Dorsal Dorsal valve Hinge Maximum Thick­ Apical valve Hinge Thick­ USNM Length length width width ness angle USNM Length length width ness

551506a 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.0 95 550458a 2.0 1.8 3.0 1.7 551506b 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.5 ? 96 550458b 2.1 1.5 3.0 1.6 550458c 2.0 1.6 3.0 1.6 550458d 1.8 1.7 2.8 1.5 GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Oligocene (Ashley Member of Cooper Formation). LOCALITY.—South Carolina 5. GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE.—^Paleocene (Midway Group, Fort TYPES.—Holotype: 551506a; paratypes: 551506b, c. Gaines Formation). DISCUSSION.—Two smoodi argyrothecas are known from LOCALTTY.—Alabama 3. Eocene rocks: A. akymatophora Stenzel (1940) and A. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 550458a; paratypes: 550458b-j. saltnwuntainensis Toulmin (1940). The first is a much larger DISCUSSION.—The collection of diis species consists of species than A. laevis, new species, nearly twice its size and several hundred specimens, aU fairly uniform in size. The differendy shaped. The second is about the same size as A. species is small and therefore comparable only to odier small laevis but is ambiguous in having shells grading from smooth species. It is of about die same size as die variable Argyrotheca to poorly costate. Argyrotheca saltmountainensis is from saltmountainensis Toulmin (1940) from the Salt Mountain Lower Eocene strata and is differentiy shaped, being quadrate Formation of Alabama. The Salt Mountain species is more with the hinge about equal to its maximum width. square than A. macneili. Argyrotheca beecheri (Clark) is another small species, squarish in outline and strongly costate, three diick costae on Argyrotheca macneili, new species a side and a thick one in the middle, quite unlike A. macneiU. PLATE 4: HGURES 1-23 The Eocene of Cuba has a number of undescribed small species oi Argyrotheca, but none is as smaU as, or marked like, die DIAGNOSIS.—SmaU, wide, Argyrotheca with about 10 distant Alabama species. costae. Argyrotheca hatchetigbeensis Stenzel, 1940, is a small DESCRIPTION.—Very small, rectangular to semielliptical; Eocene species suggestive of A. macneili but is larger, hinge wider dian width at midvalve; cardinal extremities proportionately wider, and with more numerous, more crowded usually acute. Anterior margin broadly rounded; anterior costae dian A. macneili. Shell proportions, distant costae, and commissure varying from rectimarginate to broadly and gendy irregularity of the interarea distinguish A. macneili from A. sulcate. Interareas well developed, apsacUne to catacline. quadrata, new species. Foramen large and irregular; beak distorted; deltidial plates It is interesting to note that A. macneili occurs widi two odier absent or rudimentary. Surface distantiy costate, costae narrow, brachiopods, both of them very small, but adults nevertheless. separated by spaces wider than costae; costae opposite, These are new species of Lacazella and ThecidelUna. both of numbering about 10; anterior margin gentiy scalloped. which occur in the Caribbean with numerous species of Ventral valve hemipyramidal in side view with moderate Argyrotheca. convexity; anterior profile subtriangular widi apex broadly to somewhat narrowly rounded. Lateral regions flattened, forming long steep slopes. Argyrotheca quadrata, new species Dorsal valve variable in lateral profile from slightiy concave PLATE 2: HGURES 1-8; PLATE 4: HGURES 40-44; PLATE 5: HGURES 12-25; to genUy convex. Anterior profile nearly flat, shghdy convex PLATE 9: HGURES 41-44 or gentiy concave, especiaUy in die midregion corresponding to sulcus. Cardinal extremities flattened; sulcus shaUow, DIAGNOSIS.—Quadrate Argyrotheca with lengdi and width widening anteriorly, not sti-ongly impressed and usually nearly equal, and widi strong rounded costae. NUMBER 64 21

DESCRIPTION.—Small, quadrate, sides gently rounded; ante­ tions characteristic of A. quadrata. Furthermore, there is no rior margin strongly rounded; hinge slighdy narrower or equal evidence of a sulcus Idee that of die North CaroUna species. to midwidth. Cardinal extremities shghtiy obtuse. Interarea fairly long, strongly apsacline. Anterior commisstu-e faintly Argyrotheca quadrata transversa, new subspecies sulcate. Margins strongly scalloped because of opposite costae; PLATE 4: HGURES 46-52 adult with 6 primary strongly rounded costae and short intercalated costae to a maximum of 13 costae. DIAGNOSIS.—Simdar to A. quadrata but with wide hinge. Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral profile widi DESCRIPTION.—Small, wider than long; subrectangular; maximum ciuA'ature at midvalve; anterior profile moderately hinge forming widest part; cardinal extremities angular; convex; ears not prominenL Median 2 costae forming shaUow shghtiy extended. Sides slightiy oblique; anterior broadly sulcus diat bears 1 to 3 intercalated costae, median one strong, rounded; anterior commissure rectimarginate. Surface marked others short. Lateral slopes steep. Interior with diick, long by 10 narrowly rounded costae. Median sulcus narrow, pedicle coUar or apical plate; deldiyrium wide; median septum occupied by a single costa longer on the ventral side than on low, extending beyond midvalve and bearing 3 anterior pits. the dorsal side. Five costae on a side. Ventral valve more strongly convex in anterior view than Dorsal valve shghtiy less deep than ventral one, fairly evenly the dorsal valve; flady convex in side view. Interareas fairly and gendy convex in side view. Sulcus shaUow, bounded by broad with obhque plates on die delthyrial margin. Delthyrium 2 median primary costae, a strong intercalated median costa wide, reveaUng prominent pedicle collar (Plate 4: figure 50). and often 2 lateral marginal ones. Interior with strong socket Dorsal valve gentiy convex in lateral view, broadly and fairly ridges defining narrow sockets; median septum extending to strongly convex in anterior view. anterior margin, rising to sharp crest at about midvalve, then MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in millimeters. tapering to margin. Anterior edge of septum marked by strong serrations. Dorsal valve Hinge Maximum Thick- MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in miUimeters. USNM Length length width width Dorsal valve Hinge Maximum Thick­ 551505a 2.0 1.6 2.65 2.5 1.6 USNM Length length width width ness 551505b 1.8 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.2

550881a 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.3 550881b 1.8 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.0 GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Castle Hayne Forma­ 551507a 1.8 1.5 1.45 1.75 0.9 tion). 551507b 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.7 0.8 LOCALTTY.—North Carolina 3. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 551505a; paratypes: 551505b, c. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—Eocene (Castie Hayne Forma­ DISCUSSION.—This subspecies resembles A. quadrata, new tion; Santee Formation; Cross Member of the Santee Forma­ species, in its costation and the intercalation of a median costa tion). in die sulcus, but it is more transverse in outiine. LocALTTiES.—^North Carolina 1,3; Soudi Carohna 2, 3. TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 550881b; paratypes: USNM Argyrotheca semicostata, new species

550881a, c, d; hypotypes: USNM 551007a, b; 551504a-

Only four genera of Thecideacea are known in die Tertiary: 549362a 2.0 1.3 1.9 1.2 Lacazella, ThecidelUna, Bifolium, and Glazewskia. The last 549362b 1.9 1.2 1.7 ? two became extinct after the Tertiary; the other two are common in the Caribbean and rare in die modern Indian Ocean. GEOLOGICAL OcctJRRENCE.—^Paleocene (Clayton Forma­ Lacazella is common m die Mediterranean but not yet known tion). in the modern Pacific. ThecidelUna occiu^s in the Pacific and LOCALTTY.—Alabama 4, Indian oceans. Both genera are commonly found adhering to TYPES.—Holotype: USNM 549362a; paratype: USNM coralUnes, usually in fairly shallow water. One species is 549362b^. known from 300 meters. Lacazella is reported here for the first DISCUSSION.—Lacazella has not been reported hitherto in time in the Tertiary of die United States. the American Tertiary. The collection includes only 15 Thecidellirui occurs in the Eocene of the Island of Eua in the specimens, mostiy dorsal valves. These are similar to Tonga Group, central Pacific (Cooper, 1971). Lacazella and ThecidelUna alabamensis, new species, with which they occur ThecidelUna occur in early Miocene in Java and in Pleistocene but are readily separated by the convex pseudodeltidium(?) deposits on Santo Island, New Hebrides. Although Lacazella on the interarea of the ventral valve and the open ascending is known as a fossil in the Pacific Tertiary, it is not now known apparatus. Lacazella nana is unldce any other described species from die modern Pacific but may be expected diere. in its minute size. Ldce ThecidelUna. Lacazella is a shallow Gregorio (1890) described a single valve as Thecidea? sp. water form attached to corallines and shells. (= Thecidea claibornensis). The description and figures (see Stenzel, 1943, card 123) strongly suggest die posterior part of a thick-shelled terebratulid with strongly punctate shell. No Genus ThecidelUna Thomson, 1915 thecideid is known with punctae as depicted by de Gregorio. Furthermore, the interior with its deep median "sulcus" (deeply ThecidelUna alabamensis, new species inset ventral muscle impression) is unlike the interior of any PLATE 4: HGURES 31-39 known thecideid, which usually has a hemispondylium. The specimen is a terebratulid of unknown affinities. It is said to DIAGNOSIS.—Minute ThecidelUna with large cicatrix. come from "Presumably Gosport sand, Claiborne Group, DESCRIPTION.—Minute, subpentagonal with rounded sides; middle Eocene." "Presumably Claiborne Bluff on the left bank shghtiy longer than wide; apex irregular, triangular to of die Alabama River, Monroe County, Alabama" (both quotes truncated; hinge narrower dian greatest shell widdi; profile from Stenzel, 1943, card 123). triangular; cicatrix usually large occupying from one-third to one-half valve length. Surface smooth with occasional undulations of growth. Genus Lacazella Munier-Chalmas, 1881 Ventral valve deep, strongly truncated by the large cicatrix. Lacazella nana, new species Profile nearly flat, sides steeply rounded. Interior with short scoop-like hemispondylium attached to valve floor. PLATE 4: HGURES 24-30 Dorsal valve lid-ldce, gendy convex in both profiles; length DIAGNOSIS.—Very small Lacazella. three-fourths shell length. Interior with slender ascending DESCRIPTION.—Minute, varying from longer than wide to apparatus. Lateral thickenings elevating posteriorly to make length and width nearly equal; subtriangular to pentagonal. posterior of valve deeper dian anterior. Beak variable, acute to truncated; sides rounded, anterior MEASUREMENTS.—All measurements are in miUimeters. NUMBER 64 23

Dorsal section 23, T 11 N., R. 5 W., 2 mdes (3.2 km) soudi of valve Thick­ Melvin, 150 yards (137 m) east of nordi-soudi road, USNM Length length Width ness Choctaw County. 550815a 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.1 6. Oligocene (Jackson Group), USGS locality 2869, near 550815b 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.2 Fail Post Office, Choctaw County. 7. Oligocene (Jackson Group), USGS locality 3892, Cocoa GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE.—^Paleocene (Midway Forma­ Post Office, Choctaw County. tion, Clayton Member). ANTARCTICA LOCALTTY.—Alabama 4. TYPES,—Holotype USNM 550815a; paratypes: USNM 1. Recent, locality AH50, 64°36'S, 54°03'29"W, Arthur 550815b-e. Harbor, Palmer Peninsula at 50 feet (15 m) depdi. DISCUSSION,—This is the smaUest species of this genus so far discovered in the United States, It is suggestive of NEW JERSEY ThecidelUna cooperi Toulmin (1940) of die Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama but is smaUer, narrower, and with a 1. Paleocene (Vincentown Formation), Stokely Canning posteriorly deeper dorsal valve than that from die Salt Factory, north bank of South Branch of Rancocas Creek, Mountain Formation. 0.25 mde (0.4 km) west of east edge of Mount HoUy This species is shghtiy smaUer than the Recent ThecidelUna (7720 quadrangle. minuta Cooper (1981:61) from the Indian Ocean, which is the smallest living species known. The Alabama species has a NORTH CAROLINA larger cicatrix and a less attenuated triangular shape dian die Indian Ocean species. 1. Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation, probably Comfort Thecidellirui is known from the Caribbean, where it is Member), Wdmington, New Hanover County. Accord­ common in shaUow water attached to coralhnes. It is also ing to Kellum (1926:9) coUections labelled City Quarry known from the Eocene of the Pacific and in modern Pacific (USGS 3602, 3609), New County Quarry, and Cemetery waters. Quarry are from the same place to which he has given die number USGS 10613: East side Wihnington near It is of interest to record that two of four specimens of Smith Creek, This number also includes USGS localities ThecidelUna cooperi (USNM 498438 and 498441) presented 1/340, 307, 782, 2297, 3602, 3609, 4285, 5463, 7797, to the National Museum of Natural History by Dr. Toulmin 65142, and KeUum 51, belong to Lacazella, thus estabhshing the genus in the Wilcox Group (Salt Mountain Limestone). Furthermore, a paratype 2. Eocene (Casde Hayne Formation, Comfort Member), Ideal figured by Dr. Toulmin (1940, pl. 28: fig. 5) has die bulging Cement Company Quarry, 34°22'33"N, 77°50'20"W, 7 pseudodeltidium of Lacazella. The remainder of the figures km northeast of Castie Hayne, New Hanover County, assigned to ThecidelUna on Touhnin's plate 28 appear to be The quarry is now the type section of the Castle Hayne genuine ThecidelUna, and these include the holotype. Formation (Ward et al., 1978:F6). Specimens of ThecidelUna not identified as to species, were 3. Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation), Maple-Lanier pit, found at localities Alabama 3, North CaroUna 3, and South 34°38'N, 77°44'W, 2.5 mdes (4 km) soudieast of Maple Carolina 2. Hill, Pender County. 4. Eocene (Casde Hayne Formation), 3.5 mdes (5,6 km) northwest of Wrightsboro Depot, New Hanover County, Localities 5. Eocene (Castie Hayne Formation), USGS locality 22329, pit 0.1 mde south on first dirt road of North Carohna ALABAMA Route 210 Lane Ferry Road, 0.1 mile west of Northeast 1. Paleocene (Wdcox Group, unnamed Umestone below the Cape Fear River, Rocky Point (7720 quadrangle. NanafaUa Formation). USGS locality 25208, well near 6. Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation), Trask Farm, 2 miles Brundidge Depot, Pike County. (3.2 km) east of Rocky Point, Pender County, 7. Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation), East Coast Construc­ 2. Oligocene (Jackson Group, Zeuglodon Bed), Doctor tion Company Quarry, 0.9 mile (1.4 km) southwest of Brown's field near Cocoa Post Office, Choctaw County. junction of North Carolina Routes 50 and 53, 2 miles 3. Paleocene (Midway Group, Fort Gaines Formation), (3.2 km) west of Maple Hdl, Pender County. roadcut in SWV4 section 26, T 9 N., R. 28 E., Henry 8. Eocene (Castie Hayne Formation), Nordi Carolina Lime County. Company pit, 3.8 miles (6.08 km) west of Comfort, Jones 4. Paleocene (Clayton Formation), NWV4 section 12, T. 8 County. N., R. 28 E, Henry County. 9. Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation), Martin-Marietta Com­ 5. Oligocene (Jackson Group, Zeuglodon Bed), SWV4 pany Casde Hayne Quarry (formerly Superior Stone 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Company Quarry), Superior Pit, 0.5 mile (0.8 km) nordi Marietta Berkeley Quarry, Cross Pit, 1.5 mdes (2.4 km) of North Caroluia Route 1002, 2.3 mdes (3.7 km) south of South Carolina Route 6-59 junction, just east nordieast of Castie Hayne, New Hanover County. of Route 59, near Cross, Berkeley County. 10. Eocene (Castle Hayne Formation), USGS 779, Rocky 5. Oligocene (Ashley Member of Cooper Formation), USGS Point, Pender County. 26193, Giant Portland Cement Company Quarry at Harleyvdie, Dorchester County. SOUTH CAROLINA 6. Eocene (Santee Formation), quarry on farm of Robert Edwards, east of South Carolina Route 6 at a point 1.2 1. Eocene (Santee Formation), 2 miles (3.2 km), above mdes (1.9 km) south of junction of South CaroUna Lenuds Ferry on Santee River. Routes 6 and 33, Berkeley County, 2. Eocene (Santee Formation), quarry of die Martin-Marietta Company, 2 mdes (3.2 km) north of bridge crossing VIRGINIA Santee River on South CaroUna Route 41 and U.S. Route 17a, on west side of road, 33°13'20"N, 79°23'10"W, 1. Pliocene (Yorktown Formation), Rice's Pit on west side Georgetown County; 3.5 mdes (5.6 km) northeast of of Harris Road, 0.25 mile (0.4 km) north of Fox HiU Jamestown in Berkeley County. Road (Virginia highway 167), 1.4 mdes (1.25 km) west 3. Eocene (Cross Member of Santee Formation), USGS of Bloxoms Corner, Hampton (7720 quandrangle. 25169, 25853, 25854, 25859, 25860, 25864. Superior 2. Pliocene (Yorktown Formation), Hampton Heights Dairy Stone Company Quarry, near Cross, Berkeley County. Pit, Hampton, Elizabedi City County. 4. Eocene (Cross Member of Santee Formation), Martin- Literature Cited

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An Introduction lo the Classification of Animals. 147 pages, 47 1959. Genera of Tertiary and Recent RhynchoneUoid Brachiopods. figures. London: John ChurchiU and Sons. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Publications. 139(5): iv + 90 pages, 22 Jackson, J.W. plates. 1912. The Brachiofjoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 1971. Eocene Brachiopods from Eua, Tonga. United States Geological Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 48(2):367-390. Survey Professional Paper, 640F:F1-F9. plate 1. plates 1,2. 1977. Brachiopods from the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Waters. Studies Jaekel. O.M.J. in Tropical Oceanography (Rosensliel School of Marine and 1902. Uet>er Verschiedene Wege Phylogenetischer Enlwickelung. In Atmospheric Science, University of Miami). 14:1-211, 35 plates. Verhandlungen des V Internationalen Zoologen Congress zu Berlin, 1978. Tertiary and Quaternary Brachiopods from the Southwest Pacific. 12-16 August 1901. pages 1058-1117. 28 figures. Jena: Gustav Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 38:1-23. 4 figures, 2 Fischer. plates. KeUum. L.B. 1979. Tertiary and Cretaceous Brachiopods from Cuba and the Caribbean. 1926. Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Castle Hayne and Trent Marls Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 37:1^5, 2 figures. 7 in North Carolina. United States Geological Survey Professional plates. Paper. 143:1-56. 11 plates. 1981. Brachiopoda from the Southern Indian Ocean (Recent). Smithsonian 1931. Revision of the Names of Three FossUs from the CasUe Hayne and Contributions to Paleobiology. 43:1-93, 30 figures, 14 plates. Trent Marls in North Carolina. Journal ofthe Washington Academy 1982. New Brachiopods from the Southern Hemisphere and Cryptopora of Sciences, 21(4):51-52. from Oregon (Recent). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. King.W. 41:1—43. 4 figures, 7 plates. 1850. A Monograph of the Permian FossUs of England. Palaeontographi­ 1983. The Terebratulacea (Brachiopoda), Triassic to Recent: A Smdy of cal Society Monograph (London). 3:xxxvii + 258 pages, 29 plates. the Brachidia (Loops). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, Kuhn, O. 50:1-445, 17 figures, 77 plates. 1949. Lehrbuch der Paldozoologie. 326 pages, 244 figures. Stuttgart: E. DaU, W.H. Schweitzerbart. 1870. A Revision of the Terebratulidae and LinguUdae with Remaiks on LyeU, C, and G.B. Sowerby and Descriptions of some Recent Forms. American Journal of 1845. In C. LyeU, Observations on the White Limestone and Other Eocene Conchology, 6(2):88-168, figures 1-38. plates 6-8. or Older Tertiary Formations of Virginia, South Carolina, and 1871. Supplement to the RevisicMi of the Terebratulidae with Additions. Georgia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. Corrections, and a Revision of Cranudae and Discinidae. American 1:429-442. figure b [on page 431]. Journal of Conchology, new series, 7(2):39-85, plates 10, 11. Menke. C.T 1900. Some Names which Must be Discarded. Nautilus, 14(4):44-45. 1828. Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum Generum Omnium et Specter um 1903. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Transactions ofthe earum quae in Museo Menkeano Adservantor. 91 pages. Pyrmonti. Wagner Free Institute of Science, 3(6):1533-1540, plate 58. Morton, S.G. de Gregorio, A. 1833. Supplement to the Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the 1890. Monographie de la fauna I'eocenique de 1'Alabama et surtout de Ferruginous Sand Formation of the United States. American Journal

25 26 SMITHSONL^N CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

of Science. 24(11):128-132, plates 9, 10. Thomson, J.A. 1834. Synposis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the 1915. A New Genus and Species ofthe Thecideinae. Geological Magazine. United States. 88 pages. 19 plates. PhUadelphia. 6(2):461^64. Muir-Wood. H.M. 1916. Additions to the Knowledge of the Recent and Tertiary Brachiopoda 1955. A History ofthe Classification ofthe Phylum Brachiopoda. Volume of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings ofthe New Zealand 7, 124 pages, 12 figures. London: British Museum (Natural Institute, 48:41-47, plate 1. History). 1926. A Revision of the SubfamiUes of the Terebratulidae (Brachiopoda). Munier-Chalmas. M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 18:523-530. 1880. Sur quelques genres des Brachiopodes. Bidletin Societe Geologique Toulmin. L.D. de France. 8(4):279-280. 1940. Eocene Brachiopods from the Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama. Olsson, A. Journal of Paleontology. 14(3):227-233. plate 28. 1914. New and Interesting Neocene FossUs from the Adantic Coastal TunneU. J.W, Jr. Plain. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 5(24): 3-34. 12 plates. 1972. Crania sp. (Brachiopoda) from Texas Waters. Texas Journal of Pajaud, D. Science. 23(4):553. [Crania sp. is now regarded as Discradisca 1970. Monographie des Thecidees (Brachiopodes). Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, new series, 49(112): 349 pages, 16 plates, (TunneU. letter. 17 September 1984).] 140 figures. Waagen. W.H. Ravenel, E. 1882-1885. SaU Range FossUs, Part 4(2): Brachiopoda. Palaeontographica 1844. Description of Some New Species of FossU Organic Remains, from Indica. Memoir, series 13. vol. 1:329-770, plates 25-86 [Fascicle the Eocene of South Carolina. Proceedings of the Academy of 1:329-390; plates 25-28, 1882; Fascicle 2:391-546. plates 29^9, Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2(5):96-98. 1883; Fascicle 3:547-610. plates 50-57; 1884; Fascicle 4:611-728, Retzius, A. J. plates 58-81. 1884; Fascicle 5:729-770. plates 82-86. 1885]. 1781. Crania oder Todenkopfs-Muschel. Schriften der Berlin Gesellschaft Ward. L.W.. D.R. Lawrence, and B.W. Blackwelder Naturforschende Freunde. 2:66-76, plate 1. 1978. Stratigraphic Revision of the Middle Eocene, Oligocene, and Lower Schuchert, C. Miocene—Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Contributions 1897. A Synopsis of American FossU Brachiopoda, Including Bibliogra­ to Stratigraphy [U.S.] Geological Survey Bulletin. 1457-F:F1-F23. phy and Synonymy. Bulletin ofthe United States Geological Survey. WeUer, S. 87: 464 pages, 10 tables. 1907. A Report on the Cretaceous Paleontology of New Jersey Based on StenzeL H.B. the Stratigraphic Studies of George N. Knapp. New Jersey 1940. New Eocene Brachiopods from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Geological Survey. Paleontological Series. 4:3—1106, 111 plates. University of Texas Publication. 3945:717-730, plate 34. Whitfield. R.R 1943. Type Invertebrate Fossils of North America: Brachiopoda, Eocene, 1885. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and cards 122-148. Austin, Texas: Bureau of Economic Geology. Greensand Marls of New Jersey. United States Geological Survey 1964, Stratigraphic and Paleontologie Significance of a New Danian Monograph 9:5-388, 35 plates. Brachiopod Species from Texas. Sonderabdruck aus der Geologis­ chen Rundschau. 54:619-631, 5 figures. Plates 1-9 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 1

FIGURES 1—4.—Argyrotheca semicostata, new species: side, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x7.5, of holotype USNM 551503. (LocaUty: North CaroUna 3) FIGURES 5-8.—Argyrotheca beecheri (Clark): ventral, side, anterior, and dorsal views, xlO, of a specimen showing strong, direct costae, hypotype USNM 551523a. (LocaUty: New Jersey 1) FIGURES 9-14.—Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich: 9. dorsal view. x2, of a paralectotype. USNM 639038; 10-13. anterior, side, ventral, and dorsal views. x2, of a large specimen showing costeUae, hypotype USNM 551519a; 14, interior of dorsal valve showing stout loop. x3. hypotype USNM 551519b. (Locality: Alabama 1) FIGURE 15.—Terebratulina wilsoni. new species, dorsal exterior, x3, showing costeUae in detaU. holotype USNM, 551515a. (LocaUty South Carolina 4) (See Plate 6: figure 34) FIGURE 16.—Terebratulina lachryma (Morton), dorsal exterior, x3, showing ornament, hypotype USNM 551516a. (Locality: South CaroUna 2) FIGURES 17-32.—Glottidia inexpectans Olsson: 17, 18, an adult dorsal valve exterior and interior, xl, hypotype USNM 551531; 19, 20, posterior of interior of a ventral valve, xl, x2, showing strong diverging ridges, hypotype USNM 551520a; 21. 22, exterior of two ventral valves, xl, hypotypes USNM 551520b, c; 23, VCTitral view of a young specimen preserving both valves, xl, hypotype USNM 551520d; 24. 25. interior of a dorsal valve. x2, xl, showing short soUd beak and median ridge, hypotype USNM 551520e; 26. another fragmentary dorsal valve showing solid beak, median ridge and paired muscle scars, x2, hypotype USNM 551520f; 27, ventral valve interior, xl. showing divergent ridges, hypotype USNM 551520-1; 28, large ventral valve, xl, hypotype USNM 551520g; 29,30, interior and exterior of dorsal valve, xl. having beveUed t)oring CMi one side, hypotype USNM 551520h; 31,32, large ventral valve, exterior and interior, xl, hypotype USNM 5515201. (Locality: Virginia 1) NUMBER 64 29 30 SMrrHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 2

FIGURES 1-8.—Argyrotheca quadrata. new species: 1-4, dorsal, anterior, side, and ventral views, xlO. hypotype USNM 551007a; 5-8. side, ventral, anterior, and dorsal views. xlO. showing anteriorly intercalated costae. hypotype USNM 551007b. (Locality: South Carolina 2) FIGURES 9-17.—Probolarina holmesi santeensis. new subspecies: 9-12. Dorsal view, xl. and anterior, side and dorspJ views, x2, holotype USNM 551518a; 13-16, dorsal view, xl, and side, dorsal, and anterior views, x2, paratype USNM 551518b; 17. ventral view. x3, of a specimen having falcifer crura, paratype USNM 551518L (LocaUty: South Carolina 2) FIGURES 18-29.—Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby), group showing variation of costation: 18-21, ventral, side, anterior, and dorsal views, xl, of a specimen with four anterior costae, hypotype USNM 550866; 22-25, side, ventral, anterior, and dorsal views, xl, of a specimen having six costae on dorsal valve, hypxjtype USNM 550878; 26-28. side, dorsal, and anterior views, xl. of another specimen with six costae. hypotype USNM 550870; 29. interior of dorsal valve, x3, showing cardinalia and rare inner hinge plates, hypotype USNM 550914b. (LocaUties: 18-21. 26-28, North Carolina 1; 22-25. North CaroUna 5) FIGURES 30-46.—Probolarina transversa, new species: 30-33, dorsal view, xl. and side, anterior, and dorsal views. x2, of the holotype USNM 551517a; 34—37, dorsal view, xl, and anterior, side and dorsal views, x2. paratype USNM 551517b; 38-41, dorsal view, xl, and anterior, side, and dorsal views, x2. of the paratype USNM 551517c; 42. interior of dorsal valve. x3. from dorsal side, showing short falcifer crura, paratype USNM 551517d; 43, dorsal valve seen from dorsal side. x3. showing broad falcifer crura, paratype USNM 551517e; 44, 45, dorsal and side views, x3, of the posterior of holotype; 46, side view, x3. of posterior of paratype USNM 551517b. (LocaUty: South Carolina 2) NUMBER 64 31 32 SMTTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 3

FIGURES 1-4.—Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich syntype (now paralectotype) USNM 639038: 1. dorsal view, xl, showing narrow median sulcus; 2-4, dorsal, anterior, and side views, x2. (Locality: Alabama 1) FIGURES 5-7.—Probolarina brevirostris, new species, side, anterior, and ventral views, x2, holotype, USNM 551527. (Locality: North Carolina 7) FIGURE 8.—Isocranial species 1, interior of ventral valve, x3, showing median elevation and muscle sears, USNM 551510. (LocaUty: South CaroUna 3) FIGURES 9, 10.—Isocrania? sp)ecies 2, dorsal and ventral views x3, of a flattish dorsal valve showing anterior and posterior muscle scars, USNM 551528. (Locality: South Carolina 5) FIGURES 11-15.—Terebratulina lachryma (Morton), hypotype, USNM 551526a: 11, dorsal view of complete specimen, xl; 12-15. anterior, dorsal, side, and ventral views showing fine costellae. x2. (Locality: South Carolina 2) FIGURES 16-19.—Terebratulina brundidgensis Aldrich, ventral, anterior, side, and dorsal views, xl, of Aldrich's syntype USNM 639036. now lectotype of the species. (LocaUty: Alabama 1) FIGURES 20-29.—Terebratulina species: 20-22, side, dorsal, and anterior views, x2, of a young adult USNM 145613a; 23-25, dorsal, side, and anterior views. x2. of a young adult USNM 145613b; 26-28, side, anterior, and dorsal views. x2. of a young specimen USNM 145613c; 29, excavated specimen showing loop with its paraUel crura and narrow ring. x3, USNM 145613d. (Locality: Alabama 6) FIGURES 30-36.—Plicatoria parva, new species: 30-32. dorsal, side, and anterior views, xl. paratype USNM 551529b; 33. dorsal view, of paratype USNM 551529b; x2; 34. 35, dorsal views, xl, x2 of the holotype USNM 551529a; 36, interior view ofthe holotype, x2, showing imperfect loop with its extremely long outer hinge plates. (LocaUty: South Carolina 3) FIGURES 31-41.—Terebratulina capillata. new species, dorsal view, xl, and anterior, ventral, side, and dorsal views, x2, showing widely oval outline and fine costeUae. paratype USNM 551525a. (LocaUty: North Carolina 2) FIGURES 42-46.—Rhytisoria alabamensis Cooper: 42-45, dorsal, anterior, side, and ventral views, xl. holotype USNM 549392a; 46. dorsal valve interior. x2, showing loop, paratype USNM 549392b. (Locality Alabama 1), (Dlustrated for comparison with Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby) with which it has been confused.) NUMBER 64 33 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 4

FIGURES 1-23.—Argyrotheca macneili, new species: 1-5, ventral, anterior, dorsal, side, and posterior views. x6. paratype USNM 550458b; 6-10, ventral, dorsal, side, posterior, and anterior views, of a specimen showing traces of a loop (figure 9), x6, holotype USNM 550458a; 11-15, ventral, side, anterior, posterior and dorsal views. x6, paratype USNM 550458c; 16.17. side and dorsal views of a specimen smaUer than the preceding, x6. paratype USNM 550458d; 18-20, dorsal views of the ventral valve interior showing apical plate and median septum, x6, of 3 paratypes USNM 550458e-g; 21-23 ventral views of the interior of 3 dorsal valves. x6. paratypes USNM 550458h-j. (LocaUty Alabama 3) FIGURES 24-30.—Lacazella nana, new species: 24-26, dorsal, side, and ventral views, xlO. showing raised pseudodeltidium (?). holotype USNM 549362a; 27. dorsal view of a complete specimen, xlO, paratype USNM 549362b; 28, dorsal view of a ventral valve showing teeth and swoUen pseudodeltidium (?), xlO. paratype USNM 549362c; 29.30. interior of two dorsal valves, xlO. paratypes USNM 549362d, e. (Locality: Alabama 4) FIGURES 31-39.—ThecidelUna alabamensis. new species: 31-33. Dorsal, ventral, and side views. x9. holotype USNM 550815a; 34—36, ventral, side, and dorsal views, x9, showing flat interarea (figure 36) and broad attachment surface (figure 35), paratype USNM 550815b; 37. interior of a dorsal valve, about xl2. showing large cardinal process and narrow median piUar. paratype USNM 550815c; 38. interior of dorsal valve, about xlO. paratype USNM 550815d; 39, exterior of dorsal valve, about xlO. paratype USNM 550815e. (LocaUty: Alabama 4) FIGURES 40-44.—Argyrotheca quadrata. new species: 40, 41, dorsal exteriors showing intercalated costae, xlO. hypotypes USNM 551508a, b; 42, 43, dorsal interiors showing imperfect loop and septa, xlO, hypotypes 551508c, d; 44. interior of a ventral valve, xlO. showing septum with anteriorpit, hypotype USNM 551508e. (Locality: South Carolina 3) FIGURE 45.—Liothyrella notorcadensis (Jackson), cluster of adults with attached young, xl, suggesting way Plicatoria may have Uved. Such clustering may have contributed to some of the variation of Plicatoria. especiaUy the young; hypotype USNM 550885. (LocaUty: Antarctica 1) FIGURES 46-52.—Argyrotheca quadrata transversa, new subspecies; 46-48, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, xlO of a smaU specimen, paratype USNM 551505b; 49-52. anterior, dorsal, side, and ventral views of a specimen larger than the preceding paratype, xlO, holotype USNM 551505a. (Locality: North Carolina 3) NUMBER 64 35 36 sMrrasoNL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 5

FIGURES 1-3.—Crania? species 2, dorsal, side, and interior views of a dorsal valve, x3, USNM 549410. (Locality: North Carolina 1) FIGURES 4-6.—Crania? species 1, interior, side, and dorsal views, x3. of a dorsal valve showing muscle scars (figure 4). USNM 549401. (Locality: North CaroUna 1) FIGURES 7-11.—Terebratulina capillata. new species: 7-10, four immature specimens showing strong beading on costeUae characteristic of young specimens. x4, paratypes USNM 550882a, c, d, b; 11, young specimen showing loop, x3. paratype USNM 550882e. (LocaUty: North Carolina 1) FIGURES 12-25.—Argyrotheca quadrata, new species: 12-17, posterior, anterior, side, dorsal, and ventral views. x6, and dorsal view, x9, showing intercalated costae, paratype USNM 550881a; 18-23, side, anterior, posterior, ventral, and dorsal views, x6, and dorsal view, x9, holotype USNM 550881b; 24. interior of the ventral valve. x9. paratype USNM 550881d; 25. interior of the dorsal valve. x9, paratype USNM 550881c. (LocaUty: North CaroUna 1) FiGimES 26-28.—Terebratulina lachryma (Morton): 26, dorsal view of a medium sized specimen, x3, hypotype USNM 550883a; 27, 28, exterior and interior showing loop of a smaUer specimen than the preceding, x3, hypotype USNM 550883b. (LocaUty: South CaroUna 1) FIGURES 29-40.—Terebratulina capillata. new species: 29-33, dorsal view, xl, and dorsal, anterior, side, and ventral views, x2, showing fairly even costeUae of a young specimen, paratype USNM 550814a; 34—38, dorsal view, xl, and anterior, side, dorsal, and ventral views. x2, holotype USNM 550814b; 39, ventral view of the dorsal interior showing the loop, x3. paratype USNM 550814c; 40. dorsal valve showing loop, x3, paratype USNM 550872. (LocaUty: North Carolina 1) FIGURES 41-44.—Eucalathisl species 1, anterior, ventral, dorsal, and side views of a finely costate specimen, xlO, USNM 551511. (Locality: South CaroUna 3) FIGURES 45-50.—Eucalathisl species 2: 45-48. ventral, side, anterior, and dorsal views, xlO, of a specimen with beaded costae, USNM 550886a; 49, interior of ventral valve, xlO. USNM 550886b; 50. dorsal valve interior showing typical canceUothyridid cardinaUa, xlO, USNM 550886c. (Locality: North Carolina 1) NUMBER 64 37 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 6

FIGURE 1.—Isocranial species 1. exterior of dorsal valve, x4, USNM 551510. (Locality: South Carolina 3) FIGURES 2. 3.—Isocranial species 2. exterior and interior of a strongly marked dorsal valve, x5. USNM 551509. (LocaUty: South Carolina 3) FIGURE 4.—Isocranial species 1. interior of a ventral valve, x4, USNM 551512. (Locality: South Carolina 3) FIGURES 5-13.—Terebratulina alabamensis. new species: 5-8, dorsal view, xl. and dorsal, side, and anterior views, x2. holotype USNM 141028a; 9-12. dorsal view. xl. and dorsal, side, and anterior views. x2. paratype USNM 141028b; 13, ventral view. x2. of the posterior of a dorsal valve showing stout loop, paratype USNM 141028c. (Locality: Alabama 2) FIGURES 14—21.—Terebratulina lachryma (Morton): 14—17. dorsal view, xl, and dorsal, anterior, and side views, x2, of a large specimen, hypotype USNM 551514b; 18, 19, dorsal and anterior views, x2. of a specimen rounder than the preceding, hypotype USNM 551514c; 20, 21, interior of two dorsal valves. x3. seen from the ventral side, hypotypes USNM 551514d, c. (Locality: South Carolina 3) FIGURES 22—28.—Terebratulina lachryma (Morton): 22-25, dorsal view, xl, and dorsal, anterior, and side views. x2, of a large, elongate specimen, hypotype USNM 551516a; 26-28, specimens prepared to show the slender loop, x2, x3, x2. hypotypes USNM 551516b. c, d. (Locality: South Carolina 2) FIGURES 29-36.—Terebratulina wilsoni, new species: 29-31, Dorsal, side, and anterior views. x2, holotype USNM 551515a; 32-34. anterior, side, and dorsal views, x2, holotype USNM 551515a; 35, interior of a dorsal valve showing slender loop, x3, paratype USNM 551515c; 36, ventral view of dorsal valve. x3, showing loop with crural processes not meeting to form usual ring, paratype USNM 551513. (Localities: 29-35. South Carolina 4; 36, South Carolina 3) FIGURES 37-^0.—Plicatoria ventricosa, new species: 37-39, anterior side, and dorsal views, xl, holotype USNM 551498a; 40, dorsal valve excavated to show loop with its long outer hinge plates, xl.5, paratype USNM 551498f. (Locality: North Carolina 2) NUMBER 64 39 40 SMITHSONL\N CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 7

FIGURES 1-28.—Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby): 1^, anterior, ventral, side, and dorsal views, xl. of a large, narrow specimen (type B) with 6 costae on fold, hypotype USNM 5493891; 5-8, dorsal, side, anterior, and ventral views, xl, of an anteriorly expanded form with four median costae and three on the flanks, hypotype USNM 549389e; 9-12. ventral, anterior, dorsal, and side views, xl, of an exceptionally narrow specimen with only three angular costae and an intercalated fourth costa, hypotype USNM 549389-1; 13-16, dorsal, side, anterior, and ventral views, xl, of an anteriorly widened specimen (type A), with six median costae, two short intercalations, two costae on one flank, three on the opposite one, hypotype USNM 549389c; 17—20. side, anterior, ventral, and dorsal views, xl, of a narrow individual with five anterior costae, hypotype USNM 549389f; 21-24, ventral, side, anterior, and dorsal views of a widely expanded specimen, xl. with costae of different sizes, hypotype USNM 549389d; 25. a large young specimen that has not yet developed costae, xl, hypotype USNM 549427 (figured by DaU 1903, pl. 58: fig. 14); 26, young specimen showing dorsal valve interior, x2, hypotype USNM 549389m; 27, 28. loops of two adult specimens, x2, hypotypes USNM 549389g. 550875, the former with incipient inner hinge plates. (Locality: aU from North Carolina 1) NUMBER 64 41 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 8

FIGURES 1-33.—Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby); 1-4, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, xl. of a large, anteriorly expanded individual (type A), with four median costae (figure 4 with ventral side up to show wide dorsal sulcus), hypotype USNM 549389h; 5-8. side, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, xl. of a smaU specimen with four median costae, hypotype USNM 550874; 9-12, dorsal, anterior, ventral, and side views, xl, of the most unusual specimen having two strong plications on the dorsal valve, one median pUcation on the ventral valve, and three costae on one flank (type D), hypotype USNM 549389k; 13-15, anterior, dorsal, and side views, xl, of an anteriorly expanded specimen with six median costae. hypotype USNM 551495a; 16-18, side, dorsal, and anterior views, xl. of a smaU specimen with three median costae. hypotype USNM 551499; 19-21, side, anterior, and dorsal views, xl, of a long, slender individual with four costae, hypotype USNM 551502; 22-24, dorsal, side, and anterior views, xl, of another slender specimen, having four costae sharper than the preceding, hypotype USNM 551494a; 25-27, side, anterior, and dorsal views, xl, of a large anteriorly expanded specimen with three large median costae and two short ones on each flank, hypotype USNM 551497a; 28-30, anterior, dorsal, and side views, xl, of a large individual with four median costae, hypotype USNM 551496a; 31, dorsal valve interior of a young specimen, x2. showing long outer hinge plates, hypotype USNM 551501; 32, 33 posterior of ventral valve. x2. showing teeth and deltidial plates, and dorsal interior of the same specimen. x2. showing loop, hypotype USNM 551500. (LocaUties: 1-12, North Carolina 1; 13-33, North Carolina 2) NUMBER 64 43 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 9

FIGURES 1—40.—Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby): 1, LyeU and Sowerby's figure of the type specimen, xl (LyeU and Sowerby, 1845:431. Oxford University Catalog number LT 58); 2-5, dorsal, anterior, ventral, and side views, xl, of a young specimen simUar to LyeU and Sowerby's type, hypotype USNM 550879; 6-9, ventral, anterior, side, and dorsal views, xl, of a smaU specimen developing costae, hypotype USNM 550877; 10, 11, original figures of Terebratula demissirostra Conrad (1875, pl. 3: figs. 1[7?], 1 (= Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (LyeU and Sowerby)); 12-14, anterior, dorsal, and side views, xl, of the smaUest specimen exhibiting costation, hypotype USNM 550810a; 15. large specimen in ventral view, xl, having the elongate form of T. demissirostra, hypotype USNM 550865a; 16-19, anterior, dorsal, ventral, and side views, xl, of a 'demissifonn' specimen, hypotype USNM 550869; 20-23, anterior, dorsal, side, and ventral views, xl, of a specimen with seven short costae, hypotype USNM 550873; 24-27, ventral, side, anterior, and dorsal views, xl, of a young specimen with three anterior costae and an incipient fourth costa, hypotype USNM 551524; 28, unusuaUy large specimen, xl. with only incipent costae (type C). hypotype USNM 550812; 29-32, anterior, side, dorsal, and ventral views, xl, of a specimen having three costae at midvalve and incipient anterior intercalations, hypotype USNM 548398n; 33, unusuaUy large ventral valve with four costae starting at midvalve, xl, hypotype USNM 550876; 34, dorsal view, xl, of a smaU narrow specimen with only three strong costae, hypotype USNM 550867; 35, an exceptionaUy wide specimen seen from the dorsal side, xl, having six short costae, hypotype USNM 550880; 36-39. anterior, side, ventral, and dorsal views, xl, of a smaU specimen with costae, hypotype USNM 550811; 40, large specimen with irregular incipient costation (type E), xl. hypotype USNM 550868. (Locality: North Carolina 1) FIGURES 41-44.—Argyrotheca quadrata. new species: 41. 42, dorsal views of two specimens, xlO, hypotypes USNM 551504a. b; 43, interior of the ventral valve, xlO, showing septum with anterior pit, hypotype USNM 551504c; 44, interior of the dorsal valve. xlO. hypotype USNM 551504d. (Locality: North CaroUna 3) FIGURES 45-50.—Argyrotheca laevis. new species: 45—48, ventral, anterior, side, and dorsal views, xlO, holotype USNM 551506a; 49. interior of the dorsal valve, xlO. paratype USNM 551506b; 50. interior of the ventral valve, xlO. showing median septum with anteriorpit. paratype USNM 551506c. (Locality: South Carolina 5) NUMBER 64 45

«U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988-181-717/60009