Nummulus Brattenburgensis and Crania Craniolaris (Brachiopoda, Craniidae)

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Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology - Article 2009/08 (CG2009_A08)

Nummulus brattenburgensis and Crania craniolaris (Brachiopoda, Craniidae)

1 Christian C. EMIG

Abstract: The Brattingsborg pennies are mentioned in medieval texts dating from the middle of the first millennium and many popular medieval legends refer to their occurrence on Ivö Island in the Scania region (Sweden) as brattingsborgpenningar or in Latin as Nummulus brattenburgensis. Actually they are valves of the fossil brachiopod Crania craniolaris originally described by LINNAEUS (1758) as Anomia craniolaris from the Upper Cretaceous. Later RETZIUS (1781) created the genus Crania based on these specimens from Ivö Island and on another species he described under Crania (now Isocrania) egnabergensis from Ignaberga in the Scania region. The scientific history of those two species is reviewed along with that of Danocrania tuberculata (NILSSON, 1826), formerly figured as Craniolites brattenburgicus, from the Danian of Scania. Two legends about these "pennies" are included. Key Words: Brachiopod; Crania; Isocrania; Danocrania; history; Sweden.

Citation: EMIG C.C. (2009).- Nummulus brattenburgensis and Crania craniolaris (Brachiopoda, Craniidae).- Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Article 2009/08 (CG2009_A08) Résumé : Nummulus brattenburgensis et Crania craniolaris (Brachiopoda, Craniidae).- Les pences de Brattingsborg (ou Brattenburg) sont connus depuis le milieu du premier millénaire et beaucoup de légendes médiévales populaires attribuent leur origine sur l'île Ivö en Scanie (Suède) où ils sont appelés "brattingsborgpenningar" ou en latin comme Nummulus brattenburgensis. En réalité, ce sont des valves du brachiopode fossile Crania craniolaris décrit par LINNÉ (1758) sous Anomia craniolaris et en partie de valves d'Isocrania egnabergensis décrit par RETZIUS (1781) dans le Crétacé Supérieur de Scanie. Le genre Crania basé sur ces deux espèces récoltées à Ivö, Balsberg et Ignaberga a été créé par RETZIUS (1781). Deux des légendes, célèbres en Scandinavie, sont brièvement contées. L'histoire scientifique de ces deux espèces et d'une troisième Danocrania tuberculata (NILSSON, 1826), autrefois figurée sous Craniolites brattenburgicus du Danien de Scanie, est décrite et commentée. Mots-Clefs : Brachiopode ; Crania ; Isocrania ; Danocrania ; histoire; Suède. the grounds of the Episcopal country-house on Introduction Ivö Lake." However it was his pupil, the well- known scientist LINNAEUS (from 1761 Carl von The Brattingsborg (or Brattensburg) pennies LINNÉ), who in 1758 gave a scientific name to (see Appendix 1) are known in the Scania these fossil specimens, Anomia craniolaris. The region of Sweden (Fig. 1) as "Brattingsborgpen- species name has been accepted by the scien- ningarna". Actually they are valves of the fossil tific community but the generic designation is brachiopod Crania craniolaris. The inner face of now Crania so the fossil is Crania craniolaris. the ventral valve has a skull or face-like pattern Consequently, the name Nummulus brattenbur- on it, and so resembles a coin. Starting in the gensis STOBÆUS, 1731 remains only in the middle of the first millennium it was mentioned legends! in medieval texts as brattingsborgpenningar or in Latin as Nummulus brattenburgensis and The genus Crania created by RETZIUS (1781) many popular medieval legends refer to the was originally based on this Upper Cretaceous occurrence of these "pennies" on Ivö (or Ovö) species from Ivö Island (type locality of this Island in lake Ivö (Fig. 1). type species – see Appendix 2), and named Crania brattensburgensis RETZIUS, 1781 [= In 1729 these fossils were cited by BROMELL Nummulus brattensburgensis STOBÆUS, 1731; = (Fig. 2), a Swedish physician and mineralogist, Anomia craniolaris LINNAEUS, 1758), and still and they were described by STOBÆUS (1731) in later Crania nummulus LAMARCK (1819, 1822) his thesis (p. 23): "Nummulus Brattensbur- and NILSSON (1826, 1827)]. gensis is a nearly circular precious stone with the skull of a man figured on it, excavated from

1 BrachNet, 20 Rue Chaix, F-13007 Marseille (France) [email protected] Manuscript online since October 31, 2009

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Figure 1: Map of the main localities in Scania. Area of Interest outlined by rectangle. A. On Ivö island. (1) Ivö Klack, the type locality of Crania craniolaris. (2) the medieval church that was probably built by Archbishop SUNESEN. The church was dedicated originally to Saint Ursula during the Catholic period and a spring below the steep river bank is still called Ursula's Spring. In the same location are the ruins of the Ivöhus castle which was also built by SUNESEN. All that remains of the once magnificent castle are the ruins of the ground floor. (3) The Archbishop's cellar is located at Hovgården, 2 km southeast of the Ivö Church. B. Balsberg, the other type locality of Crania craniolaris. C. Ignaberga, the type locality of Isocrania egnabergensis (RETZIUS, 1781). this reason the stone coins were called brat- The history of the tingsborgspenningar. Brattingsborgspenningarna 2. According to another legend, at the begin- ning of the 13th century the archbishop Anders There are many legends about the "Brat- 1 SUNESEN spent his last days on the island of tingsborgspengarna" (see Svenska Familj Jour- Ivö, in his own castle of which the cellar was nalen, Bd 13, 1874: about 2 km southeast of the castle (Fig. 1). In http://runeberg.org/famijour/1874/0357.html; 1221, subjected to the terminal stages of lepro- HEIJNE, 2005). sy, he spent his last days on the island. One Two are proposed below. They are still told day he was informed that warriors had stolen a in Scania. large sum of money from the Brattingsborg castle. They spent that night gambling and 1. Once upon a time the island of Ivö belon- carousing in the cellar. The archbishop cursed ged to Atte IFVARSSON who was a very rich man, this money and the following morning the domineering and proud, a kin of Ifvar VIDFAMNE warriors were stunned to find that the coins (655-695). This native-born of Scania was had turned into stones with a laughing death's- regarded almost as a demigod, although actual- head on them. ly a rather bloodthirsty man, king of Sweden, Norway, Denmark and of part of England. Scientific history of the genus Crania Atte IFVARSSON lived in the fortified Brattings- and the Brattingsborgspenningarna borg castle in the northern part of the island (Fig. 1). Atte and his wife had a son and a Twenty-three years after LINNAEUS (1758) daughter. One day they decided that their (Fig. 3), RETZIUS (1781) published his des- children must marry each other, because there cription of the new genus Crania (Fig. 4). He were no good matches for either of them in the based the genus partly on the brattingsborg- region. During the wedding-dinner, a landslide penningar (in English "Brattenburg pennies") shoved the Brattingsborg castle and its nearby described by STOBÆUS (1731) under the name beach into lake Ivö. Only Atte, the father, esca- Nummulus brattenburgensis (Fig. 5) from the ped drowning. He ran to the stable, leapt on a horse and galloped away toward unknown lands 1 until horse and man collapsed. In memory of Anders SUNESEN (also Andreas SUNESON, SUNESØN, Latin: Andreas SUNONIS), ca 1167–1228, was a fa- this tragedy, one can find in the sand of the mous Danish archbishop of Lund. He lived his last beaches in the northern part of Ivö island stone years on Ivö Island. It has been speculated that his coins with death's-head markings in comme- death in 1228 may have been attributed to leprosy. moration of the decease of the newly-weds. For He is buried in a sarcophagus in Lund Cathedral (Fig. 1).

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Figure 2: Facsimile of p. 559-561 and figure of BROMELL (1729).

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Upper Cretaceous of Ivö island in Scania (Sweden) the type locality of Anomia craniolaris LINNAEUS, 1758 (see Appendix 2) with which RETZIUS was familiar, and partly on a modern species from Philippine waters considered to be similar. The descriptions of both include a reference to the skull or face-like appearance of the interior of the ventral valve.

RETZIUS (1781) described two species for the genus Crania: - Crania brattensburgensis, within which he placed Anomia craniolaris LINNAEUS and Nummulus brattenburgensis STOBÆUS (1731), from Ivö, Balsberg, and Ignaberga (all in Scania, southern Sweden) (Figs. 1 & 6). The Recent specimens from the Philippines that RETZIUS thought might be the same as Anomia craniolaris are a form now named Novocrania philippinensis (DALL, 1921) – see below. - Crania egnabergensis, in which he included the non-binomial Nummulus STOBÆUS. The chalk pit at Ignaberga (Scania, southern Sweden; Figs. 1 & 6) was also the type locality for C. egnabergensis. This species is now assigned to Isocrania (see Appendix 2).

Figure 3: Facsimile of p. 700 of LINNAEUS (1758): original description of Anomia craniolaris.

Figure 4: Facsimile of p. 73 (part) - 75 of RETZIUS (1781).

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Genus Crania RETZIUS (1781, p. 72) Kristianstad, on the western shore of Lake Ravalov (Råbelöv) and 11 km W of Ivö • DIAGNOSIS of RETZIUS translated from the (Fig. 1). LINNAEUS visited this cave, well- Latin (LEE & BRUNTON, 1986): 'Shell bivalved, known to speleologists, on the 23rd of May subequilateral, subequivalved, orbicular. 1749, where he collected fossils, including Hinge edentulous. Lower valve with three Anomia craniolaris. scars as pits intruding into the valve, two of There is another historical reason: since which are hemispherical with their bases medieval times, the famous brattingsborg- inserted within the hinge margin: the third penningar are known to occur in the situated in the centre is larger and northern part of Ivö island, named Ivö subtriangular and surrounded by the Klack. In this part kaolin mines (also known elevated margin. Upper valve with two as Ugnsmunnarna) were worked from the prominent scars placed within the hinge end of the 19th century until the 1950s. margin, corresponding with the scars of the Many fossils have been collected from lower valve. The third scar does not them, especially Crania craniolaris LINNAEUS, correspond and is deep within the internal 1758, as well as another craniid Isocrania convexity situated beneath a pair of small egnabergensis (RETZIUS, 1781), of latest oblique ridges'. Early Campanian age according to LUNDE-

GREN (1934). • Latest DIAGNOSIS (BASSETT, 2000): Dorsal valve convex to conical; beak subcentral to posterocentral, smooth, finely pustulose or rarely finely costellate; posterior margin commonly straight; recent species with dendroid shell punctation; dorsal posterior adductor scars large, rounded, thickened, widely separated; anterior scars commonly crescentic, raised above valve floor; weak myophragm bisects muscle field; en- crusting; ventral valve uncalcified in recent species, otherwise sometimes thin; ventral posterior adductor scars large, anterior scars united medially; marginal mantle setae observed in recent forms; valve mar- gins variably thickened, with limbus or faint submarginal rim. o TYPE SPECIES: Anomia craniolaris LINNAEUS (1758, p. 700) (Fig. 6) was considered as the type species by subsequent designation (SCHMIDT, 1818, p. 71). The lectotype, a ventral valve selected by BRUNTON et alii (1967), a second ventral valve, and a dorsal valve, are numbered 191 in the collection of The Linnean Society of London (http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/ Collections/Shell_catalogue_by_genus.pdf). Specimens of the type species were first

figured by CHEMNITZ (1786, Pl. 8, fig. 681a, b) (Figs. 3 & 6). Table 1: List of the 16 genera of the family Craniidae, as stated in BASSETT (2000) - see also Appendix 2. o TYPE LOCALITY: Ivö Island in Lake Ivö (Scania, Sweden). In both 1758 and 1767 SCHMIDT (1818) designated the type species LINNAEUS described the locality of Anomia of Crania as Anomia craniolaris as figured by craniolaris as "Ivö and Balsberg, Scania" CHEMNITZ (1786), who redescribed LINNAEUS' (Figs. 1 & 3). As there is no indication which specimens. Nevertheless, it remains curious locality furnished the lectotypes in the that no one checked the description and figures Linnaean Collection, the former has been given by STOBÆUS (1731) who was the first to designated the type locality known to publish this species (Fig. 5) (see also DEFRANCE, LINNAEUS and RETZIUS as: Ivö, "a cliff section 1818 – Fig. 7). Consequently, it seems proba- with natural caves". ble that the ICZN Rules (1985: 133) have not The Balsberg cave is located in a Cretaceous been correctly applied, as suggested by LEE & karstic system about 9 km north of BRUNTON (1986).

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Figure 5: Facsimile of Figure 1 (p. 25-26) of STOBÆUS (1731). Explanation translated from Latin: 1. Brattensburg coins face bended backwards (=supina, that is internal side of the valve). 2. The same face turned forward (=prona, that is external side of the valve). 3. Small money very rare, eyes and nose prominent, from the stone-quarry of Ignaberga in Gothland. [Reproduction by permission of Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen – available at http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/reference?id=1730] Nota: In English Nummulus [diminutive of nummus] means a small piece of money, a coin; and in French, "petit écu", un diminutif de nummus "pièce de monnaie".

LAMARCK (1819) introduced an alternative and Mediterranean benthic faunas. DALL (1921) name, "Cranie monnaie. Crania nummulus" for described a new species from Philippines wa- Anomia craniolaris LINNAEUS, 1758 (Fig. 8). He ters, now named Novocrania philippinensis was followed by a number of later workers, i.e., (DALL, 1921). NILSSON (1826), HÖNINGHAUS (1828) who The systematics of Crania has expanded to described thirteen living and fossil species and include dozens of species ranging in age from made the first review of Crania, and MÜNSTER Ordovician to Recent. Like some other brachio- (1840). This sidestep was the source of a great pod genera, e.g., the well-known Lingula and deal of confusion, which was compounded by Obolus (see EMIG, 2002, 2003, 2008), Crania the ignorance of MÜLLER's (1776) name of too has been widely used in a general sense for Patella anomala for the common Recent North many species. Perhaps this is because the taxo- Atlantic species – now Novocrania anomala nomic hierarchy is unique: Order Craniida > (MÜLLER, 1776), the type species of the genus Superfamily Cranoidea [diagnosis "as for Novocrania LEE & BRUNTON, 2001. Order"] > Family Craniida [diagnosis "as for In 1871 DALL revised the genus Crania, Order"] ! providing extensive synonymies and demon- strating how authors of the late 18th and 19th The number of genera in the family centuries often confused Recent species with Craniidae increased considerably from 1851 to fossil species. However he was incorrect in 2001 (Table 1). Several authors attempted to writing (1871, p. 30) that the Recent specimens subdivide the genus Crania. JAEKEL (1902) desi- from the Philippines discussed by RETZIUS gnated Crania egnaburgensis Retzius 1871 as (1781) were probably the same species as that the type species of a new genus Isocrania and "previously described by MÜLLER (1776) under ROSENKRANTZ (1964) poroposed Crania tubercu- the name Patella anomala", from the Scandi- lata NILSSON, 1826 as the type species of a new navian coasts. Novocrania anomala (MÜLLER) is a subgenus Danocrania (see Appendix 2). common constituent of northeastern Atlantic

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Figure 6: Crania craniolaris (LINNAEUS, 1758): a- ventral valve, interior; b- dorsal valve, exterior; c- ventral valve, interior; d- dorsal valve, interior; e- lateral. Isocrania egnabergensis (RETZIUS, 1781): f- ventral valve, interior; g- ventral valve, exterior; h- dorsal valve, interior; i- dorsal valve, exterior. From Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Fig. 96,1d–k Fig. 99, 1a–i), courtesy of and © 2000, The Geological So- ciety of America and The University of Kansas.

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- Isocrania egnabergensis (Fig. 5) was described by RETZIUS (1781) from Lower Cam- panian chalk at Ignaberga (Scania: (Figs. 1) as Crania egnabergensis, but this form had been named previously Numulus minor rarissimus by STOBÆUS (1731). - Danocrania tuberculata was figured, without a formal description, by SCHLOTHEIM (1820) as Craniolites brattenburgicus from the late Danian Saltholm limestone at South Har- bour, Copenhagen, Denmark (Fig. 1). However, a more complete description of this form obtained from Danian limestones in Scania by NILSSON (1826, p. 326) under the designation Crania tuberculata has been accepted (BRUNTON and LEE, 1986). That change had been suggested earlier by ROSENKRANTZ (1964) with an additional aim: elimination of the confusion of Figure 7: Facsimile of the quotation of the section species names caused by the similarity of concerning Cranie à masque from DEFRANCE (1818). In the same publication, this author has described brattenburgicus and brattenburgensis. Crania parisiensis, now Ancistocrania parisiensis and Crania antiqua.

Figure 8: Facsimile of p. 238-239 of LAMARCK (1819): description of Crania nummulus.

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The subdivision into more restricted genera Acta Literaria Sveciæ, Uppsala, vol. 2, has not been accepted by all authors. For p. 554-562. example, although Ancistrocrania DALL, 1877 BRUNTON C.H.C., COCKS L.R.M. & DANCE S.P. and lsocrania JÄCKEL, 1902 have been in the (1967).- Brachiopods in the Linnaean collec- literature for well over 50 years, these genera tion.- Proceedings of the Linnean Society of were not accepted by CARLSSON (1958) in his London, vol. 178, n° 2, p. 161-183. revision of Crania from Sweden. Although listing BRUNTON C.H.C. & LEE D.E. (1986).- Crania lsocrania as a full genus, ROGER (1952) labelled tuberculata NILSSON, 1826 (Brachiopoda): his figure of this type species: "I. egnaber- proposed conservation by suppression of gensis, as Crania s.s." More recently, COCKS Craniolites brattenburgicus SCHLOTHEIM, (1985) figured the type of Danocrania, D. 1820.- Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, tuberculata, under the name Ancistrocrania. London, vol. 43, n° 2, p. 215-217. CARLSSON J.G. (1958).- Le genre Crania du The revision by LEE & BRUNTON (1986, 2001) terrain Crétacé de la Suède.- Lunds of living species included in Crania emphasized Universitets Årsskrift, ny följd, Avdelningen several major points of difference between 2, Lund, vol. 54, n° 8, p. 1-36. living forms and the Upper Cretaceous type COCKS L.R.M. (1985).- Brachiopoda. In: MURRAY species C. craniolaris: these authors established J.W. (ed.), Atlas of invertebrate macro- a new genus named first Neocrania LEE & fossils.- Longman, Harlow, p. 53-78. BRUNTON (1986) and later Novocrania LEE & CHEMNITZ von J.H. (1786).- Neues systema- BRUNTON (2001), based on Patella anomala tisches Conchylien-Cabinet. geordnet und MÜLLER, for many Recent and some Tertiary beschrieben von Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm species formerly placed in Crania. MARTINI und unter dessen Aufsicht nach der Natur gezeichnet und mit lebendigen Farben Conclusion erleuchtet.- Raspe, Nürnberg, vol. 9, n° 2, 194 p., Pls. 1-20. This contribution on "brattingsborgpen- DALL W.H. (1871).- Report on the Brachiopoda ningar" (or Nummulus brattenburgensis) is a obtained by the United States Coast Survey nice example of the interpenetration of Scandi- Expedition in charge of L.F. POURTALES, with navian and Germanic popular medieval legends a revision of the Craniidæ and Discinidæ.- that date from the mid-first millennium with the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoo- scientific data on fossil and extant brachiopods logy, Harvard University, Cambridge, vol. 3, developed over the last three centuries. It is n° 1, p. 1-45, 2 Pls. noteworthy that a succession of important DALL W.H. (1921).- Annotated list of the Recent scientists, including LINNAEUS and LAMARCK, have Brachiopoda in the Collection of the United contributed to that portion of the history of States National Museum, with descriptions science dealing with craniate brachiopods. of thirty-three new forms.- Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Acknowledgments Washington, vol. 57, n° 2314, p. 261-377. DEFRANCE E. (1818).- Cranie (Foss.). In : Dic- Ida FREDRIKSSON and Karin WENDEL from the tionnaire des Sciences Naturelles.- Levrault "Bromölla Turistkontor" were kind enough to F.G., Paris, vol. 11 (COS-CRIS), p. 312-314 translate two of the legends from Swedish. (615 p.). Great thanks to Nestor SANDER who helped by EMIG C.C. (2002).- Tools for linguloid taxono- comments and improvements in the English that my: the genus Obolus (Brachiopoda) as an make this version easier to read, to Daphnee example.- Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks LEE (University of Otago, New Zealand) and Lars on Geology, Brest, Article 2002/01 E. HOLMER (Uppsala University, Sweden) for re- (CG2002_A01_CCE), 9 p. viewing the manuscript. EMIG C.C. (2003).- Proof that Lingula (Brachio- poda) is not a living-fossil, and emended Bibliographic references diagnoses of the Family Lingulidae.- Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, BASSETT M.G. (2000).- Craniidae. In: KAESLER Letter 2003/01 (CG2003_L01_CCE), 8 p. R.L. (ed.), Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and EMIG C.C. (2008).- On the history of the names Rhynchonelliformea (part). Treatise on Lingula, anatina, and on the confusion of the Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H. Brachio- forms assigned them among the Bra- poda Revised.- Geological Society of America chiopoda.- Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks and University of Kansas. Boulder, Colorado, on Geology, Brest, Article 2008/08 and Lawrence, Kansas, vol. 2, p. 169-183. (CG2008_A08), 13 p. BROMELL M. von (1729).- Lithographiæ Svecanæ, HEIJNE C. von (2005).- Fossila "penningar" från specimen II, sectio II, de animalibus fossili- Brattingsborg.- Svensk Numismatisk Tid- bus, illorumque variis partibus petrificatis, skrift, Stockholm, vol. 4, p. 90-91. URL: caput primum, de lapidibus insectiferis & http://numismatik.se/pdf/snt42005.pdf tubulis vermicularibus, articulus primus, de HÖNINGHAUS F.W. (1828).- Beitrag zur Mono- lapidibus insectiferis Scanicis & Gothicis.- graphie der Gattung Crania.- Schüller,

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Krefeld, 12 p. mus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae ICZN (1985).- International Code of Zoological indigenarum chracteres, nomina, et synony- Nomenclature, 3rd Edition.- The International ma imprimis popularium.- Typis Hallagerii, Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London Havniae (Copenhagen), 282 p. 338 p. MÜNSTER G. von (1840).- Description de bra- JÄKEL O. (1902).- Über verschiedene Wege chiopodes.- In: GOLDFUSS G.A., Petrefacta phylogenetischer Entwicklung.- 5th Verhand- Germaniae.- Arnz & Comp., Düsseldorf, vol. lungen der International Zoological-Congress 7, p. 224-312. Berlin, 1901, p. 1058-1117. NILSSON S. (1826).- Brattenburgspenningen LAMARCK J.P. [P.A de MONET de] (1819).- Histoire (Anomia craniolaris LIN.) och dess samslag- naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, tingar i zoologiskt och geologisk afseen- présentant les caractères généraux et parti- deundersokte.- Kungliga Svenska Veten- culiers de ces animaux, leur distribution, skapsakademiens Handlingar, Uppsala and leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et Stockholm, p. 324-328. la citation des principales espèces qui s'y NILSSON S. (1827).- Petrificata suecana forma- rapportent; précédée d'une introduction tionis Cretaceae.- Londinium Gothorum, offrant la détermination des caractères Lund, vol. 1, p. 1-39. essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du RETZIUS A.J. (1781).- Crania oder Todtenkopfs- végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, Muschel.- Schriften der Berlinischen Gesell- l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de schaft Naturforschender Freunde, vol. 2, p. la zoologie.- Déterville, Paris, vol. 6 (1e 66-76. partie), 343 p. [Cranie p. 237-240]. ROGER H. (in PIVETEAU J.) (1952).- Traité de LAMARCK J.B. [P.A. de MONET de] (1822).- Histoi- Paléontologie.- Masson, Paris, 701 p. re naturelle des Animaux sans vertébres.- ROSENKRANTZ A. (1964).- Note on some Cranias Déterville, Paris, vol. 7, 771 p. [Cranie p. from central Poland.- Acta Palaeontologica 297-305]. Polonica, Warsaw, vol. 9, n° 4, p. 513-531. LEE D.E. & BRUNTON C.H.C. (1986).- Neocrania n. SCHLOTHEIM E.F. von (1820).- Die Petre- gen., and a revision of Cretaceous-Recent factendunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte brachiopod genera in the Family Craniidae.- durch die Beshreibung seiner Sammlung Bulletin of the British Museum of natural versteinerter und fossiler Überreste des History (Geology), vol. 40, n° 4, p. 141-160. Thier- und Pflanzernreichs der Vorwelt LEE D.E. & BRUNTON C.H.C. (2001).- Novocrania, erläutert.- Becker, Gotha, 437 p. a new name for the genus Neocrania LEE & SCHMIDT F.C. (1818).- Versuch über die beste BRUNTON, 1986 (Brachiopoda, Craniida); Einrichtung zur Aufstellung, Behandlung und preoccupied by Neocrania DAVIS, 1978 Aufbewahrung der verschiedenen Natur- (Insecta, Lepidoptera).- Bulletin of the körper und Gegenstände der Kunst, British Museum of natural History (Geology), vorzüglich der Conchylien-Sammlungen : London, vol. 57 n° 1, p. 5. nebst kurzer Beurtheilung der conchylio- LINNÆUS C. (1758).- Systema naturea per regna logischen Systeme und Schriften und einer tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, tabellarischen Zusammenstellung und genera, species, cum characteribus, diffe- Vergleichung der sechs besten und neuesten rentiis, synonymis, locis.- Salvius, Stock- conchyliologischen Systeme, welchen ein holm, vol. 1, Editio decima, reformata, 824 Verzeichniß der am meisten bekannten p. [Lingula: p. 783] Conchylien angehängt ist, wie solche nach LINNÉ C. von (1767).- Systema naturæ per dem Lamarkischen System geordnet werden regna tria naturæ secundum classes, ordi- können.- Perthes, Gotha, 252 p. nes, genera, species, cum characteribus, STOBÆUS K. (1731).- De nummulo Brattensbur- differentiis, synonymis, locis.- Salvius, gensi singulari illo in Scania fossili, nec non Stockholm, vol. 1, n° 2, Editio duodecima obiter de nonnullis aliis ad hanc historiæ reformata, p. 533-1327. naturalis patriæ partem pertnentibus, inpri- LUNDEGREN A. (1934).- Kristianstadsområdets mis frondosis cornu ammonis cujusdam kritbildingar.- Geologiska Foreningens i majoris fragmentis.- Dissertatio epistolaris, Stockholm Forhandlingar, Stockholm, vol. Londini Gothorum (Lund), p. 1-22, [1-2], pl. 56, p. 125-313. [1]. MÜLLER O.F. (1776).- Zoologiae Danicae Prodro-

10 Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology - Article 2009/08 (CG2009_A08)

Appendix 1 Appendix 2

About the name of Brattingsborg or Birtingsborg Classification of the craniid species related to (in French Bratembourg; in German Brattenburg the history of Brattingsborg. See 1 for all the or Brattensburg) genera, as well as additional information in BRUNTON & LEE (1986), LEE & BRUNTON (1986) The name Brattingsborg is given to the and BASSETT (2000, p. 171, 174, 176). residence of the heroes of medieval epic poems and ballads; its meaning is "radiant castle". Subphylum Craniformea (?Lower Cambrian, Thus there is a Brattingsborg located on the Middle Cambrian-Present) island of Ivö (or Ovö) in lake Ivö (Ivösjön), Class Craniata (?Lower Cambrian, Middle another is on the island of Samsø in Denmark Cambrian-Present) (Fig. 1). Order Craniida WAAGEN, 1885 (Lower Ordovician-Present) The name is associated with the legends Superfamily Cranioidea MENKE, 1828 about WUDGA and Holger DANSKE. It is also (Lower Ordovician-Present) mentioned in Beowulf, a major epic poem of Family Craniidae MENKE, 1828 (Ordo- Anglo-Saxon literature probably composed bet- vician (upper Arenig-Present), with 16 ween the first half of 7th century and the end of genera (see Table 1) the millenium. • Genus Crania RETZIUS, 1781 (Upper Creta- ceous) - Type species Crania craniolaris • WUDGA (Witege, Videke or Vidrik Vil- landsson/Vallandsson/Verlandsson) is one of (LINNAEUS, 1758) - see text. the heroes of various Germanic legends, o Crania craniolaris (LINNAEUS, 1758) (Up- and later of Scandinavian ballads. per Cretaceous) [= Anomia craniolaris LINNAEUS 1758, from Campanian chalk • The Danish hero, Holger DANSKE (in French at Ivö Island, type locality, and OGIER le Danois or OGIER de Danemarche) is Balsberg (Scania, Sweden ; Figs. 1 also part of the epic poetry that appears at & 6)]. the dawn of French literature. From the 9th Synonyms: Nummulus brattensbur- ANSKE Century Holger D occurs in the chan- gensis STOBÆUS, 1731; Crania brattens- HARLEMAGNE sons de geste of the Cycle of C or burgensis RETZIUS, 1781; Crania num- Cycle of the King (in particular in the Song mulus LAMARCK, 1819; Crania nummu- of Roland). His French legend is based on a lus NILSSON, 1826. free interpretation of events and of authen- tic circumstances. He is represented in the o Crania antiqua DEFRANCE, 1818; French card deck by the jack of spades. • Genus Isocrania JAEKEL, 1902 (Upper Creta- ceous-lower Paleogene) - Type species Iso- crania egnabergensis (RETZIUS, 1781) o Isocrania egnabergensis (RETZIUS, 1781) [= Crania egnabergensis RETZIUS, 1781, p. 75, from Lower Campanian chalk at Ignaberga (Scania, Sweden ; Figs. 1 & 6), type locality]. Synonym: Nummulus minor rarissimus STOBÆUS, 1731. o and 5 other species • Genus Danocrania ROSENKRANZ, 1964 (Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene) [= Westrali- crania COCKBAIN, 1967] - Type species Danocrania tuberculata (NILSSON, 1826) o Danocrania tuberculata (NILSSON, 1826) - Type locality: Copenhagen [= Crania tuberculata NILSSON, 1826, p. 326, from Danian limestones in Scania (Sweden). Synonym: Craniolites brattenburgicus SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 from late Danian Saltholm limestone at South Harbor, Copenhagen Denmark] o and 7 other species