A Typological Study of Lateral Fricatives:A Final
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Mehri Ejective Fricatives: an Acoustic Study Rachid Ridouane, Cédric Gendrot, Rajesh Khatiwada
Mehri ejective fricatives: an acoustic study Rachid Ridouane, Cédric Gendrot, Rajesh Khatiwada To cite this version: Rachid Ridouane, Cédric Gendrot, Rajesh Khatiwada. Mehri ejective fricatives: an acoustic study. 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Aug 2015, Glasgow, United Kingdom. halshs- 01287685 HAL Id: halshs-01287685 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01287685 Submitted on 15 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mehri ejective fricatives: an acoustic study Rachid Ridouane, Cédric Gendrot, Rajesh Khatiwada Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie (CNRS/Sorbonne Nouvelle), Paris ABSTRACT sequence of a pulmonic fricative followed by a glottal stop [3]. The second strategy, observed in Ejective consonants are not very common cross- Tlingit, was to produce ejective fricatives with a linguistically. Even less common is the occurrence much narrower constriction than was used in their of ejective fricatives. This infrequency is generally pulmonic counterparts [4]. This allowed for glottal attributed to the incompatibility of two aerodynamic closure to overlap the entire frication duration while requirements: a continuing flow of air to create noise producing high intra-oral pressure, suggesting that frication and an increasing intraoral air pressure to they were indeed ejective fricatives. -
A Crosslinguistic Approach to Double Nominative and Biabsolutive Constructions
A Crosslinguistic Approach to Double Nominative and Biabsolutive Constructions: Evidence from Korean and Daghestanian∗ Andrei Antonenko1 and Jisung Sun2 Stony Brook University1,2 1. Introduction Distribution of case among distinct grammatical relations is one of the most frequently studied topics in the syntactic theory. Canonical cases are, in accusative languages, subjects of both intransitive and transitive verbs being nominative, while direct objects of transitive verbs are usually marked accusative. In ergative languages, subjects of intransitive verbs share properties with direct objects of transitive verbs, and are marked absolutive. Subjects of transitive verbs are usually ergative. When you look into world languages, however, there are ‘non-canonical’ case patterns too. Probably the most extreme kind of non-canonical case system would be so-called Quirky Subject constructions in Icelandic (see Sigurðsson 2002). This paper concerns constructions, in which two nominals are identically case-marked in a clause, as observed in Korean and Daghestanian languages. Daghestanian languages belong to Nakh-Daghestanian branch of North Caucasian family. Nakh-Daghestanian languages are informally divided into Nakh languages, such as Chechen and Ingush, spoken in Chechnya and the Republic of Ingushetia, respectively; and Daghestanian languages, spoken in the Republic of Daghestan. Those regions are located in the Caucasian part of Russian Federation. Some Daghestanian languages are also spoken in Azerbaijan and Georgia. This study focuses on Daghestanian languages, such as Archi, Avar, Dargwa, Hinuq, Khwarshi, Lak and Tsez, due to similar behaviors of them with respect to the described phenomenon. 2. Ergativity in Daghestanian Aldridge (2004) proposes that there are two types of syntactically ergative languages, based on which argument is performing functions typical for subjects. -
LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 the BASIC SOUNDS of ENGLISH 1. STOPS a Stop Consonant Is Produced with a Complete Closure of Airflow
LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology THE BASIC SOUNDS OF ENGLISH 1. STOPS A stop consonant is produced with a complete closure of airflow in the vocal tract; the air pressure has built up behind the closure; the air rushes out with an explosive sound when released. The term plosive is also used for oral stops. ORAL STOPS: e.g., [b] [t] (= plosives) NASAL STOPS: e.g., [m] [n] (= nasals) There are three phases of stop articulation: i. CLOSING PHASE (approach or shutting phase) The articulators are moving from an open state to a closed state; ii. CLOSURE PHASE (= occlusion) Blockage of the airflow in the oral tract; iii. RELEASE PHASE Sudden reopening; it may be accompanied by a burst of air. ORAL STOPS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL STOPS: The blockage is made with the two lips. spot [p] voiceless baby [b] voiced 1 b. ALVEOLAR STOPS: The blade (or the tip) of the tongue makes a closure with the alveolar ridge; the sides of the tongue are along the upper teeth. lamino-alveolar stops or Check your apico-alveolar stops pronunciation! stake [t] voiceless deep [d] voiced c. VELAR STOPS: The closure is between the back of the tongue (= dorsum) and the velum. dorso-velar stops scar [k] voiceless goose [g] voiced 2. NASALS (= nasal stops) The air is stopped in the oral tract, but the velum is lowered so that the airflow can go through the nasal tract. All nasals are voiced. NASALS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL NASAL: made [m] b. ALVEOLAR NASAL: need [n] c. -
Salient Features of the Welsh Accent That Are Chosen to Be Portrayed in Film
MA Language and Communication Research Cardiff University Salient Features of the Welsh Accent that are Chosen to be Portrayed in Film Andrew Booth C1456511 Supervisor: Dr Mercedes Durham Word Count: 16,448 September 2015 Abstract The accent portrayed by an actor in films has many different implications to the audience. For authenticity, the filmmakers need their accent to be as close to genuine speech as possible. The Welsh-English accent in film is portrayed in many different ways; the aim of this study is to investigate which features are viewed as salient to filmmakers when portraying a Welsh accent. This dissertation focuses the portrayal of salient features of the Welsh-English accent in the film Pride (2014). Pride was chosen because it can compare Welsh to non-Welsh actors who portray a Welsh-English accent. The research is carried out on the film using both auditory and acoustic analysis. Tokens from the film were coded in terms of their realisations for analysis and comparison to previous literature. This research produced a number of key findings: first, the Welsh actors supported previous research on patterns of realisation for Welsh-English. Second, the non-Welsh actors recognised and produced the key features of a Welsh-English accent. Finally, the features presented are salient when representing a Welsh accent in film. In summary, theories such as accommodation, language transference, hypercorrection, fudging and transition were used to explain variation of accents. This research argues for a multi- methodological approach to analysing different features of a Welsh-English accent in film. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Mercedes Durham for her instrumental advice and insight over the past few months. -
A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
S. L. Nikolayev S. A. Starostin A NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY Edited by S. A. Starostin ***************** ****************ASTERISK PUBLISHERS * Moscow * 1994 The two volumes contain a systematic reconstruction of the phonology and vocabulary of Proto-North-Caucasian - the ancestor of numerous modern languages of the Northern Caucasus, as well as of some extinct languages of ancient Anatolia. Created by two leading Russian specialists in linguistic prehistory, the book will be valuable for all specialists in comparative linguistics and history of ancient Near East and Europe. © S. L. Nikolayev, S. A. Starostin 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor' s foreword. , . Preface List of abbreviations Literature I ntr oduct ion Dictionary ? . 200 9 . 236 5 . , . ..............242 a' i ... ' 252 a ............. 275 b ...... 285 c 322 c 3 3 L t ^39 C 352 £ 376 : 381 d 397 e 409 4 2 5 Y 474 B 477 h 48 5 h 5 00 h 5 0 3 H 342 i 625 i 669 j '. 6 7 3 k. 68 7 fc 715 I 7 4 2 1 : .... 7 5 4 X. ! 7 5 8 X ; 766 X 7 7 3 L 7 86 t. ' 7 87 n 844 o. 859 p. 865 p. 878 q . 882 q 907 r. ..... 943 s... i 958 s. 973 S. 980 t . 990 t 995 ft. ...... 1009 u 1010 u 1013 V 1016 w. 1039 x 1060 X. ........ 1067 z. ... 1084 z 1086 2. 1089 3 1 090 3 1101 5 1105 I ndices. 1111 5 EDITOR'S FOREWORD This dictionary has a long history. The idea of composing it was already ripe in 1979, and the basic cardfiles were composed in 1980-1983, during long winter months of our collaboration with S. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Old and Middle Welsh David Willis ([email protected]) Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge
Old and Middle Welsh David Willis ([email protected]) Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge 1 INTRODUCTION The Welsh language emerged from the increasing dialect differentiation of the ancestral Brythonic language (also known as British or Brittonic) in the wake of the withdrawal of the Roman administration from Britain and the subsequent migration of Germanic speakers to Britain from the fifth century. Conventionally, Welsh is treated as a separate language from the mid sixth century. By this time, Brythonic speakers, who once occupied the whole of Britain apart from the north of Scotland, had been driven out of most of what is now England. Some Brythonic-speakers had migrated to Brittany from the late fifth century. Others had been pushed westwards and northwards into Wales, western and southwestern England, Cumbria and other parts of northern England and southern Scotland. With the defeat of the Romano-British forces at Dyrham in 577, the Britons in Wales were cut off by land from those in the west and southwest of England. Linguistically more important, final unstressed syllables were lost (apocope) in all varieties of Brythonic at about this time, a change intimately connected to the loss of morphological case. These changes are traditionally seen as having had such a drastic effect on the structure of the language as to mark a watershed in the development of Brythonic. From this period on, linguists refer to the Brythonic varieties spoken in Wales as Welsh; those in the west and southwest of England as Cornish; and those in Brittany as Breton. A fourth Brythonic language, Cumbric, emerged in the north of England, but died out, without leaving written records, in perhaps the eleventh century. -
Chapter 9 Consonant Substitution in Child Language (Ikwere) Roseline I
Chapter 9 Consonant substitution in child language (Ikwere) Roseline I. C. Alerechi University of Port Harcourt The Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ikwerre LGAs. Like Kana, Kalabari and Ekpeye, it is one of the major languages of Rivers State of Nigeria used in broadcasting in the electronic media. The Ikwere language is classified asan Igboid language of the West Benue-Congo family of the Niger-Congo phylum of languages (Williamson 1988: 67, 71, Williamson & Blench 2000: 31). This paper treats consonant substi- tution in the speech of the Ikwere child. It demonstrates that children use of a language can contribute to the divergent nature of that language as they always strive for simplification of the target language. Using simple descriptive method of data analysis, the paper identifies the various substitutions of consonant sounds, which characterize the Ikwere children’s ut- terances. It stresses that the substitutions are regular and rule governed and hence implies the operation of some phonological processes. Some of the processes are strengthening and weakening of consonants, loss of suction of labial implosives causing them to become labial plosives, devoicing of voiced consonants, etc. While some of these processes are identical with the adult language, others are peculiar to children, demonstrating the relationships between the phonological processes in both forms of speech. It is worthy of note that high- lighting the relationships and differences will make for effective communication between children and adults. 1 Introduction The Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ik- werre LGAs. -
Why Learning to Read Is Easier in Welsh Than in English: Orthographic Transparency Effects Evinced with Frequency-Matched Tests
Applied Psycholinguistics 22 (2001), 571–599 Printed in the United States of America Why learning to read is easier in Welsh than in English: Orthographic transparency effects evinced with frequency-matched tests NICK C. ELLIS and A. MARI HOOPER University of Wales, Bangor ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE Nick C. Ellis, School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study compared the rate of literacy acquisition in orthographically transparent Welsh and ortho- graphically opaque English using reading tests that were equated for frequency of written exposure. Year 2 English-educated monolingual children were compared with Welsh-educated bilingual chil- dren, matched for reading instruction, background, locale, and math ability. Welsh children were able to read aloud accurately significantly more of their language (61% of tokens, 1821 types) than were English children (52% tokens, 716 types), allowing them to read aloud beyond their compre- hension levels (168 vs. 116%, respectively). Various observations suggested that Welsh readers were more reliant on an alphabetic decoding strategy: word length determined 70% of reading latency in Welsh but only 22% in English, and Welsh reading errors tended to be nonword mispro- nunciations, whereas English children made more real word substitutions and null attempts. These findings demonstrate that the orthographic transparency of a language can have a profound effect on the rate of acquisition and style of reading adopted by its speakers. Systems that are noisy and inconsistent are harder to sort out than systems that are reliable and categorical. There is now a large body of research demonstrating that greater ambiguity in the mappings between the forms and functions of a particular language causes less successful learning because of a larger degree of competition among the cues in the learning set (Bates & MacWhinney, 1987; MacWhinney, 1987). -
Stress Chapter
Word stress in the languages of the Caucasus1 Lena Borise 1. Introduction Languages of the Caucasus exhibit impressive diversity when it comes to word stress. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the stress systems in North-West Caucasian (henceforth NWC), Nakh-Dagestanian (ND), and Kartvelian languages, as well as the larger Indo-European (IE) languages of the area, Ossetic and (Eastern) Armenian. For most of these languages, stress facts have only been partially described and analyzed, which raises the question about whether the available data can be used in more theoretically-oriented studies; cf. de Lacy (2014). Instrumental studies are not numerous either. Therefore, the current chapter relies mainly on impressionistic observations, and reflects the state of the art in the study of stress in these languages: there are still more questions than answers. The hope is that the present summary of the existing research can serve as a starting point for future investigations. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 describes languages that have free stress placement – i.e., languages in which stress placement is not predicted by phonological or morphological factors. Section 3 describes languages with fixed stress. These categories are not mutually exclusive, however. The classification of stress systems is best thought of as a continuum, with fixed stress and free stress languages as the two extremes, and most languages falling in the space between them. Many languages with fixed stress allow for exceptions based on certain phonological and/or morphological factors, so that often no firm line can be drawn between, e.g., languages with fixed stress that contain numerous morphologically conditioned exceptions (cf. -
Characteristics of Non-Pre-Vocalic Ejectives in Yakima Sahaptin Sharon Hargus Virginia Beavert University of Washington University of Oregon
Characteristics of non-pre-vocalic ejectives in Yakima Sahaptin Sharon Hargus Virginia Beavert University of Washington University of Oregon NoWPhon, UO, Eugene, 5-13-16 1 Organization • Ejective background • Sahaptin • Word-final ejectives • Pre-consonantal ejectives • Conclusions and further research 2 Ejectives 3 Ejective types • Plosives [t’] • Affricates [ts’] • Fricatives [s’] 5 Some properties of pre-vocalic ejectives • f0 low or high at vowel onset • Silent period • Slow rise time 6 Lindau, Mona. 1984. Phonetic differences in glottalic consonants. Journal of Phonetics 12:147-155. Tlingit /χ/ vs. /χ’/ • /χaːt/ ‘spruce roots’ /χ’aːn’/ ‘fire’ Maddieson, Ian, Caroline L. Smith, and Nicola Bessell. 2001. 'Aspects of the Phonetics of Tlingit.' 7 Anthropological Linguistics 43:135-176. Ejective distribution • In most languages, ejectives only occur before vowels – Chipewyan, Witsuwit’en, etc. • In some languages, ejectives also occur before consonants and/or word-finally – Tlingit, Gitksan, Coast Tsimshian, Montana Salish, Ahtna, etc. – Ejectives in these environments less well described 8 Tlingit word-final ejective stops • “shorter and higher-amplitude noise than the pulmonic stops” glottal release h • /k’éːt/ ‘salmonberry bush; sprouts’ /k aːk’/ ‘forehead’ Maddieson, Ian, Caroline L. Smith, and Nicola Bessell. 2001. 'Aspects of the Phonetics of Tlingit.' 9 Anthropological Linguistics 43:135-176. Tlingit ejective fricatives • Pre-vocalic: Post-vocalic: • post-glottalized pre-glottalized [χ’aːn] ‘fire’ [khaːχ’] ‘chicken, grouse’ 10 Coast Tsimshian • Post-vocalic ejective stops and affricates are pre-glottalized: <’k, ’k, ’p, ’t, ’ts> – hanaa’k ‘woman’ – ~ hana’a Dunn, John Asher. 1979. Sm'algyax: A Reference Dictionary and Grammar for the Coast Tsimshian 11 Language. -
New Approaches to Brittonic Historical Linguistics Abstracts
New Approaches to Brittonic Historical Linguistics Abstracts Gwen Awbery Aberystwyth University / University of Wales Trinity St David Historical dialectology and Welsh churchyards Memorial inscriptions on gravestones are an important source of evidence for dialect variation in Welsh in the past. They exist in truly enormous numbers, are found throughout the country, commemorating people from all walks of life, and the tradition of using Welsh in this context goes back to the mid-eighteenth century. Most revealing are the poems which form part of the inscription. Some have rhyme schemes which work only with very specific features of dialect; others are slightly garbled versions of poems by well-known writers, where the influence of dialect features can explain the changes made to the original. Since the location and date of each inscription is known, it appears possible to build up a picture of where and when these dialect features were in use. The situation is not totally straightforward, however, and there are inevitably problems which arise in dealing with this material, ranging from the need for extensive and time- consuming fieldwork, to the difficulties of reading inscriptions on worn and damaged stones, and the disconcerting tendency of some poems to show up in unexpected locations. Bernhard Bauer Maynooth University Close encounters of the linguistic kind: the Celtic glossing tradition The project Languages in Exchange: Ireland and her Neighbours (LeXiN) aims for a better understanding of the linguistic contacts between British Celtic and Irish in the early medieval period. The focal point of the investigation forms the “Celtic glossing tradition”, especially the vernacular glosses on the computistic works of Bede and on the Latin grammar of Priscian.