Annals of the Leonard Family

Fanny Louise Koster

New York,NY 1911

FANNY'' LEONARD KOSTER.

"The sacred work of thought." Pierre de C oulevain.

"Go little book, God send thee good passage, And specially let this be thy prayere Unto them all that thee will read or hear, Where thou art wrong, after their help to call, Thee to correct in any part or all."

iii iv ANNALS of the LEONARD FAMILY. A Compilation of material gathered from many sources, among them the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. America Heraldica. Genealogical Memoirs of the Leonards, by vV m. Reed Deane (1851). History of Taunton, S. H. Emery. History of Norton, G. F. Clark. History of Plymouth, Francis Baylies. History of Raynham. Genealogy of Solomon Leonard of Bridgewater, by Manning Leonard. Hageman's History of Princeton, N. J., and Special Article by Capt. John D. W. Hall. Our Familiar Songs, by Helen Kendrick Johnson. Special Article by Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A. M. Reminiscences of Taunton, by Chas. R. Atwood. Knapp's Biographical Sketches. Our Colonial Homes, Samuel Adams Drake. Compiled by FANNY LEONARD KOSTER, Daughter of Col. Charles Henry and Eliza (Morton) Leonard, and wife of Charles Henry Koster. 1911.

V vi Affectionately inscribed to my Father, Colonel Charles Henry Leonard, the last of our long line, who died on Oct. 23, 1911, four days after this compilation was completed.

vii viii BY WAY of PREFACE.

"This shall be written for those that come after."­ Ps. 102, 18.

"A book which professes, only to reproduce and epitomize what has been already brought to light by the original research of others."

"In these days of 'making many books' there must be a warrantable raison d'etre."

Wordsworth to his book :- "Is then the final page before me spread, No further outlet left to mind and heart? Presumptuous book! Too forward to be read, How can I give thee license to depart?"

The last words in the History of the Maccabees:­ "And if it is done well, and as is fitting the story, it is that which I designed; but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain to."

ix X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE 1. MRs. FANNY LEONARD KosTER ...... Frontispiece 2. ST. LEONARD AND His SYMBOL ...... •...•....•• xvu 3. FAMILY ARMS ...... ••..•....•...••..••• . opposite 1 4. JOHN LENNARD ...... 4 5. TOMB OF GREGORY, LORD DACRE ...•...••.. 6 6. SAMSON LENNARD .•...... •.•. 8 7, LADY MARGARET FIENES ...... •.... 8 8. PARISH CHURCH, ALL SAINTS, HURSTMON- CEUX , •.•...... / .•..••...... , ....•. , 10 9. DACRE ToMB, HuRSTMONCEux ...... 12 10. DACRE To1,,rn, HuRSTMONCEUX ...... • (detail) 12 11. HuRSTMONCEUX CASTLE, IN 1737 ...... ,, .. 14 12. HURSTMONCEUX CASTLE, IN 1908 ...... 14 13. ST. BoTOLPH'S CHURCH, CHEVENING ..•• , •..•• 16 14. DACRE FAMILY CHART ...... •.....•...... 18 15. BADGE OF LORDS DACRE ...•..•...... 21 16. BELHUS, A VELEY, ESSEX ...... opposite 24 17. ANCIENT ORDER FOR PAYMENT ...... •.... ,. 36 18. ANCHOR FORGE ...... •...... 50 19. RUINS OF ANCHOR FORGE ...... •.• , ...•.. so 20. JAMES LEONARD HousE ...... 53 21. HOUSE OF SEVEN GAHl,ES ...... •...... •. 53 22. KING PHILIP (Hrs MARK) .•...... 60 23. SIGNATURE OF THOMAS LEONARD ...... 60 24. KING PHILIP SIGNING THE TREATY ...... opposite 60 25. MOURNING PIECE TO EULOGY ...... •...... 67 26. GEORGE LEONARD ...... •..•...... opposite 72 27. JUDGE LEONARD HousE ...... •.•...... 73 28. GEORGE LEONARD, JR...... opposite 76 29. HOUSE OF REV. JOHN WILLIAMS...... " 80 30. SIGNATURE OF ABIEL LEONARD ...... •...... 84 31. DANIEL LEONARD ...... opposite 88 32. ANCIENT TRAINING FIELD .. , ...... 92 33. ST. LUKE'S CATHEDRAL, SALT LAKE CITY ... . 94 34. RT. REV. ABIEL LEONARD, D.D ...... • 94 35. LEONARD MEMORIAL HOME, SALT LAKE CITY. 96 36. CORNER OF LIVING RooM OF SAME ...... 96

XI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS-(Continued) PAGE 37. SILHOUETTE AND SIGNATURE OF ELIJAH LEONARD ..• 102 38. LEONARD HOMESTEAD, MARSHFIELD HILLS, MASS ... 103 39. GEORGE LEONARD AND SIGNATURE ••••.•.•.• opposite 104 40. SARAH E. LEONARD AND AUTOGRAPH •.•..... 104 41. AUTOGRAPH OF ELKANAH LEONARD ...... •.•.•.•.•.. 107 , 42. ELKAN AH LEONARD HOUSE, MIDDLEBORO, MASS .•.. 107 · 43. SIGNATURJ' OF ANDREW CUNNINGHAM .••..•.••••..• 123 44. RT. REV. WILLIAM ANDREW LEONARD, D.D ... opposite 124 45. SIGNATURE OF LILLIAN RUSSELL ....•..•.•....•.•..• 125 46. LILLIAN RUSSELL ...•...... •.••...... opposite 126 47. CROMWELL LEONARD ..•....•...•••...... •. 132 48. REV. LOOMIS GEORGE LEONARD .••...... •...... 137 49. HoN. M. G. LEONARD .•....•..•...•....•.•. opposite 138 SO. CoL. CHARLES H. LEONARD •••....•.•.••.•. 174 51. ALGERNON SIDNEY LEONARD, M.D ...... ••.. 178 52. M. G. LEONARD, PUTNAM, CONN ...... ••.... 180 53. BeRT CORBIN PRESTON ..•...... ••.•...••. 182 54. ELIZAEETH LEONARD BAKER .•..••....•....• 184 55. JUDSON VV ADE LEONARD ...•....•••.•..•.•• 184 56. LEONARD MEDICAL BUILDING AND HOSPITAL l 186 SHAW UNIVERSITY, RALEIGH, N. C...... s 57. NASSAU HOTEL, PRINCETON, N. J •.•.••..•..• 190 58. LEONARD HOMESTEAD, LEONARDSVILLE, N. J ..•••.• 196 59. CHART OF ENGLISH ANCESTRY (IN POCKET OF FRONT COVER) 60. GENEALOGICAL CHART OF DESCENDANTS OF ]AMES1 LEONARD (IN POCKET OF BACK COVER)

xii INTRODUCTORY.

GENEALOGY. A true and sincere study of genealogy should lead not to pride of ancestry by the picking and choosing of those forbears who distinguished themselves, but rather to a democratic feeling of brotherhood with all mankind; for, on going back only a few generations we find ourselves related to nearly all the inhabitants of a certain town, such as D ...... , and among our fellow descendants find some, perhaps, in the humblest walks of life; so, if pursued in the proper spirit, I be­ lieve genealogical studies will lead, not· to inordinate pride of birth, but rather to emulation of the virtues of distinguished ancestors, and sympathy and helpful­ ness for their less fortunate descendants. Another feature which interested me-was the study of particular periods of our history. With the per­ sonal interest aroused by discovering that those of your own blood took part in stirring events, the dry bones of history take on flesh and the lusty hues of romance. ALDEN FREEMAN, m "The Quest of Ancestors.''

xiii ANCESTRY.

"Of all the affections of man those which connect him with ancestry are among the most natural and numerous. They enlarge the sphere of his interests, multiply his motives to virtue and give intensity to his sense of duty to generations to come, by the percep­ tion of obligation to those which are past." -Hon. Josiah Quincy.

-"Let us not forget so to live that those who come after us may feel that we, too, have been ancestors worthy to be cherished." -M.W.S.

"People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors."-Burke.

"To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die." -Anon.

"It isn't always necessary to have a long line of gentlemen behind you, and if you haven't any, or can't trace them, a man, if he has pluck and grit, can get along without them; but it's very comfortable to know they once existed." -"Peter," by F. Hopkinson Smith.

XlV OUR ANCESTORS.

I. Old England gave them birth and name, Their youthful steps with care she taught, And guiding them with firm design That strengthened well their lines of thought. II. They rendered back their faithful trust, They kept her law and service true, The whole a noble scheme of life Upon their opening vision grew. III. Their hopes portrayed a broader state, That men should frame and men control; Their faith evolved a purer shrine Of worship, worthier of the soul. IV. They saw these shores in distance vast, In Nature's rudeness over-grown, \Vhere star-eyed freedom waiting sat, A Queen upon a lovely throne. V. To her wide courts she beckoned them \i\Tith lure of hardships, toils, alarms, The sacrifice of home and clans, All sweetened by her steadfast charms. VI. They listened to that far-off call, And knew the cost without dismay; With hearts that beat for liberty They chose the rough and narrow way.

xv VII. They came and found the promised land, And planted here their family tree, And builded up a common weal, ·Whose message ran from sea to sea.

VIII. Let royal powers with proud acclaim Rehearse their ancient legend o'er, Displaying to the wondering crowd Their guarded crowns and jeweled store. IX. We show the Pilgrims' oaken chair, His broken gun with rust bestrewn; The Pilgrim Mother's wheel and loom, The Mayflower's record carved in stone. X. Our Ancestors! We teach their ways, Through storm and calm, through ill and good And gather reverence as we go And grant them honors as we should.

XI. They left the old world's fertile field A new and rugged soil to break, And made a barren wilderness To bloom with beauty for our sake. XII. And reaching out beyond their years, With force no time nor tides could bind, Their labor told for human rights And wrought for good to all mankind. By Miss Mary E. N. Hathaway.

XVI Symbol From Stained Glass, of Sandringham Church, St. Leonard Norfolk, England.

ST. LEONARD. St. Leonard, the patron Saint of all prisoners, cap­ tives and slaves, was of noble birth,-a nobleman of high rank attached to the court of the French King Clovis I, in the first half of the sixth century. Was converted to Christianity by St. Remy, who later in­ structed him in divinity. He had great influence with the King, which was retained after his conversion, and through which many prisoners whom St. Leonard delighted to visit, were set at liberty. It was for this reason we find in the Clog Almanacs the symbol of a rude hammer given him, or sometimes a broken chain. He became eventually a hermit, building for himself a cell and oratory near Limoges. While still living the life of a hermit, he began instructing the peasantry, filling his life with good works. He was ordained deacon, but declined further advancement in the min­ istry, and is, in art, usually represented in deacon's dress. He died in 559 A.D. He is honored in both Roman and Anglican Churches, and there are no less than one hundred and fifty Churches dedicated to his name. His "Saint's Day" is November 6th. xvii

THE FAMILY ARMS.

ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

THE FAMILY ARMS. These arms are in T. Gwilt Mapleson's Handbook of Heraldry (1852). The same Arms as the Len­ nards, Earls of Sussex, and Baron Dacre; Baronets of Wickham Court, County Kent; Baronets Barrett­ Lennard of Belhus, County Kent. The crest and motto of our arms are precisely those of the Lords Dacre of the North, and, as these are an inheritance of our family, all speculation and ques­ tion should be set at rest as to why the Leonard fam­ ily uses a leopard's head instead of that of a lion, as the name suggests. There is a tradition that the fleur de lis are an inheritance from Eleanor of Aqui­ taine, Queen of Henry II. According to Mr. Manning Leonard, the Solomon Leonard Arms differ from the above in color and motto. Thus: On a fesse, azure, three fleur de lis, argent. Motto :-"Memoir et Fidelis." ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

ARMORIAL BEARINGS, MOTTOES AND CRESTS. Mottoes are perhaps more ancient than "Coat Armor," and many of the older ones were originally the war-cries of the family or clans. Later they were chosen to express the predominant passions of piety or love. By rules of Heraldry women do not bear mot­ toes, the Sovereign alone excepted. In England, Bishops do not bear mottoes. Crests (from the Latin cresta, the tuft or comb which grows on the heads of many birds), were placed upon the top of the helmet of chieftains, so that their followers might readily distinguish them in battle. Commanders alone were entitled to bear it. Another name by which it is fre­ quently called is "Cognizance" ( Latin, cognosco, to know), since by it the leader was recognized. It was usually the figure of some animal or bird placed on top of the helmet. I ts height made the wearer seem taller and more imposing. Alexander the Great adopted the Ram's head, Julius Cesar was known by a Star, the head of a Bull, an Elephant, or the She-Wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus. \Vhile Crests are traceable to very early days, their use was not general until mediaeval times. It is prob­ able that families derived crests as badges of distinc­ tion in peaceable times from the devices which their leaders had worn in recent warfare. The right of bearing a Crest was considered even more honorable than that of Coat Armor, for to the latter one succeeded by birth, but to attain the former one must have been a Knight in active military serv-

2 ice. Crests belong essentially to the person of a Military Commander. From "RESOLVED WALDRON'S DESCENDANTS," James Henry Slipper. Compiler.

LINE OF DESCENT OF THE COMPILER from JAMES LEONARD Our American Ancestor.

Born Married Died James about 1620 (l)Mary Martin 1691 (2) Margaret -- Uriah July 10, 1662 Elizabeth Caswell about 1742 June 1, 1685 William about 1688 Annie Barney 1772 daughter of John and Hannah Troop Barney Jacob 1716 Margaret Wild Mar. 14, 1743 Oct. 13, 1737 Jacob, Jr. April 8, 1742 Rhoda Wheeler Aptil 8, 1815 Dec. 8, 1763 Daniel Mar. 28, 1773 Mehitabel Hicks Mar. 28, 1842 Moses Gage July 10, 1809 Catherine Barmore Mar. 20, 1899 Mar. 17, 1832 Charles Henry Sept. 18, 1835 Eliza Morton Oct. 23, 1911 Aug. 27, 1857 Fannie Louise Oct. 10, 1858, Charles H. Koster Oct. 22, 1894

"My boast is not that I deduce my birth From loins enthroned, the rulers of the earth; But higher far my proud pretensions rise- The son [child] of parents passed into the skies." -Cowper.

3 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

THE NAM.E OF LEONARD. The name is a very ancient one, known for centuries as both a Christian and surname, and according to Rev. Wm. Cogswell, an authority, is one of the class of surnames which originated from a Christian name. The signification of the name is Lion-strength, de­ rived from "Leon" and "ard." A friend writes as fol­ lows:- "You will be glad to run down the 'ard' of your family name. A hint of it comes from the dictionary which gives Gebhart, or Gebhard,-strong in giving; Bernhart, or Bernhard, or Bernard,-strong as a bear; and so following. So the courage of the lion was with your ancestors and doubtless gives intensity to your sense of self reliance and courage." St. Leonards is a parish and famous watering place of England, County Sussex, adjoining Hastings, on the coast, seventy-three miles east of London. St. Leonards Forest in same County, near Horsham, occu­ pies 10,000 acres, and is in an enclosed part of the ancient Wood of Anderida. ("Andredwald"). St. Leonards is also a parish in Scotland, County Fife; is a village in France, and a town near Limoges, containing 4,000 inhabitants. There are numerous vil­ lages in France named St. Leon, and St. Leonhard is the name of several towns in Germany. In this coun­ try, there is St. Leonards, a village in Calvert County, and Leonardstown, capital of St. Mary's County, both in Maryland. There is also Leonardsville, a village in Madison County, N. Y., and Leonardsburg, Delaware County, Ohio; Leonardsville, Monmouth County, N. J.; and Leonardsville, Riley County, Kansas.

4 J(lfl;< LE'.'~'.\; A!~P !:!;

PosT OFFICES.

The following Post Offices in the United States bear the name:-

Leonard, Cherokee Co., Alabama, " Taylor Co., Iowa, Harlan Co., Kentucky, Oakland Co., Michigan, Shelby Co., Missouri, Madison Co., North Carolina. Chester Co., Pennsylvania, Fannin Co., Texas, Greenbrier Co., West Virginia, Cass Co., North Dakota.

This latter was named by Mrs. Mary Hewitt Watts, in compliment to a son of Mr. Manning Leonard, who spent the summers of 1878 and 1879 there. Mr. Man­ ning Leonard is the genealogist of the Solomon Leon­ ard family of Bridgewater.

The name of Leonard is found in the following European languages :-French, Dutch, German, Ital­ ian, Spanish and Portugese.

s ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

THE FAME OF THE LEONARDS. Lord St. Leonards was a member of Queen Vic­ toria's Pri,vy Council, and died in January, 1875, aged 93 years. The brothers, James1 and Henry1 Leonard, were among the 35 settlers of Taunton, Mass., those who "paid their twelve shillings, and by virtue thereof have, and shall have, right in all future divisions" ( these "12 shillings" being for public use, and to ex­ tinguish the claim of the Indian title). These thirty­ five names represent families which were identified with the earliest times, and some (among otherb the Leonards). acted conspicuous parts in those e·centful years. James1 Leonard will always be associated with Taunton industries as coming from Braintree with his brother by special request of interested parties here (Taunton) to "set up a Bloomery Work on Two Mile River." To James1 Leonard who made Taunton his home, the head of a long ancestral line, belongs the honor of being largely connected with others in the prominent Iron Vv orks in this country. For many generations the name has been identified with the growth and prosperity of Taunton, in its even form of development. The Leonard family has been of note in the County of Bristol, Mass., from the first settler, James,1 of Raynham to the present day, having possessed great wealth, and from generation to generation held vari­ oµs offices of trust, honor and profit. The small figure beside each name denotes the generation to which the individual belongs, reckoning James Leonard, the Iron Master as No. 1.

6 "fo.nfr, 1__ 1I: (-~rt:!,;tur:. his \Vi-ft; Anni:-". d}tU?;l·itt'.1' \)1. Hi(:h~.:n_'. :::;:~c~•~..:/Jtf~, Old ('~htirch (St I.J·11\~1:_'':·~l

~d1rc2tLn K\ Logr• c,.:n "-i!· 1J1f'

THE FAME OF THE LEON'ARDS. Among the first settlers in Raynham were the Leon­ ards. They and their descendants were intelligent and enterprising, and by their influence were instru­ mental in promoting the best interests of the town. The Leonards were remarkable for their longevity, promotion to office and devotion to the Iron Manu­ facture. In an article entitled "Hereditary Ability", in tbe New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 23, P. 288, is recorded the following: "In Bristol Co., Mass., Thomas2 Leonard, himself Judge in the 3 Court of Common Pleas, has a son, George , who was the father of George·4 and Ephraim,4 -all four Judges. Thomas2 had a nephew, Judge Stephen3 Leonard, father of Zephaniah/ also a Judge, making six Judges in one family." Also in the Register is noted the fact that in 1834, the number of this name who had graduated from Col­ leges was thirty : 8 graduated from Harvard College, 8 Yale College, 14 " other New England Colleges, and the History of Raynham gives the information that among residents of that town, specially named as receiving college degrees, are:- Zephaniah5 Leonard, (Yale 1785) Colonel, and for 30 years High Sheriff of Bristol Co. Was succeeded by his son Horatio,6 who held office 35 years. Joshua6 Leonard, (Brown 1788) Pastor at Pompey, N. Y. Zephaniah Leonard, (Brown 1793) Physician of Vir- ginia. William Augustus Leonard, (Brown 1793) 1-1:erchant. Elijah5 Leonard, (Brown) Pastor at Marshfield, Mass. George6 Leonard, (Brown) of Portland, Me. 7 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

YALE UNIVERSITY, Secretary's Office. New Haven, Conn., Feb. 16, 1907. Mrs. C. H. Koster, Dear Madam: Your note of the 14th has been received at this office. In reply I beg to state that the following are the members of the Leonard family who have received degrees from Yale University since 1834. 1851 Julius Y. (B. A.); 1853 William H. (M. D.); 1865 Charles H. (B. A.); (M. D. Columbia, 1868, M.A. Yale 1871); 1883 Fred C. (B. A.); 1886 Harrie S. (Ph. B.); 1892 Franklin (LL. B.); 1899 Charles P. (B. A.) (M. D. Medico-Chirurg. Coll. of _Philadelphia 1902) ; 1899 Frederick M. (B. A.); 1903 George E. (B. A.); 1904 Charles A. (B.A.). Hoping that this is the information you desire, I am Very truly yours, CHARLES C. BROWN.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, J. G. HART, Secretary. Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 15, 1907. Dear Madam: In reply to your inquiry of February 14, I take pleasure in giving below a list of Harvard graduates who bear the name of Leonard : 1719 Nathaniel, A. B. 1748 George, A. B. 1759 Abiel, A. B. 1760 Daniel, A. B. 1763 Zephaniah, A. M. 1768 Thomas, A. B. 1781 Samuel, A. M.

8 SAMSON LENNARD. LADY MARGARET FIENES. Courtesy of Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard, D. D.

(See page 12)

COLLEGE GRADUATES.

1786 Jonathan, A. B. 1786 Apollos, A. M. 1815 Levi vVashburn, A. B. 1823 George, A. B .. 1828 Jonathan, M. D. 1848 Marc. Bloomfield, M. D. 1860 Henry, A. B. 1866 Amos Morse, A. B. 1866 Otis Liscome, A. B. 1867 John Edwards, A. B. 1874 Joel Marvin, A. B. 1879 Frederick Moses, A. B. 1886 Charles Lester, A. B. 1891 Henry Fiske, M. D. V. 1896 Jonathan, A. B. 1897 Merton Channing, S. B. 1898 Edwin, M. D. 1898 Almon Evans, D. M. D. 1899 William E. C., A. M. 1903 Edgar Welch, A. B. 1903 George Marston, A. B. 1903 John Calvert, A. B. 1906 George Sill, A. B. 1906 Robert Jarvis, A. B. Very truly yours, J. G. HART.

TUFTS COLLEGE, Secretary's Office. Tufts College, Mass., Sept. 18, 1907. Mrs. C. H. Koster, Dear Madam :- Replying to your letter of Feb. 4th, regarding per­ sons by the name of Leonard who have graduated

9 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. from Tufts College, permit me to say that I am appending a list giving the names, date of graduation and address. Brunswick W. Leonard, Saybrook, Conn., '82. Claude Bassett Leonard, 1067 Fifteenth Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn., '76. Charles Gale Leonard, '81. Died at College Hill, July 13, 1887. Charles Hall Leonard, Tufts College, Mass., Honorary, '69. I trust that this information will be of use to you. Very truly yours, HARRY G. CHASE, Secretary.

BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R. I., Feb. 18, 1907. Mrs. C. H. Koster, Dear Madam:- In answer to your letter of February 14th, I am sending to you the following list of persons bearing the name of Leonard who have received degrees from Brown University since 1834. Alpha Freeman Leonard, A. B. 1904. *Arthur Newton Leonard, A. B. 1892; A. M. 1893; Ph. D. 1894. Charles Melvin Leonard, Ph. B. 1883. Grace Fisher Leonard, Ph. B. 1903. Mary Beecher Leonard, Ph. B. 1899; A. M. 1903. Nehemiah Allen Leonard, A. B. 1848.

*Professor of German in Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. A descendant of Uriah Leonard, in the 9th generation. Married Susan Antoinette9 Leonard.

10 PARISH CHURCH, ALL SAINTS, HURSTMONCEUX.

"LEONARn's ExPRESs.''

Zenas Lookwood Leonard, A. B. 1880; M. D. N. Y. University. The following are non-graduates:­ Charles Leonard of the class of 1902. Edward Francke Leonard of the class of 1856. Frank Jacob Leonard of the class of 1865. Very truly yours, A. M. SCHOLFIELD.

A PROMINENT FAMILY. In the department of the Register devoted to His­ torical Intelligence is an article entitled "Ancestry of First Families in St. John, New Brunswick," which says that in a series of articles with the above title, published by Edward Lieter, Washington, D. C., in the Daily Sun, St. John, N. B., the name of Leonard is among the families noticed, adding, "It will be seen that offshoots of many well known New England Families were among the pioneers of New Brunswick." An interesting fact is that a Leonard was one of the pioneers of the Express business, now so extensive in this country, having in August, 1840, established "Leonard's Express" between Worcester and Boston. This was Samuel Leonard (Born June 29, 1801; Died May 22, 1883), a descendant in the Sixth genera­ tion from John Leonard, the progenitor of the Spring­ field Leonards, and supposed to be a brother of James Leonard, the settler at Taunton. The Leonard family is spoken of as one of the prom­ inent families of the "Old Colony."

11 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

REGARDING THE LENNARDS. Among the earliest records of a Lennard obtainable by the Compiler is that of John Lennard to whose memory a brass tablet is erected in St. Botolph's Church at Chevening, County Kent, England. This tablet records his death in 1555 at the age of 76. The tomb of his son, John, and his wife, Elizabeth Harman, is also in this same Church, giving the dates of his birth as 1509 and death March 12. 1591. Their son, Samson Lennard lies entombed here also, with his wife, Margaret Fienes, Lady Dacre, who brought the title, and Castle Hurstmonceux into the family. Through this marriage the descent of the family is through the royal lines, mentioned on page 17, and demonstrated on our Chart of English Ancestry. Through the marriage of Samson Lennard of Chev­ ening, with Margaret Fienes, Lady Dacre, the beauti­ ful Hurstmonceux Castle of County Sussex, Enghnd, came into the possession of the family in the early part of the 17th Century, and for over one hundred years was retained by them, the descendants bearing the title, while by a grant from King James, Samson Lennard had the place and precedence of the eldest son of a Baron. He and Margaret, Lady Dacre, "lived much at -Hurstmonceux where they were remarkable for their noble house-keeping and splendid hospitality. They did much to embellish the Castle." The Church of St. Botolph at Chevening ·contains splendid tombs and effigies of this couple, Samson Lennard being rep­ resented as an armored Knight. They had three sons and five daughters whose effigies are sculptured on their parent's tomb. Mr. W. F. Pullen, London. England. 12 THE DACRE TOMB.

nRTATT. OF '!'HF. TIA(;RF. TOMB.

REGARDING THE LENNARDS.

Samson Lennard was the oldest son of John Len­ nard of Chevening and Knolle, Kent. Was Custos Brevium of Common Pleas, Member of Parliament from Sussex in 1614, Sheriff of Kent, and he com­ manded a body of Light Horse when England was overthrown by the Spanish Invasion in 1554-1565. -Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard. Margaret, Lady Dacre, succeeded to the title and estate upon the death, in 1594, of her brother, Lord Gregory, who is buried in Chelsea Old Church where a sumptuous monument marks his last resting place. -Rev. E. E. Crake, M.A.

CLAUSE OF THE WILL OF SIR THOMAS, 8th LORD DACRE. "My body to be buried in the Parish Church of Herstmonceux, on the north side of the altar. I will that a tomb be there made for placing the sepulchre of our Lord with all fitting furniture thereto, in honor of the most blessed Sacrament. Also, I will that cl, ( £100) be employed toward: The light about the said sepulchre in wax tapers, of ten pounds weight each, to burn about it. Also, I will that my funeral be solemn­ ized according to the degree of a Baron and that a tomb be set over my grave to the end that it may be known where my body resteth. Also, I will that an honest priest shall sing there for my soul by the space of seven years, taking annually for his salary and to find bread, wine and wax, XII. marks sterling." ( Proved 1534). In pursuance of this will the stately monument which adorns the chancel of this Church, ( depicted on previoas page), was erected-one of the finest ex- 13 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. amples of monumental architecture in Sussex. In further explanation of the above clause, I quote from another source : "By his will, Lord Dacre directed that the tomb should also serve the purposes of an 'Easter Sepulchre' at which were to be performed on Good Friday and Easter Day, ceremonies typifying the burial and resur­ rection of the Lord."

AN 18th CENTURY DESCRIPTION OF HURSTMONCEUX CASTLE. "This beautifull Castle stands not far from ye old Caer-Pensarel-Coit of ye Britains. This Place was call'd by the Saxons, Hyrst, from its Situation among \V oods. Soon after ye Arrival of ye Normans it was the Seat of a Family, who from the place, took their Name of de Hyrst, or Herst. From ye posterity of \Valleran de Hyrst who assumed ye name of Monceux (which Name, also, from that Time has been annex'd to ye Place), it came by marriage to the Fienes's. Sir Roger Fienes, or Fynes obtain'd Licence from King Hen. VI. & built ye present Noble Pile. It con­ tinued in this Family, till with Marg't., Granddaughter of Thomas, Lord Dacre, it passed to Samson Leonard, Esq., whose descendant, Thos. Leonard, Earl of Sus­ sex, sold it to George Naylor, Esq., whose Sister be­ ing married to Dr. Francis Hare, now Lord Bishop of Chiches.ter 'tis ye Property of their Son & Heir, Francis Hare Naylor, Esq. (1737)." Hurstmonceux Castle has recently passed into other, but most appreciative hands. I quote from The "Evening News," London, Aug. 24, 1911 :- 14 HURSTMONCEUX CASTLE IN 1737. (From an Old Print.)

HURSTMONCEUX CASTLE IN 1908.

HURSTMONCEUX CASTLE.

"A huge song of stone," is the picturesque way in which Mr. Claude Lowther describes that magnificent ruin, Hurstmonceux Castle, near Hastings and East­ bourne, which he bought some twelve months ago. "Hurstmonceux Castle," he says, "stands out, to-day, the finest example of 15th Century art in the country * * * it is of all buildings that I have ever seen, the most noble, the most dignified, the most eloquent * * * It is a tradition which whispers that the roll of centuries does not necessarily mean progress, that hundreds of years ago when science did not domi­ nate the world, there were men with greater minds, with finer and gentler feelings." The sentiments above expressed must be most grati­ fying to every Leonard, and particularly so to those of us who have had the joy of seeing the beautiful ruins with the wonderful diversities of light and shade which all day long play hide and seek among these ancient walls and turrets. Hurstmonceux Castle is in Sussex, twelve miles from Eastbourne, and six miles from Pevensey.

DESCRIPTION OF BRASSES AND TOMBS IN ST. BOTOLPH'S CHURCH. Chevening, County Kent, England. A monumental brass at the east end of the south aisle commemorates John Lennard,· Prothonotary of North Wales, who purchased Chevening Place and Manor in the 4th year of King Edward VI., but was resident here before 1542. The brass formerly stood east and west upon an altar-tomb of Bethersden mar­ ble. 15 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

The handsome monuments at the east end of this Chancel of John Lennard and his son, Samson Lennard (whose wife became Dacre), have been engraved in Hasted's History of Kent, Vol. III., pp. 124-5, and were fully described by Mr. Steinman in the Topog­ rapher and Genealogist, Vol. III., pp. 211-13, A. D. 1858. The altar-tomb upon the north side, without a canopy, commemorates John Lennard, son of John Lennard, who purchased Chevening Place and Manor. He died on the 12th of March, 1590-1, aged 81. He was a barrister of Lincoln's Inn and Prothonotary of the Court of Common Pleas. His wife who is also commemorated, died five years before him on the 26th of October, 1585. She was Elizabeth, daughter of William Harmon of Ellam in Brayford. They are represented (he in full armor, she with her head lying on a cushion) as lying on a mattress before an altar­ tomb, the north side of which is divided into three panels. The inscription is in the central panel and armorial quarterings occupy the other two.

The stately tomb of alabaster, of Samson Lennard, (of 1615) and his wife, Margaret Fienes, Lady Dacre, has a semi-circular canopy, panelled in relief, sup­ ported by obelisks at the corners and originally sur­ mounted by six shields of arms, three on the north side and three on the south, most of which still remain. Beneath, lie effigies of Samson Lennard (in armor), and his wife, upon an altar-tomb, around the sides of which are small kneeling effigies of their child~en, three sons (Henry, George, and Thomas) on the north, and five daughters, on the south (Anne, Mary, Mar­ garet, Elizabeth and Frances).

16 St.

ST. BOTOLPH'S CHURCH, CHEVENING, KENT, ENGLAND.

SAINT BoTOLPH.

The Lennard arms, quartered, occupy alone, the central shield on the north side, the similarly central shield on the south side bearing the 18 quarterings of Fienes. The same quarterings of Fienes appear on the western shield of the north side. The other shields bear Lennard impaling Fienes. Along the north and south friezes of the altar-tomb run long Latin inscriptions. Contributed by Mr. W. F. Pullen, London, England.

As a matter of interest herewith, in the event of the reader having forgotten, or not knowing of St. Botolph, we append a bit of information taken from "St. Botolph's Town," by Mary Caroline Crawford:- "St. Botolph, the pious Saxon monk of the 17th Cen­ tury, who is believed to have founded the town, re­ ceived his name, indeede-Bot-holp, i.e., Boat-help,­ from his services to sailors. Botolphstown, ( of which Boston is a corruption, or contraction) standeth on ye river Lindis, Lincolnshire. The steeple of ye Church -and a lanthorn on it, is both very high and fair and a mark bothe by sea and land for all ye quarters there­ about."

THE LEONARD FAMILY. The Leonards are of the family of Lennard, Lord Dacre, one of the most distinguished families of the nobility in the United Kingdom, and descended in two lines from Edward III., King of England, through two of his sons :-John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester. When Daniel Leonard, late Chief Justice of Bermuda, first 17 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. went to England to reside, he was introduced to Lord Dacre, then a Lennard, "who acknowledged the affin­ ity;" and Rev. William McKinstrey,* who was con­ nected by marriage with the Leonards of Taunton, and settled in England, "was noticed as a relative by Lady Dacre." The Lord Dacre referred to above is "Lord Dacre of the South," (Sussex), a kinsman of the "Lord Dacre of the North," (Cumberland), of whom Sir Walter Scott wrote. In his "Lay of the Last Minstrel," the "haughty Lord Darce" figures conspicu­ ously, many times. Following are two quotations:-

"To back and guard the archer band Lord Dacre's billmen were at hand. A hardy race, on Irthing bred, With kirtles white and crosses red, Arrayed beneath the banner tall That streamed o'er Acre's conquered wall; The minstrels, as they marched in order, Played 'Noble Lord Dacre, he dwells on the border'." CANTO 4-Verse XVII. and, ag·ain "fierce Dacre" cries:­ "Up, billmen, to the walls and cry 'Dacre for England, win or die'!" CANTO 4-Verse XXIX.

*Dr. Willian~ McKinstrey married Priscilla,' daughter of Rev. Nathaniel' Leonard, and cousin of Daniel5 Leonard. (See Chart of American Ancestry).

Among the great families of Cumberland, the mar­ tial house of Dacre stands out most prominently. The Dacres, "So daring in love, so dauntless in war,'' are ever inseparably connected in history with mem­ ories of Flodden, of border warfare and border raids,

18 THE DACRE FAMILY. while their wild slogan, "A Daker, A Daker, a read buH, a read bull," was ever a terror to the Scotch, as their banner of martial red with its silver escallops was ever a rallying point for the English border-men. There were in the North, two powerful branches of this famous family, Lord Dacre of Greystoke, Cumber­ land, and Lord Dacre of Gilsland, Northumberland. A Chieftain of the former branch, of hot and obstinate temper, was Warden of the \Vest Marches during the reign of Edward VI., and it is he who figures in Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel," and again in the seige and storm of Jedburgh, described in the Appendix to the Introduction of the same poet's "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border." From my. own wide reading and research, I am quite convinced that this was Lord \Villiam, the 2nd Lord Dacre of Greystock, the son of a famous father, Sir Thomas, Lord Dacre, who eloped with the Lady Elizabeth of Greystoke; who commanded the reserve and contributed to the victory of Flodden Field and who was subsequently made a Knight of the Garter. They took their name from Dacer, or Dacor, a Manor in Cumberland, of which they were lords under the Baron of Greystoke, tho' tradition has it that the name is D'Acre, derived from the exploits of one of the family on the field of Acre, during the Third Crusade, conducted by Richard Creur de Lion, but as a matter of fact, which the Dacre Family Tree proves, the name had existed for six or seven generations before this period (1189-1199). However, there is reason to believe that there was a Crusader in the family; Sir Walter Scott's historic poem points to the fact, and the use of the escal-

19 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. lop in both Banner and Badge would verify the state­ ment, and if it be true that one of the family accom­ panied King Richard, I., it would seem probable that an earlier Sir William, father of the 1st Lord Dacre of Gilisland, being eligible, was the one who assumed the Cross. The famous "Belted \Vill Howard," of "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," (Lord William Howard), married Lady Elizabeth Dacre, the granddaughter of the Lord William with whom he figures in the poem, by a poetical anachronism. By this marriage, he succeeded to Naworth Castle, and a large domain annexed, in right of his wife, which has since remained with the Howards, and is now the property of the Earl of Carlisle. The body of the Lord ·William Dacre, whom I iden­ tify with the poem, is buried in the Cathedral of Car­ lisle, beside his wife, Lady Elsabeth, daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. The Badge of these Lords Dacre is herewith shown, and so the account of such Badges may be interesting: -The Badge may claim a greater antiquity and a wider use than armorial bearings. In the 14th and 15th Centuries every magnate had his Badge which he displayed on his horse, furniture, on the hangings of his bed, his wall, and his chair of state, besides giving it as a "livery" to his servants and followers. An escallop argent (silver) was used by this family as a Badge. Escallops may perhaps be allowed to rank as one of the most widely used heraldic char­ acters, both in English and other armories. They figured in early days outside the limits of heraldry as the badge of pilgrims going to the Holy Land and

20 THE DACRE FAMILY.

BADGE OF DACRE OF GILISLAND AND DACRE OF THE NORTH

may be seen on the shields of many families at the period of the Crusades.

"He quits his all; the pilgrim's staff he bore, And fixed the scallop in his hat before." -Parnell, "The Hermit."

In the study of Art, we find the shell to be one of the earliest emblems of Christianity, suggesting the conformity of life to the principles of religion, as water placed in a shell conforms to its flutings and convolu­ tions. The shell is also, symbolic of water and of baptism. Is it not possible that there is some con­ nection betv,-een the use of the shell as a symbol in Christian art, and as the emblem of those participat­ ing in the Holy Vv ars? That the name Leonard is identical with that of Lennard is evident, as the same arms are borne by both names. The earlier members of the Dacre family spelled it both ways; and then there are early instances where the name as applied to the same individual, in print, at least has these two variations.

21 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

George5 Leonard, Esq., of St. John, N. B., son of Rev. Nathaniel' Leonard, of Plymouth, Mass., who visited England in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and while there, made investigations upon this subject, appears to have felt quite sure that his family was descended from the Dacres. In a letter to his cousin, Hon. George5 Leonard, of Norton, dated St. John, Oct. 4, 1798, he writes :-"From everything ! can collect-from old records in England, at the Herald's office and among the late Lord Dacre's papers, who was very attentive to me, and where I found free access to his Lordship's library and other parts of his houses in town and country, where his papers were deposited, for information; and who was very anxious that some of our family inherited some of the vacant titles. From which I find that one of our ancestors came to America about the time that the Earl of \Varwick obtained a large grant of land near Boston, which was in 1626; from about which time to the year 1638, a great number of respectable people came over from England to avoid the dis­ sentions there. Amongst those was Lord Leith (Leigh), who afterwards returned, and two daugh­ ters of the Earl of Lincoln, Lady Susan and Lady Arabella, with their husbands, who continued in the country; together with many others that were of good families and fortunes. The spirit of emigra­ tion and religious enthusiasm so greatly prevailed in that day that a very considerable number of young gentlemen and ladies of the first connections in Eng­ land left, or rather absconded from their parents. Among these we have reason to think was one of our grandfathers, who left England about that time, as a copy of a letter ,vas found directed to him from his

22 Srn THOMAS BARRETT-LENNARD. friend, Sir Brian Jansen, whom he left in England, and who was supposed to be acquainted with his going out, who congratulates him upon getting away before the order of the King in Council was issued on February 21, 1633, to prevent any further emi­ gration to America. It's probable that, on his arrival, he concealed his name some time from the knowledge of his friends in England. Thus far I have traced our grandfather's grandfather, and must leave you to continue the chace in the regular line to the present day." Sir Thomas Barrett Lennard was the last Lennard who enjoyed that title. He died Feb. 12, 1786, leaving no legal issue, and when no male heir appeared, George6 Leonard, son of George5 (both of whom were loyalists and went to the British provinces to reside), came to Norton and Raynham to consult with the Leonards there, upon the expediency of claiming the title in question. The precise evidence which could then have been brought forward to enforce this claim was unknown to the writer of the article quoted, but it is understood that the particular individual who would have been the heir (Judge George5 Leonard of Norton, 1 great, great-grandson of James ), preferred the inde­ pendence of Democratic ease and liberty, to bearing the Aristocratic honors of nobility in meekness or otherwise. It is sai<}. the matter ended by the Judge declaring that he "preferred to be Lord of Acres in America, rather than Lord Dacre in England."

Sir Thomas Barrett Lennard was succeeded, whether by special grant, or otherwise, is not stated, by his nephew, Charles T. Roper, who died July 4, 1794, also without issue. He was succeeded, by grant of Par- 23 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

liament, by his only sister, Gertrude, as Baroness Dacre. She had previously married Thomas Brand, Esq. Her son, Thomas Brand, on the death of his Mother in 1819, succeeded her in title and estates, and in 1851 was Lord Dacre. This branch of the family, seated at Belhus, Aveley, Essex, is descended from Thomas Lennard, 15th Lord Dacre,* and Lady Anne Palmer, alias Fitzroy, illegiti­ mate daughter of King Charles II, and the Duchess of Cleveland. Sir Thomas was created Earl of Sussex by King Charles. His 2nd daughter, Lady Anne, upon the death of her elder sister, Lady Barbara, be­ came sole heir, and as such, Baroness Dacre in her own right. She had three husbands: first, Richard-Len­ nard Barrett; second, Henry Roper, Lord Feynham; third, Hon. Robert Moore. Richard Lennard-Barrett took this surname, Barrett, in consideration of the Manor of Belhus, County of Essex. He was the grandson of Richard Lennard, Lord Darce, (8th) and his second wife, Dorothy.

Courtesy of Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard.

The Leonards were Dissenters and left England, many going to Leyden in Holland, and from thence coming to America. There are various families of the name of Leonard, and it is probable that they are of the same English extraction. These various lines include many persons of distinction. The earliest settler bearing the name appears to have been Solomon Leonard, of Bridge­ water (1629), and among his descendants were Dexter

*Lord of the bed-chamber to King Charles II.

24 BELHUS, A VELEY, ESSEX. Courtesy of the Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard, D.D.

DESCENDANTS OF SOLOMON LEONARD.

M. Leonard of Providence, R. I., formerly of N ortli Hadley, Mass.; Manning Leonard of Southbridge, Mass.; Rev. Levi W. Leonard (grad. Harvard College, 1815), of Dublin, N. H., author of several schoolbooks; and the late Dr. Jonathan Leonard of Sandwich, a gentleman of a most estimable character, possessing in an uncommon degree benevolence, humanity and generosity, worthy the imitation not only of physi­ cians, but of all others. He graduated from Harvard College in 1786 and died Jan. 26, 1849 at the age of eighty-six. His brothers, David and Benjamin, died the week previous, the former aged eighty-four, and the latter eighty. They died the same day and were buried in one grave. One of the most distinguished descendants of Solo­ mon Leonard was the late Hon. John Hay, Secretary of State, whose line of descent is contributed by the Secretary of the Old Colony Historical Society of Taunton, who writes the Compiler as follows:-

OLD COLONY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Taunton, Mass. Henry Morton Lovering, President. Incorporated James Edward Seaver, Secretary. May 4, 1853. August 12, 1911. Dear Madam:- David6 Leonard was the Son of David5 Leonard & wife Mary Hall. Grandson of Joseph4 Leonard & wife Mary Packard. Gt. Grandson of J oseph3 Leonard & wife Hannah Jennings.

25 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Gt. Gt. Grandson of John2 Leonard & wife Sarah. Gt. Gt. Gt. Grandson of Solomon1 Leonard of Dux­ bury & Bridgewater. Rev. David6 Leonard and wife Polly Pierce removed to Kentucky. The wives of Gov. Merriweather, Hon. William P. Thomasson, and Dr. Hay were their daughters. Very truly, (Signed) J. E. SEAVER. John Leonard of Springfield, Mass., settled there about 1636, and is supposed to have been a brother of James and Henry Leonard of Taunton, Mass., (1652) although in a deposition of Mrs. Hannah2 (Leonard) Deane, daughter of James1 Leonard, she says that her father's brother John1 "never came out of England," which may have been a mistake. The Springfield Leonards were generally of that hard-working, honest, respectable and substantial class, the "Yeomanry," while the Taunton Leonards were invariably iron-workers. After the Revolution, many of the Springfield family moved to New York, and their descendants are to be found in Albany. Some, also, settled in Ohio. Henry Leonard\ who with his brother James1 established the forge at Taunton (now Raynham), was at Lynn in 1655 and 1688, and afterwards carried on the works at Rowley Village, which place he left early in 1674; and at that time or soon after, went to New Jersey, establishing the iron manufacture in that State. Henry's sons, Samuel,2 Nathaniel2 and Thomas,2 contracted to carry on the works at Rowley Village after their father had left, but undoubtedly soon fol- 26 · THE LEON ARDS OF PoNTYPOOL. lowed him to New Jersey, where numerous and highly respected descendants are now living, and where gen­ eration after generation of this branch of the family, it is believed, to the present day have been more or less interested m their favorite pursuit-the manu­ facture of iron. James' Leonard lived and died in Taunton, Mass., and his descendants are found throughout the New England States.

JAMES1 AND HENRY1 LEONARD. The Leonard brothers who first settled in New Eng­ land were from Pontypool, County Monmouth; once belonging to Wales, but made an English County by Henry VIII., early in the 16th Century. Pontypool is situated between two hills on a rivulet called the Avon, tributary to the Usk, which flows into the Bris­ tol Channel. It is about twelve miles from Newport, the nearest harbor. This place was celebrated for its working of iron at an early date, and its importance was derived from the iron and tin mines in the sur­ rounding district, now (1851) chiefly belonging to Capel Hanbury Leigh, Esq., Lord Lieutenant of this County, and from the iron works situated near the town, conducted upon a very large scale. In 1864, Manning Leonard visited Monmouthshire and found the old records had been badly kept and gained no satisfactory information. Several persons bearing the name lived in the vicinity, and an aged man by the name of John Leonard took him to the grave-yard, near the ancient Church of Trerathan, not far from the town where were found inscriptions re­ cording the deaths, at an early date, of those bearing

27 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. the names of John and James Leonard.

The Leonards undoubtedly had some claim to the ownership of iron works at Bilston, County Stafford, England. At the time the Leonards came to New England, there was probably but one furnace in the place. Since that time, and within the past century, from vast additional discoveries of coal on this spot, "great numbers of furnaces, forges, rolling and slitting mills, etc.," have been erected; the iron trade here thus possessing advantages "not surpassed by any other place."

Early in the 19th Century, a letter was received at Taunton, written by one James Leonard, a workman in the iron works at Bilston, addressed to "James Leonard, Iron-worker in, or near Taunton, Mass., New England," stating that extensive iron works situated there belonged to the Leonards. The late Charles Richmond, Esq., of Taunton, visiting England about that time, improved the opportunity to go to Bilston, and took legal advice of an attorney, who stated to him, "that if an action were brought to recover the property, it would go into the Court of Chancery, and it would probably take fifty years before the case would be decided." He was also informed that by the laws of England, any Estate that is mortgaged is entitled to redemption from the rents and profits. By the letter received from Bi!ston, it is understood that the Leonards formerly owned the works there, that they left them largely encumbered by mortgage, and the establishment having since, by its increased value and profitable operation worked out its own redemp­ tion, the fee simple should, of right, revert to the 28 THE LEONAR:O FORGES.

L,eon<;1.l'd family. There would have been great expense attendant upon the suit, and an uncertainty about the result,~ together with a certainty of its being delayed at least one generation, if finally successful. In these circum­ stances, the representatives of the eldest branch of the family who, according to the laws of England, would be the heir, being indifferent in regard to it, no attempt was made to substantiate the claim. It has been stated that the forge at Raynham was the first erected in America, but this is incorrect. At Lynn and Braintree, forges were established at an earlier date. James1 and Henry1 Leonard were connected with them, but finally settled at Raynham, where they built the first iron works in the colony. The following are entries on an account book of the Iron Company at Lynn under date 1651 :-

James Leonnarde, 15 days worke about finnerey Chimneye and other worke in ye forge ...... 1 :13 :0.- To ditto Leonard for dressing his bellows three times ...... 1 :10 :0.- To ditto soe much allowed him for bring- ing his goods from Providence ...... 2 :0 :0.- At that time the proprietors of the iron works at Lynn and Braintree had a monopoly, by grant, of this business for the Massachusetts Colony. Their neigh­ bors of the Plymouth Colony were also desirous to establish works of the kind, as appears by the follow­ ing extract from a letter signed by Thomas ffoley, John Beex and Gualter Frost, dated "London, this 28th day of September, 1652" in which an agreement

29 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. to employ William Osborne, then in London, at "Brantry furnas & fordges" as "Clark," is mentioned. They add "Wee doe understand so much by him, that if he hath no imployment by us, that then (he being desired long sense by thoes of Plimouth Patent), to be imployed by them in raysing of yron worckes to ower graet preiudise; and without him wee are confi­ dent thay will not be attempted."

They were "attempted" as will appear by the fol­ lowing record made on the town book of Taunton, Oct. 21, 1652 :-"It was at a town meeting conferred and agreed upon between the inhabitants of Taunton and Henry1 Leonard of Braintree:

'Imprimis. It was agreed and granted by the town to the said Henry1 Leonard and James1 Leonard, his brother, and Ralph Russell, free consent to come hither and join with certain of our inhabitants to set up a Bloomery Work on the 'Two Mile River.' "

At this very time some of the owners in London of the Iron 'vV arks in Mass., were so confident by em­ ploying Osborne they would prevent the erection of "Yron worckes" in Plymouth Colony, the Leonards and Russell were, undoubtedly, conferring with the Taunton people on the subject, and before the arrival of that letter in this country, had obtained leave to establish their forge. The "Bloomery" according to this agreement "was erected, and the iron manufacture extensively and prosperously pursued."

The forge at Raynham was the great joint stock

30 THE LEONARD IRON WORKS. company of that vicinity and period. For several generations are found on the probate and other rec­ ords, "my share," or "shares in the iron works" as transmitted from father to son, or other heirs of the succeeding generation. These works were undoubt­ edly very profitable, although we have no certain knowledge of the amount of dividends paid.

The Leonards were interested in the iron works at Lynn, Braintree, Rowley Village and Taunton, and at a later date, in those at Canton, so that the observa­ tion, "Where you will find good iron-works, there you will find a Leonard," has been almost literally verified. They were probably interested in most, if not all of the iron works established in this country within the first century after its settlement, and it is a remark­ able fact that the iron manufacture has continued suc­ cessively, and generally very successfully, in the hands of the Leonards, or their descendants, down to the present day. In 1851, a member of the family writes "Their old forge, tho' it has been several times remodelled, has been in constant use for very nearly two hundred years, and is now in the full tide of suc­ cessful operation, owned by Theodore7 Dean, Esq., who is descended from the Leonards through his father, Maj. Eliab B., 6 and his grandfather, Hon. Josiah5 Dean, M. C. 1807-9, who was son of Josiah4 Dean, who was son of Thomas Dean and Mary3 Kingsley. Mr. Dean is also a descendant of the Leonards in another line, through his grandmother, Sarah,4 daughter of Rev. Eliab Byram, who died in Raynham, Jan. 13, 1849, in her 99th year, ~n instance of the remarkable longevity of the family." The very

31 ANNALS OF T:UE LEONARD FAMILY. extensive iron works at Squabetty* on "Taunton Great River," lately belonged to H. Leonard & Co., and since incorporated as the "Old Colony Iron Com­ pany" are now carried on by Messrs. William A.,7 Samuel L.,7 and George A. 7 Crocker, Esqrs., who are

A DEPOSITION OF HENRY1 LEONARD. In 1655. "The Testimony of Henry Leonard of Hammer­ smith, at the age of 37, or thereabouts. This Deposi­ tion saith, "That there was a small Heap of Coles at Brantry Forge which was coled aoout nine years agoe and these Coles Lay Rotting and noe vse was made of them before they were spoyled, and Mr. Gifford, being Agent, was to bring in a new stock; wch. stocke eould not be Layd before these Rotten coles were Removed, because the Cattle could not Turne. Where­ upon, they being well observed both by Mr. Gifford and myselfe; Mr. Gifford gave me order that if Good­ man Foster or some others of Brantrey could make any use of them I should dispose of them, whereupon Goodman Foster had about two halfe Loads and some of ye Rest of ye neighbors thereabouts fetched some of them but they were soe bad they would fetch no *Named, unquestionably, for Squaw Betty, a neice of King Philip, of whom a pretty story is told of her devoted attention ;.nd nµrsing of several of the Leonard family through a scourge of fever. She refused remuneration for her services, but ac­ ceoted a· red cloak which she wore with the pride and pleasure o( her race in bright, gay garments; and in it, it is said, she wished to be buried. 32 AN Cl ENT IRON \hfOR.KS. more, afid Goodman Foster took as much paynes about' them as they were worth and although they would not serve his Turne they would not serve us, at the forge, & whereas Goodman Prey saith he Gott out of them to make a quantity of Iron I know the Labour yt hee & Thomas Billington bestowed about drawing of thetrt was tnof<:l thart they were worth & whereas Goodman Prey saith hee made so much Iron of them, he made not a quarter of a Tunn of those coles, but did cast now & then a Baskett of them among other coles, but they were worth nothing to his work. DANIEL DENNISON. Sworn before me Oct. 27, 1655.

ANCIENT IRON WORKS. From an interesting paper on Ancient Iron Works in Taunton by Capt. J. W. D. Hall (Vol. 88 of the N. E. Hist. & Gert. Register, pp. 265-275) are taken the following extracts, which afford a clear insight of the important part that this "bloomerie" sustained towards the community at large. It not only forged them bat-iron; h was their mint, for it furnished their actual circulating medium. Witness one or two illus­ trations, etc:- "In those days, Iron entered largely into transac­ tions of business as is shown in the brid subjoifi~d letters, orders and replies couched in expressions of genuine old-time courtesy from managers, share­ holders and patrons of the Iron Works, which were found between the leAves of Capt. Thomas Leonard's ledger of 250 years ago, the pages of which are filled with the records of which these wete vouchers. The 33 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. first order is from one of the founders of Taunton and promoters of the Iron W arks, who draws an order to pay a grocer's bill:- "Ensign Thomas Leonard, Please to pay to Bar. Tipping 9s. 3d. in iron as money. from yr. friend Taunton, 16: 1st 1685-6. RICHARD WILLIAMS. John Cary of Bristol, Register of Probate, responds to polite request to credit 100 of iron:- "Loving £friend, John Cary, these may inform you that if you please to Credit Richart Burt as much as comes to a hundred of Iron I will be Responsible to you and Rest your Lo'g. ffriend, Taunton, Dec. 30, 1683-4. THOMAS LEONARD. ( Schools were scarce in these days, and many wealthy men made their "mark"; therefore, errors in orthography, unique expressions and ancient idioms may be excused.) "Ensign Leonard, pray deliver to N athl. Codding­ ton as much iron as comes to 4s. 5d. at ye rate of 18s. per C. JOHN DEANE, (Son of John Deane, Sr., and the first birth among pioneers and settlers of Taunton). F. L. K. An order from an early settler to pay the school­ master's rate:- "Ensign Leonard, I pray you to let Mr. Greene have four shillings more in iron, as money, and place it to my account. June 20, 1684. JAMES WALKER.

A letter from some friendly parishioner in 1683 ad-

34 ORDERS FOR PAYMENT. dressed to the third minister in Taunton, and accom­ panying order, reads thus:- "For the Rev. Mr. George Shove, pastor of the Church of Christ in Taunton, These:- Ensign Leonard, pray deliver to John Hodges or his order one hundred and a half of iron on account of Yr. friend March 14/83-4. GEORGE SHOVE. An order from Samuel Danforth, fourth minister of Taunton, to pay his "servant mayd": To Captain Thomas Leonard, Sr. I would pray you to pay Elizabeth Gilbert (my late servant mayd) the sum of 30s. in iron at 18s. pr. Cent: to her order & place it to my account. ... pr. yr. friend and servant Dated SAMUEL DANFORTH. Taunton, Mar. 11, 1703-4. Thomas Williams (son of Richard) sold an ox to one Nathaniel Smith, and the following orders ensued for payment: "N ath'I. Smith, this is to desier you to pay my Mother Williams three hundred and half a qur. of iron which is part of ye price of ye ox which you bought of mee. THOMAS WILLIAMS. Taunton ye 16th of Oct. 1693. On the opposite side of the above, Mr. Smith ordered the iron : "Captain Leonard. I pray be pleased to pay to old mother Williams, three hundred & half a quarter of iron. NATH'L SMITH.

35 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

One of Rev. Mr. Danfotth's business orders :-"Rev. Mr. Danforth wants iron to buy nails:.~ To Captain Thomas Leonard in Taunton. Sir I have got Thomas Willis to go to Bridgewater to fetch me some nails from Mr. Mitchell's this night: & ptay to let him have 200 of iron to carry with him to pay for them: of which 100 on acct. of Edward Richmond, 5s. worth on acct. of Thomas Linkon, sort of John Linkon, by virtue of his note herewith sent you: for the remainder I may by yr. leave be yr. debtor for a while till I have another note from some other to ballance against it; & remain Yr. obliged SAMUEL DANFORTH. 26 8 mo. 1702."

Another note from "Ancient Iron Works in Taunton:­ Increase Robinson, one of the early settlers on Dean Street, gives a credit order for iron to pay his minister, Rev. Mr. Danforth:- 'Captain Leonard: Sir, I would intreate you to pay James Tisdale ye sum of 2-7-6 in iron, at 22s. per hund. and make me Deptr. for it on ye account of ye credit Mr. Danforth gave mie on your book. Your ffr'd. INCREASE ROBINSON. Taunton ye 23d March 1688-9."

Order for Iron "for the Ministry of Dorchester." "Captain Thomas Leonardi Taunton. Sir: these lines may inform you yt. the Selectmen of Dorchester would desier you to deliver unto Sargt. Philip With­ ington all that iron wh. is due from the Iron Works

36 ANCIENT ORDER FOR PAYMENT. (See page 37)

ORDERS FOR PAYMENT.

to the ministry of Dorchester and in soe doing this shall be discharg. SAMUEL CAPEN. Dorchester the 20 of Match, 1705. for the name and with the consent of the rest of the selectmen." Mr. Withii1gton receipts for the product of the half share, 700 of iron for 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703. The original paper, here reproduced, is well pre­ served, and the writing, evidently that of an old rnan, is fairly legible and reads as follows:- "m Thomas Lenerd pray pay to Elifabeth Pointing fouet fhilinges a quelent to mony and setit to my ac Count. Sept ye 1 1661 John Crofman" A few incidents of antiquarian interest are cited to illustrate the appreciative value of iron in the middle of the 18th Century. Deacon Samuel" Leonard in his will, in 1745, gave his "daughter Hazadiah,4 wife of Rev. John Wales, £ 100 in good bar iron, or 20 acres of land," and sim­ ilar amounts to each of his other four daughters. But to tetrtind the executot more clearly his wishes, he added a codicil stating that the daughters "must have £ 100 in money, old tenor," or English sterling, £ 1 of which at the time of the death of Deacon Samuel3 was worth £5 10s. of Mass. currency; hence the codicil of his will to avert the loss to his daughters in being paid in depreciating currency, which in four years afterwards had fallen to £1 for £1 sterling. Those were critical times for business rnen of which the present generation know but tittle. Another instance :--"-'-' 37 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Rev. John \Vales, first pastor at Raynham when he was settled in 1731, received a small salary. The in­ habitants proposed to increase it. At a public town meeting, held by adjournment Sept. 2, 1751, Jacob Hall, Moderator, states the record: "It was put to vote whether or no the town will make an addition to the Salary of Rev. John ·\Vales for the present year, that is to make in the whole £400, old tenor: _½ to be paid in good merchantable bar iron at £9 per Cwt., the other ½ in indian corn at 20s. per bushel, rye at 30s. 6d., which sum being reduced to lawful money is £53 6s. 8d., in the whole." And it was passed in the affirmative. Rec.orded by Josiah Dean, Town Clerk. All we can say is that specie must have been a scarce commodity indeed when people had to resort to such shifts and turns in order to carry on the com­ mon every day affairs of life. vVhat would the smart "servant mayd" of to-day think at being tendered her weekly wages in a lump of iron bigger than she could lift. For these people it was most assuredly an iron age. The story of the Taunton Iron Works has been told down to the minutest detail. Something has been added of late through the discovery of a certain old ledger, from which Capt. J. Vi/. D. Hall has published some very interesting extracts. These works, or "Bloom­ erie" as they were commonly called, long constituted the most important feature not only of ancient Taun­ ton, but of all the country around; and from far and wide they were resorted to for the product of their smithy forges. Who can doubt that the big trip­ hammers were in themselves objects of never failing wonder to Philip and his greasy W ampanoags, as they sat and cooked and watched them by the hour, or that

38 THOMAS2 LEONARD. their rude understanding · could fail to invest the master of such a tremendous power with something a little beyond the attributes of common men! Of the Taunton Iron Works, Thomas2 Leonard was foreman, clerk and manager in the service over 60 years, from 1653 to 1713. Was manager for 30 years, succeeding John Hall in 1683. In a paper on Ancient Iron Works of Taunton by Capt. John W. D. Hall, he is described as being an able, self-educated man. He held commissions from Ensign to Major in the Bristol Co. Reg't, was the leading magistrate, pre­ siding justice of the County Court (1685-1693), clerk of the Taunton North Purchase proprietors over 20 years, and filled various town offices; also, performed the duties of physician. He died in 1713, leaving be­ sides a large estate, the Middleboro' and Charttey Iron Works, a large quantity of official papers and miscel­ laneous relics, preserved with remarkable care during his eventful life. His salary as manager was the first year, £8, and from 1684 to 1713 was £11. A discus­ sion having arisen as to the date of the commence­ ment of the manufacture of iron in Taunton, it would seem that the matter must be settled by the following confirmatory record in a ledger of Capt. Thomas2 Leonard's (who was with his father as a "bloomer," and became the "clearke" and manager in 1683), which indicates the time the Works commenced as follows: "An accompte of who hath been clarke of Taunton Iron Works ever sense George Hall was first clearke, and some others joyned with him for a time, which began Anno 1656. Also, what product the Works hath made from year to year.'' This ledger was found in the old mansion built in 1750 by Deacon Elijah4 Leonard, grandson of Capt.

39 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Thomu,2 who had carefully stored the books trans­ mitted to him by his father and gtandfather when he built the house. It was the birthplace ot Captain Edward5 Leonard who resided there 70 years, and of Rev. ruijah5 Leon­ ard of Marshfield, who died in Feb. 1834, after a 45 years' pastorate there, who was the father of Rev. George6 Leonard who died July 1881, after a pastorate of 30 years in the same Marshfield Church, and who itihedted the old place in Raynham from his Uncle E:dward. It was subsequently sold, and the flew owner in preparing to remodel the house, discovered the books deposited there 130 years before. The build­ ing has since been de,;troyed by tire. Deaton Sarnuel3 LeoMrd succeeded his father, Capt. Thomas, 2 in the management of. the Iron Works, con­ ducting the affairs for 32 years, until his death in 1745, and was, in turn succeeded by his son, Deaton Satn­ uel,4 Jr., who died in 1749. beacon Elijah4 succeeded Deaton Samuel,4 Jr., in the management ot the Works, until 1177, when the t.eonard management terminated, havirtg been conducted by that family since 1683. Hon. Josiah Deane5 (connected by marriage with the Leon­ ards), purchased the controlling irtterest and con­ verted the bar iron forge, or "bloomerie" into Rolling Mitls and Nail Works, copper bolts, etc. ; he was suc­ ceeded by his son, Major Eliab B .. Deane,6 who changed the works into art Anchor Forge. H. W. Swan says in "The New York Sun'' (May, 1905), "Irt the 'Sun' of May 21, is an enquiry about the earliest Iron Fouttdries. The one at Rayrthatfi, Mass., was run by a family t>f the name of Leonatd. The place is now called the Anchor Forge, as afichors were one of the principal products. The anchors for

40 OLD IRONSIDES. the 'Constitution' were made there and sent to Bos­ ton by the aid of many oxen. The iron was called bog iron and was dug from the surrounding country until the iron mines in Pennsylvania made it unprofitable. Nothing remains now but a few of the stones used in the foundation, and the old dam. The descendants of the Leonards are still engaged in the iron industry in Taunton and vicinity." Major Eliab B, Deane's6 son, Thomas Deane7 suc­ ceeded him, and then the Works were suspended. In 1883, the buildings were demolished and the privilege, dam and foundation walls alone remain of the ancient Taunton Iron Works, of 224 years,-the oldest suc­ cessful Iron Works in the United States. An article from the "New York Herald," 1907, apropos of these two items of interest concerning the "Consti tu tion," THE RESTORATION OF "OLD IRONSIDES." "Probably no exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition will attract more attention than the old frigate, "Con­ stitution." Certainly no other feature of the show can equal in historic interest this renowned old vessel, the famed "Old Ironsides" of song and story, and whose exploits must ever be an immortal memory to every patriotic heart of this land. "It was about half a century ago when this re­ nowned vessel was saved from the scrap heap by the poem of Oliver Wendell Holmes, written at the time when it was proposed to break her up as being unfit for further service. The ringing lines of the poet put to shame the thought. 'Oh, better that her shattered hulk Should sink beneath the wave; Her thunders shook the mighty deep, And there should be her grave; 41 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Nail to the mast her holy flag, Set every threadbare sail. And give her to the god of storms, The lightning and the gale!' "Once more the historic vessel has been saved from destruction, this time because of a petition signed by thirty thousand citizens of Massachusetts, and who forwarded it to Mr. Bonaparte, late Secretary of the Navy, with the earnest plea that the gallant old craft be preserved as long as her timbers can be made to hold together. The Navy Department went further, and acting on its recommendation, Congress appropri­ ated $100,000 to have the vessel restored as far as pos­ sible to her original appearance. The work of restora­ tion was delegated to Naval Constructor Snow, who has been furnished with the ship's original plans, along with some photographs showing how she looked in the glorious days when she floated mistress of the seas. The constructor recently made a trip to Salem, Mass., where there is a model of the 'Constitution' as she was before being reconstructed in 1845. This model was presented to the Salem Marine Society by Com­ modore Hull and is the only one in existence showing what the 'Constitution' was in her days of glory and renown. "The 'Constitution' was built in Boston, and it is a rather curious fact that the two other vessels which were participants in the most momentous naval ac­ tions of this nation also went overboard from the ship­ yards of that New England city. These were the Hartford and the Merrimac. Only one other vessel which flew the Stars and Stripes can hold an equal place with this trio-that one being the original Moo­ itor, from which has been evolved the steel clad battle ship of modern days."

42 CHART LEY IRON w ORKS.

THE CHARTLEY IRON WORKS. Thomas2 and James2 Leonard, sons of James,1 in 1695 discovered a convenient location for Iron Works within the limits of the "Taunton North Pur­ chase" made by Philip, Sachem of the W ampanoags in 1668, and having, says the record, "found iron ore there, and being in great hopes of finding more, they were willing to set up a forge, or bloomery which they believed would promote the settlement of that terri­ tory, be of great benefit to the proprietors, and, with the blessing of God, may be the beginning of a happy township in that place." To extend their encourage­ ment to the enterprise, the proprietors of said North Purchase· did thereupon "deed and grant two lots of land of 100 acres each next to Stony Brook, running· into Coweeset River (the Indian name for Wading River, which flows thro' Norton to its confluence with Rumford River, near the copper Works), to Thomas2 and James 2 Leonard for building said iron works, and the privilege to dig ore anywhere in the vicinity at ls. per ton." The proprietors signing the deed were John Richmond, Nicholas White, John Deane, and others. In accordance with the terms of that grant, the iron works were built in 1696-7, and the iron work and tools required were made at the Taunton Iron Works. Capt. James2 had charge of the manufacture of Bar Iron, and in 1698, he was credited with the first bar of iron delivered at the latter works at Taunton, from the Chartley Iron vV orks, as they were called. In 1707, Captain James2 sold his half of the iron works to his 2 nephew, George,3 (son of Thomas ), who had been clerk there a few years, and in 1713, he received the other half by will of his father. Major George3 made extensive enlarge men ts to the Chartley Iron \i\T orks

43 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. and added nearly 1,000 acres to the territory. The above enterprise was the origin of the famous Leonard Iron Works of Norton, and one of the chief causes of the organization and incorporation of the town in 1711. To aid in organizing a Church, and building a meet­ ing house, Capt. Thomas2 Leonard gave £40 in land. In article quoted (1884) it is stated that there was not a landmark to identify the place where that ancient bloomery stood, except the dam and a small part of the foundation wall, but the mansion (then owned by Charles D. Lane), still stood as a memorial of the baronial family who resided there more than a hun­ dred years ago. WHITTE)NTON IRON WORKS. In 1666, James1 Leonard, Sr., purchased of William Haylston, about 10 acres of land on Mill River, with a water privilege, where he afterwards erected a forge, or "bloomerie" with one hearth "for the manufacture of charcoal iron," called the Whittington Forge, which was in operation in 1678. His three sons, Joseph,2 Uriah2 and Benjamin,2 having served in the Taunton Iron Works at the "refining and bloornerie" trade, worked this forge. They had, also, a grist mill at the same place. This was the location of the James Leon­ ard Iron Works. James1 died in 1691, and the Probate record, (Book 1) describes the division of his property by agreement of all the heirs,· Joseph2 to have one-fourth of his father's iron works, with some adjacent land, and to pay 20 shillings in money, and 400 of 1ron, annually, to his mother-in-law. Uriah2 to have the rest of the Whittington Iron Works, dwelling house and land, and pay 600 of iron per annum to his mother-in-law Margaret as long as she remained his father's widow. 44 WILL OF JAMES1 LEONARD.

James2 to have some tracts of land, the old home lot, and his father's half share in the Taunton Iron Works, also £4 9s. more from the estate. Benjamin2 to have certain parcels of land named, the shop tools, old iron, his father's clothing and as much more from the estate as to make £26 9s. Abigail2 and John Kingsley, Rebecca2 and Isaac Chapman, and Hannah2 and Isaac Dean, ( daughters and their husbands) to have certain tracts of land and proceeds of sales from the estate to make for each £26 9s. Thomas2 to have the dwelling house near the Iron Works on Two Mile River, after the death of his Mother-in-law, and to administer the estate, to pay all bequests to the heirs, and have the remainder. One-third of all the moveables were as­ signed to the widow Margaret, she to reside in the house where she lives, as long as she remains a widow, to all of which she agreed. She died in 1701. Joseph2 died in 1692, leaving a widow, Mary (Black) Leonard, executrix, and four children, his brother, Thomas,2 and Deacon Henry Hodges to be overseers to assist in settling the estate. A few years later, James,3 son of Captain James,2 succeeded as a partner and to the management of the Whittington Iron Works, and they were to pay Widow Mary 600 of iron annually, while the works stand. James3 finally purchased Uriah's2 interest in the Iron Works in 1699, and the forge and capacity for making iron was enlarged. The manu­ facture of iron from Bog ore mined in the vicinity ( of "Scadding's Moire" and pond, and along up the Mill River to Winneconnet Pond), was conducted by the descendants of James1 Leonard for nearly one hundred years. Crocker, Bush & Richmond succeeded the Leonards at Whittington ( which name was afterwards changed

45 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. and legalized to Whittenton), in 1805 in iron and cot­ ton manufacturing, and they were succeeded in 1824 by the Whittenton Man£. Co., of which Willard Lover­ ing had charge in 1836. In 1858, it became the prop­ erty of Willard Lovering & Sons, and after the death of the senior in 1875, Lovering Bros. were the suc­ cessors in proprietorship. A vast change from the time when James1 Leonard built his dam at the outlet of Scadding's Pond in 1670 for his little "bloomerie" the only manufacturing establishment on Mill River.

TWO LETTERS OF JONATHAN5 LEONARD to DR. WATERHOUSE. Canton, 23d of 2d month, 1826.

I. "Since the wish expressed in yr. letter of the 10th of last month that in pursuing the business of my Lead Mine I might not relinquish that of Iron and the making of steel, I have thought it worth while to save from oblivion our family tradition of their workers in Iron. It was not that four generations of workers in Iron which induced the late Chief Justice Parsons to call me "Nest or Ironsides" but six generations. My ancestors who delved, dealt and worked in Iron, came from Pontypool in England and have been in that line ever since. In the year 1645 leave was obtained of the General Court to make Iron at Lynn. A few years later Iron Works were erected at Braintree under good patronage from England, and in 1652 a forge was erected in that part of Taunton which is now LETTERS OF JONATHAN5 LEONARD. called Raynham, by James1 and Henry1 Leonard. "Afterwards several forges were erected in Taunton, Middleboro', Bridgewater, Easton and several other places in that quarter of the country. "I have often thought that if the digging and smelt­ ing and working of Iron laid the line which separates the civilized man from the savage, that this govern­ ment was the most civilized of any in the world, mean­ ing that that nation which has a knowledge of Iron ore and can smelt it, and therefore form weapons of war, tools of agriculture and cutting instruments. emerges, in consequence, from the savage state."

II. "As to the making of steel, the first attempt made in this country, so far as my knowledge goes, was by my father, E1iphalet4 Leonard, at Easton, about the year, 1775-6. He was led to that attempt by the ex­ treme scarcity of steel and the difficulty of procuring it for his manufacture of fire-arms then in great de­ mand for the defense of the country. He conducted several furnaces, and so far succeeded as to supply himself, and some of the most urgent wants of his neighbors. In 1787 I obtained further insight into the business, and erected at Easton a furnace capable of making three tons at a batch. This was continued until 1808 when in consequence of the commercial restrictions I erected another at the same place cap­ able of making ten tons at a batch, and afterwards from twenty to thirty tons a year. In 1813 I erected another furnace at Canton where I now live, where I made at times about one hundred tons of steel a year. About the year 1799 Steel was made at Canton, by Leonard and Kinsey, after the German manner,

47 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. and afterwards by Dunbar and Leonard." The writer of the foregoing letters, Jonathan5 Leon­ ard, was the eldest son of Captain Eliphalet4 Leonard, and Ruth, his wife, and grandson of Capt. James.3 He was known as "Quaker Leonard" after joining the Society of Friends. He married Elizabeth Blackman, settled in Canton, Mass., and with Adam Kinsley, who married his sister Sarah,5 carried on for· nearly half a century, those extensive Iron Works, known throughout New England as Leonard & Kinsley's. He was a self-made man, remarkable for his in­ telligence and acquirements. His beautiful residence was the resort of the first literary men of Boston as well as many others who claimed the hospitality so well known to be found there. He had a large and talented family. His brother, Eliphalet,5 married Silence Howard by whom he had two daughters and four sons. Jonathan 5 Leonard died in New Orleans at an advanced age, during the first half of the 19th Century. The epitaphs of his parents are worth recording in this connection :-In an old cemetery in Easton is the resting place of Captain Eliphalet4 Leonard. The in­ scription on his tombstone is Sacred to the Memory of Capt. Eliphalet Leonard who died in 1786, aged 85 years. "He was so just Men put their trust In him for years to come. We hope that God Will him reward Now He has called him home." 48 OLD HOUSES.

By his side lies his wife : Sacred to the Memory of Ruth, Wife of Captain Eliphalet Leonard. Died April 11th, 1786, aged 82 years. "Here let her lie in precious dust Till God to glory call the just."

OLD HOUSES. "Certainly the houses men have lived in do bring us closer to their lives than all other means put to­ gether. They are no longer the phantoms of our imagination, we see them in their very habits, as they lived." -Samuel Adams Drake.

"All houses wherein men have lived and died Are haunted houses." -Longfellow.

49 ANCHOR FORGE.

RUINS OF ANCHOR FORGE. so THE FORGE.

THE FORGE. When they hoisted the great water-gate, the loud and monotonous thud, thud, of the ponderous trip­ hammers could be distinctly heard for miles around. To the farmers of those days it grew to be like the voice of an old friend. The first steps toward setting up these works were taken as early as 1652 but it was four years later before they were in working order for the manufacture of .iron. Their location here, in the first place, was owing to the finding of abundance of bog-iron ore in the neighboring ponds and swamps, from which, in fact, the forge was supplied for 80 years or more. The site is on the great highway, over which all the travel then passed between Taunton and Raynham Centre, which once formed part of old Taunton. After many ups and downs, last of which was their conversion into an anchor forge, the works were finally stopped in 1865 after a continuous life of more than 200 years. For 18 years more they lay idle. The old work-sheds were then demolished, so that when I saw it last the cumbrous old trip-hammers, the dam and the foundation walls, alone remained of the once famous Leonard Forge. It were well if the ruthless hand of demolition had stopped here. On the opposite side of the highway, over against the forge, on an island formed by the mill-stream and waste-way there was standing till within a few years a very ancient one-story, gambrel-roofed house, long since abandoned. One entered thro' a little porch in front, and there was a lean-to at the back. It had been gutted, the window sashes removed or demolished, and the floor littered with rubbish. Such was its con­ dition when the writer visited it. The sight was not

51 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. a pleasant one. Now and then a stray sunbeam struggled thro' the lowering sky into the room, to be followed by deeper shadows that filled its every nook and corner with gloom. They came and went like silent mourners taking their last look at the departed. Some day it is to be hoped its monument may be erected. It is a pleasant spot, overhung by trees, the clear brook, which of yore turned the groaning mill wheel, glides swiftly beneath a rustic bridge ere it tumbles over the dam below. Strange perversity that in this busy New England of ours, a spot once full of the joyous bustle of life and labor should have thus reverted to its original solitude ! Yet beyond reason­ able question this same sorry looking wreck was the identical building first erected for the occupation of the master-workman and his mates, in the small be­ ginnings at the forge. At that time it probably passed for a very good sort of house, ai:id certainly fulfilled all wants. Nothing was so scarce as money; economy, therefore ruled in every branch of outlay. With such limited means at their command, the energies of the projectors were necessarily directed to getting their works going first of all,-that done, · better things would no doubt come in good time and so they did. We accept them without qualificaton, the deduction that this house must have been the one in which King Philip was entertained in his passage to and fro; that it was the one taken under his protection at the break­ ing out of hostilities; that, consequently, it was the same one to which the affrighted settlers fled for protection when Philip's human blood-hounds were following close on their track, and if we are to believe tradition, it was the place where the gory head of the great W amponoag long lay concealed.

52 JAMES LEONARD HOUSE.

HOUSE OF SEVEN GABLES.

53 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

In this mean looking house, with that of Thomas2 Leonard, the eldest son of James,1 which stood on the south side of the road, and the forge building just beyond, soldiers were kept while the war lasted. So far as that continued, the forge assumed the charac­ ter of an outpost. The three buildings completely commanded the road as well as each other, so that here was a natural rallying point for the hard-pressed settlers of the neighborhood. It was strongly desired by those who knew its history that this precious relic of that deadly struggle which had solved the question v:hether New England should be heathen or Christian, pagan or civilized should be spared the ravages of improvement as it had been those of time; this hope, however, was not destined to be fulfilled; the old house was demolished, and with its disappearance not only Raynham and Taunton, but the whole country has lost one of its treasures. Of the Gothic House, described by Rev. Peres Fobes, who in simple truth, mistook one for the other, and whose stories have been corrected by Mr. Elisha C. 7 Leonard himself, one of the old stock, and one who has made persistent and intelligent research, and is consequently an authority, little is to he said save that it is a quaint specimen of the homes of our fathers, a veritable house of seven gables, belonging to a very quaint and picturesque style of architecture. The Leonard House with the peaked gables stood on the west side of the Fowling Pond road about 200 yds. from the forge; was of two stories and fronted to­ wards the south, with the end towards the road. Its owner and builder was Capt. James2 Leonard~ son of the original master of the forges. In course' of time it became the property of Zephaniah,4 grand-

54 THE OLD GOTHIC HOUSE. son of this James.2 Dying intestate the homestead itself was divided between his two sons, thro' whom it descended thro' two generations more of Leonards down to 1850 when in consequence of its dilapidated condition it was pulled down after standing 150 years, or from the reign of Queen Anne to that of Victoria and after having sheltered five generations of the same family. The Old Gothic House long ago obtained a facti­ tious celebrity thro' the misdirected assiduity of the early historian of Raynham, the Rev. Peres Fobes. That gentleman having claimed for it an age going far back of Philip's War, proceeded, out of hand to connect it with a series of blood-curdling incidents 0f that \Var, notwithstanding the name affixed to the eastern gable of the house bore on its honest face the plain date of the year 1700, thus giving to the story what our worthy friend Touchstone would have called the lie direct. These thrilling tales did not lack for a certain air of probability, and this false glamour sur­ rounding it for so many generations, certainly thro' no fault of its own, converted the house in the eyes of all who passed it into a veritable chamber of hor­ rors. Its memories evoked either a shudder or a shrug. Its traditions were perpetuated with the most religious exactness from father to son.

FROM ANOTHER SOURCE. The old Leonard House: "The House of Seven Gables," which stood but a few rods from the forge, was pulled down over 50 years ago. A part of this house was probably built as early as 1670, altho' the vane upon it had stencilled, or .cut into it, the year 1700. It had been occupied by the family down to

55 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. the seventh generation, and the spot with modern dwellings, is now owned and occupied by the eighth (1851). At the time the old house was demolished it was probably the oldest house in New England if not in the country. "It was apparently modelled after an English fashion of the 18th Century with some modifications proper for defense against the Indians." This house in its first rude form, was with another kept constantly garrisoned during Philip's War. "In the cellar under this house was deposited for a con­ siderable time, the head of King Philip, for it seems that even Philip, himself, shared the fate of Kings; he was decollated and his head carried about and shown as a curiosity by one Alderman, the India11 who shot him." Under the door-steps of the same dwelling, were buried two unfortunate young women who were shot by the Indians. It is greatly to be re­ gretted that this ancient Gothic structure was not suffered to remain as a kind of' castellated curiosity, a monumental memento telling in silent but expres­ sive eloquence to future generations the story of the thrilling scenes by which it was surrounded and through which it had passed.

ADDITIONAL SUBJECT MATTER ON OLD HOUSES. By Elisha Clark7 Leonard. In a paper on "The Leonard Mansions" Mr. E. Clark7 Leonard, after discussing the "House of the Seven Gables" already referred to, speaks of the "Old Gambrel Roofed House," at Raynham Forge. "This was built by a Leonard to accommodate the em­ ployees of the Iron Works in 1653, and undergoing slight changes, stood until 1885 when it, too, was

56 FOWLING POND AND KING PHILIP.

torn down. It was coeval with the first settlement of Taunton and stood as a landmark for 250 years, and its low quaint and sturdy architecture commanded general attention. It was the oldest building, by far, in this section of the country, and ranked among the earliest in the Commonwealth. In connection with the two old Leonard Mansions, another curious feature of Raynham is the place called Fowling Pond. Before King Philip's War, it is said to have been a large pond fully two miles long and three­ quarters of a mile wide. Since then the water has dis­ appeared and the large tract became covered with a thick growth of cedar and pine. That this was once a pond haunted by fowls and supplied with fish in great numbers, is said by antiquarians to be more than prob­ able. There are found upon the dry lands quantities of white sand and a great number of long smooth stones such as are always found upon shores long washed with water. There is also on the east side a bank of sand which is called Beaver's Dam, and Indian spears, tools and pots are continually found on the sides of what was once the pond. In 1835 there was a nongenarian living in Rayn­ ham who remembered, when a boy, of going in a canoe to fish in the pond. He had seen. fish caught where pines and cedars stood, 50 ft. high, at the time he was speaking.

CONCERNING KING PHILIP, SACHEM OF THE W AMPANOAG INDIANS, SON OF MAS­ SASOIT. No mention of the Leonards would be complete without reference to King Philip, the war-like Al­ gonquin Chieftain. All our little world, at least has

57 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

heard of King Philip, that redoubted avenger of his race who chose death before dishonor; and many of us have also heard of' the Leonards of Taunton who are so intimately associated with this spot of ground, and who moreover have so often been described to us as having gained the fast friendship of that mighty chieftain,-a friendship formed by his making the forge a halting place as he passed up and down be­ tween Mt. Hope where he lived, and the Fowling Pond, a mile or so beyond the forge where he came to shoot ducks, geese and brant once or twice every year. We may remark in passing that even Presidents of the United States are not a I erse to seeking relaxa­ tion from official cares in this way. Francis Baylies writes in his "History of New Plymouth," "The inhab­ itants of Taunton, Bridgewater and Rehoboth had been strongly urged to abandon their dwellings and re- . move to the seaside (during King Philip's War), as they were exposed to the greatest dangers in his hor­ rible War, but they refused and resolutely persisted in abiding in their homes, and manfully meeting the dan­ gers with which they were threatened. It is said that Philip had given orders that Taunton and Bridge­ water should be spared until all the other towns in the Colony had been wiped out; if so, he discovered a trait of' generous and grateful feeling which could not have existed if he were that monster of cruelty and ingratitude which he is represented to have been by the historians of that day. A family dwelt in Taunton by the name of Leonard from whom Philip had re­ ceived many favors and kindness. James1 Leonard had emigrated from Pontypool in 1652 and erected the first forge in the Colony in this town. Philip had resided generally at Mount Hope, but during the summers he

58 KING PHILIP.

frequently resorted to a place in Taunton known by the name of The Fowling Pond, about a mile from the forge. In his excursions he had made himself acquainted with the Leonards; they repaired his guns and supplied him with iron and with such tools as are most prized by savages, and uniformly treated him with kindness and attention. He had become more, attached to this family than to any of the English and he gave his Indians at the commencement of the war,' the strictest orders that they should never injure the Leonards. As he knew that in a general attack on the town this favorite family might be exposed to dangers equal to those of the other inhabitants, it becomes, therefore, extremely probable that his attachment to the Leonards prevented the destruction of Taunton. No other reason can be assigned why he should have spared it. This town was situated near his country and could have been as easily assailed as any other. In "Notes on Indian Wars" in New England-His­ torical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 15, p. 42, is the following mention of King Philip, in connection with a sale of land, the sale being witnessed by Thomas2 Leonard, among others. "I, Philip, alias Matacome, chiefe Sachem of Pa­ kanokit, have engaged and mortgaged four miles of land southwardly of Taunton bounds to Mr. Constant Southworth, Treasurer; and having given a deed of three miles in breadth and four in length of the said land unto the town of Taunton, know, etc., that I, Philip, etc., sell unto the sayd Southworth the other mile in breadth and four miles in length adjoining that." The consideration was £47.

59 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Apropos of this I append (with permission), traced autographs of King Philip and Thomas Leonard. While the subjoined letter has no bearing upon Philip's relations with the Leonards, it is incorporated here with other mentions of him, as an item of interest. There is a curious letter from King Philip preserved among the records of Dorchester, Mass., as follows:- "Philip, Sachem of Mt. Hope, to Captain Hopestill Foster of Dorchester, Sendeth Greeting: Sir, you may please to remember that when I last saw you att Wading River you promised me £6 in goods; now my request is that you would send by this Indian 5 yds. of white or colored serge to make _ me a coat, and a good Holland Shirt ready made; and a pair of good Indian Breeches all of which I have present need of. Therefore, I pray, sir, fail not to send them by my Indian, and with them the several prices of them; and silk and buttons and several yards of gallowne for trimming. Not else att present to trouble you with onley the subscription of KING PHILIP. 1H. Hope, His Majesty P ;P. the 15th of May, 1672.

60 KING PHILIP, THE LAST OF THE WAMPANOAGS, SIGNING TREATY OF 1671 WITH THE MASS. BAY COLONY IN THE OLD CHURCH AT TAUNTON. Courtesy of the New England Mutual Life Insurance Co.

SIGNING OF THE TREATY.

A memorable event depicted by the artist took place in the first meeting-house which is worth recording On April 10, or 13, 1671, King Philip and his men in war paint met the Commissioners from Plymouth and Massachusetts and signed a compact for peace. King Philip had denied any hostile design against the Eng­ lish, but when the Commissioners produced evidence to show that he did, he was covered with confusion and in his panic acknowledged the charges. The event has also this word-painting:-

"The old meeting-house at Taunton exhibited a scene alike singular and interesting; on one side were arrayed the austere Puritan English with formal garbs, close shaven hair and solemn countenances, looking hostility and defiance, yet with a shade of submissive devotion which showed they were willing to put their trust in the God of battles. On the other side ap­ peared the tawny and ferocious countenances of thf Indian warriors, their long black hair hanging down their backs, their small and sunken eyes gleaming with serpent fires, their persons covered with belts of wampum and fantastic ornamentR which exhibited a combination of color." JAMES EDWARD SEAVER, Sec'y Old Colony Hist. Society.

SOME REMINISCENCES OF THE LEONARDS. Life of Thomas2 Leonard, son of James,1 and Descendants. Thomas Leonard the father of J ames1 and Henry1 did not come to this country. He is known to us only by name.

61 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

J..a,i:nes 1 and Henry1 emigrated to this country in the year 1652. /Jam~~1-Leonard was the progenitor of the Leonards of Taunton, Raynham and Norton. He was the father of five sons and three daughters and had sixty-eight grandchildren. Thomas2 Leonard, oldest son of the preceding, was a distinguished character. He came to this country with his father "when a small boy" and "afterwards worked at the Bloomery art with him in his forge." He was physician, field officer, major, town-clerk, deacon and one of Her Majesty's Justices from 1684- 1713 ("Her Majesty" being Queen Anne); was also Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1702-1713. He was eminent for piety. A copy of the records from the Family Bible of Thomas2 Leonard, "son of Jatnes1 Leonard, the im­ migrant progenitor of the Leonards in Taunton," is applicable here. It gives precise date of the birth of Thotnas2 Leonard, which the late vVilHam Reed Deane, who compiled "Genealogical Memoirs of the :Leonard Family" was unable to procure; his data be­ ing taken from "Proprietor's Records" in Taunton. The Bible is owned by Charles L. Pierce of Milwau­ kee, Wis., and the copy of records is furnished the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Soc. by Henry E. Waite, Vv est Newton, Mass. The Bible is described as being 6x8 in., is 21/z in. thick and bound in heavy leather. The first few pages are missing, including the title page, but the title page of the New Testament shows that it was "Imprinted at London, by the Deputies of Christopher Barker, printer to the Queen's most Ex­ cellent Majestie 1599." The records are as follows:- Thomas2 Leonard borne ye 3 August 1641. 62 FAMILY BIBLE RECORDS.

Thomas2 Leonard and Mary Watson married August 21, 1662. Young Marys Leonard borne ye 2 of August 1663. Young Thomass Leonard borne ye 22 of Jan. 1665. Johns Leonard borne ye 18 Maye 1668. Georges Leonard borne ye 18 Aprill 1670 MDC­ LXX (1) Samuell3 Leonard borne Feb. ye 1 1673 & dyed AprilJ.3__(2) l7yS-. S;f,VIM_e/.,,.;.... Ir~-,». (3) Lkanah3 Leonard borne 15 of May 1677. ,- Jamess son of Thomas2 Leonard borne 17 de- cember 1679 & deceased 8th May 16~(4) --- borne 10 Aprill 1681 (5) ·(6) Elkanah3 Leonard born 28 April 1682 & dyed ---(7) (8) Abiah3 Leonard Borne 3 March 1684 dyed 15 July 1685. (9) ~beths Leonard borne July 15, 1686. Samuel3 Leonard borne feb. 1 1673. rkatherine Deane borne August, 1680. Samuel3 Leonard and Katherine Deane married April ye 17th, 1701. (1) W. R. Deane gives this (5) Still-born daughter. date as, 1671. ( 6) Seth-; (2) -- 13, 1745. (7) November 2, 1682. (3) Elkanah. (8) Ph~be. C4) 16s2. (9) E1Izaoeth. Sarnuel4 Leonard their son Born May 17, 1702. Nathan4 Leonard their son born May 5, 1704. Nehemiah4 Leonard Born June 30, 1706 and lived sixteen days. Bethiah4 Leonard their daughter born July 20, 1707. ,

63 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Abiel4 Leonard their son born feb. 20, 1710. Hazadiah4 Leonard their daughter Born April 24, 1712 Phoebe4 Leonard their daughter Born May 9th, 1714. Sophia4 Leonard their daughter Born Mar. 9th 1717. Elijah4 Leonard their son Born April 18th, 1719. Abiah4 Leonard their daughter born Dec. 16, 1720. George4 Leonard their son Born Oct. 6, 1723 on a Sabath morning about a half hour before sunrise. From Another Page. George4 Leonard born Oct.~i723 on a Sabath morning about a half hour before sunrise. Charity Nelson born Nov. 13, 1729 on a Thursday. George4 Leonard and Charity Nelson married Jany. ye 5th 1764. Abiah5 Leonard their daughter Born May 19th, 1766 on Monday about 3 o'clock after noon. Charity5 Leonard their daughter September ye 1st 1768 on a Thursday morning the sun about a half hour high. fBinajah Pierce born April 10 1771. \~harity5 Leonard born Sept. 1st 1768. Catherine6 Pierce born March 15th, 1800. John N.,6 born 1801 7th July. Lucy6 Pierce born 1804 16th April. Leonard Pierce born 1807 29th July. It will be noticed that the Proprietor's Records give the name of the child born April 28, 1682, as

64 THOMAS2 LEONARD.

"Seth," while the family record has it "Elkanah." This is strange as there was then living an Elkanah8 born May 15, 1677 who lived to manhood, and was the father of Elkanah4 Leonard, a lawyer of note, in his day, in Middleboro. (See p. 108). Thomas2 Leonard married Mary Watson by whom he had 11 children, 4 daughters and 7 sons. He died Nov. 24, 1713. "An eulogy was written upon this oc­ casion by his pastor, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Danforth. It was lost for many years and discovered accidentally in a search for other matter, in the oldest volume of newspapers in the Boston Athcenum, being a file of the *Boston News Letter from 1710-1715. This eulogy is on one side of a half sheet, 8x12 inches, about two­ thirds the size of the Boston News Letter in which it is bound between the numbers for Nov. 30 and Dec. 7, 1713. Here it has reached 150 years (1863) and is as perfect as when it came from the press. The engraved head, or mourning piece, t oc­ cupies about 2 inches of the upper part of the sheet. A skeleton stands in the centre holding the Scythe of Time; on each side is an hour-glass, about half way from the skeleton to the border making the body to two wings which extend from each. On the upper corners is a skull with cross-bones underneath. Be­ neath the skeleton in the centre and the skulls in each corners are spaces about two inches in length; over the hour-glasses, the only considerable white *The Boston News Letter, issued April 24, 1704, was the first newspaper published in America excepting the single issue on September 25, 1690, of a paper called Public Occ,urrences which was suppressed by the Legislature. The News Lette; was published weekly in Boston, and printed on a sheet 12x8 inches. tThe "mourning piece" illustrating this article was drawn from the description herewith given. 65 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. spaces in the whole scene. In the space on the left is printed "Memento Mori," and in that on the right "Remember Death." On the left side, under the hour­ glass are six pall-bearers, bearing away the palled coffin, followed by a procession of mourners; on the right hand, under the hour-glass are a spade and axe, crossed, and a coffin with a pall, upon a stand.

The whole representation is sombre and sable enough. The verses are in double columns and are entirely surrounded . on the border of the sheet, with black lines about one-quarter inch wide; a line, also of the same width, is between the two columns. The fol­ lowing is a copy of the words :-

66 EULOGY ON THOMAS2 LEONARD.

I MEMfNTO MORI I IREMEMBERDEATIII

An Eulogy in the Memory of the Worshipful MAJOR THOMAS LEONARD, ESQ. of Taunton in New England who departed this life on the 24th day of Nov., anno domini 1713, in the 73d year of his age. We do assemble that a others commendation. funeral Thus did the Love of all With grief and sorrow to him procure; we may solemnize; Many confess his Kind­ Whereat 'tis proper that ness did abound to mind we call By helpfulness unto his The greatness of our neighbors 'round. loss; the qualities And usefulness of our For many years the deceased· friend Chief Affairs in Town, Whose pilgrimage on Prudential, he managed earth is at an end. carefully With good Acceptance Envy and Malice must unto his Renown. be reigning Vices Performed his Trust in In those who will not all things faithfully; bear to hear his praise .. So that the Governor To speak well of the did him prefer Dead true Grace ad­ In Military Trusts a vises; part to bear. 'Tis baseness that Re­ proach on such doth And in the Civil Govern­ raise ment he stood Such justly may expect Commissioned to punish retaliation Vice and Sin Who do begrutch to For many years; his

67 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Care and Prudence With hopeful, numerous good offspring God hath And Faithfulness were raised. well displayed therein. God grant that all of his Posterity, 'Tho I pretend no skill May imitate his Virtues in Poetry and may say Yet will adventure once His God shall be our to mourn in Verse God Him faithfully Rather than such a We'l serve until our last worthy Dead should ly and Dying Day; Without a due encomi­ And never will our um on his hearse; Father's God forsake Grief will find Vent, and But for our God sin­ Fulness of Affection cerely will Him take. How to express our­ selves will give direc­ God blessed his Care tion. and Pains that he at­ tained With little help from Let's first remark that others that he gained God should him incline Preferment in the Town, In's early days to try Esteem, Good-will; with all his might From meaner Posts For skill to Write and made gradual Ascent, Cypher in a time Offices of Trust, Care When other Youths such and M,oment. learning did but slight; Yet he redeemed his time most carefully, In Medicine he practised And made in's learning his Skill, Good proficiency. Expending Time and He always showed Paci­ Money in the Cure fic disposition, Of Sick and Wounded; Trying to find all jarr's with compassion still. by Composition. His famous crowning work was his great care He gave himself to God That Gospel Worship, in's youthful days, Gospel Ministry Profess' d Religion, and In Norton, Dighton, his Family other places near, Were well-instructed, He joyed in Hope that Prayed with; always Now were laid Foun­ His good Example was dations before the Eye- Of Piety for many gen­ His prayers were heard; erations. -his House (the Lord Moestis Composiat. be praised) Samuel Danforth.

68 BOYHOOD OF THOMAS2 LEONARD.

This Eulogy is found in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 22, p. 140 and was contributed by Wm. Reed Deane, a connection by marriage with the Leonard family. This gentleman says further ;-"We have no adequate conception of the difficulty of obtaining a very moderate amount of learning in the time of the boyhood of Thomas2 Leon­ ard. There were few teachers at that early period and he probably received little if any aid from them. While striking the anvil in his father's bloomery he was hammering out in the smithy of his own mind material for thought and use.

Amid the forge's clamor, and the flame Sparkling from smitten anvils, boldly wrought A bright-eyed boy. His hand was hard with toil But his clear mind o'er field of thought roamed wide Gathering the fruits of knowledge. Thus he grew Winning the true nobility that waits On honest labor. He undoubtedly made the most of every scrap of his time. It was an iron age. Iron characters were wrought out of it. The clearing of the forest for the new settlement required the constant use of the axe, and, for the dispersion of, or guarding against the wild animals and the savage red man, the sword and gun were ever in demand. In most cases these circumstances overcame, or disappointed the desire for an education where is existed. But it was not so with young Thomas.2 To "write and cypher" was a great accomplishment in the time of his youth, and to reach the "Rule of Three" was great proficiency. The subject of our notice was, truly, "with hopeful numerous offspring blessed." He was the founder of distinguished families. The Norton Leonards were his descendants. Rev. Nathaniel4 Leonard of Plymouth

69 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

was his grandson, and Hon. Daniel5 Leonard, Chief Justice of Bermud-a, and author of the noted letters signed "Massachusettensis," in the time of the Revo­ lution was his great grandson. Continuing, Mr. Deane says "There lies before the writer a Mss. volume of Major Thomas2 Leonard's, about 9 inches long by 3 inches in width, and ¾ inch thick, with parchment cover, and clasps. This book is in perfect preservation and contains, among other things, the record of various marriages solemnized by him as Justice of the Peace from 1684 to 1713, the year of his death, very neatly and legibly written with his own hand. The solemnization of marriage by the civil authority, to the exclusion of the ministers was first sustained only by public opinion, not by positive law, bL1t in 1671 it was enacted by the Gen­ eral Court of Mass., ''That no person in this juris­ diction shall joyne any persons together in marriage, but the Magistrate or such other as the Court shall authorize in such place where no Magistrate is near, nor shall any joyne themselves in marriage, but before some Magistrate, or person authorized, as aforesaid." The fee for each marriage was three shillings.-His­ tory of Taunton. The following is a list of those bearin~ the name of Leonard whom he "joyned" in marriage:- ~ John Crane and Hannah3 Leonard, Married December 13. 1686. Richard Burt and Eunice3 Leonard, Married February 18, 1685-6. 3 William Britten and Lidia - Leonard, Married October 26, 1698. Thomas3 Leonard and Joanna Pitcher, Married December 1, 1699. 70 MARRIAGES BY THOMAS2 LEONARD.

Samuel Hodges and Experience3 Leonard, Married December 31, 1700. Benjamin Newland and Sarah3 Leonard, Married July 23, 1702. Elkanah3 Leonard and Charity Hodges, Married March 25, 1703. James2 Leonard and Rebeckah Williams, Married August 29, 1706. Jonathan V/illiams and Elizabeth3 Leonard, Married April 3, 1707. Uriah3 Leonard, Jr., and Abigail Stone, Married June 12, 1708. John Harvey and Mehitable3 Leonard, Married July 23, 1710. Henry Hodges and Sarah3 Leonard, Married April 5, 1711. Joshua Atherton and Elizabeth3 Leonard, · Married July 23, 1712. Josiah White and Margaret3 Leonard, Married November 20, 1712. There are in this book some curious medical recipes which served Major Leonard2 as a physician. Also the following statement of owners of shares in the Taun­ ton Iron Works, built by the father and uncle of Thomas2 Leonard:- James Leonard ¾ Peter Pitts ¾ John Turner 1 Giles Gilbert ¾ George Watson 2¾ Nicholas White 1 Richard Williams 1 Mrs. Pain 1 Widow Hall 1 Henry Hodges ¾ Hezekiah Hoare ¾ Frances Smith ?~ Isaac Deane ¾ James Brot 1 Thomas Deane ¾ James Tisdale 1 Joseph Wilbore 1 The Town ¾ 71 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. James Walker 1 Mr. John Pain 2:½ Mr. Powl 2:½ Samuel Paule ¾ Mr. Noynes 2 Richard Baker ¼ Loreat 1 Dorchester Church ¼ Mr. Ting 1 Mr. Pain (Rehohoth) ¼ Total 26¾ The date when the shares were owned by the per­ sons here mentioned is not stated. The odd number (26¾) is undoubtedly owing to shares and parts of shares having been bought up by the Company from time to time from estates of deceased persons, or others. GEORGE3 LEONARD. George3 Leonard, his 3rd son, born Apl. 18, 1671. Removed about 1690 to Norton, then a part of Taun­ ton where he became the proprietor of very large tracts of land, being as it were, the founder of that town and the progenitor of the Norton branch of the family. Probably no family in New England were lords of more acres than the Norton Leonards who lived very much in the style of the English nobility, being possessors of great wealth, owners of vast es­ tates and surrounded by their tenantry. Rev. Wm. Tyler of Northampton, who spent his early days with­ in a few miles of the Leonard mansion writes, "The Norton family of Leonard have come the nearest to a baronial spirit and style of life, of any family I have known in New England." This is further testi­ fied to by Wm. Reed Deane. George3 Leonard was the agent of his father and Uncle James2 in setting up the first iron forge in the town of Norton, in 1695, and his energy and business tact gave new life and vitality to this neightborhood. Lands in the vicinity were speedily taken up, the population rapdly increased and everything seemed to prosper 72 GEORGE' LEONARD.

LETTER OF GEORGES LEONARD. beyond the most ardent expectations of the proprietors of the movement. (A filial business letter from Ma­ jor Georges Leonard, to his father Capt. Thomas2 Leonard transmitting iron from Chartley Works, July 1704. He was then Clerk):- Loving £father, My humble duty and my wive's to you remembered, and our due Respects to all the Rest of our Relations, hoping you are In good health as, blessed be God, we are. I have now sent a tun of Iron by Obadiah Edy and would Intreat you or brother Elkanah to take a little care about it; there is 29 bars ffor Mr. Pool of Boston, being fifteen hun­ dred & half; and ten bars ffor Rev. Henry Kimball, ffour hundred & a half. Yours to serve, GEORGE LEONARD.

4?N~~ rf;;;.s: -~ .1.l' 81:Pa!t'G 1700 •-: - Ta IV ASS.

73 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

The house he lived in is still standing (1859) and is said to have been the first framed house erected in the town. It was built before 1700. The "L" on the right is the original structure; the main body of the house is said to have been built after the death of the subject of this sketch by his son George. 4 In 1707 he bought his Uncle James'a half of the iron works and land, and in 1713 on the death of his !ather, came into possession of the other half. He was a leading man among the first settlers of N orton,-one of the first Board of Selectmen, first representative to the General Court, first Justice of the Peace, and his name was the first attached to the Church Coven­ ant. At the time of his death he held the office of Major of Militia and was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He died Sept. 5, 1716. He married Anna Tisdale, July 4, 1695 and had 11 children, the last being posthumous. In a poem published on the oc­ casion of his death he was styled "The prudent, pious, worthy and worshipful Major George3 Leonard." The children of Major George3 and Anna (Tisdafo) Leon­ ard were:-. Phoebe,4 born March 11th, 1696. George,4 born March 4th, 1698. Nathaniel,4 born March 9th, 1700. Anna,4 born Dec. 16th, 1701. Abigail,4 born Oct. 20th, 1703. Ephraim,4 born Jan. 16th, 1705-6. Mercy,4 born Apl. 29th, 1708. Jonathan,4 born Oct. 30th, 1710. Joshua,4 born May 13th, 1712. Mary,4 born Jan. 17th, 1713-14.

74 HON. GEORGE4 LEONARD.

HON. GEORGE4 LEONARD. The son of the fore~going, Hon. George,4 Born Mar.

41 1698, Died Dec. 4, 1778. Was Royal Councillor for twenty-five consecutive years, commencing his term of service in 1741, and closing in 1776. He was the first male child born in the westerly part of Norton. Was the second Justice of the Peace in the town; was the town clerk for many years, and other­ wise much employed in public affairs as selectman, assessor, moderator at the town-meetings, representa­ tive to the General Court, etc. Was much engaged in the military affairs of the neighborhood, having risen from a subordinate office to the command of the regiment. Was known as Colonel George4 Leonard. He was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1725, and held the office till 1730; was re-ap­ pointed in 1733 and held office until 1740, and was again appointed in 1746 and continued in office till the commencement of the Revolutionary War. Part of the time while on the bench, he was Chief Justice of the Court, was appointed Judge of Probate of Bristol Co., Feb. 16, 1747, and held office 31 years. Tradition has universally given him a character above reproach and represented him to be a man of much practical wisdom, and sterling worth, and the fact that he was almost constantly in public office from the age of twenty-one years to the close of fourscore, serves to strengthen this idea. Rev. Pitt Clark says, "He ap­ pears to have been distinguished for his urbanity, practical piety, and active benevolence. The praise of his many good deeds in the Church and throughout the County has long been identified with Norton and will be co-extensive with the history of the place. "He married Rachel Clap and had four children, of whom

75 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Rache,15-born July 6, 1727, married Rev. David Barnes, D.D. of Scituate, Mass. Her son David Leonard Barnes,6 married Joanna Russell, and was the father of George Leonard Barnes,7 Esq., who by the death of Mrs. Bowen in 1850 inherits the original Leonard mansion in Norton. Anna Barnes,6 sister of David L.,6 born Sept. 26, 1765, died July 19th, 1794, married Wm. Jackson, Esq., of Plymouth, and was the mother of Leavitt Taylor Jackson,7 Esq., of Bruns­ wick, Me. Colonel George4 died aged 81 years. Before, and some time after, the earliest known in­ stance of the employment of the Provincial Seal, there was considerable irregularity in the use of seals in the Probate Court of Bristol Co. Other seals were used by the same officers who used this seal, and among others are mentioned, the names of George3 Leonard (and his son George4),-Register of same name after 1747,-as using different armorial devices,-sometimes a double-headed eagle, displayed, and sometimes a lion rampant, with his name "George Leonard" cir­ cumscribed. · He also used a small seal representing a lymphad, or other vessel, opposite a port flanked with towers, and superscribed-"Porto Bello." ABNER C. GOODELL, of Salem, Mass.

Rev. Nathaniel4 Leonard, the brother of Col. George,4 was born in Norton, Mar. 9, 1700, was the first college graduate from this town, graduating at Harvard University in 1719. He married Priscilla Rogers, of Ipswich, Oct. 22, 1724, and died June 11, 1761. He was called to Plymouth as pastor of the First Church, and was ordained there July 29, 1724, remaining as pastor for upwards of thirty years, re-

76 GEORGE4 LEONARD, JR.

REV. JOHN WILLIAMS. signing on account of ill-health when he removed to Norton. He was the father of sixteen children. He was a studious gentleman and should be remembered for his useful services as minister, and for his exemp­ lary life and conversation. Abigail4 Leonard, sister of Colonel Ephraim/ and daughter of Major George3 Leonard, born Dec. 16, 1703. Married May 23d, 1728, Rev. Warham Will­ iams, of Waltham, Mass, son of the "Redeemed Captive," (Rev. John Williams), and his wife Eunice, and died Sept. 18, 1789. The story of her husband and his father is interesting. They were captured by Indians and the younger lost all knowledge of his native language, being in captivity, and could speak only French. He was born Sept. 16, 1699, graduated from Harvard College 1719, and was or­ dained June 11, 1723. He was stricken with palsy in his pulpit, Feb. 18, and died June 22, 1751. He was highly esteemed in the ministry. Their children were J ohn,5 Abigail,5 Anna,5 Eunice,5 Samuel/ Sarah Leon­ ard,5 Eleazer5 and Samuel.5

ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF REV. JOHN WILLIAMS, "The Redeemed Captive." Rev. John Williams died of apoplexy June 11, 1729. He was the first pastor of Deerfield, settling in the town in 1686 and continued there until Feb. 29, 1703-4, "when by an army of about 300 French and Indians the town was mostly destroyed and captivated. His wife was then kill'd and 2 childn. and 2 servants. He himself and the rest of his Family ( except his eldest Son) carried to Canada. God wonderfully preserved both him and them thro' the cold and hardships of the 77 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. dreadful march of 300 miles thro' the Desert to Mount Royal (Montreal). And afterwards he was sent to Quebeck. From thence thro' the good hand of God & the care of this Government he was returned to Bos­ ton on Nov. 21, 1706, with 57 captives. As may be more largely seen in his book published after his retn. home." Apropos of the Rev. John Williams, I quote briefly from "Folk Festivals" by Mary Master Needham, con­ cerning the Old Deerfield Historical Pageant, of July, 1910:- "We saw John Williams, the pastor as he was led out of the 'Old Indian House,' by an Indian. We ad­ mired him and wondered at him when we saw how erect and unafraid he seemed. But it was not so with Dame Williams. Slowly, as if she were falling in her grief and terror, she was dragged along by her captor. She turned back often to look at their five children; at little Stephen who had not forgotten his silver buttons and buckles, and at small Eunice who, touching some chord in her captor's heart, was carried in his arms. * * * * * We watched them in silence as they climbed the hills and were swallowed up in the gloom of the woods. * * * * * It was with relief that we saw that the next scene was not to be another such a desolate one, altho' it did afford food for speculation. Here was Eunice \Villiams, a child no longer. She was dressed in Indian garb and was called by an Iro­ quois name, that meant 'they took her and made her a member of their tribe,' and neither prayer nor threat could ever procure her ransom. She married an Indian and died-an Indian ! * * * * Then there was a pause, and in an impressive stillness a solitary rider came slowly down the hill. It was John Williams, 78 REV. JORN \i\TILLIAMS. their captured minister, who had preached to them since 1684, and as one voice the Puritans greeted him in the song 'Be Thou, 0 God, Exalted High!' To celebrate the return of their pastor they joined in a service of praise and thanksgiving. No bell sum­ moned them. They came at the call of the drum while a sentry kept a sharp lookout. Men were on the right, women on the left, so placed by the Com­ mittee who dignifie and seat the meeting house. The deacon read out a line of 'Old Hundred' and the people sang." I would mention here the book-plate of the Rev. John Williams, of whom Miss Helen Brockett, a col­ lector, writes in an article for the American Monthly Magazine:- "The earliest dated American plate is 1679 and be­ longed to the Rev. John Williams, the first minister in Deerfield, Mass., who was carried with his wife and children into captivity by the Indians. On his re­ turn he wrote "The Redeemed Captive." To the Compiler personally, she wrote: "Am sorry not to own a copy of that very rare book-plate. I know of none in any collection. It is even rarer than that of the Father of his Country. What I wrote in the article for the Monthly is all I know about it." One of the sons of Abigail4 and Rev. W arham Williams, the Rev. Samuel,5 L.L.D., born April 23d, 1743, died June 2, 1817; graduated from Harvard Col­ lege, 1761, was the author of the History of Vermont. He was ordained in 1765, at Bradford, Conn.; in 1780 was appointed Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural History at Cambridge; and afterwards preached at Rutland and Burlington, Vt. During his residence at Bradford, Benjamin Thomp-

79 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. son, afterwards Count Rumfird, studied philosophy, etc., under him, and was a member of his family for some time, and with whom he corresponded until the year 1791. His son, Gen. Charles Kilbourne Williams,6 L.L.D., born Jan. 24, 1782, was formerly Chief Justice of Ver­ mont and, later, Governor of the State.- HOUSE OF REV. JOHN WILLIAMS. Rebuilt after Indian raid, 1703. Deerfield, Mass. "In 1686 the inhabitants of Deerfield, to 'Incourage Mr. John Williams to settle amongst them,' agreed to 'build him a house: 42 foot long, 20 foot wide with a lentoo on the back side and a back room as big as may be thought convenient.' " From "Guide to Old Deerfield," Emma Lewis Coleman. Of the sons, sons-in-law, grandsons and grand­ daughters' husbands in this family, 17 were ministers. Col. Ephraim4 Leonard, son of Major George,8 and brother of Rev. Nathaniel,4 was born Jan. 16, 1705-6. He was a Colonel, a Judge of the Court (appointed 1747), and a man of great energy and decision of char­ acter and of eminent piety,-much employed in public affairs. He held the office of Colonel of Militia during the French and Indian War. He married four times­ his first wife was Judith Perkins, whom he married May 28, 1739. By her he had one son, Daniel.5 His second wife was Mrs. Meletiah Fisher Ware. His third wife was Mrs. Abigail King Williams, whom he married Mar. 18, 1760, and his fourth wife was Anna Wordworth. He died May 2, 1786, and with three of his wives, lies buried in a grove a half mile east of his former residence. He was the wealthiest man in 80 HOUSE OF REV. JOHN WILLIAMS, DEERFIELD, MASS. Courtesy Miss M. E. Barker.

HoN. GEORGEs LEONARD.

Mansfield,-then a part of Norton-and had greater influence in public affairs than any other individual in the town. Mary,4 sister of Ephraim,4 born Jan. 17, 1713-14, mar­ ried Rev. Thomas Clap, born 1705, graduated Harvard College, 1725. He was minister of the first Church of Taunton a few years; afterwards a Judge of the Court of Plymouth County and a Colonel of the Militia. HON. GEORGEs LEONARD. Hon. Georges Leonard, L.L.D., son of Col. George* and Rachel Clap, was born July 4, 1729. He studied law and established himself in Norton, after graduat­ ing at Harvard College 1748, though the ample fortune to which he was born rendered his practise rather an amusement than an occupation for a livelihood. He married Experience White, Nov. 27, 1759, daughter of Hon. Samuel White. He had two daughters, one of whom, "Peddy"6 married Hon. Jabez Bowen, Lieut. Gov. of Rhode Island, and on the death of her father inherited his home, which had come to him from his father. Mr.· Leonard held more, and more important offices than any other citizen of Norton, having been Register of Probate, a Royal Councillor, Judge of Pro­ bate, Judge, and Chief Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, was a representative in the first Congress of the United States under the Constitution, the district he represented comprising the counties of Bristol, Duke's and Nantucket. Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives at the time of the Stamp Act, whose circular, as Speaker, called together the First Congress which assembled at New York in October, 1765, State Senator, Representative to General Court, Moderator of Town-meetings, Town Clerk and Treas- 81 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. urer, Selectman, Assessor, and Colonel of Militia. He died July 26, 1819. The Rev. Pitt Clarke, who knew him intimately, says he "was a lively pattern of those regular and virtuous habits which in general are a pledge of a long life." On the Probate books at Taunton, Vol. VII., p. 85, and immediately following his will is a long notice of him, supposed to have been written by Hon. Francis Baylies, then Register of Probate. From it we learn that he was a genuine example of an Ameri­ can gentleman, who, thought he had ·other duties to perform besides adding to a mass of wealth more than sufficient for all rational purposes of life. He was a kind and considerate landlord, and would never raise his rents, regarding his old tenants as his friends. His manners were simple, mild and affable. Tenaciously attached to old customs he wore short breeches and a long stock to the day of his death, looking with dis­ dain upon new fashions and modern innovations. He would never rear merino sheep on his farm, sell his growing rye for straw manufacture, allow cotton mills erected on his streams, nor speculate in stocks. He ever regarded agriculture as the noblest employment of man. He was strongly attached ·to the clergy and to men of letters. In all business transactions he was governed by principles of rigid integrity, and during his long life was never guilty of injustice or oppres­ sion. He was a man of sound judgment, practical common sense, consummate prudence and unwaver­ ing firmness. Few men ever received more general respect, in any community, nor deserved it more than he.. \t\T ell can it be said of him, "The memory of the just is blessed." The children of Judge George5 and Experience 82 MRS. PEDDY6 LEONARD BOWEN.

(White) Leonard were Peddy,6 born Oct. 7, 1760. Fanny,6 (Phanny) born July 16, 1762. Mrs. Peddy6* (Leonard) Bowen, the daughter of the foregoing, widow of Hon. Jabez Bowen, Lieut. Governor of Rhode Island, died Sept. 13, 1850, aged 89 years. A younger sister having died some years previously, she became sole heir to the vast estates and wealth of her father, Judge George5 Leonard of Norton. As the family of Leonard had resided on their large landed estate (some 1,500 acres) in baronial style, Mrs. Bowen resolved to leave this estate un­ impaired. The timber lands were the most valuable in the State. Gigantic oaks and cedars for a century and a half, if not for centuries, attested their antiquity. The keel of the frigate "Constitution" (referred to on page 41), was taken from these lands during the life-time of Mrs. Bowen's father. To her numer­ ous tenantry, among whom were some descendants of her great- grandfather's tenants, she was kind and indulgent; they venerated her for her wisdom and loved her for her forbearance and benevolence. The house which her ancestors had erected in the wilder­ ness in 1690, when the howl of the wolf and the cry of the Indian hunter broke the stillness of the night, was her residence when she died, and probably the most ancient in Massachusetts. Her graceful and cor­ dial manners indicated intuitive good taste; and like Abigail "she was a woman of good understanding and of a beautiful countenance." She witnessed the com­ mencement of the American Revolution, understood its principles and watched with deep interest the suc­ cession of events which led to its glorious termination. *The diminutive of Experience. 83 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

With several of the principal actors in the transactions of that eventful period she was personally acquainted, particularly with those of Massachusetts. Besides her grandfather, Hon. Samuel White, so conspicuous in the opposition to the Stamp Act, she knew James Otis and his father, James Bowdoin and his family, John Hancock, Robert Treat Paine ( who married her dis­ tant cousin, Sarah,5 a daughter of Lydia4 Leonard Cobb; Gen. James Warren and his distinguished wife, Walter Spooner, Col. Bowers; and amongst Loyalists, Gov. Hutchinson, Daniel5 Leonard ( cousin to her father), Col. John Chandler, Brigadier Ruggles, Col. Gilbert Timothy Paine, etc. She accompanied her father to New York when the First Congress sat in that city, and became well ac­ quainted with Washington and John Adams and their distinguished ladies; Jefferson, Hancock, Jay, Madi­ son, Knox, Sedgwick, Fisher, Amos, etc. Her beauty, accomplishments and prospects of wealth as well as the standing of her father, gave her familiar access to the social, fashionable and diploma tic circles of New York City. · In relating her reminiscences of her resi­ dence in that city, her conversation was not only amusing and instructive, but oftentimes deeply inter­ esting. She died with conscience "void of offense." She enjoyed life in its moderation, to its last moments, willing to live and not unwilling to die.

Rev. Abiel5 Leonard, D.D.-He was the eldest son of the Rev. Nathaniel,4 was born Nov. 5, 1740, graduated at Harvard University 1759, and was pastor at Wood­ stock, Conn., of the First Congregational Church,

84 REV. ABIEL5 LEONARD, D.D. which was organized in 1690, being one of the oldest Churches in the country. "At Abiel5 Leonard's ordi­ nation, £10 16s. were expended for liquor, sugar and lemons, so the affair must have gone off with a good deal of spirit"-Clark's History of Norton. He was twice married, his first wife was a Miss Huntington, by whom he had one daughter; his sec­ ond wife was a sister of Gov. Greene, of Rhode Island, by whom he had five children. In May, 1775, he was appointed Chaplain of a Connecticut regiment, through the influence of General Putnam; and General Wash­ ington spoke in a letter of Mr. Leonard's usefulness, in flattering terms. He was dismissed from this post in 1778, with, or without cause is not known, and com­ mitted suicide at Danbury, it beng supposed the mor­ tification made him insane. He was a man of great ambition, fond of popularity and applause, and greatly beloved by the people of Woodstock. He was a large, fine-looking, handsome man, an eloquent speaker and accomplished gentleman. In a recent re-dedication of the Church in Wood­ stock, his memory was honored by the presentation of a window, being the most popular minister the Church has ever had. The window is thus inscribed:- Rev. Abiel Leonard, D. D. Pastor and Chaplain, born Nov. 5, 1740; died Aug. 14, 1778; ordained June 23, 1763. His influence in the army was great. George Washington, Israel Putnam. Cambridge, Mar. 24, 1776. In connection with the presentation of this window the following quotation from a Connecticut paper may be interesting from its historic and literary associa­ tions:- 85 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Norwich, Conn. Feb. 17, 1889. The First Congregational Church of Woodstock, one of the oldest societies in the country, hav_ing been organized in 1690, to-day re-dedicated its historic structure. The ceremonies consisted of prayers, psalms, and a dedicatory sermon by Rev. Mr. Bing­ ham, its pastor. The exterior has not been altered in form. The interior presents a beautiful appearance; fourteen memorial windows have superseded the old ones; among persons honored are Edward Morriss, one of the original Committee of Seven appointed in 1686 to locate the first meeting house; Edward Eaton Bowen, of Brooklyn, N. Y., an early pillar of Ply­ mouth Church, and General Samuel McClellan of Washington's Army, an ancestor of the late General George B. McClellan, who, surrounded by hundreds of silent soldiers, planted the three prodigious elms for which Woodstock is noted. There are, also, three windows which were pre­ sented by Oliver Wendell Holmes, a descendant of a Woodstock family, and H. C. Bowen also presented a window. George5 Leonard, brother of Rev. Abiel,5 was a Loy­ alist, and removed with his son, George,6 to New Brunswick, in 1783, "where he engaged much in pub­ lic affairs." Sarah,5 daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel,4 and sister of Rev. Abiel,5 was born Oct. 27, 1726. Married Dr. Joseph Le Baron and afterwards John White of Haverhill, Mass. An only daughter6 by her first hus­ band married Hon. William Hazen, a native of Haver­ hill, whose daughter, Elizabeth,7 married Hon. Ward Chipman, (grad. Harvard College 1770) late Chief Justice of the Superior Court of New Brunswick, and

86 HoN. DANIEL5 LEONARD. was mother of Hon. Ward Chipman,8 (grad. Harvard College 1805) who succeeded his father in that office. Her son by her second husband, Hon. Leonard White6 of Haverhill, (grad. Harvard College 1787) was classmate of Hon. John Quincy Adams. He was representative to Congress 1811-1813, and died 1849, aged 82. His sister Peggy6 married Hort. Bailey Bartlett, M. C., 1797-1801, and was mother of Eliza 7 and Sarah L., 7 wives of Joseph E. Sprague, Esq., late Sheriff of Essex Co. Dr. Thomas5 Leonard, son of Rev. Nathaniel,4 born at Plymouth, Ap'l 26, 1744, graduated from Harvard University, 1769, lived at Norton with his father for some years previous to entering College. In Winthrop's Interleaved Triennial he is said to have been a physician, and that he died June 28, 1771, hut where, we are not informed. Hon. Daniel5 Leonard was a distinguished man. He was the only child of Col. Ephraim4 (his mother being Judith Perkins Leonard), and was born May 18, 1740, graduated from Harvard University in 1760, and died in London, in June, 1829, aged 89 years. His first wife was Anna White; his second, Sarah Hammock. He was bred to the law and was, before the Revolu­ tion, a member of the General Court, an able political writer, and according to President Adams, supported the v\Thig cause with great eloquence and energy. He was possessed of brilliant talents and acquired great popularity from which Gov. Hutchinson was led to "Exercise his blandishments upon him, and as he sel­ dom failed when he applied them in all their force, the tempter prevailed," and Mr. Leonard became a Loyal­ ist. In 1774, he was an addressor of Hutchinson, and 87 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. was appointed a Mandamus Councillor the same year. Soon after his course became known, "several mobs collected in the Green, uttering ferocious threats, and some were for submitting him to personal indignities, but as he had been much beloved by the people of Taunton, some of the leading Whigs interfered and persuaded the people to abstain from any acts of vio­ lence. He sought an asylum in Boston, then occupied by the British, believing confidently that his family would be safe; but his house was assailed in the night and in it the marks of bullets can still be detected," (1859). In 1776 he accompanied the British to Hali­ fax, and afterwards went to England to reside, where he received the appointment of Chief Justice of Ber­ muda. After filling this office for many years, he again, in his last days, took up his residence in Lon­ don. His children are all dead, but he left four grand­ children, the children of his daughter Sarah,6 who married John Stewart, Esq., a captain in the British army, and afterwards Collector at the port of Ber­ muda. The eldest, Duncan,7 on the death of an uncle who died childless, succeeded to an ancient Lairdship in Scotland. His brother, Leonard Stewart7 was an eminent physician in London. His sister, Emily,7 married a Captain in the service of the East India Company. The other sister, Sarah J ohn,7 married a Mr. Winslow, descended from the ancient Governor of Ply­ mouth, and a relative of Lord Lyndhurst, whose pri­ vate Secretary he was during his Chancellorship. The generous temper and affable manners of Mr. Leonard seemed to have fascinated those who were in his house­ hold, and most about him. A very worthy woman, Ann Barney, belonging to a respectable family in Taunton, who was entrusted with the care of the infant daugh-

88 DANIEL' LEONARD. Courtesy of Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard, D.D.

HON. DANIEL5 LEONARD. ter of his first wife would never leave him. She weni: with his family in all their wanderings; first to Bos­ ton, then to Halifax, then London, then Bermuda; she came with them to the United States, and went back to the West Indies, and then to London and died in their service. His Deputy Sheriff, who had been a Captain in the Provincial service, a person of great address, wit and accomplishments followed his for­ tunes, and was killed in the battle of Germantown, then a Major in the British service. A young gentle­ man, Seth Williams, Kinsman of Daniel's5 first _wife educated at Harvard College, and in his office, went with him to London, where he died. Col. Ephraim4 Leonard, his father, was a strong Whig and opposed the course of his son. He lived till after the close of the Revolution, and at his death, de­ vised his large estate to such of his descendants as should take oaths of naturalization and allegiance. This was done by Charles6 Leonard, only son of Dan­ iel5 Leonard. It was understood, however, that the father and sisters of Charles were to participate in the enjoyment of the property. The letters signed "Massachusettensis" and which were published in "Draper's Paper" in Boston, between Dec. 12, 1774 and April 3, 1775, were written by Daniel5 Leonard. They were answered over the signature of "Novang­ lus" by John Adams. Mr. Adams says "Week after week passed away and these papers made a very vis­ ible impression on their minds; no answer appeared, and indeed, some who were capable were too busy, and others too timorous." Mr. Adams, himself, therefore, immediately "began to write and continued every week in the 'Boston Gazette' till the 19th of April, 1775." The original manuscript documents, establish-

89 ANNALS .OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. ing the fact that the Hon. Daniel5 Leonard was the author of "Massachusettensis" ( which fact had been disputed), were bound together and presented to the New England Historical and Genealogical Society by Mr. Lucius Manlius Sargent before his death. In Vol. 22, of the New England Historical and Gen­ ealogical Register, p. 274, in "Bibliography of Massa­ chusetts" is the following notice:-" 'Massachusetten­ sis, or a Series of Letters' by Daniel5 Leonard, contain­ ing a faithful statement of many important and strik­ ing facts which laid the foundation of the present troubles in the province of Massachusetts Bay. (Fourth edition, VIII., p. 118, London)." And in same volume, p. 353, is this crititism-"These Essays were written during that interesting period which immedi­ ately preceded the Battle of Lexington, and which contain the arguments on each side, stated with great learning and consummate ability on the whole history of American Taxation and the Rise of the Revolution." These "Letters" were written in a loyal spirit and for loyal purposes. From Records of the Middle Temple, London, Eng­ land, we find among Americans admitted to the Mid­ dle Temple, the name of "Dan'l5 Leonard, only son of Col. Ephraim4 of Mansfield in America, Esq." Daniel5 Leonard's house stood on the Southwest corner of Taunton Green. (See insert opposite p. 92). "He was accidentally killed by the discharge of a pistol in his own hand. The following account of the accident was furnished Mr. Lucius Manlius Sargent by Mr. Ellis Ames in a letter of Mch. 5, 1851. 'He complained to the people in the house that in the night­ time, as he lay in bed, he was annoyed by a man walk- 90 ANCIENT TRAINING FIELD, TAUNTOK. ing on the roof of the adjoining house, and coming up to his window, the roof of the adjoining house be­ ing of such a height as to enable the man to do so. He thought the man a dangerous fellow, and accordingly got a loaded pistol and laid it beside him during the night. One day as he was in the room by himself, the inmates heard the report of the discharge of his pistol and upon going into the room found him on the floor dying from the bullet which had passed his vitals, and so far gone as to be utterly unable to explain. It was not doubted that he was attempting to draw the charge and from clumsiness occasioned by old age, uninten­ tionally discharged the pistol so as to produce almost instant death.' " He left one son, Charles,6 who died unmarried. (The second wife of Daniel' Leonard is buried in Newport, R. I. Her "grave and headstone stands near the entrance door ·of Old Trinity Church.") Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard, D.D.

THE ANCIENT TRAINING FIELD OR GREEN, OF THE FIRST SETTLERS OF TAUNTON. Surrounded by Buildings, None of Which Remain To-day. The origin of this representation according to tradi­ tion, is this :-"A painter boarding at the Porter Inn, then situated on the site of the Mason building, south side of City Square, transferred this view of the 'Green' to the panel over the old-fashioned fire-place. When the building was removed in 1851, the panel was carefully removed and remained for years in the office of S. 1,,Villiams, Esq., whose son, S. A. Williams, donated it to the Old Colony Historical Society." A native of Taunton many years ago wrote the following upon Taunton Green:-

91 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

"In former as in recent times the Green has been the principal arena of chivalric military display in the town, the amphitheatre whereon the athlete and gladi­ ator have shown their prowess in the peaceful and sportive exercise of their skill-the rostrum upon which have been elevated to the public gaze, patriots, sages, orators and reformers; and where even poets with frenzied eye have pierced the sky and hearts of listening multitudes with the outpourings of their souls; the warm battle ground of opposing and nearly equal political foes; where the great interests of peace or war, embargo or no embargo, federalism or republi­ canism, 'Adams and liberty,' were openly and ardently discussed; where flashing eye, the lip of scorn, the heated breast and angry blow often followed the tumult of the bosom. The well remembered scene of rejoic­ ing where stood the herald of peace in Feb. 1815, as pure as untrodden snow beneath her feet, holding the olive branch aloft in the undimmed lunar effulgence. The quick hurrah as rapid and moving as the wild cry of the Cossack, 'three times three', and again, as parties fraternized or separated under leafy bowers and on the bright lawn, year after year a generation since made glorious the commemoration of Independence on Taunton Green." Quoted from Catalogue of Old Colony Historical Society, Taunton, Mass.

HON. LEONARD WHITE. Hon. Leonard White6 of Haverhill, Mass., died Oct. 10, 1850, aged 82 years. He was the son· of Sarah5 (Leonard) and John White. He was a native of Haverhill, a direct descendant of William White, the

92 ANCIENT TRAINING FIELD OR GREEN OF THE FIRST SETTLERS OF TAUNTON, MASS.

6 HoN. LEONARD WHITE • first settler of Haverhill, and of Rev. G. Phillips, the first pastor of Watertown. His Christian name was that of his maternal Grand­ father, Rev. Nathaniel4 Leonard of Plymouth, who was grandson of Thomas2 Leonard. His Grandfather Leonard married Priscilla, daughter of Daniel Rogers of Ipswich, who was the Register of Probate for twenty years for this county and a practicing physi­ cian, who on returning from a visit to a patient was bewildered in a snowstorm and perished. Mr. White was a classmate and friend of John Quincy Adams, and they were, before going to College, fellow students with Rev. Mr. Shaw of Haverhill. They were of the class of 1787 at Harvard College. When Mr. White graduated, he was associated in his Commencement performances with James Lloyd and Jonathan Amory and other members of that class. He was married early in life to Mary, eldest daughter of Hon. Tristram Dalton and granddaughter of "King Hooper" of Marblehead. By this marriage he had a numerous family. This lady died and during his last years he married again,-a Mrs. Cummings. Perhaps no man ever lived more distinguished for fidelity to every trust and punctuality in performance of every duty. He was for a great many years Town Clerk and Treas­ urer, and represented his town in the Legislature, and his District in Congress, 1811-1813. At this pe­ riod the Merrimac Bank was incorporated and he be­ came its first Cashier, which office he held with un­ sullied reputation for a quarter of a century, and until the infirmities of age rendered repose from its arduous duties necessary. He was a real gentleman of the old school, of the kindest and most cheerful disposition. He was a member of the Baptist Church, and his old

93 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

age was cheered by the benignant light and cheering hopes of the Gospel in which he was a firm believer and an humble and faithful follower. Modest, retir­ ing and unassuming, he enjoyed most unbounded confidence and trust in his integrity. He declined under repeated attacks of paralysis dur­ ing two years, and his death was as quiet and undis­ turbed as an infant's sleep, and on his tombstone may be most emphatically inscribed,- "Here lies an honest man." RT. REV. ABIEL8 LEONARD. Bishop Abiel8 Leonard-Born June 26, 1848, Fay­ ette, Mo. Son of AbieF and Jeanette (Reeves), grandson of Capt. Nath.6 Leonard, who served in the war of 1812, and with his small command was cap­ tured by the British forces at Ft. Niagara, great grand­ son of Rev. Abiel,5 D. D., pastor of Cong'l Church, Woodstock, Conn.; in 1774, appointed by Washington Chaplain of his army and served in that capacity till his death. His father was one of the most distin­ guished members of the Missouri bar, and served for a term upon the Supreme Bench. The Bishop was educated in preparatory department of Washington University, St. Louis, and graduated at Dartmouth College, 1870, and at Gen'l Theo. Sem., New York, in 1873. \Vas ordained deacon Nov. 4, 1873 at Fay­ ette, Mo., and after eight years service in the diocese of Missouri, became rector of Trinity Church, Atchi­ son, Kansas, where he remained until his elevation to the episcopate in 1888. While residing in Kansas, he had a place upon nearly every important Committee in the diocese and was dean of the eastern convocation and deputy to the Gen'l Convention. Was consecrated Bishop of the Missionary District of Nevada and Utah, 94 ST. LUKE"S CATHEDRAL, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.

RT. REV. ABIEL" LEONARD, D. D.

RT. REV. ABIEL8 LEONARD, D.D.

Jan. 25, 1888, Bishop Vail of Kansas presiding. In 1894 he received the degree of S. T. D. from the Gen­ eral Theological Seminary. At the General Conven­ tion of 1895 his already large field of labor was in­ creased by the addition of the missionary district of Western Colorado, but at the General Convention of 1898, the area of his jurisdiction was lessened, his title becoming the Bishop of Salt Lake. He married Oct. 21, 1875, Flora Terry, dau. of Alex H. Thompson of Sedalia, Mo., and has five children: Ada Cameron, 9 Sallie Thompson, 9 Robert Leverett, 9 Dorothy9 and Margaret.9 Also, from another source, the following:- The Rt. Rev. Abiel8 Leonard, D. D., Missionary Bishop of Salt Lake. Born in Lafayette, Mo., June 26, 1848. Graduated from Dartmou\h College 1870, and from Gen. Theo. Sem. 1873. Ordained Deacon June 29th, 1873, at Church of the Transfiguration, City of New York, by Bishop Robertson. Ordained Priest Nov. 4, 1874, at St. Mary's Church, Fayette, Mo., by Bishop Robertson. Rector of Calvary Church, Sedalia, Mo.; Trinity, Hannibal, Mo.; Trinity, Atchison, Kan. Consecrated Missionary Bishop of Nevada & Utah in Christ Church, St. Louis, Jan. 25, 1888, by Bishops Vail, Quintard, Tuttle, Perry, A. Burgess, Seymour, Walker, Thomas and Talbot. The Gen. Convention of 1895 added Wes tern Colorado to the jurisdiction and changed the style of the Bishop to that of Bishop of Nevada, Utah and Western · Colorado. The Gen. Convention in 1898 rearranged the N. W. Missionary District, and gave the new District of the Bishop the name of Salt Lake. Died Dec. 3d, 1903, aged 55 years. -From Nat'! Cyclop;edia Amer. Biography.

95 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

A MEMORIAL OF A VALIANT LEADER. For sixteen years, first as Bishop of Nevada and Utah, and then as Bishop of Salt Lake-an immense district including portions of four States-the Right Reverend Abiel8 Leonard, D. D., gave himself without reserve to the leadership of the Church, in one of her most difficult missions, either at home or abroad. When he died in December, 1903, a comparatively young man, it was felt that some worthy memorial of his life and work should be erected. One of the enterprises that had made heavy de­ mands upon his sympathies and resources, was St. Mark's Hospital. He had been particularly concerned by the inadequate provision for the comfort of the nurses. For years their sleeping and living quarters were in the hospital basement. At the time of his death he was planning to bring about some better equipment. The General Board of Missions appointed a Leon­ ard Memorial Committee with authority to secure $15,000 with which to erect a memorial home for St. Mark's nurses. Gifts to this fund were made by many of Bishop Leonard's friends, both within and without the District of Salt Lake. On May 8th, 1907, the building was opened. On the first floor are the apartments of the head nurse, assistant head-nurse and night nurse, and the living room, with its dark wood-work, large fire-place, com­ fortable big chairs, well-filled book-cases, and hand­ some rugs. The second and third floors have single rooms for the nurses, each with a window-seat, and as one of the nurses said: "All the rooms are equally attractive." The rooms for probationers are provided with two or three beds, and on the second floor is a

96 THE LEONARD MEMORIAL HOME FOR NURSES, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.

CORNER OF THE LIVING ROOM IN THE LEONARD MEMORIAL HOME.

SAMUELS LEONARD. smaller parlor and a diet kitchen. Thirty-five nurses can be accommodated. In the basement there is a room for a gymnasium, which it is hoped will some time be fitted up when the money is given for that purpose. The ladies of the Hospital Association have assumed the furnishing of the Home, and the ladies of St. Mark's Cathedral Guild assisted in fur­ nishing the beautiful and homelike living room. All who have seen the building declare it to be not only artistic and delightfully homelike, but also a worthy tribute to the memory of Bishop Leonard. In the west window of the transcept of St. Mark's Cathe­ dral is a beautiful stained glass window with the in­ scription :- In loving memory of RT. REV. ABIEL LEONARD, S.T.D., Bishop of Salt Lake, Consecrated 1888. Died 1903. SAMUELs LEONARD, the fourth son of Thomas,2 .. was a man of distinguished piety. He held the office of a deacon, a captain and a justice of the peace. He had four sons and five daughters. Two of his sons were captains, one a justice of the peace, and all of them were deacons. He was born Feb. 1, 1673-4; died April 13, 17 45, aged 71; married Katherine Deane, daughter of Thomas Deane of Taunton, April 17, 1701. His eldest daughter, Bethiah,4 married David How­ ard, Esq., of Bridgewater, and was the mother of Rev. Simeon Howard,5 S. T.D., A. A. S., who was born May 10, 1733, graduated from Harvard University 1758, and was ordained (1767) pastor of the West Church in Boston, of which Church he continued pas­ tor until his death Aug. 13, 1804.

97 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. Hazadiah¼ Leonard, dau. of Deacon Samuel,3 born about 1712, died Oct. 14, 1752, in the 41st year of her age. Married Nov. 8th, 1733, Rev. John Wales, first minister of Raynham, born May 25, 1699, grad­ uated from Harvard College, 1728, died Feb. 23, 1765, aged 65, "in ye 34th year of his ministry." "He was blessed with talents which rendered him very amiable and entertaining in social life. In public prayer his performances were eminent and on some occasions almost unequalled." Prudence W ales,5 eldest daughter of Hazadiah,' born Sept. 12, 1736, died April 11, 1815, married Peres Fobes, D. D., L.L. D., graduated from Harvard Col­ lege 1762, ordained in the ministry at Raynham, Nov. 19, 1766, as the successor of Rev. John Wales, his father-in-law. In 1786 he was elected Prof. of Natural Philosophy in the College of Rhode Island ( now Brown University). He wrote the first genealogy of any considerable extent printed in New England, fur­ nishing for the Massachusetts Historical Collections an account of the Leonard family, particularly of its long­ evity, promotion to office and attachment to the iron manufacture. In his parish was the location of this family; there they built their forge; there they erected their first dwelling; there passed the eventful scenes of their transactions and intercourse with the Indians, particularly with King Philip, that famous and war­ like Chieftain of the red men. By his marriage with the family, as well as by his pastoral relation, he possessed remarkable facilities for acquiring a knowledge of the minutest incidents in the history of the family of his day and generation, and of learning from them and others, on the very ground of their enactment what thrilling and trying scenes the earlier members were obliged to pass through. Many interesting facts and 98 REV. SAMUEL W ALES,5 D.D. anecdotes connected with the family were by his death obliterated from the memory of man. "While a universal scholar, he had a peculiar taste for philosophy. He was the kind parent, able pre­ ceptor, eminent divine, animated preacher and faithful pastor. His faith in the Gospel he preached was ex­ hibited in the various duties of Temperance, Right­ eousness and Piety."-Thus reads his Monumental inscription. He published a sermon on the death of Pres. Man­ ning, 1791 ;-Election Sermon, 1795 ;~History of Raynham 1794 ;-(Mass. Hist. Coll. III.); Sermon to young men, 1794; Sermon at the execution of John Dixson, 1784. Rev. Samuel Wales,5 D. D., brother of Prudence,5 was son of Rev. John Wales and Hazadiah~ Leonard. Graduated at Yale College 1767, and held the office of Professor of Divinity in that institution. His son, Hon. John Wales,6 was State Senator in Congress from Delaware. Catherine Wales,11 sister of Rev. Samuel,5 married Samuel Montgomery, graduate Yale College 1773, a surgeon in the Revolutionary army. Their daughter Catherine,6 married Job Godfrey, Esq., himself, also a descendant. Nancy Fobes,6 eldest daughter of Rev .. Peres and Prudence,5 was born Sept. 8th, 1769, and married the Rev. Simeon Doggett, Oct. 29th, 1797. The Hist. & Genealogical Register remarks that there would seem to be a sort of hereditary charm in the daughters of this family, by whose wand the sev­ eral ministers of the town were enchanted for four generations. Mr. Doggett was born March 6, 1765, graduated at Brown University, 1788, where he was tutor from 1791-1796. He was the first preceptor of Bristol 99 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. Academy at Taunton, openingit by an address for the reception of scholars, July 16, 1796,-and remaining at the head of the institution seventeen years, till 1814, when he resigned it and was settled over the Church at Mendon, Mass. In 1832 he accepted an invitation to become the pastor of the second Congregational Church, in Raynham. Many individuals of eminence who originated in Taunton and vicinity, were educated under his care. He published an address at the open­ ing of Bristol Academy, 1796, a sermon at the ordina­ tion of his son, 1833, and several other discourses. The son of the above, Rev. T. P. Doggettt,7 was or­ dained in the ministry 1833. Polly,6 another daughter of Rev. Peres and Pru­ dence, married Rev. Elijah5 Leonard, of Marshfield. William Reed Deane, a connection of the family, by marriage, (his wife being Abby Doggett,7 daughter of Rev. Simeon Doggett and N ancy6 Fobes, and a great-granddaughter of · Rev. Peres, and Hazadiah4 · Leonard Fobes), died June 16, 1871, aged 69 years. He was a member of the New England Hist. and Genealogical Society, and for a series of years was the Boston correspondent of theN ew Yark Christian Enquirer. Passages from his letters were seized upon, and copied and re-copied into newspapers in every State in the Union. He wielded a ready and graceful pen and had pecular tact in making antiquarian sub­ jects attractive to the general reader. He ably supplemented his wife's grandfather's gene­ alogical work on the Leonard family; the present gen­ eration owes much to him. His wife, Abby7 (Doggett) Deane died May 6, 1861. She was a woman of singular ~xcellence of character, deeply imbued with strict Christian principles and with peculiar domestic virtues which were ever carried 100 DEACON ELIJAH4 LEONARD. out in her most exemplary life, possessing all the ele­ ments of character which fill the ideal of a Christian lady. Was intelligent and of pronounced literary fastes. She was survived by her husband and four children. THE OBITUARY OF MRS. ABBY DEANE. Seldom are we called to put on record the departure of one who possessed more of those elements of char­ acter which fill up our ideal of a true Christian lady. Exceeding ability, winning gentleness, and colloquial ability are qualities which belong to the highest order of female character. These qualities were possessed in a marked degree by the subject of this notice. Intelligent and literary without being pedantic, but her love for these things never became so absorbing as to lift her above, or take her out of the sphere of those necessary but less in­ tellectual occupations and duties that belong to home life. If she had any feeling of pride, ambition or van­ ity, it was directed to worthy objects. She was proud of her children, and was accustomed to point to them as her jewels, like the Roman mother. A lingering illness had prostrated her constitution and confined her to her chamber, and if clouds of gloom gathered around her bedside, soon were they dispersed by her calm and clear visions of the grand realities of the higher life where she had long and steadfastly fixed her hope. Deacon Abiel4 Leonard, son of Deacon Samuel,3 settled in Mansfield. His sons, Deacon Abijah5 and Simeon5 were also residents of the same place. Sophia5 daughter of Deacon Abiel4 was the mother of Leonard Everett6 Esq., of Canton, Mass. Deacon Elijah4 Leonard, son of Deacon Samuel3 101 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. and Katherine (Deane) Leonard, resided at Raynham. He was the father of Rev. Elijah5 Leonard, who grad­ uated at Yale College in 1783, married Polly Wales Fobes,6 May 13, 1792, and settled in the ministry at Marshfield. His son, Rev. George6 Leonard, grad­ uated at Harvard College in 1823, and succeeded his father in the Marshfield ministry, their two pastorates covering a period of 70 years.

REVS. ELIJAH5 and GEORGE6 LEONARD. Of the Rev. George6 Leonard, his daughter, Miss Sarah Eleanor,7 of Charlestown and Marshfield, Head Assistant of Harvard School, Charlestown, Mass., in a ,compilation of several letters, writes as follows:- Marshfield Hills, Mass., July 30th, 1907. 102 REV. ELIJAR5 LEONARD.

My dear Mrs. Koster:- I enclose a sketch of our dear old Marshfield Hills homestead, built in 1803, also my father's photograph and his autograph, my own photgraph (a small one cut from a group), and my grandfather's autograph, Rev. Elijah5 Leonard, born in Raynham in 1760, grad­ uated from Yale in 1783; and died in Marshfield 1834. Grandfather preached 45 years and father 25 years over the Second Congregational Society (now Uni­ tarian), in Marshfield. I have no photograph of my grandfather, only a black silhouette which were com­ mon in those days. I send his profile which is exactly like the original. We, like you, are descended from James1 Leonard, as follows :-1, James, 2, Thomas, 3, Sa;muel, 4, Elijah, 5, Elijah, 6, George (my father), then 7, George Ed­ ward (my brother), 8, Clarence, 9, Arthur. My father had seven children, and I am the only one left. My two brothers, Henry7 and Otis7 grad­ uated at Harvard in 1860 and 1866, where Father grad­ uated in 1783. My brother Henry,7 whose widow and 103 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. daughter live in Plainfield, N. J., was a teacher and a member of the School Committee in Marshfield in his younger days. He died at Santa Barbara, Cal., in 1875. Brother Otis traveled in Europe as a preacher and lecturer and became a remarkable linguist. He spoke four languages fluently, and to amuse child­ ren he used to sing songs in ten different languages. He died in Marienburg, Germany, in 1903. I have been a teacher in Boston the past thirty years. In my youth, I, too, was on the board of School Commit­ tee, in Marshfield, and like my brothers have done some public work in the way of lectures and reading. My father was born in Marshfield, in 1801, and mar­ ried in 1830 Charlotte Emmeline Washburn, of Rayn­ ham. She was a cousin of Elihu B. Washburn, Con­ gressman from Illinois, and during Grant's administra­ tion, Minister to France. My father wrote a history of Marshfield, which I possess in manuscript form and hope to publish before long. My father died in 1881 at the age of 80 years. Never, to my recollec­ tion had he been sick enough to have a doctor until his last illness, and he told me, then, that he never paid a physician five dollars in all his life, on his own account. In answer to wour query-father did not officiate at Daniel Webster's funeral. Webster attended the Orthodox Cong'! Church, and Mr. Alden, the minister of the Church, conducted the services. But father went, and walked in the procession with the other dergymen of the town. I was a little child, but I well remember the day, and seeing my mother fasten the crape on to my father's arm just before he left the house. My father held various offices in the town. For twenty years he served on the board of School Committee and represented the town in the Legis- 104

EPITAPHS OF REVS. ELIJAH5 AND GEORGE6 LEONARD. lature two or three terms. Six generations of our family had, each, a college-bred representative, and five generations have lived in the mansion house at Marshfield Hills. On the desk in the Library are pictures of six generations of the Leonard family. The above facts I think will be of interest for your book. I should like very much to have you publish the epitaphs of my father and grandfather, and send them to you for this purpose. I am, with kind regards, Yours very truly, SARAH7 E. LEONARD.

EPITAPH ON TABLET IN CEMETERY IN MARSHFIELD HILLS NEAR THE SECOND CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. In memory of REV. ELIJAH LEONARD, Born in Raynham, Mass., 1760, Graduated at Yale College, 1783, Ordained Jan. 7, 1789. Died Feb. 8, 1834-aged 74. Having been minister of the Second Congrega­ tional Society in Marshfield, 45 years, thus after a well spent life and faithful ministry, this be­ loved father of his flock has resigned his spirit into the hands of Him who gave it, looking for­ ward to the Crown of Immortality which the Lord the righteous Judge, shall, at the last great day bestow on all his faithful servants. "The sweet remembrance of the just Shall flonrish though they sleep in dust." 105 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. EPITAPH ON STONE OF REV. GEORGE LEONARD. REV. GEORGE LEOiNARD son of Rev. Elijah Leonard, born in Marshfield, May 26, 1801, graduated at Harvard University in 1823, ordained in 1836, at Marshfield. Pastor of the Second Congregational Society in Marshfield twenty-five years. Died July 9, 1881. A faithful and beloved minister, a preacher direct and sincere in speech, an affectionate husband, a kind father, an honored and trusted citizen. His memory will be a legacy of honor and inspiration to this community. "Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord."

CRITICISM OF A LECTURE ENTITLED "MARSHFIELD SIXTY YEARS AGO." published by Rev. George6 Leonard, Marshfield, Mass. It is profitable for a people as well as an individual to pause occasionally and look back to see the prog­ ress it has made; and the Rev. Mr. Leonard has done a good service to his people and to the cause of history in preparing the lecture now before us, as during the period which he has reviewed, as an advance has probably been made in the comforts and conveniences of life as had previously been made from the landing of the Pilgrims to that time. The younger readers of this pamphlet will be sur­ prised to learn that so many of the necessaries of life, as they are now considered, have been introduced within the last sixty years. (1873). 106 ELKANAH3 AND4 LEONARD.

flf(ANAH LfllNAJ\D >l.1.!US£ J"'tlODLf~P~Q,J'YTASS

ELKANAH3 LEONARD, born May 15th, 1677, fifth son of Thomas,2 married Charity Hodges, Mch. 25, 1703. Were married by Thomas2 Leonard, father of Elkanah.3 The children of this marriage were:~ Elkanah,4 born 1703, Middleboro' Joseph,4 " 1705, '_' M. -.foJJN N'HS-0,v Simeon,4 " 1708, " Zebulon,4 " 1711, " Timothy,4 " 1713, " 4 Henry, " 1714, " 4 Thomas, " 1715, " Elkanah3 Leonard was the father of Elkanah4 Leon­ ard, Jr., one of the most distinguished geniuses of his name and day. He practised law in Middleboro' in which place he was tl).e first attorney, and the only one till about 1788. He possessed strong powers of investigation, a sound judgment, and an uncommon brilliancy of wit; and his inv~ive p~ were not surpassed, if equalled, by any of his time. His as­ sistence in the defence in criminal prosecutions was much sought for, and his abilities were never more conspicuous than in those defences, while his success was in proportion to his exertions. He received the appointment of Major at an early age. During the latter part of his life, his mind was obscured. In connection with the name of Elkanah4 107 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. Leonard, the following anecdote from Annals of th.e Bradford family of Plympton (Vol. 4, p. 48, N. E. Hist. & Genealogical Register)-while a digression, is worthy of note:- Deborah Sampson was the famous daughter of Jonathan Sampson and Deborah Bradford, who under the name of Robert Shutleff served for three years as a private soldier in the Revolutionary War. She left her friends, without their knowledge, and going to the house of Elkanah4 Leonard in Middleboro' uncere­ moniously possessed herself of his clothing and dis­ guised herself. She served in Captain Johnson's regi­ ment and in a company commanded by Capt. Webb. After the war she returped to her home in Plympton and married Benj. Gaunett, of Sharon. She died in 1827, up to which time she drew a pension. She was in a skirmish in Tarrytown and badly wounded with a musket ball, but her sex was not discovered. She was at the surrender of Cornwallis, and honorably discharged after performing service "manfully." Elkanah4 Leonard was a man of unusual ability. He represented the town of Middlesboro' from the year 1735 to 17 43 with the exception of the year 1738. He held the office of His Majesty's Justice of the Peace from 1736 to his death in 1777. Was one of the Selectmen from 1733 to 1742. He was Major of the First Regiment, Plymouth Co. Militia. He died July 24th, 1777 in the 74th year of his age. He was buried in the Cemetery of the Taunton and Lakeville Congregational Society, a brown stone mark­ ing the place. He was a member of the First Church under the Half Way Covenant. Of Elkanah4 Leonard it is said his memory. was so retentive that whatever he read was safely deposited in the cabinet of his recollections. Such was his forti- 108 JAMES 2 LEONARD. tude of mind that on his first appearance at the bar he would manage the most difficult cases without any apparent timidity. He soon attracted executive and legislative notice. Was much famed for the accuracy of his forms of declaration. Between the years of 1730-40, when a Committee of the House of Repre­ sentatives was appointed to manage an intricate case in which the Province was engaged, they were in­ structed by the House to consult Elkanah4 Leonard, to take his opinion and engage his assistance.-From Samuel L. Knapp's Biographical Sketches of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen al).d Men of Letters. The New England Hist. and Geneal. Reg., in a de­ scription of old tombstones, notes the following:- "The following are from stones in the ancient burial ground of the Precinct Congregational Church of Lakeville and Taunton. The stones are not smoother than the hand of nature made them, and all letters capitals:- 'HERE LIES A CHILD OF ELKAN AH LEONARD DIED IN THE YEAR 1711. HERE LIES THE BODY OF ELKANAH LEONARD, AGED 38. DIED IN THE YEAR 1714. DEC. YE 29. HENRY LEONARD, BORN AND DIED IN THE YEAR 1714. THOMAS LEONA'."

SOME DESCENDANTS OF JAMES2 LEONARD. James2 Leonard and his son James3 were both Cap­ tains and both lived to be more than eighty years old. The latter "had three sons and five daughters; two of the sons were military officers, and all of them lived to be near the the age of seventy." 109 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. His oldest daughter, Lydia4 was the wife of Col.· Thos. Cobb. Lydia4 Leonard ( wife of Thomas Cobb), was a woman of sound character, and of such worth that the Taunton Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution honor her memory in taking her name for their chapter. A Society whose object is to perpet­ uate the memory and the spirit of the men and women who achieved American Independence could hardly take a chapter name more fitting than that of Lydia Cobb, a representative of families so distinguished for their brave and patriotic service in the Colonial and Revolutionary Wars as the Leonards and the Cobbs. The Lydia Cobb Chapter was organized with forty­ two names on its membership roll, and received its charter Nov. 8, 1896. It numbers now (1913), one hundred and twenty-six members. RALPH DAVOL, 10 MARYL. PAIGE.

Lydia4 Leonard Cobb was the mother of Hon. David Cobb,5 who graduated from Harvard College 1766, and for many years practised as a physician in Taunton. He was a member of the Provincial Congress in 1775, and for several years during the Revolutionary War, "be­ longed to the military family of Gen. Washington." After the close of the war, he "became a Major Gen­ eral of Militia in the Old Colony, as the southern counties were called, and he was also for several years a Judge of the Court of Pleas in the county of Bristol." It was while he held these two offices, during Shay's Rebellion, that he uttered the memorable saying that he "would sit as a Judge or die as a General." He was a representative in Congress from 1793-1795; "a member of the Senate and of the House of Representa- 110 HoN. CuRns GuILns. tives in Mass., and sometime Speaker of the latter and President of the former; and afterwards a member of the Executive Committee and Lieutenant Governor for the year 1809. He had great knowledge of the world, was a very entertaining companion and was justly esteemed an honorable man. His son, David G. W. Cobb,6 Esq., was a resident of Taunton. He married Abby Crocker,7 and their daughter, Sarah Crocker Cobb,7 married Curtis Guild, of Boston, a journalist and author. Their son, Curtis Guilds born in 1860, graduated with distinction from Harvard College, in the class of '81, and was class orator. He has served his state as Governor, and has been in the Diplomatic Service as Ambassador to Rus­ sia. His daughter, Eunice6 married Hon. Samuel S. Wilde, L. L. D., great-nephew of Hon. Samuel White, Speaker of the House of Representatives in Mass., at the time of the Stamp Act., whose circular called to­ gether the first Congress at New York, October 1765, and whose two daughters, Experience and Anna mar­ ried respectively the two cousins Hon. George5 Leon­ ard and Hon. Daniel5 Leonard. Hon. Samuel Wilde graduated from Dartmouth College 1789; was ap­ pointed in 1815 a Judge of the Supreme Judicial Court of Mass., and resigned his seat on the bench in 1815, at more than eighty years of age. They were the parents of Eunice Wilde7 who married Hon. William Emmons of Augusta, Me., son of the late Rev. Nathan­ iel Emmons, D. D. of Franklin, Mass. Delia Em­ mons,8 daughter of William and Eunice,7 is the wife of Rev. Mr. Tappan of Charlestown, Mass. George Sumner Wilde,7 Esq., is Clerk of the Mass. S. J. Court.

111 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Hannah Cobb,5 sister of Hon. David,5 was the sec­ ond wife of the Rev. Josiah Crocker of Taunton. Their daughter, Hannah,6 "a lady of great usefulness, many virtues and distinguished energy of character" mar­ ried Ralph Hart Bowles, Esq., of Boston, an officer in the Revolutionary Army, from the commencement of hostilities until the close of the war. He was at the Battle of Monmouth, and in other engagements. He commanded the first company that entered New York, after the evacuation by the British. Their son, Stephen J. Bowles,7 Esq., married Elizabeth Thorndike Wallace, whose daughter, Elizabeth Wallace Bowles8 married J. Wingate Thornton of Boston. Leonard Crocker Bowles,7 Esq., of Boston, another son of Ralph Hart Bowles, married Catherine Cush­ ing, daughter of Martin Lincoln, Esq., and grand­ daughter of the late Gen. Benjamin Lincoln of the Revolutionary Army. Their daughter, Mary Eliza­ beth,8 married William Crosby, of the firm of Crosby and Nichols of Boston. Sarah,5 another sister of Hon. David Cobb,5 married Hon. Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Their son, Robert Treat Paine,6 a poet of celebrity at the beginning of the 19th Century, was the author of the one time well­ known song, "Adams and Liberty." His son, Robert Treat Paine,7 of Bosto11, was a distinguished astron­ omer. Charles Paine,6 another son of the signer of the Declaration of Independence, was the father of Chas. C. Paine7 of Boston, who married a daughter of Hon. Charles Jackson, one of the Judges of the Massa­ chusetts S. J. Court, from 1813-1824. Antoinette Paine,6 sister of Charles,6 was the wife of Deacon Samuel Greele, of Boston. Her sister, Mary,6 mar-

112 ROBERT TREAT PAINE.

ried Rev. Elisha Clapp, late of Boston. Robert Treat Paine,6 author of "Adams and Lib­ erty" was born at Taunton, Diec. 9, 1778, and died Nov. 11, 1811. His name had been, originally Thomas, but he applied to the Legislature to allow him to take the name of his father, on the ground that since Tom Paine had borne it he "had no Chris­ tian name." He was a graduate of Harvard College, and gave promise of an unusually bright intellect, but was vain and lazy and would do no work, even with his pen, except when compelled to by poverty. He married an actress and was denied his father's house and purse. He received enormous sums for his pro­ ductions; his "Invention of Letters" brought him $5.00 a line, and for "Adams and Liberty" he received $750.00, a fabulous sum for the time. After this had been written, Paine was dining with Major Benjamin Russell, of the Sentinel when he was told that his song had no mention of Washington. The host said he could not fill his glass till the error had been corrected, whereupon the author after a moment's thought, scratched off the last stanza of the song as it now stands. The air to which it was written is an old English hunting tune, entitled "Anacreon in Heaven," com­ posed by Samuel Arnold, born at Oxford, England, Aug. 10, 1740. He received a fine musical education and before he was twenty-three years old was the composer for Covent Garden Theatre He became organist to the King, composer for the chapels royal, and conductor of the Academy of Music. He died Oct. 22, 1802. Following is the song:-

113 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

I. Ye sons of Columbia who bravely have fought For those rights which unstained from your sires have descended, May you long taste the blessings your valor has bought And your sons reap the soil which your father's defended. Mid the reign of mild peace May your nation increase With the glory of Rome and wisdom of Greece; And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls a wave. II. In a clime whose rich vales feed the marts of the world Whose shores are unshaken by Europe's commotion, The trident of commerce should ne'er be hurled To increase the legitimate powers of the ocean; But should pirate invade, Though in thunder arrayed, Let your cannon declare the free charter of trade, For ne'er shall the sons, etc. III. The fame of our arms, of our laws the mild sway Had justly ennobled our nation in story. Till the dark clouds of faction obscured our young day And enveloped the sun of American glory; But let traitors be told Who their country have sold And bartered their God for His image in gold, That ne'er shall the sons, etc. IV. While France her huge limbs bathes recumbent in blood, And society's base threats with wide dissolution, May peace, like the dove who returned from the flood, Find an ark of abode in our mild constitution. But though peace is our aim Yet the boon is disdain If bought by our sovereignty, Justice or fame. For ne'er shall the sons, etc. V. 'Tis the fire of the flint each American warms, Let Rome's haughty victors beware of collision, Let them bring all the vassals of Europe in arms, We've a world by ourselves and disdain a provision. 114 "ADAMS AND LIBERTY."

While with patriot pride To our laws we're allied No foe can subdue us, no faction divide. For ne'er shall the sons, etc. VI. Our mountains are crowned with imperial oak, Whose roots, like our liberties, ages have nourished; But long e'er our nation submits to the yoke Not a tree shall be left on the field where it flourished. Should invasion impend Every grove would descend From the hill-tops they shaded, our shores to defend. For ne'er shall the sons, etc. VII. Let our patriots destroy Anarch's pestilent worm Lest our liberty's growth should be checked by corrosion; Then let clouds thricken, round us, we heed not the storm; Our realm fears no shock but the earth's own explosion. Foes assail us in vain Though their fleets bridge the main For our altars and laws with our lives we'll maintain For ne'er shall the sons, etc. VIII. Let Fame to the world sound America's voice No intrigue can her sons from the government sever; Her pride are her statesmen, their laws are her choice, And shall flourish till liberty slumbers forever. Then with heart and hand, Like Leonidas' band And swear to the God of the ocean and land, That ne'er shall the sons, etc. IX. Should the tempest of war overshadow our land Its bolts could ne'er rend Freedom's temple asunder; For unmoved at its portals would Washington stand And repulse with his breast the assaults of the thunder From its scabbard should leap His sword from its sleep And conduct with its point every flash to the deep. For ne'er shall the sons, etc. Another record says that Robert Treat Paine6 re­ ceived $10.00 per line for the above song.

115 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Another estimable descendant of James2 Leonard was his great-grandson, James,5 the fifth of the name. There are no available records of him, but the inscription on his tombstone throws all the light we need upon his character. His brother referred to, Nathaniel,5 was Lieut.-Col. Nathaniel Leonard, a staff­ officer in 1775. "Capt. James5 Leonard, brother of Nathaniel,5 died 1793. His headstone inscription is as follows:- .,. "Erected to the memory of Capt. James Leonard-' in whom Prudence, Economy, Benevolence and Gen­ erosity were happily and conspicuously united, who having in various capacities through life deservedly sustained the character of a man of strict probity and honor, and obliging friend, and kind and hospit­ able neighbor, died July 14, 1793, aged 70 yrs., Honored, Beloved, Lamented." Stephens Leonard, son of James,2 was a justice of the peace, and a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Born Dec. 14, 1680. Died 1743. His oldest son, Major Zephaniah/ was born Mch. 18, 1704, married Apl. 24. 1724, Hannah,4 daughter of John and Alice Kings of Raynham, and granddaughter of Isaac Deane and Hannah Leonard,2 daughter of James1 the Taunton settler. He was a man of enter­ prise and energy, possessing a great native dignity of character and filled with honor the distinguished sta­ tion in society which he attained. In 1761 he was appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, which office he held till his death. When Zephaniah4 Leonard fell heir to the old Gothic House, he did not fail to keep up the traditiGns of the mansion for hospitality and good cheer. Nobody occu­ pies precisely the same position in society nowadays,

116 MAJOR ZEPHANIAH4 LEONARD. as the men of that generation did in their time. In his immediate sphere, Zephaniah Leonard was the great man, the autocrat,-in short-of his day. He was Major of the County Regiment, and Captain of the Cavalry attached to it. By a remarkable coincidence, he and his wife Han­ nah,4 died on the same day, Apl. 23, 1776; he in his 63d year, and she in her 62d year; and were buried in the same grave. The Rev. Peres Fobes who so easily mistook one house for another, made another mistake which will not be so soon forgotten nor so easily forgiven. It was a custom when any person of distinction in the community had died, to apply to the minister for an epitaph. Who should better know all the qualities of his parishioners? Who so well the exact line of Scripture fit to hit the case? Upon the decease of Major Zephaniah4 and his wife, their pastor, Rev. Mr. Fobes, composed their epitaph into which some traces of an old family feud are thought to have crept, either inadvertently, or with irony prepense. Be that as it may, here. is the inscription as originally cut, though one line is now wanting:- "To dust and silence so much worth consigned Sheds a sad gloom o'er vanities behind. Such are pursuits I Proud mortals vainly soar. See here! The wise, the virtuous are no more. How mean Ambition! How contemptuous state! How dim the tinsel glories of the Great. Even the Leonards undistinguished fall, And death and hovering darkness hide us all." The disappearance of this one line of the inscription is accounted for in this way :-By the descendants of the defunct, who believed they knew how to read be­ tween the lines, it was considered more in the light of condemnation rather than of commendation. Ac-

117 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. cordingly, on one memorable day, a certain moody· young man took a hammer and chisel with which he incontinently erased the objectionable line. So it now appears on the sarcophagus erected over the re­ mains in the Plains Cemetery. A description of the tomb is worth recording :-"In the ancient 'N eek of Land' burying-ground there is a very remarkable epi­ taph carved upon a horizontal slab, 7x4, supported by six pillars; there is a picture of a coffin on the slab and under the lines of this grotesque drawing are these words, 'Parentibus octimus bene murentibus,' surmounting the whole is 'Zephaniah Leonard, Esq. who died April 25th, 1766 in the 63rd year of his age, and Hannah his wife, who died ye same day, in the 62nd year of her .age." The epitaph follows. as above: Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard, D. D. Rev. Silas• Leonard of New York, was a brother of Zephaniah4 Leonard. Major Zephaniah4 and Hannah Leonard were the parents of fourteen children, nine daughters and five sons. 1 Joshua5 8 Phebe5 (lived 1 year) 2 Marys 9 Prudence5 3 Prudence5 (lived 1 yr.) 10 Abigail5 4 Silences 11 Apollos5 5 Annas 12 Phebe5 6 Abigail5 (lived 4 years) 13 Silas5 7 Zephaniah5 14 Samuel5 Their oldest child, Captain J oshuas was born Jan. 5, 1724-5, and died Nov. 27, 1816, aged ninety-one. His oldest child, Rev. Joshua,6 graduated at Brown Uni­ versity 1788, being a classmate of Rev. Simeon Dog­ gett of Raynham, who married Nancy Fobes,6 great granddaughter of Samuel3 Leonard. He was born

118 DESCENDANTS OF ZEPHANIAH4 LEONARD.

June 25, 1769, died Dec. 18, 1843, aged seventy-five·. He was first settled at Ellington, Ct., from whence he went in 1797-8 to Cazenovia, N. Y., then in its infancy; and on the 17th of May, 1799, formed the first Pres­ byterian Church in that place, consisting of only nine members. He was pastor of this Church about four­ teen years, when on account of ill health he resigned his charge,-the Church then numbering 127 mem­ bers. He was the first pastor who settled west of what is now Oneida and Otsego counties. In a post­ script to a theological work published by him a few years before his death, he says, "I was the first pastor who settled in this wide region of country. I was a single independent Congregational minister. From Cazenovia to the Pacific Ocean there was not one Congregational or Presbyterian pastor; not one in this state to the north or west of me; not one to the east, nearer than Mr. Steele, of Paris, Oneida County." Although originally a Presbyterian, as he advanced in life he altered his religious views and became a Uni­ tarian. He published an able apology for the change of his views and secession ( Christian Register, January 27, 1844.) Peyton Randolph6 Leonard, Esq., brother of Rev. Joshua,6 inherited the ancient mansion of the family. Olive,7 daughter of the latter, has been a contributor in poetry and prose, to various periodicals. She mar­ ried Theodore Foster of New York, since of California. Artemus6 Leonard, Esq., another brother of Rev. Joshua,6 was born 25th of July, 1783. He was for­ merly President of the Central Bank, Hallowell, Me. His brother Isaac,6 born 14th of August, 1790, was formerly of this city (Taunton) now of Illinois. He married Julia, daughter of Hon. Seth Washburn of

119 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Raynham. They had two sons and one daughter. Col. Zephaniah,6 brother of Captain Joshua,6 grad­ uated from Yale College 1758. He married Abigail Alden, a descendant of John Alden the Pilgrim. She died Jan. 25, 1845, aged nearly 101 years. He was Sheriff of Bristol Co., in which office he was succeeded by his son Horatio,7 that office having been filled by the two individuals for upwards of seventy years. Horatio7 Leonard married first, Sept. 29, 1812, Fanny Washburn, and secondly, Mrs. Haven of Ports­ mouth, daughter of Andrew Cunningham of Boston. By his first wife he had two children, Gustavus8 and Maria Crocker.8 Gustavus8 died within a few years leaving two children. Abigail,5 a sister of Capt. Joshua5 and tenth child 4 4 of Major Zephaniah and Hannah (King ) Leonard, was the wife of Josiah Crocker, son of Rev. Josiah of Taunton, and the mother of William Crocker,6 and Samuel Crocker,6 who married for his first wife, Sally,6 daughter of Apollos5 Leonard, and for his second, a sister of Hon. Francis Baylies. Samuel5 Leonard, the youngest son of Major Zeph­ aniah4 and Hannah/ was a merchant at Taunton. His son, George,6 married a daughter of Samuel Fales, and was a physician of that place. Dr. George6 Leonard was an old time resident of Taunton. He had an extensive practice, and was a re­ markably pleasant, kind and warm-hearted gentleman. He was the son of Hon. Samuel5 Leonard, an extensive manufacturer principally in the iron business, who kept a large store nearly opposite his elegant mansion at Hopewell, with its capacious carriage building and out-houses. Mr. Leonard was among the earliest manufacturers

120 DARK DAY OF 1780. of iron in the place, and ranked high among its arisT tocracy of blood and wealth. It was said when he visited Saratoga Springs, his establishment consisted of a coach and four with driver and postilion. Reminiscences of Taunton, by Charles R. Atwood. Ezekiel B., 6 a brother of Dr. George, 6 married a daughter of Jonathan Ingell, and had two daughters, Harriet,7 wife of Wm. A. Brown of Boston, and Almira J., 7 wife of J. S. Rounds of Taunton. Mary,6 sister of Ezekial B., 6 and Dr. George,6 mar­ ried Thos. Bush, of Taunton and had three sons:­ Samuel L. Bush,7 of New York, James P.,7 and Fred­ erick T.,7 one time U.S. Consul at Hong Kong, China. John Burroughs Hopkins6 and Esek Samuel Hop­ kins6 Leonard, half-brothers of Ezekial B.,6 and Dr. George,6 graduated from Brown University 1814. THE DARK DAY OF 1780. Of especial interest because of its having been written by a Leonard. We reprint from the Taunton Republican, January, 1862, the following account of the famous dark day in 1780, written by one who witnessed it, supposed to be Mr. Apollos5 Leonard of Norton. The account was furnished to the Republican by Mrs. W. A. West of Norton. "May 19th, 1780--on Friday, Thunder in the morn­ ing; after break of the day the forenoon very dark and some rain, the appearance of the clouds very yel­ low. About 12 o'clock, at noon, lighted a candle to get dinner and dined by about one. The darkness increased greatly, continued to grow darker until half past one o'clock. In the greatest darkness could 121 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. scarcely see R. Leonard's house or barn and the shadows of persons in the room were as perceptible on the wall, by reason of the light of the candle or fire, as at any time in the night, and about that time the darkness abated and ten minutes after two o'clock there was a sprinkle of rain. Half after three o'clock the darkness was entirely dispelled and from various observations made of several objects at a distance, and near by, the darkness was as great, when at the height, as it was the evening of the same day at 40 minutes after 7 o'clock, if not exceeding it. N.B. The yellow appearance after the light ushered in, left the horizon very soon. Saturday, 20th,-Cold and cloudy morning. Wind at N. East. About eleven o'clock the same night, darkness was exceeding that of any ever known in this generation, and continued three hours, although at the same time there was a full moon." This interesting article is from N. E. Hist. & Geneal. Register, Vol. 17, p. 333, and was written by Apollos5 Leonard, the eleventh child of Major Zephaniah4 and 4 Hannah (King ) Leonard (considered on Page 118). He was born in Raynham, Aug. 3, 1744, was grad­ uated from Harvard College with the degree of A. M., in 1786, and married Sally White. He died Nov. 11, 1799. Mrs. Abigail6 Cunningham was a daughter of Zeph­ aniah5 Leonard, and granddaughter of Major Zeph­ aniah,4 born in Raynham July 10, 1769, and died in Boston Oct. 11, 1859, aged ninety years. Hers was a happy and honored old age. She possessed great dig­ nity, modesty and sincerity, and by her easy and intel­ ligent conversation, her pleasant and cheerful voice, her happy and sparkling countenance, she was the attrac-

122 ANDREW CUNNINGHAM. tion of all, old and young. Sincerity, purity and eleva.: tion of thought preserved her faculties from decay and kept them vigorous to the last days of her long and useful life. Few have filled so beautifully and perfectly their sphere on earth. She married Mar. 8, 1795, David West, Esq., of the firm of Thomas and West, Boston. After his death she married Andrew Cunningham, July 11, 1811. By her first husband she had one daughter, Abby,7 who married Andrew Cunningham, Jr., son of the preceding, of the firm of A. & C. Cunningham of Boston.

Andrew Cunningham, Sr., was a prominent Bos­ tonian, and a brief sketch of his life, and his auto­ graph, will be interesting in this connection. He was born in Boston, Feb. 16, 1760, and died at Elm Hill, his summer home in Roxbury, Aug. 27, 1829, and was buried in the Granary Burying Grounds in Boston. On Mch. 16, 1774, he was appointed usher and assist­ ant at the Smith Writing School, and his copy book dated 25th Feb. 1774 (and in the possession of the writer of the article quoted), is in a fine and elegant style and shows him to have been a remarkable pen­ man. In 1777 he was a private in Capt. Mayo's Co., Col. Brook's Regiment, and on duty with American troops at Cambridge Arsenal. In early life he was a merchant, but in 1799 became Secretary of the Massa­ chusetts Fire Insurance Co., and held that position until his death. He was a well-known figure among 123 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. old Boston merchants whom he met daily "on 'change." Was a member of the Ancient and Honor­ able Artillery Co. of Boston and its Commander in 1793-having joined the organization in 1786. He was Adjutant of the Boston Regt. from 1787 to 1789, Quarter Master of 1st Division Massachusetts Volun­ teer Militia from 1789 to 1793, and Deputy Quarter Master from 1794 to 1801. His second wife, as has been stated, was Abigail6 Leonard. By his first wife he had all of his children. He lived in his early days in the family homestead, 90 Newbury Street, but in 1806 he moved to 1 Somer­ set Place (now Allston Street), cor. Somerset Street. His portrait is in the History of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Co., Vol. 2, p. 270.

RT. REV. WILLIAM ANDREW8 LEONARD. Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Ohio. William Andrew8 Leonard, D. D., son of William Boardman7 and Louisa D., traces his ancestry through James 1 Leonard, James,2 Stephen,3 Joshua,4 Silas,° Stephen Banks,6 and William Boardman. 7 He was born in Southport, Conn., July 15, 1848. Educated at the Polytechnic School, Brooklyn; James Betts' School, Stamford, Conn.; Phillips' Academy, Andover, Mass.; St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. Grad­ uated at Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn., May 30, 1871. Ordained Deacon by the Rt. Rev. John Williams, Bishop of Conn., in Middletown, Conn., May . 30, 1871. Ordained Priest by same Bishop in St. John's Church, Stamford, Conn., July 21, 1872. Consecrated fourth Bishop of Ohio in St. Thomas' Church, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1889. Married April 17, 1873

124 RT. REV. WILLIAM ANDREW' LEONARD, D.D.

RT. REV. W. A. 8 LEONARD, D.D. to Sarah Louisa, daughter of Thomas and Phoebe Saxton Sullivan of Brooklyn, N. Y. He was chaplain of the 23rd Regt., N. G. S. N. Y., Curate of Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1871-1872; Rector of the Church of The Redeemer, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1872- 1880; Rector of St. John's Parish, Washington, D. C., 1880-1889; Chaplain of the Ohio Society in N. Y.; Chaplain of the Sons of Colonial Wars, Ohio. The Cathedral is Trinity of Cleveland, Ohio. Residence, Cleveland, Ohio. A descendant of James3 Leonard was Charlotte Hodges,6 who married Hon. Marcus Morton, Governor of Mass. Her line of descent was through J erusha4 (Leonard) Hodges, granddaughter of James2 (Leon­ ard. LILLIAN RUSSELL. Among other weII-known people belonging to the Leonard family, we must not forget to include the famous and beautiful actress, Helen Louise9 Leonard, known on the stage as Lillian RusseII, who is vastly proud of her family connection and uses as her book­ plate the family arms. Her photograph wiII be found on the following page. She is a native of Iowa, and a descendant in the ninth generation of James,1 the Taunton settler.

TWO DESCENDANTS OF BENJAMIN2 LEONARD. Elisha Clark 7 Leonard of New Bedford, Massachu­ setts, was born in Rochester, Mass., Sept. 3d, 1819,

125 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. and died in New Bedford, Sept. 7th, 1894. He was descended from tlie English family of Leonard, the founder of the family in this country being James1 Leonard. The ancestral line of Elisha Clark7 Leonard runs thus :-James,1 (son of Thomas), who married in Lynn and was made freeman of that town in 1668, Benjamin,2 Joseph,3 (born Jan. 22d, 1692), Philip,4 George,5 Nehemiah,6 (who married Hannah Tinkham Clark), and Elisha Clark.7 He was a successful busi­ ness man, a genealogist and antiquarian. He was educated at the Friends' Academy, New Bedford, and at Pierce Academy, Middleboro' under Prof. J. W. P. Jenks. In early manhood he engaged in the oil busi­ ness with his father in New Bedford. In 1850 he went in the same business with Mr. Francis Rodman of Springfield. In 1856 he went into the carpet business in New Bedford. In 1857 he was a member of the City Council; from 1871-2 was U. S. Ass't Assessor; from 1873-76 was Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. After that time he was not in active business. He wrote valu­ able papers for the "Old Colony" for many years. Among his valuable papers are-"Reminiscences of Ancient Iron Works and Leonard Mansions of Taun­ ton," and "King Philip's gift to King James." He was a prominent member of the Masonic Fra­ ternity and occupied a number of honorable positions in that Order. He left a fine collection of family records and much valuable material concerning ancient boundaries and landmarks. He married Nov. 24, 1842, Elizabeth Bourne Ellis, daughter of Thomas and Rosetta Howland Ellis. A son and two daughters survive him.

126

LETTER OF ELISHA CLARK7 LEONARD.

COPY OF LETTER TO MY GRANDFATHER; HON. MOSES G. 1 LEONARD, FROM ELISHA CLARK1 LEONARD, OF NEW BEDFORD MASS., AN EXPERT GENEALOGIST WHO DIED SEPT. 7th, 1894. New Bedford, Mass., Moses G. 7 Leonard, Esq., Nov. 12, 1885. My dear Sir:- I received your letter of the 11th to-night, and you pleased me so much by your kind, interesting and prompt reply that I answer it to-night. You are not of the line of Rev. Abiel5 Leonard. He was son of Rev. Nathaniel4 who was settled in Plymouth, many years, and finally came back to Norton and died. I have read Miss Larned's Windham County, and the account of him is interesting, but I want to get hold of his descendants. Perhaps she can tell me where they may be found. But your letter opens up the descend­ ants of Jacob. 5 You speak as though you did not know much of anything beyond him, and were anxious to know more. Well, I will help you, and hope it will please you and that you will give me an account of his descendants, Jacob 5 Leonard was born April 8, 1742. When he died, or where, I know not. He married, 1st -Rhoda Wheeler, born Dec. 23d, 1747, the daughter of Philip of Rehoboth, and his second wife was *Lucy Jenks, sister of Chief Justice Daniel Jenks of Provi­ dence. I have none of his children. He was the son of Jacob 4 Leonard, born 1716, died March ltf:, 1743 in his 27th year. He married Mary Wild, Oct. 13, 1737, and had Jonathan,5 (born Apr. 17, 1738, married first, Elea­ nor Campbell and second, Rebecca Smith); Mary,5 *This statement cannot be verified. F. L. K. 127 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

born on April 14, 1740, and Jacob, Jr.3 Jacob4 was the son of Wiliam3 who was born probably about 1688, as he is put next to q:~ia1l,s whose birth is given 1686, and as Jacob4 was born 1716, it would make him 28, when Jacob, Jr. 5 was born. There is no mistake about this, for Williams sells to his "son, Jacob,4" as he calls him in the deed, the northerly part of his homestead, and this homestead Williams received of his father, Uriah.2 Uriah2 was the youngest son of Ja:mes 1 the immigrant. Now this Williams has caused me a good deal of trouble or labor. There are three Williams on the land records, all about the same age, having land in Taunton and Norton. I thought I had him about two or three years ago as the William who married Sarah Bolton, and went on getting the descendants in Taun­ ton and working up tp.e line, but about a month or two ago I was at Plymouth and looking them up there I found transfers of land which satisfied me that he was a Leonard, and moved into Norton, or Taunton, whilst Uriah's William3 had lived in Norton, but came back and took part of his father's homestead, sold off part to his son, Jacob,4 and mortgaged the rest to Colonel William White. This mortgage ran some years, and then he gave a new mortgage and died in 1772. The mortgage was released a year or two after his death· by Col. White's widow, and the old index says "to heirs of Williama Leonard." As the two persons to whom the release was given, married Leonard girls, it looks all straight. Besides, I am rather pleased that I throw out this other "William tribe" although I have spent much time upon them, some memorandums were not very acceptable. William3 had a brother James,3 and I have been badly bothered with four James all living at the same time, at, and near Whit-

128 LETTER OF ELISHA CLARK7 LEONARD. tington, and I was exceedingly bothered about a mar-· riage of a James, say in 1737, but I tnink it was this James. He had the other part of Uriah's2 farm, and sold out everything a few years after to a Wilbeen, and perhaps went to Windham. The Jonathan5 above mentioned (oldest son of Jacob and Mary Wild) was father of Hon. Cromwel16 Leon­ ard of Norton, so you can put it down with confidence, that your line is James,1 Uriah,2 William,3 Jacob,4 Jacob5 Jr., and so on. - Uriah,3 William's8 older brother, lived in Norton a spell, mortgaged his place, and went to Stoughton where he had a forge, and where he died in 1772, aged 86 years. He married Abigail Stone, and had six children, some of his descendants are there now, I be­ lieve, but I have not seen them, nor had any communi­ cations from them. Some of his descendants were very respectable people, and married with good fam­ ilies. I am glad to hit you as you are one of the genuine tribe, and as I had been digging into the family history I wrote a paper and gave it to the Old Colony Hist. Society, Capt. Hall read it and I send you a copy as it relates to the head of the Taunton Leonards, in this country, and I quote from a deposi­ tion of Uriah, or one prepared for him to sign; altho' he did not sign this, perhaps, he signed one that went into the case. Now, if you want more, write me and I will do what I can to answer you, and I want you to 5 either give me the descendants of Jacobs,4 and , births. deaths and marriages, and where they lived, or put me in a way that I can write and obtain the information. Yours truly, ELISHA CLARK7 LEON ARD.

129 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

CLARENCE ETTIENNE8 LEONARD Born at New Bedford, Mass., February 10, 1854, son of Ephraim Wilkes (7) Leonard James ( 6), Ephraim (5), Philip (4), Joseph (3), Benjamin (2), James (1), and Me­ lancie Dean (7), Godfrey-(Samuel) (6), John (5), George (4), John (3), Richard (2), Richard (1), of Taunton, Mass. He was a Teller in the Slater National Bank of Paw­ tucket, R. I., and then Proprietor of the Union Furnace Company foundry of Taunton, Mass. He was married October 6, 1875, to Lizzie Standish Wright (Joseph, John, Benjamin) and removed from Taun­ ton, Mass., in October, 1883, to the City of New York where he became a stockbroker, purchasing a seat on the Consolidated Stock Exchange, and residing for fifteen years at the suburb of Irvington-on-Hudson, and the last twelve years at Caryl, Yonkers, N. Y., his present home. He was a Governor of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York, and a member of the Hudson-Fulton Cele­ bration Commission of the State of New York, Secretary of the Historical, the Patriotic Societies, and Lower Hud­ son Committees, and Assistant Secretary of the Commis­ s10n. He was also Secretary of the Yonkers Citizens Com­ mittee. As Secretary of the Lower Hudson Committee and Executive Aide he had charge of the Celebration Parade of Historical Floats through Yonkers, Hastings, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, Tarrytown, Nyack, Ossining, Peekskill, to Cold Spring, during the week from October 3rd to 9th, 1909. He was Secretary-General of the Society of Mayflower Descendants and Secretary of the New York State Society; Secretary-General of the Order of Founders and Patriots of America of which he is now Registrar-General, and Registrar of the New York State Society of the Order, of which he is a Life Member. 130 DESCENDANTS OF URIAH2 LEONARD. He is a member also of the Sons of the Revolution of New York, Life Member .of the Sons of the American Revolution of Massachusetts and of the Robert Treat Paine Chapter of Taunton, Mass., Life Member of the Old Colony Historical Society, Secretary of the Leonard Family Association, and member of the New York Ge­ nealogical and Biographical Society, etc., etc.

SOME DESCENDANTS OF URIAH2 LEONARD. Of Uriah2 Leonard, youngest son of James,1 through whose descendants the Compiler traces her ancestry, there are but meagre details. He lived to be about eighty years of age. During Philip's War, being then about thirteen or fourteen years of age, as he was rid­ ing from Taunton to the Forge, he was "discovered and fired upon by the Indians. He instantly plucked off his hat, swung it around, which startled his horse, and in full career, he reached the forge-dam without a wound; but several bullets were shot through the hat he held in his hand, and through the neck of the horse, near the mane, from which the blood on both sides gushed and ran down on both legs." Rev. Dr. Fobes, Mass. Hist. Coll. 111, 171. Of Uriah2 Leonard's sons, four lived to be more than eighty years of age, and all of his daughters above seventy-five years. Of the sons we find that Uriah3 and William3 are mentioned as being "members of 1st Foot Company of Taunton in 1710. Major Thomas Leonard In Command. James Leonard, Captain Lieut. Samuel Leonard, Sergeant. Stephen Leonard, Clerk. 131 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Apropos :-A law of Plymouth Co., enacted in 1643, was "that when any of the military company should dye, or depart this life the company upon warning shall come together with their arins and inter the corpse as a soldier, or according to his rank and quali­ tye." All of these early settlers, members of the first military company were buried according to this law. OLIVER6 LEONARD, son of Jonathan5 and Elea­ nor C., born Feb. 3, 1764, graduated from Brown Uni­ versity, .1787. Studied law with Judge Padelford of Taunton and Stephen Dexter of Newport, admitted to the bar, 1791. He practised in Taunton, Mass., for three or four years and then went to Orrington, Maine, where he did an immense legal business. Subsequently he took up his residence in Bangor, opposite Orring­ ton. He was a representative in the Legislature sev­ eral times while Maine was in the district of Mass. He was a man .of fine talents and an interesting de­ bater. He married Mrs. Sarah Fletcher of Newport, R. I., in 1797, and died, childless, Jan. 3d, 1828. HON. CROMWELL6 LEONARD was son of Jonathan5 Leonard and was born Dec. 1st, 1788. Was the grandson of Jacob4 and Mary (Wild) Leonard and was descended from the Taunton Leonards through Uriah 2 the fifth son of James1 Leonard. He married ~5, 1815, Belinda Copeland, who died Aug. 25, 1848, leaving four children. Married for second wife, June 20th, 1849, Miss Harriet Morse of East Cam­ bridge, daughter of Caleb Morse of Moultonborough, N. H. Was chosen senator for the year of 1848, and re­ chosen 1849. Mr. Leonard has enjoyed the confidence of his fellow-citizens in an eminent degree, having served the town of Norton (his home) many years as moder­ ator of town-meetings, Selectman, assessor, represent- 132 CROMWELL" LEONARD.

WILL OF JACOB5 LEONARD, JR.

ative to the General Court, and other positions of trust and responsibility. The father of Cromwell6 Leonard died Sept. 12, 1807.

THE WILL OF JACOB5 LEONARD, JR. Gt. Grandson of U riah2 Leonard IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. I, JACOB LEONARD of Stafford, in the county of Tolland, and the state of Connecticut, being in good health and perfect memory, blessed be God therefore, but consid­ ering the certainty of death and the uncertainty of all human and worldly things do this 15th day of April, A. D. 1811, make, institute and publish this to be my last will and testament. Inprimis, I resign my soul into the hands of that God who gave it, hoping for mercy through the merits of the blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ, and my body to the dust from whence it was taken to be buried with a Christian burial nothing doubting of the resurrection of the same at the last day and as for that worldly estate wherewith God has been pleased to bless me, I dispose thereof in the following manner. First: I give to my loving wife, Rhoda Leonard, the whole of the use and improvement of my home lot lying on the east side of the highway or village street in Stafford, and also all the improvement of my land lying on the east side of the highway in Monson, ad­ joining my home lot, except what I shall deed to my son George6 Leonard, together with all the use and improvement of my new dwelling house and barn standing on said lot. Also, I give to my beloved wife, Rhoda Leonard, the use and improvement of all my household furniture during the term of her natural life after my decease, also I give to my loving wife 133 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Rhoda Leonard, the whole of my stock for her own disposal forever after my decease. Item: I give to the heirs of my son, Jacob Leon­ ard,6 Jun., late of Stafford, dec'd., their heirs and as­ signees forever to be equally divided among them, one certain piece of land lying in said Stafford, bounded as follows: beginning at a stake and stones being the south east corner of land formerly owned by Daniel Bradway Jr., then northerly bounding on said Brad­ way's land until it comes to the state line then east­ wardly by the state line about 105 rods to the north­ west corner of said heirs' land, then southerly about 26 rods to a stake and stones by the brook, then westerly on the brook until a little below the saw­ mill, then westerly to the first mentioned bounds, together with one half of the saw mill and the privi­ leges thereunto belonging, reserving the privilege of passing across said land to myself and my heirs for­ ever, and also reserving one third part of the use and improvement of said land for the widow Hannah Leonard, during the term of her natural life. Item: I give and bequeath to my son, Daniel6 Leonard, his heirs and assignees, one fourth part of my wearing apparel, after my decease. Item: I give and bequeath to my son, Rufus6 Leonard, his heirs and assignees forever the whole of the land and buildings thereon lying on the east side of the village street, so called, together with my half of the cider-mill, on said premises, reserving to my son, George6 Leonard, the privilege of making his cider in said mill five years from this date, also I give and bequeath to my son, Rufus6 Leonard, his heirs and assignees forever one other piece of land lying in Monson bounds, west on the highway, north on

134 WILL OF JACOB 5 LEONARD, JR.

Abel Jennings, south partly on Richard Gardner's land and the state line, and east on land that I have agreed to give my son George6 Leonard of Monson. Item: I give and bequeath to my son, George6 Leonard of Monson, his heirs and assignees forever, one fourth part of my wearing apparel after my de­ cease. Item: I give and bequeath to my son, Jesse6 Leon­ ard, his heirs and assignees forever, one-fourth part of my wearing apparel and also my half of the tennant saw after my decease. Item: I give and bequeath to my eldest daughter, Rhoda6 Gage, wife of Aaron Gage, the other half of my saw mill and the privileges thereof for her own disposal forever,-also one half of my household fur­ niture for her own disposal, forever, after my decease and the decease of my wife Rhoda Leonard. Also, my will is that Rufus6 Leonard pay the said Rhoda fifty dollars in one year from my decease. Item: I give and bequeath to my youngest daugh­ ter, Polly6 Morse, wife of Asa Morse, of vV ood­ stock, all the land that I bought of Abigail Adams and Joseph Adams except what I have heretofore sold to John Fox, Esq., said land lies in Woodstock. Also I give to my said daughter, Polly6 Morse, the other half of my household furniture for her own dis­ posal forever, after my decease and the decease of my wife, Rhoda Leonard. Also, my will is that Rufus6 Leonard pay the said Polly fifty dollars in one year from my decease. And furthermore my will is that all the remaining part of my estate that is not dis­ posed of by this, my will, or otherwise, at my decease be disposed of in the following manner, that is to say I give one-third part to my son, George6 Leonard and 135 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. the remaining two-thirds part to be equally divided among my other children, and I so constitute and appoint my beloved son, Rufus6 Leonard of Stafford, to be the sole executor of this my last Will and Testa­ ment and what is above written pronounce and de­ clare to be my last Will and Testament the day and year above mentioned. JACOB5 LEONARD Signed, sealed, published and declared by the said Jacob5 Leonard to be his last Will and Testament this 3d day of Aug. 1812, in presence of Hannah Ellis, Rhodolphus Ladd, Daniel Peck, Stafford Probate Office. Aug. 13, 1816. The foregoing is a true copy of the original will on file in this office. Attest. E. Stearns, Clerk. Contributed by Mrs. Elizabeth Leonard Baker.

OBITUARY OF REV. LOOMIS GEORGE7 LEONARD, D. D. "A Great Man in Israel is This Day Fallen." Rev. L. G. 7 Leonard, D.D., peacefully passed to rest on Tuesday morning, Feb. 1, 1892, at his home in Bucyrus, Ohio. The cause of his death was acute bronchitis, complicated with brain trouble, which by reason of sorrow for his wife, who died four days previously, were more than his enfeebled condition could endure. He had passed his 82d year.

136 REV. LOOMIS GEORGE7 LEONARD.

REV. LOOMIS GEORGE LEONARD.

Dr. Leonard was born in Monson, Mass., Jan. 6, 1810. Was the son of George6 and Rebecca (Con­ verse) Leonard. He graduated from Newton Theo­ logical Seminary in 1836, and at once entered upon his life work in the Ministry, serving successively in Web­ ster, Mass., for seven years; New London, Conn., for four years; and in 1848 went to Zanesville, Ohio, where he remained seven years. His second pastorate in Ohio was in Marietta, where he continued with great acceptance for eight years, and in the meantime continued his efforts in educational interests, giving his special attention and his means in unstinted meas­ ure to the College at Granville, which is now one of the well equipped and well-endowed institutions of the country. In recognition of these services Dennison University retained him as a member of the Board of Directors until he declined further election on account of increasing infirmities, and in 1860 conferred upon 137 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. him the degree of Doctor of Divinity, which none wore more worthily, and to-day no object is more promin,ent in the library of the University than the large fine portrait of Dr. Leonard. His pastorate at Marietta was a blessed one, and as the result of one series of meetings, he, with his own hands, baptized ninety-nine persons and in that year welcomed one hundred and thirty to Church fellowship. His third pastorate in Ohio was at Lebanon where he labored for another eight years with great success, and then he relinquished his charge and sought rest and re­ cuperation amid the S'\'.enes of his early life. In 1872 he accepted a call to Bucyrus, Ohio, and for two years wrought with old-time zeal, when his health broke down and he was compelled to retire from active service. In his rare attainments in spiritual grace and proficiency in scholarship, Dr. Leonard had but few equals. Even when he realized that his lifework was done, he never abated in his habits of study, and his readiness in rendering Greek into English would have done credit to a professor in any college. Dr. Leonard was twice married; first to Miss Me­ hitabel H. Fiske of Boston, in the year 1836; by whom he had six children, but two of whom are now living, the Misses Georgia F.8 and Harriet M,8 Leonard of Boston. His second wife was Miss Amanda M. Dey, of Lebanon, Ohio, whom he married in 1864.

HON. MOSES GAGE1 LEONARD, grandson of Jacob,5 Jr. Moses Gage7 Leonard was born in Stafford, Tolland Co., Conn., in 1809, and died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Mar. 20, 1899. He came of Puritan stock, being the 7th in generation from James Leonard of Taunton. Mr.

138 M. G.' LEONARD.

HON. MOSES GAGE7 LEONARD.

Leonard in early life worked upon a farm, and had only the advantages of the District Schools of his native state, but improved them so that at the age of 18 years he engaged in teaching first, one winter in Conn., and afterwards four years in Rockland Co., N. Y. In 1832 he married Catherine Barmore of that County, their married life covering 67 years. Moving to New York, he started an Academical School, which he conducted for two years. He was the pioneer in the Ice business, being the first to develop the industry of supplying the New York markets with ice from Rockland Lake. The first year's supply was sold to the Astor House, then first erected (1835). He continued his interest in the Ice business, and in 1855 secured a charter from the Legislature of the state and organized the Knicker­ bocker Ice -co., and was successively Stockholder, Director, Secretary and Treasurer, retaining the latter office until 1869, when he was elected President of the Washington Ice Co. He retained this position for four years and then sold out the concern for $1,100,000 in 1873 and retired from business. In 1841 Mr. Leonard became alderman of the city of New York, an office which at that time was filled only by gentlemen of the highest standing. This position he held for three years. Among his associates were Peter Cooper, Egbert Benson and James Graham. Mr. Leonard was Chairman of the Committee of Arts and Sciences, and Schools, and of the Croton Acqueduct Committee, and the Finance Committee. The Croton Acqueduct Committee, of which Mr. Leonard was Chairman, was at that time very important and re­ sponsible because of the fact that the Acqueduct was first finished and that the laying of mains and purchase of pipes developed upon the Chairman of the Commit-

139 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. tee. In connection with his legislative function as Alderman, he was also required to preside in the City Courts, Aldermen at that time taking terms as Judges. In 1843 he was elected to the 27th Congress in which he took an active part in the discussions which led to the change of the Tariff law by that Congress. In 1846 he was nominated as candidate for Commis­ sioner of the Alms Houses, and overwhelmingly elec­ ted. This was the second office of the city in point of honor, first, in responsibility and usefulness. This office he held until 1849 when he resigned to attend to a business enterprise in California, where he remained :fifteen months, and during part of that time served in the Municipal Council of San Francisco. As Commis­ sioner of the Alms Houses he was especially serviceable in re-organizing the Hospitals of New York City. The Bellevue Building, formerly occupied by paupers he converted into an Hospital, erecting an additional build­ ing for lunatics. He established a Children's Building on Randall's Island, the plans for which were designed and sketched by Mr. Leonard himself. His idea was to separate these pauper children of different ages as well as sexes. Accommodation for 1200 children with the best and most approved school furniture was provided and these services gave Mr. Leonard more satisfaction than any of his official duties. At this time the Roman Catholics, under the leader­ ship of Bishop Hughes, were waging a war upon the reading of the Bible as an exercise in the Public Schools. Mr. Leonard wrote an exhaustive report against this contention and pressed it to adoption in the Board. The schools were then under the control of the old Public School Society which was officered by intelligent and painstaking Quakers. The Roman

140 HON. MOSES GAGE7 LEONARD.

Catholic agitation finally resulted in the establishing· of a new Board of Trustees, and a Board of Educa­ tion, the members of which were annually elected by the people, and without pay. But the character of Mr. Leonard's report in sustaining the use of the St. James or Protestant Bible and the able manner with which the subject was handled opened the eyes of the voting Committee and prevented the further agitation of the matter. Mr. Leonard had few advantages of early schooling, but he was endowed with great natural abilities; he was possessed of strong reasoning powers, a capacious and retentive memory, a vigorous and warm imagi­ nation and early displayed a high intellectuality. Upon his first attempt at teaching, as in his high public posi­ tions as legislator, both in Municipal and National Councils and in all the various public stations he held, including his trying· and patriotic services during the Rebellion, he left the impression of his intellect and the charm of hs personality. Referring to his patriotic services, in 1861, he was called by the President of the United States through his War Officer to the office of Provost Marshal, and previous to this, he had organized the 35th Regiment of Volunteers, afterwards the 9th Artillery, which regi­ ment was part of the valiant and heroic 6th Corps, and which rendered conspicuous services in the war and which with Col. Wm. H. Morris as commander, had no superior in the service of the country. His eldest son, Col. Charles Henry8 Leonard, went as Adjutant of the Regiment, distinguishing hi~self in more than a score of hard-fought battles, and innumer­ able skirmishes.

141 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Among the friends and neighbors of the Hon. M. d. Leonard, they who have enjoyed the bounties of his well-stored mind, the thrill of his magnetism, we find him admired for his kindness, urbanity and hospitality, his advice sought for upon every important function proposed, or suggested, whether social, charitable or literary, as well as in matters of business or politics. To know him, however, in his higher estate of gentle­ ness, tenderness and affection, as husband or father, go ·to his home, where purity, peace and .love reigned su­ preme. There was wedded love of 67 years duration. She of his youthful affection was his constant delight. He was her tower of strength, her honorable pride; she, the confidante of his innermost thoughts. Such a home was the aim of his life and the solace of his declining 7ears. Mr. Leonard was the father of 7 children,

Milton, 8 born July 1, 1833-died June 22, 1834. Charles Henry,8 born Sept. 18, 1835-died Oct. 23, 1911. Augusta8 (Mrs. -John B. Pomeroy), born Nov. 20, 1837-died Feb. 15, 1903. 'Ehima8 (Mrs. Wm. C. Kibbe), born Feb. 1, 1840. Alg'efoon Sdiney, 8 born April 4, 1842-died June 14, 'i'902. Cafherine8 (Mrs. A. J. Steele), born Nov. 20, 1844- died Oct. 15, 1882. Josephine8 (Mrs. Frank Kellogg), born Nov. 27, 1846. Charter Member D. A. R. Mrs. M. G. Leonard, survived her husband six years and seven months, dying Oct. 21, 1905. 142 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF.

* SPEECH OF MR. LEONARD, OF NEW YORK, ON THE TARIFF. Delivered in the House of Representatives, April 1, 1844. MR. LEONARD addressed the committee as follows: 'I rise very reluctantly, Mr. Chairman, to address the committee; and but for the deep interest my con­ stituents feel and have in the subject now under con­ sideration, I would not occupy their time with any remarks upon the present occasion. I shall not be considered as misjudging, if I venture the assertion that quite too large a pottion of the time of this House is taken up in unprofitable discussions, but little cal­ culated to throw 'light upon the various subjects of legislation, or useful for disseminating valuable or cor­ rect information among those for whom they are more particularly intende'd. And as it is generally under­ stood that a large portion of the speeches made in Congress are intended for an outdoor market, rather than for any valuable purposes of legislation, I have hitherto maintained an unobtrusive position, and I propose to preserve it for the future. It is with more reluctance that I occupy the time of the committee, inasmuch as I am unaccustomed to public speaking, and am aware that it will be more difficult for me to address myself as intelligibly to the committee as I otherwise could hope to do. I am not insensible, Mr. Chairman, of the importance ofthis question, and shall not regret the time spent in discussing the subject, if, by any means, we can effect a proper adjustment of our revenue laws. *Contributed by'Mrs. Marion Kellogg Reeve•, a Leonard by :descent and a cousin of the Compiler. 143 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

It will be my purpose, in what I may say upon this subject, to notice the operations of the tariff act of 1842, to , show some of its unequal and proscriptive features, the gross injustice it does to the great mass of the people, and its injurious tendency to destroy the commerce of the country. I shall not stop, then, to settle the elementary principles of the protective policy, upon which this act is based; but shall show to the committee, as I hope to do, that, notwithstanding the plausibility of the defence in support of this act, it is one of the grossest acts of injustice ever perpetrated by an American Congress upon a free and intelligent people. Sir, the bankrupt act was not, in my opinion, so much deserving the condemnation of the community as this. And yet, because o.f the injustice and fraud that was allowed to be perpetrated by one portion of the community upon another, it was repealed by the same Congress that enacted it. This, so far as I know, made no pretensions to guard the public morals. By certain forms of legal proceedings, it released the debtor from his obligations to the creditor; and, by its e::c post facto provisions, violated the solemn obliga­ tions of contract. But it was urged and passed because of the necessities of the case-a large portion of the community had gambled themselves into bankruptcy, a~d it was reserved for the 27th Congress to legislate them out of it. It having served its purpose, it was repealed-a step not more decidedly demanded by the people, than the repeal of the act I am now about to consider. The tariff act of 1842, was represented, and by its title purported, to be a bill to raise revenue. But, sir, what are its distinctive features? Is it a revenue bill?

144 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF.

Was it the intention of those who framed it, and ad~ vocated it to its passage, so to settle its principles and carry out its details as to make it a revenue bill? Sir, I hesitate not to say if a high protective tariff bill ever passed the Congress of the United States, this is even more so. And if ever an act was passed highly dis­ graceful to A meriwn legislation, this is more so. And however great may be the individual, or however exalted, who would condemn the one, and laud the other, he must stand convicted of the grossest incon­ sistency-not to apply a more deserving epithet, which the inference would fairly warrant. Believing myself that both acts stand upon the same footing, that both are equally protective, and passed for the same pur­ poses ostensibly, I condemn them both as unworthy a place upon the statute books of this nation, entirely at war with, and hostile to, the free and liberal institu­ tions of this country. I confess the policy of this government has been, and now is, to collect its revenue from imposts, by an imposition of duties upon importations, instead of di­ rect taxation. The effect and operation of this system is to tax articles of consumption to the exclusion of property; and so long as it is the wish of the majority of the people to continue this practice, it is the duty of their representatives to prepetuate the system. But in the formation of our revenue laws, the interest of all classes should be carefully guarded, and the indus­ trial portions of the people particularly protected against associated wealth and influence. Sir, however much I may differ from the majority, upon this sub­ ject, not understanding why property should escape its share of taxation, and not bear its proportion of the expenses of government, inasmuch as laws are

145 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. made and governments instituted to protect property, as well as individuals, or persons, yet so long as it is the wish of the people to continue the present system, I feel bound to obey their will. But in the formation of laws providing for this indirect taxation by the im­ position of duties, I would have them approach as near to the free"trade standard as possible, discriminating for the pur.poses of revenue, excepting upon luxuries, and such more particularly as are not only unneces­ sary, but destructive to health, upon which I would increase the rates beyond such revenue standard. Even under such a modification of the tariff, after discrimi­ nating most carefully, and guarding with the most entire caution against abuses, it will require but little discrimination to see that a large portion of the ex­ penses of government are thrown upon the poorer classes of society. This I contend must be the opera­ tion of a system that taxes articles of consumption for revenue to the exclusion of property, inasmuch as the poor form the larger portion of the community. It is ·no purpose of mine to draw invidious distinctions, and to classify a community; for I know that, in all coun­ tries and under the most liberal and benign govern­ ments, there will be the poor and unfortunate. It would seem that Providence has so ordered that some must struggle with adversity, whilst others, more favored, are made the recipients of wealth and its at­ tendant blessings. But this distinction affords no ground for partial legislation, unless it be to favor the poorer classes whom misfortunes have rendered the subjects of special regard. But, Mr. Chairman, how is this system reconciled to the different interests into which our people are engaged?

146 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF.

In speaking of. our revenue laws-and I now refer to the protective laws-the term incidental protection is used as distinguished from direct and positive p,ro­ tection, which this_ system actually affords to the man­ ufacturing classes at the expense of all others, and with great injustice to every other branch of business. There is no reason for this, if this system be right and equal. But because it is unequal, and because it is unjust, it is sought to shield it by the artful covering of words, and, blind the understandings of the people J:o its actual operations. This alone should condemn the measure-that it cannot bear the scrutinizing test of investigation. I will, however, notice the effects of this system upon one or two products which it claims to benefit. The article of wool, by the acts of 1824., 1828, and 1842, receives a certain protection. In the former but a slight, and in the latter a more considerable protec­ tion. By the act of 1828, the better qualities of wool were protected 4 cents per pound and 40 per centum ad valorem. Wool was worth to the American wool grower at this time 65 cents per pound; but under the oper;ations of this law, it fell to one-half of this sum, viz.: to 35 and 45 cents per pound. This will not ap­ pear strange when the farmer is told that the same tariff provided a duty upon the manufacture of wool of from 40 to 70 per centum, discriminating largely in favor of the manufactured article. Before this wool _was exported at the price named, (65 cents), but soon was brought into competition with the foreign, the duty upon w,hich was so much in its favor that, not­ withstanding the cheap labor of other countries, it could not be imported when manufactured, and pay the high duties, and compete with the domestic article. 147 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Every farmer knows well that his wool decreased in price, whilst cloth sustained nearly its former prices, but could not divine the cause; and yet the farmer is told that his wool must be protected; and is made to believe that it really is so, when he sees it named in a tariff bill with these specific duties imposed upon the foreign article. But suppose, for the argument, that the price of wool was actually increased per pound in proportion to the amount of duty imposed: would the country or the wool grower be the richer for it? Cer­ tainly not. The manufacturer buys it at the increased price, and sells the manufactured article with not only a profit upon his labor and the cost of material, but adds the duty to the cost, and interest and profits upon such additional capital as it requires to pay these extra costs. He ( the manufacturer) is not the loser. No, by no means. The consumer, perhaps the wool grower, who buys a coat from this manufacturer, or what he may need for his family, pays all this back to him, together with the additional duty always made in his favor. This is the system, and this the effect of our revenue laws, especially of the present act. Another, and the most important, argument urged in favor of this law, is the protection of American labor. This certainly is a plausible argument; and if true, would be entitled to respect. My own feelings are as strongly in favor of this protection as are those of any other; and no one will be found willing to go farther in support of this protection than myself. I may differ, and doubtless do, with many as to the means best suited to effect this desired object. The argument of the protective or high tariff advocate is, that heavy duties must be imposed upon articles of importation to prevent the cheap labor of Europe and 148 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF. other countries from being brought into competitio•n with the labor of this country. This is intended to shut out the foreign article, or to increase its value, and thus sustain the price of the domestic manufacture. If the argument be good, then to extend it would cer• tainly more effectually accomplish the object claimed for it. I will suppose that Congress (to carry this principle to its utmost limit) pass a non-importation law, and thereby exclude all importations, the growth and productions of foreign countries. If the first protected domestic labor, in part, the second or last must give to it aJl the protection desired. But what would be the effect? The revenues of the government would be entirely cut off, and direct taxation the only resort to provide the "ways and means" for the treas­ ury. Direct taxation is the ultimate result of this policy when carried to its fullest extent-a policy but few are willing or bold enough openly to avow, and loudly condemned and repudiated by _every friend of the high protective school. I will notice one other view of this protection to American labor, and pass to some other points I design to consider. The European operative depends mostly upon man­ ufacturing establishments for his employment. When they (the manufacturers) can find a market for their productions, the operatives find employment, and are content with their small wages, accustomed to sustain themselves upon the most scanty allowances. But when these manufacturing establishments are pre­ cluded a market for their goods, the operatives are thrown out of employment, and left to starve, or be­ come the subjects of charity. The result is, and history has shown, that this state of things has stimulated immigration; and instead of the product of the cheap

149 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. labor of other countries, we have received the laborers themselves; and to this latter, more than the former, are we to attribute the cheapness of labor. I need not stop to illustrate or cite facts to establish the truth of this. It will not be contradicted, it is presumed, by anyone acquainted with the past history of our country and the world. This system and the policy of high protection, have beggared and reduced to the lowest stages of dependency at least one-sixth of all the labor-_ ing classes of Great Britain; and if like causes produce like results, may we not anticipate similar consequen­ ces to the laboring classes of this country? If experi­ ence is of any worth, let the people of this country beware how they give countenance to any and every monopoly, and special privilege, as it is the aim and ambition of wealth, as well as its sure result, to grasp and obtain power and dominion. That high protective tariff la.ws do grant, and are intended to grant, these monopolies, and that the act of 1842, called "an act to raise revenue," is of this kind, and, in its operations, is drawing money from the consuming classes to enrich the few participating in this monopoly, cannot, in truth or fairness, be denied. The fact that this act was advocated and passed as a "revenue" bill, is at least presumptive evidence that its friends had not, at the time, effrontery to advocate a bill for protection. Mr. Fillmore, who has the credit of giving paternity to this bill, said that it was "framed with a view to raise revenue to supply the demands of the treasury." Mr. Evans, the senator from Maine, said, "the purpose of the bill is, as its title indicates, to raise revenue for the support of the government. It is the main object of the bill we are now invited to consider."

150 SPEECH ON THE TARI FF.

Nothing more is necessary to show upon what grounds this bill was passed, although disguised under the garb of a revenue bill, and using this more per­ suasive title to cover its deformities, and the more art­ fully to weave into it the strong features of protection, which found place in almost every line, except as to such articles as are most needed by manufacturers, showing that to them were intended to be given im­ portant advantages over the other interests of the country. I have already adverted to the remark of Mr. Clay, the reputed father of this American system, where he says the act of 1828 was highly discreditable to Ameri­ can legislation; and that the act of 1842 is, in the main, a good a,ct. Now I inquire, and want to know, why the fo11mer was di'sgraceful, and the latter creditable? The necessities of the times do not alter or affect the principle. If the act of 1828 was discreditable because it was protective, and highly protective, the act of 1842 is equally discreditable, being more protective, and going more beyond a revenue bill. Sir, did ever in­ consistency more striki-ngly exhibit itself? I should not deem it so worthy of notice if it came from a less distinguished source; on was it upon a less important subject. But the source is from the candidate of the whig party for the presidency, and the subject one of the most important that can interest this people. It is no less a subject than the mode and manner of taxa­ tion. Lt is to provide the "ways and means" for the government. Sir, this question caused the War of the Revolution, which spoke a nation into being; and although that resulted in the achievement of a nation's freedom and a nation's independence, this may yet be the rock upon

15-1 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

which the ship of state may founder. The time is not forgotten when this convulsed our confederacy, and threatened its dissolution. The same feeling and the same opposition still remain against this system of partial legislation; and it well behooves the people of this country to select for their Executive, one who is sound upon this important question, regarding the in­ terest of all as preferable to the particular benefit of the few. That this act of 1842 is more protective than the act of 1828, I will show by the following table:

SEVERAL ARTICLES WHICH PAY A HIGHER DUTY BY THE TARI FF OF 1842 THAN THAT OF 1828. Articles. 1828. 1842. Boots, silk ...... •. 30 cts. per pair. 40 cts. per pair Coal- 6 cts. per bush. at 28 bu. pr. ton 1.48 at 25 net 2.30 $1.50 Cordage, tarred ... . 4 cts. per lb.....• 4½ cts. per lb. *0··ottons ...... 80 per cent...... 100 per cent. Cotton-bagging 3½ cts. per 4 cts. per square square yard. yard, and 5 if gunny cloth. Cotton laces ...... 12½ per cent.....• 20 per cent. Glass, some kinds .. 400 per cent...... 500 or more. Glass bottles ...... $2 to $3 per doz ... $2.50 to $4. Molasses ...... 5 cts. per gal...... 5¾ on weight. Saddlery ...... 25 per cent ...... 30 per cent. Shoes, some ...... 25 cts. per pair ... 30 per cent. Silks, some ...... 20 per cent...... • 30 to 60 per cent. Steel, per cwt...... $1.50 ...... $2.50. Twine ...... , 5 cts. per lb ...... 6 per lb. Ware, crockery .... 20 per cent...... 30 per cent. Ware, japanned ... 25 per cent...... 30 per cent. Woollens, some ... 50 per cent...... 40 to 67 per cent. Woollens, camlets .. 15 per cent...... 20 per cent. *On one kind of cottons, such as printed handkerchiefs, the duty is more than a hundred per cent. higher than in 1828; and many of the specific duties in this table would be much more above those in 1828, if reduced to a scale ad iralorem. 152 SPEECH ON THE TARI FF.

Again, the system of indirect taxation increases the amount of taxation much beyond the wants of the government. By the returns from the Treasury De­ partment, it is ascertained that but $45,000,000 of duty­ paying goods were imported into the United States during the last fiscal year. The revenue collected from these amounted to $16,000,000, making the average of duties nearly 40 per cent. The annual domestic manu­ factures consumed in the United States per annum is little less than, or, perhaps, now quite $200,000,000. Now, allowing but one-half of these to be increased by the same ratio, as is shown to be the case of the foreign-say $100,000,000 by 40 per cent.-and it will give $40,000,000. Thus, to collect $16,000,000 of rev­ enue, we must pay $40,000,000 to the manufacturers to protect this branch of industry, all of which comes out of the pockets of the consuming classes. The principal amount of this tax falls upon iron and iron manufactures, woollen, cottons, silks, linens, spirits, sugar and molasses. These constitute the prin­ cipal necessaries of life, as essential for the poor as the wealthy, and consumed in much larger quantities by the former than the latter, in proportion as their num­ bers exceed the latter or more favored classes. This being so, it requires no argument to show that the expenses of government by this system are borne by the industrial portions of the people. That they have the same wants, none will deny; and that they are en­ titled to the necessaries, and even a fair proportion of the luxuries of life, is equally true. But, to make the burden more unequal, minimum valuations are fixed to the cheaper qualities of goods, and not only 40 per cent. is imposed on these cheaper fabrics, but 60, 70, and even as high as 160 per cent. is actually charged

153 ANNALS OF 'THE LEONARD FAMILY. upon this quality of goods. Who are they, Mr. Chair­ man, that wear the unbleached cotton goods, the fus­ tian, and ·the cheap manufactures of woollens? Not the ·wealthy. No,· sir; they can afford to wear a finer fabric; but it is the producer, the mechanic, the labor­ ing man, and the hardy yeomanry of the country. Yes, sir, these are the men who, at home, employed in some of the useful ipursuits, and content with the small profits of 2 or 3 per cent. upon their capital invested, without besieging the halls of legislation, asking for protection and special privileges, that they may live in idleness, and hoard up wealth at the expense of their neighbors' toil and sweat. It·is to these men, uncared for a's they seem to be by many, that this country is destined to look for its future greatness and future glory. To these men, standing up with plebeian sim­ plicity and plebeian firmness against the arm of mon­ opoly, as -it shall stretch itself forth to grasp at ·uni­ versal empire. To make this more plain, I will change the mode of taxation: Congress shall impose excise duties, instead· of imposts, as now directed by law. The merehant shall be required to account to the govern­ ment for every yard of cloth he sells at the same rates of duty as are· now charged upon the importer. The individual, under this law, for the first time calls to make his purchase of goods; he examines the articles, and ascertains· the, price. But, in addition, he is told he must, pay from 30 to 160 per cent. to defray the ex­ penses of government, and as the article decreases in value, the ,rates of duty are increased; and, as his means to purchase the better fabric is lessened, the tax imposed is increased. For instance: the act of 1842 provides that cotton goods, or of which cotton is the chief, or component part, costing 20 cents per yard,

154 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF. shall pay a duty of 30 per cent. ad valorem; and if cost­ ing less than 20 cents, shall be valued at 20 cents. Thus, if costing 10 cents, the duty shall be 60 per cerit., and if costing 5 cents, the duty shall be 120 per cerit.; and hence, as the poor are compelled to wear the cheaper article, they are made to bear this unequal and unjust burden, imposed solely for the interest of the manufacturer. I will now show the effect of this law upon my own constituency. I represent 80,000 inhabitants, owning $40,000,000 of assessable. property. This property is owned · by a moiety of this constituency; the balance are not deemed to be able to pay any of the expenses of the municipal government. But how is it with them, under this law, to provide revenue for the gen­ eral government? Suppose them divided into families of five persons each, or 16,000 families; 8,000 of which, by the laws of the State of New York, are exempt from taxation, not possessing the requisite amount of tax­ able property; but they must all be fed and clothed. To do this, at the lowest estimate, will require an ex­ penditure of $100 for each individual; 2'5 per cent. of which is necessat1ly for protected goods, making $125 for each'family for this kind of goods, which, increased by '40 per cent., the average upon all duty-paying goods, and it will augment this amount to $27.32, being for duties upon the protected articles, which is equal to $5.56 'for every man, woman, and child. Twenty­ two millions of dollars is admitted to be sufficient to meet all the demands upon this government, and with a population of 17,0oo;ooo of inhabitants, $1.56 should be sufficient for each individual for his share of the taxes, for such .expenses. Thus it will 'be seen 'that $4, in ad'dition to the

155 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. needed expense, is drawn from the pockets of each individual, and mostly to increase the profits of the manufacturing classes. But it is contended by the friends of this policy, that high duties make low prices; in other words, to tax articles makes them cheaper. If this be true, and if this argument is presented in sincerity, I trust the friends of good prices and better times will not oppose the present bill. The principal argument in support of protection, when this policy was first deemed advisable, was that our manufacturers could not sustain them­ selves against the cheap labor and capital of Great Britain and her skill and improvements in the arts. In time of war, it was truly said that we could not be the same independent nation without as with manufact­ ures; and the patriotism of the consuming class was ap­ pealed to and invoked to submit to the additional tax for the general good. At that time, it was represented that the additional profit which this protection afforded ( and at that time was admitted that it did afford) would not more than place the home manufacturer upon an equal footing with the foreign manufacturer, and no monopoly was intended to be given, or bounty system fastened on this branch of industry. But, strange as it may appear, this bounty system, which at that time was thought to raise prices, now is said to reduce them; and now it is contended that foreign competition must be excluded to cheapen the price of goods. But, Mr. Chairman, how completely this reasoning (if reasoning it can be called) destroys itself. If the first argument was true, the second, being exactly the reverse, is certainly false; and yet this most inconsistent of all defences for this defenceless policy is oft repeated; and fre­ quently with seeming earnestness and truth. But how can home competition produce what it cannot do 156 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF. aided by the foreign? Are not labor and capital still' cheaper in Europe than here? Then, by excluding the foreign, we shut out that which most affects a reduc­ tion of prices; else a part is greater than the whole­ a proposition not demonstrable, except, perhaps, by a protective arithmetician. But what is the truth in relation to this, as shown by facts? Have prices declined since the passage of the last tariff act? The following will show the truth or falsity of the argument: PRICES OF DOMESTIC GOODS LAST SPRING, PRESENT PRICES, AND RISE PER CENT. American manufacture. Price last Present Rise Description of goods. spring. price. pr. ct. Ticking- • Amoskeag B...... 9½ 12 26 Do. A...... 11½ 14 22 Do. A a A...... 13 16 19 York...... 9 11 22 Drillings, brown- Perkins, Dwight ...... 6½ 8¾ 27 York. fine...... 8 9½ 19 Indigo blue drillings...... 8¾ 10¾ 17 Plato prints...... 6 8 33 Do...... 7 9 29 Do...... 9 11 22 Fancy prints, three and four colors... 10 12 20 Do. Do. 11 14 27 Do. Do. 13 16 23 Mixtures, cottonades, and all kinds of Summer stuffs ...... 25 Sattinets ...... 25 Printing cloths...... 2½ 3:j/4'. 50 Do...... 3½ 5½ 57 Do...... 4½ 6½ 39 Brown sheetings- 7-8 Boston...... 4¾ 6¾ 37 Massachusetts ...... 6 6½ 25 Lawrence E...... 6 7½ 25 Chickopee D...... 6½ 8 26 Cabot A...... 6½ 8½ 31 Lawrence C...... 6½ 8½ 31 157 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Bleached sheetings- Cabot C...... 5¾ 7½ 30 Great Falls S...... 6½ 8¾ 35 Lawrence H...... 6 7¾ 29 Do. G...... 6¾ 8¾ 30 Do. A...... 7¼ 9¼ 28 Do. B...... 10 11½ 15 Dwight A...... 8½ 10½ 24 Merrimac B...... 8 9½ 19 New York mills...... 12½ 14 12 Hand 5-4...... 11 25 14 Flannels ...... 25 NOTE.-That the low prices of last spring paid the manu­ facturers is evident from the dividends; and the profits from their present monopoly can easily be calculated from the above table. But, Mr. Chairman, let me examine this argument a moment, and show the true cause of the reduction of prices as between the present and times past. Sir, the improvements in machinery and the arts, and the differences between a specie and paper currency, have been the main causes of the reduction in the prices of goods. The ·prices of manufactured goods have been more particularly reduced by the former, although aided in this reduction by the latter cause, in propor­ tion as the currency of the country, at the present time, is more valuable than the inflated currency of 1836 and 1837. I might enumerate Whitney's cotton­ gin, the spinning mule, and the patent loom, as among the causes, and as a part of the labor-saving machines, that have effected this reduction in the prices of articles of manufacture. The texture of cotton and wool are such, and the improvements in machinery so much perfected, that physical strength or mental acquirements are scarcely necessary to the perform­ ance of any work in the manufacture of these goods. The labor is mostly performed by boys and girls, whose time is comparatively valueless; and hence the

158 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF. prices of labor have but little to do in making up the cost of cotton and woollen goods. To these, and not to a high protective tariff, are we to ascribe the re­ duction in the prices of manufactured goods. But of iron, 1t 1s not so. The manufacture of iron requires the labor and skill of men; and when duties are high, iron is high; and when duties are low, iron is cheap.* But, Mr. Chairman, one other argument requires a passing notice, before I proceed to show the effects of this policy upon commerce. It is urged that Great Britain imposes high duties upon our exportations, and we, in return, should im­ pose similar duties upon her importations. This is called reciprocity. Most are willing to admit the doc­ trine of free trade to be the true policy of all govern­ ments, but say, as other governments charge duties upon our exports, we are justifiable, and in d-uty to our people are bound to impose equal taxes upon all im­ portations from countries where this is exacted from us. This by some is denominated free trade. But, has this argument any foundation for the purposes for which it is used? I am not going to defend the policy of Great Britain. No, sir; I am sure she would want a more skilful apCJlogist than myself to make her system of taxation appear in any other than a tyrannical and oppressive light, exacting, as she does, the last farthing from the laboring classes, beyond the actual wants of nature, and leaving barely sufficient to sustain human exist­ ence. No, sir; I desire not that such a system should be fastened upon the people of this country. God forbid that we should ever practice a spirit of retalia­ tion that produces such fearful consequences, and *Report. 159 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. dooms the laboring man to such entire dependence upon the aristocracy of the land. But, Mr. Chairman, let us for a few moments look back at our commercial relations with Great Britain, and see if the United States have just cause to com­ plain of her not being liberal in the consumption of the products of our labor. In the year 1840, our ex­ ports to that country exceeded our imports from it, twenty-four millions of dollars. And, sir, if we go back with this examination, we shall find that our ex­ ports to that country have exceeded our imports from it to a considerable amount. England has not only received more from us than she has sold us, but she has received it for a less average rate of duty-if we except tobacco. This she taxes as we do brandy and wine-considering it a hurtful luxury. What then be­ comes of the doctrine of reciprocity? Sir, when we shall have met Great Britain upon equal grounds upon this question, then, and not till then, will it do to urge this reciprocity doctrine. But, Mr. Chairman, this protective policy not only bears unequally upon the poor and industrial classes, but, from necessity, must operate to the injury of the different interests into which labor is divided. All in­ terests cannot be alike protected; and hence a part must bear the burden, and pay the bounty awarded to the protected. This is a self-evident proposition, and needs no argument to sustain it. As I represent in part a commercial city, deeply, and as I conceive injuriously, affected by this policy, and particularly by the law of 1842, it is my duty most earnestly and solemnly to urge this House to modify and repeal said act. Commerce ( and when I speak of it, I consider it as connected with navigation)

160 SPEECH ON THE TARI FF.

is the third, if not the second, in importance of the branches of national industry in our country. It is so because of the capital invested, and of the labor employed in it, and because of its utility in a national point of view. Then I ask for it, and demand in the name of justice, that it may be placed upon the same footing with the other important interests of the coun­ try. It asks no special favors; but demands to be re­ lieved from all unequal exactions. I have not the time, nor do I consider it necessary to portray the import­ ance of this branch of national industry to the people of this country, and to the world. Although volumes are written, and much that make up the speeches upon the other side of this question is intended particularly to set forth the advantages of manufactures, com­ merce is its own advocate, and needs not the eloquence of any one to advocate its claims to the fostering care and favorable support of the government. All pro­ claim for the freedom of the seas and the freedom of commerce, and I trust the present Congress is pre­ pared to remove the burdens that the tariff of 1842 have again hinged upon it. One of the injuries this act inflicts upon commerce is the limitations and restrictions imposed upon trade. This is shown by the diminished imports and exports that universally follow the imposition of high pro­ tective duties. This must of necessity follow, as effect follows cause; for as we purchase from others, they are enabled to reciprocate the trade. Necessity may force, to a limited extent, a trade where the precious metals are alone received in payment; but necessity alone will perpetuate such a trade, and cannot create any alli­ ances favorable to the mutual interests of such countries. In proof of this, I will refer to the commercial tables,

161 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY, for a series of years prior to the tariff of 1828. From 1820 to and including 1828, the average of importa­ tions into the United States, was $81,553,248. The next year immediately succeeding this act, the im­ portations amounted to but $74,472,529; and the suc­ ceeding year they £ell to the still smaller sum of $70,:- 876,920. The average of exports per annum for the same period, from 1820 to 1828, was $77,356,000. In 1829, the exports were but $72,358,671; and for 1830, but $73,849,508; showing a diminution of imports per an­ num of $9,000,000, and of exports of $5,000,000, as following the protective tariff of 1828. Nothing more is necessary to show the correctness of the above posi­ tion, or the serious injury such a change must produce to a business subjected to such fluctuations and de­ pressions. This interest requires, more than any other, a settled and staid policy, and as little change in our revenue laws, or commercial regulations, as is consistent with the public weal and safety. The in­ dispensibly heavy outlays necessary for commercial transactions render it absolutely necessary that some well-regulated and settled policy be adopted by the general government, affording some certainty and security to a business which, from its very nature is hazardous and uncertain. But this tariff imposes a heavy tax upon ship-build­ ing. I have taken some pains to ascertain the exact increase of expense from the duties upon iron, copper, cordage and duck, made upon a single ship of one thousand tons. To construct a ship of this tonnage, it requires thirty-five tons of iron and four tons of copper bolts and spikes for the hull and spars; twenty­ five tons for anchors, cables, and chains; six tons of

162 SPEECH ON THE TARI FF. sheeting copper and nails for sheathing; twelve tons of cordage for rigging; and six thousand yards of can­ vas for sails. These, at the prices augmented by the present rates of duties, will make a difference of $4,517, or about 9 per cent. upon the cost of construc­ tion. There have been built, within the last eleven years, in New York, eighty-five thousand tons of ships for foreign commerce; and about one-half of this amount, say forty-two thousand tons, for domestic commerce­ in all 127,000 tons; the direct tax upon which, as shown by the above, is $543,659. The interest upon this for five and a half years, at 6 per cent., is $179,408; being of principal and interest, upon the construction of ships in the city of New York, for the last eleven years, of excess from duties upon iron, copper, cord­ age, sails, etc., $724,067. Add to this the insurance, and the cost upon the same articles for repairs, during the same period, as computed by a competent mechanic, and it will swell the sum to $2,172,901, and upon the entire tonnage belonging to New York for the same period to $22,805,259. Now, Mr. Chairman, I ask why is this tax imposed upon this particular business? ·why should ship-building be so unequally taxed? Is it to meet the demands of the treasury? Certainly not. No man in his senses will be found to venture such an assertion, for it is admitted by most who are acquainted, and best acquainted, with this subject, that more revenue would be collected under such a modification of the tariff as will fix the maxi­ mum of duties at 20 per cent., and by imposing a fair revenue duty upon such luxuries as are now admitted free, than under any other rate that can be fixed. The question is answered by Pennsylvania and Maryland, in their demands for protection upon their iron and 163 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. coal mines. Yes, Mr. Chairman, it is for protectfon-­ protection to the few, to the injury of the many. This goes beyond the shipping merchant, and indi­ rectly affects the farmer, the planter, and the mechanic, and all whose products seek a foreign market. The necessary increase of the rates of freight caused by this tax upon ships enables the foreign mer­ chant to enter into a successful competition with the American merchant, and share with him a trade, under more advantageous circumstances, that by right be­ longs, and should be preserved, to our own citizens. Yet this is called protection to home industry-the true American system. Our commercial relations with the Hanse Towns, as shown by Mr. Webster in his Baltimore speech, is conclusive upon this point. At that time, Mr. W. said "that, from 1826 to 1830, five­ sevenths of the arrivals in Bremen from the United States were American vessels, and two-sevenths Bremen; from 1831 to 1836, three-sevenths American, and four-sevenths Bremen." I will submit his own tables and figures; for, as they are but a transcript from the treasury accounts, they are directly to the point, and show conclusively the truth of the position I have taken: Statement showing the amount of exports from the United States to the Hanse Towns in 1841, distinguishing the amount exported in American and foreign vessels respec­ tively, together with the number, tonnage, and national character of each vessel Value of foreign merchandise exported in American vessels, ...... $ 93,920 In foreign, ...... 356,141 Total ...... $ 450,061 Value of domestic exports in American vessels .. $1,278,450 In foreign vessels ...... 2,832,205

Total ...... $4,110,655 164 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF.

No. Tonnage Value Total exports in American vessels.. 45 14,123 $1,372,370 Foreign vessels ...... 137 46,147 3,188,346 Ratio of foreign tonnage to American, as 3¼ to 1, nearly. Table showing the amount of imports from the Hanse Towns into the United States for the year 1841, distinguishing as above. No. Tonnage Value of Imports. American vessels ...... 53 15,593 $ 298,587 Foreign vessels ...... 99 35,481 2,151,377 Total ...... 152 51,074 $2,449,964 Ratio of foreign tonnage to American, as 2% to 1, nearly. Ratio of imports in foreign vessels to imports in American vessels, as 7¼ to 1, nearly. These tables show that, of the vessels entered from the Hanse Towns into the United States in 1841, 99 were foreign, and 53 American; and of the vessels departing from the United States to the Banse Towns, 137 were foreign, and only 45 American; that the value of merchandise exported from the United States to the Hanseatic cities was $3,188,346 in foreign vessels, and only $1,372,370 in American vessels; and that, of the amount in value of the imports into the United States, $2,151,377 was brought by foreign tonnage, and no more than $298,587 by American tonnage-being more than 7 to 1 against the United States. The above shows our trade with only a few free cities, inconsiderable in importance to the aggregate of our commercial transactions with the different nations of the earth; but, notwithstanding, it is a striking illus­ tration of the great advantages given to foreigners over our own merchants in this branch of business. So far, then, from protecting home industry, this sys­ tem of taxation drives business away from home, and bestows it upon other people and other nations. I 165 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. have it from good authority that most of our ships, since 1828, have been sent abroad to be coppered, and a large part of their sails purchased in Europe. Thus has the mechanic been deprived of employment in his business ; and he, as well as the merchant, has seen the foreigner made his successful rival. And this only to carry out and sustain what is denominated the American system. Where, I ask, Mr. Chairman, without our mechanics, would have been our com­ mercial marine? Where would have been our navy? Without them, I ask, where would have been our country? And yet, upon this very interest, and upon this class of our fellow-citizens, than whom none are more useful, intelligent, honest, or patriotic, is laid this burden of taxation; and, as if to add insult to in­ jury, they are told by mouthing politicians that this is the true American system. How much longer this deception can be palmed off upon our intelligent mechanics, and upon the people of this country, re­ mains to be seen. I trust the time is not distant when this subterfuge of lies will be swept away. I will now show from the report of the Committee on Commerce, that our commercial interest is not only exposed and injured by this system, but that it stands in jeopardy of being broken down and destroyed by the unequal operations of this system, connected with our liberal commercial treaties with foreign govern­ ments:- From the Report. 1st. The aggregate of imports from 1821 to 1830, was ...... $ 706,600,000 The aggregate of exports ...... 765,100,000 Giving as total value of cargoes ...... $1,561,700,000 Of these cargoes, about $1,410,500,000 were carried 166 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF.

in American vessels, which employed a tonnage of 25,000,000 of tons, showing a ratio of about 80,500,000 cargo to 1,000;000 of tons; and about 151,500,000 were carried in foreign vessels, which employed a tonnage of 2,200,000 of tons, giving a ratio of about 68,000,000 of cargo to 1,000,000 of tons. 1st. The aggregate of imports from 1831 to 1841, was ...... $ 1,301,000,000 Do. exports (same period) .. ,...... 1,091,800,000

Total ,;alue of cargoes ...... $82,392,800,000 Of these cargoes, about 2,013,600,000 were carried in American vessels, which employed a tonnage of 25,000,000 tons, and about 379,200,000 was carried in foreign vessels which employed a tonnage of 2,200,000 of tons. Although the ratio of carrying done by the American vessels did not decrease in the last period below the first, yet it is shown that the ratio of Ameri­ can tonnage has increased in the last period over the first only 40 per cent., whilst the foreign has increased 500 per cent. And it is only because of the superiority of American built ships over foreign, that we have sustained and kept alive our commerce. Sir, Ameri­ can mechanics, American skill, and American enter­ prise, have preserved what American legislation would otherwise have destroyed. I will here allude to one of the advantages of com­ merce, as connected with our national defence. Our ccommercial marine is the nursery for the seamen of our navy; and every injury inflicted upon the com­ merce of the country weakens our national defence. Who does not know that our gallant little navy, which, in the last war with Great Britain, so gallantly defended the Stars and Stripes against the lion of the

167 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. seas, was manned by seamen almost exclusively from the commercial service? Sir, I will not stop to re­ count their deeds of valor in their numerous contests with veteran foeman. No, sir; I will leave that for the hardy tar himself to do, as he tells the story of "free trade and sailor's rights." I ask, then, that all economists, all our retrench­ ment men, will come to the rescue, and aid in reliev­ ing our commerce from this incubus and place it upon an equal footing with the other interests of the coun­ try. Sir, there is one other point to which I would invite the attention of the committee, and ask for it a care­ ful consideration before they make up their minds to vote against the bill now under consideration. It is important for Congress, and particularly is it important for the Atlantic cities, to give their atten­ tion to this point. Much of the trade of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, depends upon the North and West. The great staples of the north­ ern and western States make up the mercantile and commercial business of these cities. But what do facts show to be the present state and condition of that trade? vVhy, sir, by the colonial duties upon wheat, and the advantages given to the colonies by Great Britain in their direct trade, a large portion of the wheat, beef, pork, lard, flour, butter and cheese, are drawn off, and passed through the lakes to Can­ ada; so down the Welland canal, or the river St. Lawrence, to England. Operations are silently going on, by the construction of canals, and the improve­ ments in the river St. Lawrence, that in a short period of time will open a navigation to the Lakes, and thence into the heart of the great West, where British ves-

168 SPEECH ON THE TARIFF. sels of one thousand tons burden may take in these products, and proceed directly to England, or to her colonies, without the expense of trans-shipment and with the advantages of the colonial duties to force trade in that direction. I will submit a few statistical facts, which I find upon this subject, and which may serve to establish this more conclusively. There passed through the Welland canal in five years from 1837 to 1841, 4,901,738 bushels of wheat, and during the same period 545,325 barrels of flour. In 1837, but 208,242 bushels of wheat and 6,869 bar­ rels of flour passed this canal; whilst in 1841, ( only five years after), 1,579,966 bushels of wheat and 213,- 483 barrels of flour passed this same canal, showing an increase of 1,371,724 bushels of wheat in the last year over the first, and 106,614 barrels of flour more in the latter than the former year. Of pork and beef there were shipped in 1840, 15,624 bbls., and in 1841, 30,416 bbls., showing an increase of one hundred per cent. in a single year. That these articles are exported from the United States, is shown from the increased exports from Quebec. In 1836 the exports from Quebec of flour were 18,225 lbs., of wheat 9,716 bushels. In 1841, 354,101 lbs. of flour, and 562,862 bushels of wheat were shipped from the same market. The above all went to England, Ire­ land, the West Indies and New South Wales. I might enumerate many other articles, such as lumber, including its various kinds, tallow, hides, butter, cheese, corn and cornmeal, buckwheat, rye and rye flour, spirit, shoes, leather, iron-castings and other manufactures of iron, the annual amount of which articles in 1840, that were sent through the Canadas to Great Britain and her colonies, thereby giving the

169 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. carrying trade to that country, amounted to $5,895,- 966. Add to this the wheat and flour as above speci­ fied, at one dollar per bushel for the wheat, and five dollars per barrel for the flour, and it will increase this amount to $8,543,347. This amount is of the specified articles, the growth and productions of the United States. Sir, the bill reported by my colleague, (Mr. Phcenix), if it becomes a law, as I trust it may, will to some extent, remedy this evil, by allowing the Canadians to import through our Atlantic ports free of duty, and to some extent would counteract the efforts of the British government to force every thing through the river St. Lawrence. Suppose nothing is done here till the improvements in the river St. Lawrence are completed, and vessels of 1,000 tons burden are enabled to reach any port on Lake Ontario without trans-shipment, and brigs and schooners of 300 tons burden from any part of the world are enabled to reach Lake Erie, and all the Western lakes without impediment, it will then be­ come a more difficult task to compete for the Canadian trade. Sir, it will be a struggle to retain our own. Sir, the production of the old world will be brought without trans-shipment to the very doors of the west­ ern agriculturist for exchange. That important and lucrative domestic trade will soon be turned into a foreign trade. The most valuable portions of our country will, for all the purposes of trade and com­ merce, be lost, forever lost, to the Atlantic: cities; and when too late, perhaps will be heard the calls from that people upon Congress to prohibit, by legislation, this unnatural diversion of our domestic commerce. What will avail our railroads and canals of the East and North and vV est, when the great staples of the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, which they more par- 170 64TH WEDDING ANNIVERSARY. ticularly intended and were constructed to convey to the Atlantic cities, shall have changed their direc­ tion, and are seen floating down the St. Lawrence, the Welland, and the Lachine canals to a foreign market? These works of internal improvement will become comparatively valueless. Disaster must fol­ low this system; and, when viewed in its most favor­ able light, it must exhibit to every intelligent mind the sure rewards of a mistaken policy. Sir, another important subject, and one intimately connected with this, requires especially the attention of this Congress. So long as cash duties are required, the capital necessary at all times to meet the duties upon heavy importations, must seriously embarrass the importer, the commission merchant and the consigner, espe­ cially in a depressed state of the money market. This would be relieved by a "warehousing system." In addition to this, it would form a depot of supplies, and render valuable aid to our carrying trade. Time will not allow me, at present, to enter at large into this subject; but as it is in the hands of my colleague, who, I trust, will bring it forward at his earliest oppor­ tunity, I will wait that time to give my views more at large upon this subject. ACCOUNT OF CELEBRATION OF WEDDING ANNIVERSARY, of HON. and MRS. M. G. LEONARD, Married 64 years. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard informally celebrate the event, on March 17, 1896. A notable occasion was the celebration on Tuesday evening, by Mr. and Mrs. Moses Gage7 Leonard, of the 64th anniversary of their marriage. The remem- 171 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. brance of the anniversary took the form of an in- · formal reception which was attended by several of the children and grand-children and a number of old friends. Mrs. Leonard's maiden name was Barmore, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Nathaniel Barmore of Rock­ land Co., N. Y. Her mother was Effie Onderdonk, a connection of the Long Island Onderdonks coming originally from Holland. Mrs. Leonard was born and lived on the farm (which had been in the posses­ sion of the family for two generations), until her marriage. Mr. Leonard is seventh in direct descent from James Leonard of Taunton, Mass., and at the Celebration of the 250th Anniversary of the founding of that city, he was especially invited as an honored guest, to participate in the ceremonies. He was born in Conn., and went to New York as a young man. For several years he took an active part in the politics of that city. He cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson, in 1832. In 1840 he was elected to the Common Council of New York, and served five years. In 1844 he was elected to Congress, in the Tyler Administration. He was for three years Almshouse Commissioner of New York, supervising many important changes that took place in the Charities Department. In 1849 he went to California with the Pioneers, and was elected to the City Council of San Francisco. In recognition of efficient services that city presented him with a set of Resolutions and a gold medal. He returned to New York, and remained active in business and inter­ ested in various corporations until 1874. Was one of the founders of the Knickerbocker Ice Company which he served in several official capacities. Was, also, president of the Washington Ice Company. 172 CoL. CHARLES HENRY8 LEONARD.

For services as Provost Marshal during the War of the Rebellion, he was presented with a handsomely engrossed, magnificently framed set of Resolutions, and possesses a number of interesting souvenirs of official life both here and in the West. He was the father of seven children, five of whom are now living, 18 grand-children, 1 great grand-child. COL. CHARLES HENRY8 LEONARD, eldest son of Hon. M. G. 7 Leonard, born in New York, Sept. 18, 1835, was a man of culture and attainments. He was educated exclusively at a French School, then existent in New York, conducted by Monsieur Peug­ net, where he was associated with many distinguished foreigners,-French and Spanish. Was a Veteran of the 7th Regiment of New York, and served with great distinction in the War of the Rebellion, as will be seen by appended report from War Office, Wash­ ington, D. C. Statement of the Military Service of BREVET-LIEUT. COL. CHAS. H.8 LEONARD, adjutant, 6th N. Y. Heavy· Artillery, and assistant Adjutant General, U. S. Volunteers. It is shown by the records that Charles H.8 Leonard was mustered into service Sept. 2, 1862, at Yonkers, N. Y., as Adjutant, 135 N. Y. Infantry, (subsequently the 6th N. Y. Heavy Artillery), and was mustered out of service Nov. 1, 1862, at Baltimore, Maryland. He was mustered into service to date Dec. 18, 1862, as first lieutenant, same regiment, then designated the 6th N. Y. Heavy Artillery, and was assigned to Com­ pany F of that regiment. While holding this grade 173 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

he served as acting regimental adjutant and as acting assistant adjutant general on the staff of General Morris, and he was discharged in orders from the War Department, to date May 23, 1863, to enable him to accept a commission as Captain and assistant Adjutant General of Volunteers. It is also shown by the records that Charles H.8 Leonard was appointed Captain and Assistant Adju­ tant General, U. S. Volunteers, May 15, 1863, to rank the same date, and accepted the appointment May 24, 1863. He was brevetted Major, U. S. Volunteers, to rank from Oct. 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious conduct during the campaign before Richmond, and more especially in the battles of Cold Harbor, Vir­ ginia; Monocacy, Maryland, and.in the several engage­ ments in the valley of the Shenandoah, Virginia, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. Volunteers, to· rank from April 2nd, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services before Petersburg, Virginia. He was mus­ tered out and honorably discharged the service in special orders from the War Department, dated Jan. 12, 1866. The records show service, as follows:- May 15 to June .. , 1863, as assistant adjutant gen­ eral in the 2d Brigade, 1st division, 8th Army Corps; July .. , 1863 to Mar. 24, 1864, in 1st Brigade, 3d Divi­ sion, 3d Army Corps; from March 24, 1864 to June .. , 1865, in 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 6th Army Corps; June 27, 1865, relieved and ordered home to report by letter; July 5, 1865, assigned to duty with 3d Divi­ sion, Army of the Shenandoah; Aug, 12, 1865, assigned to duty with General R. 0. Tyler, Middle Dept.; Aug. 26, 1865, detailed on general court-martial duty, Mid­ dle Dept.; Sept. 20, 1865, detailed on general court­ martial duty, Phila, Penna.; Dec. 30, 1865, relieved 174 CHAS. H.' LEONARD.

CoL. CHARLES HENRY 8 LEONARD. and ordered home. The records also show him wounded in the head at the Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9, 1864. By authority of the Secretary of War, T. C. AINSWORTH, Furnished Col. U. S. Army. Sept. 24, 1898. At the close of the Civil War, Colonel Leonard passed an examination before thirteen Brigadier Gen­ erals which enabled him to enter the Regular Army where for a period of time covering nearly four years, he served on the frontier as 2d and 1st Lieutenant. He then resigned and entered private life. On Aug. 27, 1857, Col. Charles H.8 Leonard was united in marriage with Eliza Morton of New York, daughter of Wm. R. Morton, a banker of Cincinnati, Ohio, and New York, and they had two daughters, Fanny Louise,9 wife of Charles Henry Koster, and Kate,9 wife of Herman Edgar Nicolay. Col. Leonard died suddenly of angina pectoris, on Oct. 23, 1911, aged 74 years.

DEATH NOTICE. Leonard-On October 23, 1911, at the residence of his son-in-law, H. Edgar Nicolay, Colonel CHARLES HENRY LEONARD, eldest son of the late Moses G. and Catherine Barmore Leonard. Funeral private. Extract from a paper. Published in Doylestown, Bucks Co., Penna. FROM THE BATTLE OF MONOCACY. Captain Charles H. Leonard, Assistant Adjutant General of Morris's Brigade, Rickett's Division, Sixth Army Corps, arrived at the residence of his wife in Doylestown, on Wednesday, direct from Baltimore.

175 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Capt. Leonard, with his brigade, was in the Battle at Monocacy Junction on Saturday week, when General Wallace was compelled to fall back by a superior force of Rebels. Towards the close of the fight, while forming the line of the brigade for another stand near the bridge, he was struck above the eye by a musket ball, which passed under the skin and close to the bone. Fortunately the skull was not fractured and only a severe flesh wound was produced. Capt. Leon­ ard was knocked from his horse by the shock and was carried to the rear but soon recovered sufficiently to ride several miles to the railroad, by which route he proceeded to Baltimore. It was his intention to come northward in one of the trains which were captured by the rebels, but his surgeon thought him not able to travel at that time, a circumstance which un­ doubtedly saved him a trip to Richmond by the inland route. He accordingly remained in Baltimore until Tuesday, when he took passage in a steamboat to Perryville, and came thence by the cars to Philadel­ phia. His arrival in Doylestown was quite unex­ pected, and gave great relief to his friends, who were greatly alarmed for his safety, knowing that he had been wounded and would probably come north in one of the trains which were captured. Captain Leonard states that the rebels were greatly surprised at en­ countering the veteran soldiers of the Sixth Corps, when they had expected to meet nothing but raw mili­ tia. About 5,000 men were in the division which came to Baltimore, but 2,000 of them failed to reach Monocacy in time to take part in the fighting. Their absence was greatly to the disadvantage of General Wallace, whose line of battle was much shorter than that of his assailants. Rickett's division, previous to 176 COL. CHARLES HENRY8 LEONARD. being detached from Grant's army was posted on the extreme left, near the Weldon railroad. They re­ ceived orders to move on Wednesday morning, em­ barked at City Point the same afternoon, and on Fri­ day arrived at Baltimore. Those which landed first immediately started by railroad for Frederick, where they remained a few hours, before falling back to Monocacy. The loss in the division was pretty heavy. The 138th Penna. Volunteers are in this division, and the Bucks County Company suffered several casualties. Capt. Leonard thinks the hundred days men who were in the fight did not act very bravely. They were posted as a reserve, while the veterans held the line of battle, and when the fighting grew warm they got to the rear as rapidly as possible. It seems pretty certain that if it had not been for the presence of the "Fighting Sixth," Johnny Reh might have taken Balti­ more without much trouble. Published during War times, 1861-1865. Extract from a Letter. While speaking of Vv ar Times I should like to add an extract from a letter recently received from "Sil­ ver," as we called him, my father's body-servant in those days. He had heard of my compilation of Leonard Annals and has written me as follows:­ "N ow, Miss Fanny, I have been thinking about this work, and about the many good things that the Leon­ ard family has done, and it seems to me that that book cannot be fully complete without saying something about the young slave-boy that your father and mother brought from the south, and of the good ad­ vice they gave him, so that he has grown up to man­ hood and done nothing that you could be ashamed of. 177 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. I have the last letter I received from your mother and I sit down and read it, sometimes, and enjoy the good advice she gave which has been a great help to me. Your parents were as dear to me as if they had been my own; they were so kind to me in the cruel days of slavery. And I must not forget to thank you for your kindness when a very little girl, when I could n?t spell, read nor write, and you did your very best to teach me my a, b, e's. It was like the "bread cast on the waters and gathered after many days." I am carried back many years in thinking of you and the family; I remember your Grandfather Leonard, Miss Cassie (Mrs. A. J. Steel), and Dr. Sidney, and your summer home at Rockland Lake. I was there once with your father and mother after they came from the South. You cannot remember that your mother came down and remained until we were mustered out of the service. Your father was Colonel of the 3rd Divi­ sion of the 6th Army Corps. I have a position with one of the large firms of Philadelphia, as clerk in the stock department, which I have held for thirty-one years, and I own a nice house in the heart of the city, and a little home in Virginia, and I have always tried to make a man of myself. Your humble servant, Sylvester A. Keen. (This wish, on the part of our humble servitor, to add lustre to our family name has deeply touched my heart. F. L. K.)

ALGERNON SIDNEY8 LEONARD, M. D. This well-known and eminent physician of Brook-. lyn, brother of Charles H.,8 was born in New York City, April 4, 1842, and is a son of Moses Gage1 and 178 ALGERNON SlDNEr LEONARD, M. D.

ALGERNON SrnNEY8 LEONARD, M.D. Catherine (Barmore) Leonard, the former a native of• Stafford, Ct., the latter of Rockland County, New York. In early life his father took quite a prominent and active part in public affairs. Doctor Leonard married in 1899. The family on both sides is noted for longevity. Our subject's maternal grandmother reached the very unusual age of 102 years and 3 months, while two paternal uncles lived to be 93 and 98 years respectively. Dr. Leonard acquired his literary education in a private school in New York, and Dr. Fitch's Boys' Seminary in Windham Co., Connecticut; his prepara­ tions to enter the Medical profession were made at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, where he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1866. After one year spent in the Charity Hospital on Randall's Island, he em­ barked in private practice at Woodstock, Conn., where he remained until 1883, and then came to Brooklyn. He met with marked success as a general practitioner and for some time had charge of the Home for Aged Colored People. Fraternally he was a member of the Medical Society of County of Kings, and of the Wind­ ham Co. (Ct.) Medical Society. On the 10th of January, 1868, Dr. Leonard was united in marriage with Miss Harriet Phillips of Woodstock, Ct., and they have had five children, two of whom died in infancy. Those living are Maude E., 11 Effie B.,9 wife of Louis G. Leverich, by whom she has 10 10 t\vo children, Leonard Phillips and Allan T. ; and Clara K., 9 wife of Adrian C. Grover, by whom she has one child, Allene E.10 The Doctor and his family were active members of the Tompkins Ave. Congregational Church at the time of his death June 14, 1902. 179 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. He was, in his political affiliations, a Republican, and in social, as well as professional circles, he stood deservedly high. MOSES GAGE8 LEONARD of Putnam, Conn. Nephew of Hon. M. G. 7 Leonard. Among other descendants of Jacob5 Leonard, Jr., is M. G. 8 Leonard of Putnam, cousin of the foregoing, of whom the following notice is found in "A Bio­ graphical Record of Tolland Co.," contributed by Mrs. E. 0. Sanford of Stafford, Connecticut. Jacob5 Leonard, Jr., the great-grandfather of Moses G. 8 Leonard of Putnam, was a farmer of Stafford, Conn.,. where his life was passed. His wife was Rhoda (Wheeler) Leonard. Daniel6 Leonard, Sr., son of Jacob,5 Jr., was born Mch. 28, 1773, in Taunton, Mass., and died in Union, Conn., Mch. 28, 1842. He married Mehitabel Hicks, (Daughter of Israel Hicks* a captain in the War of the Revolution), by whom he had eight children. Daniel,7 Jr., the third child of Daniel,6 Sr., was born in Woodstock, Conn., Oct. 6, 1800, and died in Put­ nam, July 3, 1898.The first marriage of Daniel,7 Jr., was with Isabella Place, who died 1859. Their chil­ dren were Mary Alcena,8 Thomas Place,8 Moses Gage8 (the subject of this sketch), born Sept. 15, 1830; Wil­ liam8 and Rhoda J.8 In 1853 Moses G. 8 Leonard with his brother, Thomas P./ entered into partnership in a general store in Woodstock, and soon after began the manu­ facture of shoes. In 1868 the brothers sold their store and closed their factory. Mr. Leonard at the time of his death was the President of the Putnam Water *See appendix page 206. 180

GEORGE C. 8 LEONARD. Company. He was married three times, his first · marriage occurring June 6, 1853, to Harriet C. Allen. His second wife was Miss Mary E. Childs, their mar­ riage occurring Oct. 28, 1858. By her he had two children, Fannie Childs,9 now Mrs. Thomas J. Ed­ wards, of Providence, R. I., the mother of three chil­ dren, Leonard Jennings, 10 Ruth Childs10 and Olive May.1° Frank C.,9 of Phila., the brother of Mrs. Fan­ nie Edwards, was the second child of Moses G. 8 Leon­ ard, whose third wife was Miss Jennie A. Tillinghast, their marriage occurring Sept. 22d, 1885. He died Jan. 31, 1911. Frank C. 9 married Emma Pickford of Brooklyn. Mr. George C. 8 Leonard of Providence, R. I., is the elder son of George7 Leonard and his second wife, Nancy Dewing. He was born in Conn., in 1839, but settled early in Providence, where until his recent re­ tirement, he had been engaged in active business for fifty-one years. In all departments of life, save poli­ tics, he has been a prominent figure in the city of his adoption, and his civic pride is second only to his in­ tense admiration and love for his family, the name of Leonard being very dear to him. He is a member of the Union Congregational Church, of the West Side Club, and has been conspicuous in the National Guard, the Masonic and other fraternal orders. Mr. Leonard numbers among his intimate friends the highest dig­ nitaries of the Church, of his State and City, and as a business man of Providence said recently to the writer, "We have no more highly respected and es­ teemed citizen in our community than Mr. George C. Leonard; he is what we call a one hundred per cent. man, and there are very few of them. In all walks of life, from our Governor down the social scale to an humble truck driver there is always a word of 181 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. cordial greeting for Mr. Leonard as he walks along· our thoroughfares." Mr. Leonard married Miss Eden Sawyer in 1863 and the couple have been blessed with five children. Jessie Augusta9 (Mrs. Leonard Follett Anthony), deceased. Mary Sawyer9 (Mrs. Robert Fobes Brown). Hiram,9 who died in infancy. Grace9 Elma (Mrs. Milton Andrew Smith). Olive9 Dean (Mrs. Newton Cady Arnold). Mr. Leonard has three grandchildren, Jessie Leonard Anthony,10 Leonard Brown10 and Robert Arnold.10 George C. 8 Leonard died March 14, 1914, while this book is in print. Mrs. Lovina8 Leonard Preston, a cousin of the fore­ going, was a woman of rare character. She was born June 19,1824 at West Woodstock, Conn., and married Wm. E. Preston on May 7, 1846. In 1854 Mr. and Mrs. Preston moved from Conn. to Sinclairville, N. Y., and in 1855 settled in Armada, Mich., where they lived for the remainder of their days. They lived to cele­ brate their sixty-third wedding anniversary an event which is rare indeed and comes to but few. They were the parents of six children :-Charles C. Preston9, ( de­ ceased), Mrs. George Cryderman,9 Hon. John L. Pres­ ton9 of Port Huron, Hattie L. Peabody (deceased),9 Bert C. Preston9 and Mrs. G. H. Hebblewhite.9 Mrs. Preston for many years prior to her death had been a "shut in," but tho' confined to the house so much of the time, her spirit was one of constant tenderness and sweetness, and her life one of unusual strength and influence in the community. No good work could be undertaken without eliciting her interest and sup­ port. At the time of her death Mrs. Preston was the 182 BERT CORBIN PRESTON''.

BERT CORBIN PRESTON9 oldest member of the Congregational Church in Ar­ mada and during her long years of membership had been closely identified with every phase of its mis­ sionary and benevolent activities. Mrs. Preston died in her eighty-fifth year, another instance of the long­ evity of the family. Bert Corbin Preston9 was born Jan. 2, 1859, at Armada, Michigan, where his father, William Earl Preston and mother, Lovina Leonard8 Preston, then lived. He was grandson of Halsey7 and Lovina (Cor­ bin) Leonard, of Woodstock, Conn., where Mr. Hal­ sey7 Leonard was for many years deacon in the Baptist Church, dying in Michigan at the age of ninety-two years. During his boyhood, Mr. Preston attended the public schools of Armada, and graduated from the High School in 1878. He studied law in Detroit, Michigan, and afterward matriculated at the Law School of the University of Michigan from which he graduated with the degree of L.L.B. in 1879. He practiced his profession in Armada until· the year 1885, when he engaged in banking in the same village, opening a private bank which was known as "The Banking House of Bert C. Preston." This institution continued in business sixteen years when it was suc­ ceeded by "The Armada Savings Bank" an incor­ porated bank chartered by the State. Mr. Preston was elected its President and General Manager at the date of its organization (1901) and has continued in this position to the present time. (1907). Mr. Preston was married Sept. 24th, 1883, to Belle Bliss in Bidde­ ford, Maine, where her parents resided. Mr. Preston's grandfather, Halsey7 Leonard, was the eldest son of Daniel6 Leonard, Sr., son of Jacob5 Leonard, Jr., and was born in Woodstock, Conn., Nov. 9th, 1795. He died May 7, 1887. 183 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Elbridge Knowlton8 Leonard, M.D., was a native son of Connecticut, born in Stafford, Conn., Dec. 13, 1833; died in Rockville, June 13, 1900. He traced his ancestry thro' Uriah,2 William,3 Jacob,4 Jacob, Jr.,6 Rufus6 and Jenks W.7 (his father), who married Lucy F. Pease, and in their family of children he was the fourth son. MRS. ELIZABETH8 LEONARD BAKER. Mrs. Elizabeth8 Leonard Baker is another descend­ ant of this line, a composer of delightful verse, "Yon­ derland," and "Just for To-day" being two of her volumes. She is the sixth child of Jacob7 Leonard, a direct descendant of James1 Leonard, through Uriah,2 William,3 Jacob,4 Jacob, Jr.,5 Jacob C.,6 and Deacon Jacob.7 A charmingly domestic poem of Mrs. Baker's is not out of place in this family book, with its mention of innumerable "Uncles, Aunts and Cousins." ONE DAY EACH YEAR I. One day each year in childhood's time I thought was well worth living, When Uncles, Aunts and Cousins went To "Grandpa's" for Thanksgiving. II. It seemed to me the longest time Before the words were said, "Now let the children come" for then The elders first were fed. III. Oh what a feast there was of nuts, So dear to children's hearts, Of chicken-pie and turkey, Of puddings, pie and tarts! IV. But best of all was grandpapa, With hair so silvery white, Who in our merry, merry games Took genuine delight. 184 ELIZABETH' LEONARD BAKER. JUDSON WADE' LEONARD.

MRS. ELIZABETH8 LEONARD BAKER. V. The dear old man! I see him yet, With sweet and gentle mien, And heart as pure, as ever yet To mortal given, I ween. VI. So ripe indeed was he for heaven, One day he slipped away, And tho' our hearts with grief were riven We could not bid him stay. VIL And one by one we've followed him, Until there now are more Dwelling with him in Y onderland, Than on the hither shore. VIII. We praise the Lord that they are safe, And we who here are living, May sometime go to them, and keep Perpetual Thanksgiving. Hers is, indeed, a gifted family. Her sister Hannah, 8 was a graduate of Mt. Holyoke, and made her mark as Preceptress of Pine Grove Seminary at S. Wind­ ham, Conn. She afterwards married the principal, Dr. J. C. Fitch, and died some years ago. Her brother, Judson Wade8 Leonard, was born in 1832 and died in 1883. He was a man of rare intel­ lectual ability and consecrated life. Although a life­ long invalid, his business career was successful, and his gifts for Christ's cause, Eternity alone will reveal. His name will ever be associated with Shaw Univer­ sity, Raleigh, N. C., for his gift that made possible the Leonard Medical School and Hospital. His brother­ in-law, Rev. H. M. Tupper, D. D., who married Sarah8 Leonard, was the founder and President for twenty­ eight years of this famous University. "Dr. Tupper has proven himself to be more than an ordinary man­ he is an iron-nerved pioneer, a dauntless and aggress­ ive leader, a faithful and model instructor, an ingeni- 185 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY; ous architect, an easy but skilful manager and a mag..: nanimous philanthropist. His service to the colored people of the State and the South is incommensurable and his connection with the great institution which he has established is invaluable." Rev. C. S. Brown, Editor of The Baptist Pilot. We must all feel pride in such a connection with the Leonard family, and it is a pleasure to incorporate this account of Dr. Tupper in these Annals. But for Dr. Tupper's modesty, this Shaw University would have been called by his name. His wife is spoken of by those who knew her best as being "a wonderful woman" and a great help and wise counsellor to her splendid husband. She wrote, at one time, a pamphlet at the request of the Home Missionary Society through which $25,000 was raised with which to en­ dow the President's Chair in Shaw University. Mrs. Baker,8 herself, filled for three years the posi­ tion occupied by her sister (Hannahs Leonard) at S. Windham, Conn., going West in 1864, where she was the first woman Principal of a Public School in Madi­ son, Wisconsin, from there going to Chicago, where she taught until her marriage to Mr. Hollis Baker. A beautiful and gifted daughter was born to her in 1876, dying at the age of twenty-three years, and two years later Mr. Baker died. Mrs. Baker and her widowed sister, Mrs. Tupper live together in Oak Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Another brother, Franks Leonard, was a successful business man in Rockford, Ill. He might have achieved some literary fame but for the Civil War. He was a Junior in Brown University, and had been chosen class poet, when he was drafted into the army 186 LEONARD MEDICAL BUILDING AND HOSPITAL, SHAW UNIVERSITY, RALEIGH, N. C. (See page 185)

"THE WrNn's SoNG." and was too patriotic to accept an offered substitute. The effect was to turn him from literature to business. He died July 4, 1912. I give here a poem written at the age of fifteen years, by Mrs. Baker's daughter, Bessie Louise9 Baker:- THE WIND'S SONG. The wind is singing softly, It's chorus ever, "On"; With never ceasing rustlings Forever and anon. It sings of wooded valleys, Where babbling brooklets flow; It sings of rolling prairies, Where fairest flowers grow.

The wind and I seem kindred, As in the warm Spring night, I sit beside my window And watch the stars so bright.

Yes, e'en the wind seems lonely, And I am lonely, too, ·ff. And yet the wind sings onward, The long, long night-time through.

"Oh, why shouldst thou be songless? No longer silent be;" I hear the dear wind whispering, Saying these words to me.

"Thou hast no time for sadness, Arise and toiling be, Forever pressing onward, The goal thou'lt sometime see.

Yes, onward, ever onward, Not for thyself alone, Think often of thy neighbor, And make his cause thine own. And ever this remember That which for him thou dost, Will surely help thee onward; Thy time will not be lost. 187 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

For e'en a cup of water Is not without reward, If by a true heart prompted, 'Tis given to the Lord." Was this the soft wind's breathing, Or, did an angel fair Come to my soul and whisper, Leaving this message there? By some good spirit spoken Thy words have reached my heart, And henceforth shall they ever Be of my life a part. Oh, may each learn a lesson, From the sweet songs we hear, And strive to strew with roses, The paths of friends, so dear.

From the obituary of this lovely girl, I quote a few sentences. "Hearing of a dying man, exclaiming, 'What a beautiful day to die,' her face becomes radiant. 'What a lovely thought,' she said. 'We want beautiful days for almost everything else, for business, for pleas­ ure, but how few have thought to wish for a beautiful day to die-to go home to God!' For her there was no death, no soul separation from God, or from those she loved and lived for. * * * * * * * * *

Her perfect self-forgetfulness and patience as she strove to hide the pain, her childlike love and sweetest trust that the Heavenly Father was doing all things well, will linger with us as a holy benediction as long as life shall last."

188 THE LEONARDS OF NEW JERSEY. A NOTE CONCERNING THE OTHER MEM­ BERS OF JAMES1 LEONARD'S FAMILY. James1 Leonard had two sons, other than the three under discussion (with some of their descendants) in these pages, but of these two it has been impossible to learn any particulars beyond a few records of birth, marriage and death, and th; names of their children, which are to be found in the Genealogical Chart.

CONCERNING THE LEONARDS OF NEW JERSEY. In 1878 Bishop Leonard8 of Cleveland, Ohio (then rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Brooklyn, N. Y.), wrote: "I would like to inquire concerning the pedigree of the New Jersey branch of the Leonard family. Mrs. Hannah Deane3 states in Register, pub­ lished in Jan. 1853, Vol. VII., p. 71, in Deposition made to Zephaniah4 Leonard that Henry1 Leonard who removed to New Jersey, lived and married his wife at Lynn in New England, from thence he re­ moved to Toppsfield, thence removed by way of Taunton to the Jerseys. That he had seven children, of whom the eldest, Samuel2 married Sarah Brooks, Nathaniel,2 Thomas/ Henry2 and John2 who married A. Almy. Up to this point there is no difficulty in the genealogy, but after this juncture the line seems to be neglected. I doubt if the New Jersey branch were as careful as their kinsfolk in Massachusetts, whose pedigree has been most admirably and lucidly preserved. But cannot some information be secured that will protect this valuable heritage? I have written to several members of the New England branch, but they cannot furnish any details. As a bit of partial information I would state that my grand- 189 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. father, the late Hon. Stephen lil,6 Leonard of Owego, N. Y., was the son of iilas5 Leonard and was born in Wall Street, where the Custom House now looms up its gran1te front. Silas5 Leonard, my great-grandfather had a brother Paul,5 a clergyman in New York, also two brothers, Stephen3 and .Zephaniah,5 and two sisters, one of whom married a Condit and the other a Mulford, or a Hurd. My grandfather's memory was somewhat impaired towards the end of his long life, but he gave me much valuable information concerning the "olden time." His grandfather's name, he thought, was Joshua/ but ot this he was uncertain. I ieel, of course, personally interested in this matter, and I am sure the gathering together oi the historic items and data of the New Jersey branch of this family will add to the value or your already rich New England re­ search." Although these annals deal with the Massachusetts Leonards, and some of their descendants, it will be apropos at this point to introduce a quotation from a Printeton (N. J.) paper, issued in the 'Summer oi 1906, telative to a descendant of Hertry1 Leonard of New Jersey: - The Nassau Botel in Princeton, which has just been bought by a company composed mainly ot Princeton graduates to be remodelled and opened to the use of the University students for rooming, is an interesting old building with historic associations run­ ning back to colonial times. It was originally the residence of Judge Thomas3 Leonard, who built it 0£ Holland brick in 1757. When Judge 1.eonard3 died, the property was bought by Robert Stockton of Revo­ lutionary fame and became the ''College Inn." After

190

THE NASSAU HOTEL. the Revolution, General John N. Cumming and Major John Gulich, who were interested in the stage eoach· traffic between New York· and Philadelphta, purehased the property-. These were its palmy days, for 100 fresh horses were kept in the stables and frequently as many as fifteen stages at one time would start in each direction from the Old Inn. It was here, in the course of his journey across Jersey, described in one of his minor writings, that Washington Irving put up during his stay in Princeton, and, says the daily Princetonian, ''it was at the hotel that· the 'Lay of the Scottish Fiddler' was conceived and partly written. In the rush of modern enterprise it is good to hear, now and then, of some old landmark in our earlier his• tory, some reminder of the simpler days, some store­ house of historic associations, as the object of a pre­ servative process." (Contributed by Leonard Kellogg,9 A Leonard by descent and cousin of the Compiler, Class '94 Princeton.) Thomas3 Leonard, son of Joh112 and A. (Almy) Leonard. grandson of Henry,1 the brother of James,1 came to Princeton from Massachusetts about 1710. He is said (Maclean, History of Princeton College, Vol. I, p. 105), to be descended from the Leona:rds of Raynham, Mass., who settled there in 1652. He was a man of considerable property and held many public offices, viz. : Judge of the Common Pleas in Somerset County, Member of the Colonial Legislature several times from 1n3-1744, Member of the Eighth General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. Elected ;, trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1748, was Chair­ man of the Building Committee of the College and President's House, and was present at the laying of 191 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

the corner-stone in 1754. He died in 1759. He built the present Nassau Hotel as his residence in 1756, importing the brick from Holland. He was twice married, but left no children. He had at least three brothers, Henry,3 John3 and James3 who are mentioned in his will. His brother James3 is supposed to have given the name of Princeton to the place at the build­ ing of the first house in 1724. His son, Whitehead4 Leonard was the first child born in Princeton. (Nathaniel Fitz Randolph's Journal 1758). The above is compiled from "Princeton and its In­ stitutions" by John F. Hageman. See Vol. I, pp. 12, 42-49.-Contributed by Rev. Ralph Brouwer Pome­ roy,9 of Princeton, N. J., a Leonard by descent and cousin of the Compiler. In a chapter on "Inns and Taverns" in Hageman's History of Princeton is the following mention of Irv­ ing's "Lay of the Scotch Fiddler:" "It was at the Nassau Hotel, kept by John Joline where the 'Lay of the Scotch Fiddler' was conceived and partly written. This is a poem in five cantos. In the introduction we have the blind Scotch Fiddler led by a dog coming from Jersey City to Princeton : 'Winding their way in silent toil O'er bridge, through turnpike -gate and stile, Our weary travelers pass along, Cheer'd by the wildwood's merry song Till faint with hunger, tired and lame With blister'd feet they faltering came To where old Princeton's classic fame With cupola and copper vane And learning's holy honors crowned Looks from her high hill all around O'er such a wondrous fairy scene Of waving woods and meadows green That sooth to say a man might swear Was never seen so wondrous fair. Here many a sign post caught the view Of our poor dog, whose instinct knew 192 "LAY OF THE SCOTCH FIDDLER."

Those fanes by wandering minstrels sought Where liquor may be begged or bought. But here sterrn bigotry abides Which lovely Charity derides, Save that the vulgar bosom wins That which at home with self begins. Fiddling and dancing they abhorr'd And drove the minstrel from the board. * * * * * * * * Even now he reached the welcome door That ne'er was shut against the poor, Where Lord Joline his merry cheer Deals out to all from far and near.'" In the third canto there is a humorous description of a convivial party of students from the College who were always entertained by this noted landlord: Around the table's verge was spread Full many a wine bewildered head Of student learn'd from Nassau Hall Who, broken from scholastic thrall Has sat him down to drink outright Thro' all the livelong merry night. And sing as loud as he can bawl Such is the custom of Nassau Hall. No Latin now, or heathen Greek The Senior's double tongue can speak. Juniors from famed Pierian fount Had drunk so deep they scarce could count The candles on the reeling table; While emulous Freshmen hardly able To drink, their stomachs were so full Hiccupp'd and took another pull Right glad to see their merry host Who never wine or wassail crost. They will'd him to join the merry throng And grace their revels with a song. Then follows the song of which is here given one verse:- LORD JOLINE'S SONG. Professors are always preaching and bawling And drinking good liquor sheer beastliness calling. They say that the headaches and tavern bills float 1n each glass of good stings that flows down the throat. Yet, whoop boys! a fig for your musty professors. They are all no better than father confessors I 193 ANNALS OF THE LEONAtm FAMILY.

At close of the fifth canto of this witty lay, a fare- well is taken of the Minstrel :- Hushed is the strain, the mirtsttel gone, But did he wander forth alone? Na-close by Princeton College gate Even to fhls day he holds his state When welt his beating you tnay know By sightless eye and head of snow. His little garden flourishes With salad tlire artd radishes; Cabbages and cucutnbets are seen And turnips with their tops so green. And of the common garden stuff The Minstrel has more than enough. His faithful dog is often seen Waddling across the cotlege green And not a little Freshman there But pats his head with pious care. At summer eve there gather 'round The student bands who stand astound And listen with attentive glee To tales of modern_ chivalry, And gallant feats of younger times And various wild and witching rhymes; Once in the year he deigns to play First fiddle on Commencement Day When in Joline's high st1ttdy hall Is held the students' ANNUAL BALL. Appended to this parody are notes to the number of a hundred pages explaining many allusions in the poem, full of sparkling wit and humor. This was undoubtedly the joint work of James K. Paulding and Washington Irving, and the reason why Princeton is the scene which occupies the larger part of the poem is found in the well-known fact that Irving and Pauld­ ing,-congenial souls-met and spent a night or two together at Joline's B:otel in Princeton in the year 1814, or thereabouts, and witnessed the things de­ scribed in the poem as pertaining to Princeton, and whether actually written there or not, it was unques­ tionably there inspired; 194 LEONARD FAMILY ASSOCIATION.

From "The New Jersey Coast" 3 Vols., and Salter'& History of Ocean and Monmouth Counties, is taken the following:- When the Monmouth Patent of New Jersey was organized, which required one hundred settlers before the expiration of the three year limit in the Patent, James1 Leonard and his brother Henry1 came from England and settled in Massachusetts, and James1 be.. came one of the Patentees. This occurred between the years 1666 and 1668. Htnty1 the brother of James1 came tQ Monmouth, New Jeney a.bout 1674-5, and en~ gaged in th~ Iron Foundry llnd Saw Mill bu6ine~,. with his brother, and were known as the Leonard Brothen.The descendants of Henry,1 mostly remained in Monmouth Co., New Jersey. A notable o,rganization known as the Leonard Fam­ ily Genealogical Historical and Memorial Association. This Association whose members are numbered by the hundred$ and are dispersed thoughout the entire United States, in July 1901, held its annual meeting in Taunton, Mass., under the auspices of the Old Colony Historical Association. The simple fact that it was thus honored is sufficient attestation of the antiquity and usefulness of the ancient Leonards of America. Dr. Emery, President of the Association, in his ad­ dress, said "pre-eminent among those who bear the name of Leomird and who will claim the attention of_ this meeting are Hep.ry1 all{i James1 Leonard, skilled workmen in iron1 whose names are assodated most in~ timately with the history of iron industry in New England. It is now ·generally conceded that the for~ · nace and forge which the Leonards established in that ' part of Taunton, now Raynham, in l652-3t were the , first successful iron works in America." 195 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

:f,EO/\JA"R.1l /-{OMESTEAD, LEONARJJSVILLE )'f".J. - /807

Of this family was, also Nathaniel Leonard, Gentle­ man, who in 1739 received. a Royal Commission under King George II, as a lieutenant of the Middle Com­ pany of Monmouth County, New Jersey. He had four sons; John, who emigrated to Cuba where he married a Spanish lady. Nathaniel, of whom there is no record. Joseph, who married Annie Bray, and Sam­ uel, who married Lydia Maddon. Thomas Leonard, born in 1753, married Alice Lawrence. Their children were Elizabeth, William and Joseph. William mar­ ried Elizabeth Applegate. They had six children, Richard A., Thomas, Mary, John T., William and Elizabeth. Thomas married Mary Ann Hopping, and they had four sons, James H., Thomas Henry, Edward William and John Joseph. Thomas Henry married Maria Runyon-they had four daughters, Clara, Mabel, Edith Marie and Marianna.

196 LINE OF DESCENT FROM ADAM.

The Leonard Homestead is still standing at the cross-roads at Leonardsville, New Jersey. It has been in the Leonard family since 1807 when William Leonard went there to live, bui: was built several years before that date. Contributed by the aid of CARRIE S. KIBBE,9 a Leonard by descent, and Cousin of the Compiler.

THE LINE OF DESCENT FROM ADAM. This rather remarkable line was sent me as a real curiosity and many who have seen it have asked that it be included here as a matter of interest. Desiring to verify the data before so doing, I proceeded with considerable doubt as to my success, but found it to be quite clearly traced through many pages of a quaint 16th century Irish History, translated from the orig­ inal Celtic, which takes up the line at Noah and car­ ries it to the first Scottish King. At this point the line is taken up in an early 19th century Scottish his­ tory and carried to the Norman line of English his­ tory from whence it is easily traced through the Plantaganets to King Edward III and his two sons, John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock, and so on down. My sources of information, in their order, are as follows :- History of Ireland, Rev. Geoffrey Keating, D.D., (1570-1644), pp. 664, 183, 682-683. History of Scotland, James Browne, LL.D., 1793- 1841. Vol. 1, pp. 123-4, 150-1. English History, from Henry I to Edward III. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

197 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Ancesu-al Line from ADAM and EVE to JAMES1 LEONARD of Tauntott, Mass. Adam and l]:v~, Parents of the Human Race. Adam lived 930 years after his expulsion from Para­ dise. Adam 128 ft. and Eve 123 ft. in height. "There were giants in the earth in those datli," Seth, Gen, 6:4. Enos, Canian, Mahala-:!, Jared, Enoch, Son of Jared, was translated to Heaven without dying, 301i' yrs. 13. C. - Methusetah, Lameeh, Noah, W;.s saved from destruction in the Ark by direction of God, d. ;2029 -B. C. Japheth, The progenitor of the na­ tions of Europe and A.sia, was born Z-448 B, C, Magog, Baath, First King of Scythia. Feniaus Farsa (Phcenius King of Scythia. Farsaidh)

Niul, Married Scota, ( daughter of Pharaoh, King of Egypt.) GraeCal, From whom his descendants are called Gaels, a name by which a nation of north­ ern Afrk>. wail designated by the Romans. 198 LINE OF DESCEN1' FROM 1AoAM. Esru, Sru, Left Egypt and settled ill Creta (Candia). Eber Sout (Scot), Returned to Scythia, Beogamhan, King of Scythia, Eogamhan, " " " Tath, " " Adnon, Went to sea, Lamfinn, Settled in Gothia ( Getulia), N. Africa, Eber Glun Finn, King of Getulia, Febric Glas1 " Nenual, " " Nuadath, " " " Alloid, " " H Aroadh, " H " Dega.tha, " " " Bratha, Left Geturia, settled on the coast of Spain in Galicia. King of Galacia, subdued most of S. E. Europe. Bili; King of Spain, etc. Milesius, Galamh, or Hero of Spain, Bore three lions on shield. Erimhon, Settled in Ireland and with others subdued it. !rial Faidh, King of Ireland, B. C. 1680, Ethrial, " " " Follamhan, Founder of the O'Fallian family. Tighe Finnas, King of Ireland. Enbroth, Simorgoll, Ficaidah Labranni, King of Ireland, B, C, 1492 to 1468. Aengus Olmuchaidh, King of Ireland, subdued Scotland. Maen, Rothectecb, King of Ireland, B. C. 1383. Dian, Prince who introduced marks or badges to distinguish nobility. 199 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

Siorna, King of Ireland. Olild Olcreion, King of Ireland. Gaillchadh, N uadha Finna Fail, King of Ireland, B. C. 1001. Aedgan Glas, King of Ireland. Simeon Bree, King of Ireland, B. C. 893. Muiredach, Bolgrach, King of Ireland, B. C. 805. Fiachaidh Tolgrach, " " " Duach Laghrach, " " " Eocaidh Buadach, lngani Mor, (Hugony the Married Cresair, daut. of Great), King of France. Cobthach Cacl-Breagh, King of Ireland. Melgi Molbthach, " " " Irann Gleo-Fhathach, " " Connla-Crudidh-chelgach, " " B. C. 463. Olild Cas Fiaclach, " " " B. C. 442. Eochardh Felt-Lathan, " " " Aengus Tuimech, " " " B. C. 384. Through his youngest son, -Faicha Fearmara, the kings of Dalraida, Scotland are descended to Loarn, the maternal grandfather of Fergus Mor Mac Erca.

Enna Alighnech; King of Ireland. Esamhain of Emhain, Labraidh, Blathacta, Roighnen Ruadh, Finnlogha, Finn, Eochaidh Feidlech, King of Ireland, B. C. 143. Married Clothfinn, who had triplets, to whom he divided, with two other sons, Ulster, Connaught, Leister and two prov. of Mu1,1ster.

200 LINE OF DESCENT FROM A.DAM.

Bres-Nar-Lother, (The three Finn Emna) Lugaidh Riabh-n-Derg, King. Crimthann Niadh-Nairi, King, was reigning when Jesus Christ was born. He married Nae-Tath Chaoch, daut. of Loach of Scotland. Feradach Finn-fechtnach, King of Ireland, A. D. 14. Fiacaidh Finn Olaidt, " " " A. D. 39. Tuathal Tectmar, " " " A. D. 76. Fiacaidt Roachtmar, King of Ireland, A. D. 110. Conn-Ceadcatha, Conn of the hundred battles. Art-Aein-fer (Art Enear), King of Ireland. Ancestor of O'Harts. Comae Ulfhada ( Comae Mac King of Ireland. Ancestor of Art), McCarthy. Carbri Lifichar, King, A. D. 267. Fiaca Srabthini, King, A. D. 285. Muredach Tirech (Teragh), King, A. D. 326. Eochaidh Muigh Medon, (Enochy Moyvone) King, A. D. 337. Niall Mor, King, A. D. 378, Niall of the Nine Hostages. Ancestor of O'Neill. Eoghan, son of Niall, Founder of the Owen family. Muredach, son of Eoghan, Fergus Mor MacErca, King of Scotland, elected (contemporary of King king for services in repell­ Arthur), ing the Picts. He was drowned in 404. Domangart, son of Fergus, Eochaidh-Rinerel, Eochaidh III, Aodh Finn, son of Eocha From whom the Hughes and III, MacHughes are descended. Eochaidh (Annuine IV), Alpin, son of Eocha IV, Who died A. D. 834, as King of Scotland. Kenneth MacAlpine, Kenneth, son of Alpin. An­ (Kenneth I), cestor of the MacAlpins, Died A. D. 854.

201 ANNAJ.$ OF TffE LtPN/\~D FAMILY. Constantin II, son of Ken­ Died A. D. 878. neth I, Donal IV, son of Constan- Died A. O. 903. Said to bt.ve tin. been the ht Ghrii~B King 9f Scotland. Malcolm I, 9f Scqtland, A. D. 958. Kenneth, ( Cenneth) Died A. D. 994. Malcolm U, King of Scotland. Died A. D. 1041. Bethoc (Princess and dau. of Married Crinan, lay Abbot Malcolm II), of Dunkeld, Duncan I, King of Scqtland, stain or his cousin MacBeth . Malcolm Ill, .King of Scotland, (Canmor, or greathead). Matilda, Who married Henry I, of England. Henry II of England,* Eleanor of Acquitaine. ( Elea• nor of PoitQu), Granddaushter of the tiut of the Troubadours. *Queen first of France, then of England, and always in her own right, Duch!lss of Acquitaine.-From "The Lady," by Mrs, E. J. Putn.im. John, King of England, B. 1167, D. 1214. M. Isabella of Au,gouleme. Henry III, King of England, B. 1~7, D. 1272. Edward I, " " " B. 1239, D, 1307. Edward II, " " B. 1284, D. 1327. Edward III, " " " B. 1312, D. 1377. Prince John of Gaunt, Duke B. 1340 D. 1399 (by Cathe­ of Lancaster, rine Swynford, 3d wife). Joan Beaufort, Widow of Robert Ferrer, who married Ralph Ne~ vine, Earl of West Wk:or­ land, and son of John, Lord. Neville. Sir Edward Neville, Lord Bergavenny. Sir George Neville, 2d Lord Bergavenny. Sir George Neville, 3d Lord Bergavenny. Mary, Who married Thomas, Lord Dacre. 202 liloN WoRKERi' Mo:NuMENT.

Margaret, Who married Sampson Len­ nard. Thomas Leonard, of Pontipool, England. James Leonard, Who emigrated to America, 1652, and established the first iron works in the new world.

Description of the Monument designed to commemorate The Es.tablishment of the Iron Industry in this Country. To be erected in Taunton. "The artist ha3 attempted to typify the secret of the Leonard Family success in three figures, altho' they are only a small part of the statuary which surrounds the tall, overshadowing shaft. One figure is that of an old man) seated and bowed, but still powerful; before him stands a youth, listening; in his hand is a hammer and he seems to be waiting for a word from the old man to wield it. The son is thus preparing to take up his father's business. Near the youth also stands his mother, ready to encourage him in his chosen work. On the other side of the pedestal are groups, illustrating miners digging out ore; foundry­ men pouring the molten metal from the crucible, and smiths fashioning the metal into wrought bars. The figures will be of bronze, the shaft will be of granite to reach a height of eighty feet." -1\Tew York Tribune, Sept. 25, 1904.

203 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY.

"From generation to generation." Jubilate Deo. Ps. 100 :4.

"There is no claim made for the accompanying chart of American Genealogy, that it is complete, nor with­ out errors, but it is the best that could be devised with the available material. It is offered with the hope that it may be an inspiration and an aid to others in tracing out their own lines, and with the wish to make clear the relationships existing between the various personages mentioned in the preceding pages." FANNY LEONARD KOSTER.

204 EPILOGUE.

EPILOGUE. And now that the last page has been turned, the leniency of the reader is asked. Like the preacher in Ecclesiastes, the Compiler has "sought to find out acceptable words," and has in this undertaking, learned the truth of his saying that "Much study is a weariness to the flesh."

In the preceding notices of the Taunton Leonards, only a small part of their descendants have been con­ nected to the present period. Other lines, if traced, would probably include many persons of distinction. Doubtless, much more material is to be had; a great deal is in the possession of private individuals and has not been accessible, but every available item has been employed, and neither time nor expense spared in tracing and arranging these records, therefore, if they seem incomplete, or unfinished, and if a spirit of criti­ cism arises, remember "it is that which I could attain to."

Howe'er it be, it seems to me, 'Tis only noble to be good. Kind words are more than coronets And simple faith than Norman Blood. -Tennyson.

205 ANNALS OF THE LEO~ARD FAMILY. APPENDIX MILITARY RECORD in the WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION of CAPTAIN ISRAEL HICKS ( or HIX) Maternal Grandfather of HON. MOSES GAGE8 LEONARD and the Revolutionary Ancestor through whose ser­ vices the Compiler is eligible to the Nationai Society of The Daughters of the American Revolution. Captclin Israel Hicks, born at Rehoboth, Mass., Sept. 19, 17q4. Married to Eli~abeth Bowen by Elder Richard Round, Jr., Dec. 2, 1762. Died at Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 12, 1813. Parents of Mehitabel (Hicks) Leonard, wife of DanieF Leonard.

Corn.monwealth of 1\1.{assachusj'!tts, Office of the Secretary, Boston, ...... July 3, 1906. Mrs. C. H. Koster, Brooklyn, N. Y. Dear Madam:~ Your letter of the 1st instant, enclosing fee of one dollar and requesting a certificate of the Revolutionary War service of Capt. Israel Hicks, was duly received, and the desired certificate is herewith enclosed. Yours respectfully, Wm. M. Olin, Secretary. T. 206 MILITARY RECORD.

COMMONW~ALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS OFFICE OFT~~ SECRETARY REVOI,,UTIOINARY WAR SERVICE of OF ISRAEL HICKS.

ISRAEL HIX: Appears among a List of Officers chosen i11 the 1st Bristol Co. regt., as returned by Col. Thomas Carpenter. Said Hix chosen CAP­ TAIN of the 9th co. Ordered in Council March 28th, 177 6, that officers be commissioned. Vol. 43 :228.

ISRAEL HIX : Appears with rank of CAPTAIN on Muster and Pay Roll of Capt. Israel Hix's co., Col. Thomas Carpenter's regt. Time of service, 16 days. Company marched from Rehoboth to Bristol, R. I., on the alarm of Dec. 8, 1776. Vol. 2 :116.

ISRAEL HIX: Appears in a Return dated Taunton,, Jan. 6, 1778, of officers of a regiment raised from Brig. Gen. George Godfrey's brigade, to serve for 3 mos. under Gen. Spencer, agreeable to order of Council of Dec. 22, 1777. Rank, CAPTAIN, Col. John Dagget's regt. Vol. 42 :217.

ISRAEL HICKS: Appears in a Petition dated Reho­ both, June 26, 1778, signed by said Hicks, CAP­ TAIN, and other officers of Col. Thomas Carpen­ ter's (1st Bristol Co.) regt., asking for a new choice· of officers. Vol. 220 :309. 207 ANNALS OF THE LEONARD FAMILY. ISRAEL HICKS: Appears in a Pay 'Abstract for wages and mileage due officers and soldiers of Col. John Daggett's regt. stationed at Rhode Island for 3 mos. from Jan. 1, 1778. Rank, CAPTAIN. Approved at Providence July 28, 1778. Examined at Tiverton July 8, 1778, by Brig. Gen. Esek Cornell who states that service was in his brigade. Vol. 61 :15.

ISRAEL HICKS: Appears with rank of CAPTAIN on Muster and Pay Roll of Capt. Israel Hick's co., Col. Josiah Whitney's regt. Service from July 30, 1778, to Sept. 10, 1778, 1 mo. 12 days. Roll sworn to in Bristol Co. Vol. 2 :109.

ISRAEL HICKS: Appears with rank of CAPTAIN on Muster and Pay Roll of Capt. Israel Hick's co., Col. Thomas Carpenter's regt. Entered service Aug. 1, 1780. Time of discharge, 'Aug. 8, 1780. Time of service, 8 days, on an alarm of Tiverton, R. I. Vol. 2 :96.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. Boston, July 3, ...... 1906. I certify the foregoing to be true abstracts from the Record Index to the Military Archives deposited in this office. Witness the Seal of the Commonwealth, Wm. M. Olin, Secretary. NOTE: The above is given as a suggestion to other members of the family who may desire to establish an eligibility to the D. A. R. . F. L. K. 208 MEMORANDA