Family ISCHNURIDAE Simon, 1879

VICTOR FET

This family was introduced by Simon (1879); already Pocock (1893b) defined its scope which has not been changed considerably since that time. At the same time Pocock ( l 893b) downgraded lschnuridae to a subfamily of Scorpionidae where it was included for a long time. This taxon was reestablished as a family by Lourenc;o (1989). Currently, no subfamilies are recognized (Sissom, l 990a). The genus Heteroscorpion Birula, previously included here (Sissom, l 990a) currently is placed in a separate monotypic family, Heteroscorpionidae (Lourenc;o, 1996e). The geographic range of Ischnuridae can be interpreted as a typical Eastern Gondwanaland distribution (Africa, South and Southeast Asia, ); however, the origin of genus Opistha­ canthus Peters in South America is a subject of discussion (Newlands, 1973; Francke, 1974a; Lourenc;o, 1989; Nenilin & Fet, 1992). The family includes eight genera, two subgenera (one nominotypical), 56 species, and 23 sub­ species (including seven nominotypical forms). lschnuridae Simon, 1879: 92 (part); type genus lschnurus C. L. Koch, 1837 (= Sun­ devall, 1833). SYNONYMS Hormurini Laurie, 1896b: 128 (subfamily); type genus Hormurus Thorell, 1876 (= Liocheles Sundevall, 1833). Opisthacanthinae Kraepelin, 1905: 343; type genus Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861 (see Notes). REFERENCES Ischnurini: Pocock, 1893b: 306-307; Kraepelin, 1894: 108; Laurie, 1896b: 128 (subfamily). Ischnurinae: K.raepelin, 1899: 142; Kraepelin, 1905: 345; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Pavlovsky, 1925: 192; Werner, 1934a: 278; Kastner, 1941: 234; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428; Biicherl, 1964: 59; L. E. Koch, 1977: 159; Louren~o, 1989: 163; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 5. Ischnuridae: Pocock, 1900d: 76 (part); Kraepelin, 1901a: 273; Kraepelin, 1913: 162; Fage, 1933: 27 ; Louren~o, 1989: 159-177 (part); Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 477-475; Francke, 1985: 17 (part); Sissom, 1990a: 121 (part); Kovaffk, 1997d: 184; Kovaffk, 1998c: 132. Hormurinae: K.raepelin, 1905: 343; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Pavlovsky, 1925: 192. Ischnuraria ("tribus"): Birula, 1917a: 161-162 (part). DISTRIBUTION: All continents, except North America; tropical and part of subtropical zones. NOTES 1. Although the generic name /schnurus was found to be a junior synonym of Liocheles by Pocock ( l 902a), the family-group name "Liochelidae" was never published, while lschnuri­ dae (or lschnurinae) has won general acceptance. According to the Article 40( a) of the Code, a change of this name is not warranted. 2. Kraepelin (1905: 343) introduced the subfamily name Opisthacanthinae probably as a lap­ sus calami since elsewhere in the same paper (pp. 345, 354) he used the name Ischnurinae for the same taxon.

Genus CHELOCTONUS Pocock, 1892 Cheloctonus Pocock, 1892: 44; type species by monotypy Cheloctonusjonesii Pocock, 1892. REFERENCES Cheloctonus: K.raepelin, 1894: 112; K.raepelin, 1896: 133; Laurie, 1896b: 128; Kraepelin, 1899: 151 ; Bir­ ula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Werner, 1934a: 279; Kastner, 1941: 234; Francke, 1985: 7, 17; Lourern;o, 1989: 171; Sissom, 1990a: 121; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 15, 16; Kovarik, 1998c: 132.

383 384 CATALOG OF THE OF THE WORLD

Opisthacanthus: Pocock, l 896b: 312 (part). Chelectonus (ISS): Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. ?Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho, South Africa, ?Swaziland. NOTES: The genus includes five species and six subspecies (including three nominotypical forms). There was no recent revision of Cheloctonus. The most recent keys are in Lawrence (1955). Draw­ ings of C.jonesii were published by Louren~o (1989).

Cheloctonus anthracinus Pocock, 1899 Cheloctonus anthracinus Pocock, 1899a: 413. HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (BMNH), Griqualand West, Cape Province, South Africa. REFERENCES Cheloctonus anthracinus: Hewitt, 1912: 307-308; Hewitt, 1918: 153-154, pl. XXVII, fig. 67; Werner, 1936: 190; Lawrence, 1942: 230; Lawrence, 1955: 256; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 536; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Cheloctonus anthracinus anthracinus Pocock, 1899 Cheloctonus anthracinus Pocock, 1899a: 413. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Cheloctonus anthracinus warreni Hewitt, 1931 Cheloctonus anthracinus warreni Hewitt, 1931a: 459-460, fig. 2. SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (NM), Bulwer, South Africa. REFERENCES Cheloctonus anthracinus warreni: Lawrence, 1942: 230-231; Lawrence, 1955: 256; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 536; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Cheloctonus crassimanus (Pocock, 1896) Opisthacanthus crassimanus Pocock, l 896b: 313. HoLOTYPE: o (BMNH), East London, Cape Province, South Africa. REFERENCES Cheloctonus crassimanus: Kraepelin, 1899: 153; Penther, 1900: 163; Hewitt, 1912: 307; Hewitt, 1918: 153, 185, pl. XXVII, fig. 71 ; Lawrence, 1942: 235; Roewer, 1943: 234; Lawrence, 1955: 256; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 536; Kovai'fk, 1992a: 185; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. Opisthacanthus crassimanus: Lourern;o, l 979c: 31. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Lesotho, South Africa.

Cheloctonus crassimanus crassimanus (Pocock, 1896) Opisthacanthus crassimanus Pocock, 1896b: 313. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Lesotho, South Africa.

Cheloctonus crassimanus depressus Hewitt, 1918 Cheloctonus crassimanus depressus Hewitt, 1918: 153. SYNTYPES: 3 specimens (sex unknown) (AM), Weenen, Natal, South Africa. REFERENCES Cheloctonus crassimanus depressus: Lawrence, 1942: 230; Lawrence, 1955: 256; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 537; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 385

Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896 Cheloctonus glaber Kraepelin, 1896: 134-136, fig. 8. SYNTYPES: 3 specimens (ZMH), "South West Africa", incorrect locality. REFERENCES Cheloctonus glaber: Kraepelin, 1899: 152; Penther, 1900: 163; Hewitt, 1918: 154; Lawrence, 1955: 256; Weidner, 1959: 100; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 537; Kovarik, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. NOTES: This species is not found in Namibia (Lamoral, 1979; L. Prendini, pers. comm., 1998).

Cheloctonus intermedius Hewitt, 1912 Cheloctonus intermedius Hewitt, 1912: 308-309. HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (TM), Leydenbyrg, Transvaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Cheloctonus intermedius: Hewitt, 1918: 155, pl. XXVII, fig . 68; Lawrence, 1955: 257; Lamora! & Reyn­ ders, 1975: 537; Kovarik, l 998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Cheloctonus jonesii Pocock, 1892 Cheloctonus jonesii Pocock, 1892: 44-46, pl. IIIB, fig. 1. HoLOTYPE: o (BMNH), Murchison Range, Transvaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Cheloctonusjonesii: K.raepelin, 1894: 112-113; Kraepelin, 1896: 133-134; Pocock, 1898a: 309; Purcell, 1903: 303; Hewitt, 1912: 308; Hewitt, 1918: 154-155, 185, pl. XXVII, fig. 70; Hewitt, 1935: 476; Lawrence, 1937: 262; Lawrence, 1942: 231; Roewer, 1943: 235; Lawrence, 1955: 256; Lawrence, 1964: 38; Lawrence, 1967a: 86; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 537; Sissom, 1990a: 125, fig. 3.24B; Kovarik, 1998c: 132. Cheloctonusjonesi (UE): Kraepelin, 1899: 152; Werner, 1934a: 279; Vachon, 1974, fig. 84; Lourern;:o, 1989: 166, pl. 4, fig. 4; pl. 5, fig. 7, 9; pl. 6, fig. 6. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. ?Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho, South Africa, ?Swaziland.

Cheloctonus jonesii jonesii Pocock, 1892 Cheloctonus jonesii Pocock, 1892: 44-46, pl. CXIB, fig. 1. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. ?Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho, South Africa, ?Swaziland.

Cheloctonus jonesii sculpturatus Hewitt, 1914 Cheloctonus jonesi (UE) sculpturatus Hewitt, 19 l 4b: 3-4. SYNTYPES: 1

Genus CHIROMACHETES Pocock, 1899 Chiromachetes Pocock, l 899e: 7 44; type species by monotypy Chiromachetes fergusoni Pocock, 1899. REFERENCES Chiromachetes: Pocock, 1900d: 78-79; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Werner, 1934a: 280; Kast­ ner, 1941: 234; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 511; Francke, 1985: 7, 17; Lourenc;o, 1989: 172; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 19; Lourenc;o, 19971: 81-89; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. 386 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. (south). NOTES: The validity of this genus has been unclear (Lourenc;o, 1989). Sissom (1990a) did not include it in his list of ischnurid genera. However, recently Lourenc;o (19971) revalidated this genus, redescribed its type species, and described a second one.

Chiromachetes fergusoni Pocock, 1899 Chiromachetes fergusoni Pocock, 1899e: 7 44. HOLOTYPE: 'i! (BMNH 1897.7 .11.1), Trivandram (8°29'N, 76°55'E), Kerala, India. REFERENCES Chiromachetesfergusoni: Pocock, 1900d: 78; Werner, 1934a: 280; Takashima, 1945: 97; Vachon, 1974, fig. 81; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 511-516, fig. 1390-1402; Louren\:O, 1989: 166, pl. 4, fig. 8; pl. 5, fig. 8; Louren\:O, 19971: 85-86, fig. 1, 11, 12, 15, 17-22, 29; Kovarik, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Kerala).

Chiromachetes tirupati Lourenc;o, 1997 Chiromachetes tirupati Lourenc;o, 19971: 87-88, fig. 2, 4-6, 8-10, 13, 14, 16, 23-28, 29. HoLOTYPE: o (MNHN RS-8528), Tirupati (13°39'N, 79°25'E), Andhra Pradesh, India. REFERENCES Chiromachetes tirupati: Kovarik, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Andhra Pradesh).

Genus CHIROMACHUS Pocock, 1893 Chiromachus Pocock, 1893b: 320, pl. XIV, fig. 4; type species by original designation Ischnu­ rus ochropus C. L. Koch, 1837 [= Chiromachus ochropus (C. L. Koch, 1837)]. REFERENCES Ischnurus (nee C. L. Koch, 1837): Kraepelin, 1894: 130-131, pl. II, fig. 47; Lonnberg, 1897b: 199; Krae­ pelin, 1898: 4; Kraepelin, 1899: 153, fig. 40; Kraepelin, 190la: 272; Kraepelin, 1913: 187; Birula, 1917b: 58; Werner, 1934a: 279; Kastner, 1941: 234; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125; Lamora! & Reyn­ ders, 1975: 537. Chiromachus: Laurie, 1896b: 128; Pocock, 1902a: 364; Louren~o, 1983a: 403-409; Louren\:o. 1989: 172; Sissom, 1990a: 126; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 15, 16; Lourern;:o, 1996e: 39; Kovarik, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Islands off east coast: Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Zanzibar; ?Mada­ gascar. NOTES: Francke (1985) considered Chiromachus a synonym of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833. How­ ever, Louren90 (1983a, 1996e) demonstrated that it is a valid monotypic genus; for a recent redescription see Lourenc;o (1996e).

Chiromachus ochropus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Ischnurus ochropus C. L. Koch, 1837b: 69-71, pl. CXXVII, fig. 293. HOLOTYPE: o (lost); type locality unknown. NEOTYPE (designated here): o (MNHN RS-0389), Seychelles. REFERENCES Ischnurus ochropus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 88; Kraepelin, 1894: 130-131, pl. II, fig. 47; Laurie, 1896b: 122, 125-126; Kraepelin, 1898: 4; Kraepelin, 1899: 153, fig. 40; Kraepelin, 190la: 272; Kraepelin, 1913: 187; Kopstein, 1921: 141; Fage, 1933: 26; Werner, 1934a: 279; Vachon, 1974, fig. 100, 119-121; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 544; Benoit, 1979: 460. Chiromachus ochropus: Pocock, 1893b: 320; Louren\:o, 1983a: 404-409, fig. 1-13; Louren~o, 1989: 165, pl. 3, pl. 4, fig. 5, pl. 5, fig. 5, 11, pl. 6, fig. 7; Sissom, 1990a: 125, fig. 3.24; Louren~o, 1996e: 39-40, fig. 105, 107-109, 112-117, 120; Louren~o, 19971: 85, fig. 3; Kovarik, 1998c: 132. Opisthacanthus ochropus: Simon, 1893a: 211. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Round Island), Seychelles, Tanzania (Zanzibar Island), ?Madagascar. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 387

NOTES 1. Lourern;o ( l 983a, 1996e) redescribed this species but did not designate a neotype. We des­ ignate it here as a male specimen described by Louren90 ( l 983a: 405-407). 2. Records from Madagascar are not confirmed by Louren90 (1996e).

Genus HADOGENES Kraepelin, 1894 Hadogenes Kraepelin, 1894: l 14-115; type species by original designation Scorpio (lschnurus) trichiurus Gervais, 1843 [= Hadogenes trichiurus (Gervais, 1843)]. REFERENCES Hadogenes: Lonnberg, 1897b: 198; Kraepelin, 1899: 143; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Werner, 1934a: 279; Kastner, 1941: 234; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538; Lam­ ora!, 1979: 652-653; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 35; Francke, 1985: 8, 17: Lourenc;:o, 1989: 172; Sissom, l 990a: 126; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 15, 16: Kovaffk, l 998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Kenya, Mozam­ bique, Namibia, South Africa, ?Swaziland, ?Tanzania, Zimbabwe. NOTES: This genus includes 16 Iithophilous arid species and l 2 subspecies (including two nominotypical forms). Among these are some of the largest known extant scorpions (H. troglodytes, up to 21 cm; Sissom, l 990a). New lands & Cantrell (1985) published a brief revi­ sion and keys to this genus. Lamora! ( 1979) revised Namibian fauna in detail. Two sets of keys to the Namibian species are published by New lands ( I 972a) and Lamora! ( 1979); the old key by Lawrence ( 1955) is also useful for the South African species. An additional recent paper was pub­ lished by New lands & Prendini ( 1997).

Hadogenes austroafricanus Penther, 1900 Hadogenes austroafricanus Penther, 1900: I 61-162. SYNTYPES: 2 juv (NMW 1696), Matabeleland, Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. REFERENCES Hadogenes austroafricanus: Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538; Kovaffk. l 998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Zimbabwe. NOTES: Lawrence (1950: 254) and New lands (1970: 201-202) stated that this species is dubi­ ous (Lamoral & Reynders 1975: 538).

Hadogenes bicolor Purcell, 1899 Hadogenes bicolor Purcell, 1899b: 437-438. SYNTYPES: several adults and juv (TM 4062), 20 miles E of Pietersburg, Zoutpansberg district, Trans­ vaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes bicolor: Hewitt. 1918: 160. pl. XXX, fig. 88-89; Lawrence, 1955: 251; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538: Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovarik. ! 998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes bifossu/atus Roewer, 1943 Hadogenes bifossulatus Roewer, 1943: 222-234, fig. 10, lOa-d, pl. 5. HoLOTYPE: 9 (formerly SMF 6739/ I 46; could not be found), Waterberg, South West Africa, now Namibia. REFERENCES Hadogenes bUossufarus: Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538; Lamora!, 1979: 661. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Namibia. NOTES: Lawrence ( 1955: 254) stated that this species is dubious; Newlands (I 972c: 135) sug­ gested that it is possibly a synonym of H. raeniurus (Thorell} (Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538; Lamoral, 1979). Kovarik (I 998c: 133) listed it as a synonym of H. tityrus, without a justification. 388 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

Hadogenes gracilis Hewitt, 1909 Hadogenes gracilis Hewitt, 1909: 41-42. SYNTYPES: o 9 (TM), De Kroon, Crocodile River, Transvaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes gracilis: Hewitt, 1918: 161-162, pl. XXX, fig. 86-87, text-fig. 4(5-6); Lawrence, 1955: 251; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538; Loureni

Hadogenes granulatus Purcell, 1901 Hadogenes granulatus Purcell, 1901: 204-206. HoLOTYPE: o (SAM 420; dry), Rustenburg district, Transvaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes granulatus: Hewitt, 1914b: 4; Hewitt, 1918: 160, 187, pl. XXXI, fig. 91; Hewitt, 1935: 474-475; Lawrence, 1938: 292-293; Lawrence, 1955: 252; Lawrence, 1961: 154; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538-539; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes gunningi Purcell, 1899 Hadogenes gunningi Purcell, 1899b: 435. HoLOTYPE: S? (TM 4041 ), Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes gunningi: Hewitt, 1909: 42-43; Hewitt, 1918: 161, pl. XXI, fig. 28, pl. XXX, fig. 85, text-fig. 4; Werner, 1934a: 279; Werner, 1936: 189; Lawrence, 1955: 252; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 539; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 132. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes lawrencei Newlands, 1972 Hadogenes lawrencei Newlands, 1972c: 133-134, fig. 2-4. HoLOTYPE: sub 9 (SMN), Harus waterhole (15°10'E), Uri-Hauchab Mts, South West Africa, now Namibia. PARATYPES: 1 sub 9 (SMN), I sub o (TM), same locality as holotype. REFERENCES Hadogenes lawrencei: New lands, l 972c: 133- 134, fig. 2-3, table 1; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 539; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 41 , 43; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Namibia.

Hadogenes minor Purcell, 1899 Hadogenes minor Purcell, 1899: 436-437. HoLOTYPE: 'i? (SAM 1207), Onder Bokkeveld, Bokkeveld Mts, Calvinia division, South Africa. PARATYPES : 1 9 (SAM 2217), Langkuil near Doorn River, Clanwilliam division; I 'i? (SAM 2217), Sneeukop Mts, Cedarberg Range, Clanwilliam division, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes minor: Hewitt, 1918: 166; Lawrence, 1946: 404-406, fig. le; Lawrence, 1955: 252; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 539; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovaifk, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes paucidens Pocock, 1896 Hadogenes paucidens Pocock, 1896b: 316-317. SYNTYPES: I dry specimen (BMNH), West Africa; 1 o (BMNH), Congo; I 9 (BMNH), Tette, Mozam­ bique; 1 S? (BMNH), Umfuli River, Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 389

REFERENCES Hadogenes paucidens: Kraepelin, 1899: 145 ; Belfield, 1956: 45; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 539; New­ lands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Fet, 1997b: 248; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Congo, Mozambique, Zimbabwe.

Hadogenes phyllodes Thorell, 1876 Hadogenes phyllodes Thorell, 1876b: 254-258. HoLOTYPE: (formerly in NMG, now probably lost; Lamora!, 1979); "Africa". SYNONYMS Hadogenes gracilis namaquensis Hewitt, 1918: 162, pl. XXXII, fig. 92 (synonymized by Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 35). HoLOTYPE: o (ZMH), Okiep, Cape Province, South Africa. Hadogenes gracilisfluvialis Lawrence, 1955: 222-223 (synonymized by Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 35; misspelled as fiuvianus). SYNTYPES: lo, 2 ~, 5 juv (EMLU), Upington, Cape Province, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes phyllodes: Hewitt, 1918: 163; Lawrence, 1955: 252; Newlands, 1972c: 135; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 539; Lamora!, 1979: 653-654, fig. 298-301, 306; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985 : 44; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. Hadogenes gracilis namaquensis: Lawrence, 1955: 251; Lawrence, 1961 : 154; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538. Hadogenes gracilisfluvialis: Newlands, 1972c: 134; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 538. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Namibia, South Africa.

Hadogenes taeniurus (Thorell, 1876) Ischnurus taeniurus Thorell, 1876b: 254-258. HOLOTYPE: ~ (?NMG 121), southern Africa. SYNONYMS /schnurus hahni Peters, 1862: 27; new synonymy (by L. Prendini, pers. comm., 1998). SYNTYPES: 1 o, 1 ~ (ZMB 2317/18), Neu-Barmen, Otjimbingue, South West Africa, now Namibia. REFERENCES Hadogenes taeniurus: Kraepelin, 1908b: 267-268; Kraepelin, 1914a: 117; Hewitt, 1918: 163; Lawrence, 1928: 277; Lawrence, 1955: 252; Lawrence, 1959: 386; Lawrence, 1961: 154; Newlands, 1972c: 135 ; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 540; Lamoral, 1979: 654-657, fig. 304-305, 307-309; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Sissom, 1990a: 125, fig. 3.24H; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. /schnurus hahni: Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 315. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Angola, Namibia. NOTES : The species Ischnurus hahni Peters, 1862 was "forgotten" after its description and was never listed in any revisions or catalogs. Its syntypes were recently analyzed by L. Prendini and identified as H. taeniurus (Thorell, 1876). Although Peters' name is the senior synonym, it has not been used since its description while H. taeniurus won wide acceptance and was the only name used for this species since the 1870s.

Hadogenes tityrus (Simon, 1888) Ischnurus tityrus Simon, 1888: 383-384. HoLOTYPE: ~ (not o) (MNHN RS 0378), Kalahari, South West Africa, now Namibia. REFERENCES Hadogenes tityrus: Kraepelin, 1896: 136; Kraepelin, 1899: 145-146; Kraepelin, 190la: 272; Kraepelin, l908b: 268; Kraepelin, 1914a: 117 ; Hewitt, 1918: 163; Werner, 1936: 189; Roewer, 1943 : 232; Lawrence, 1955: 252; Lawrence, 1961: 154; Lawrence, 1962: 221; Lawrence, 1966: 5-7; New­ lands, 1972c: 135; Vachon, 1974, fig. 95, 109, 125-127; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 540; Lam­ oral, 1979: 657-661, fig. 302-303, 310-317; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 43; Lourengo, 1989: 166, pl. 4, fig. 9-11; Newlands & Prendini, 1997: 80-81; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. Hadogenes tityurus (ISS): Biicherl, 1964: 61. 390 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Namibia. NOTES: H. tityrus appears to be a complex of morphologically similar allopatric species which differ in morphometrics, chromosomal number and allozyme profiles (Newlands & Cantrell, 1985). Hadogenes lawrencei Newlands, 1972 is one of the members of this complex; other species have not yet been formally named.

Hadogenes trichiurus (Gervais, 1843) Scorpio trichiurus Gervais, 1843: 131. HOLOTYPE: (MNHN), "La Cafrerie". SYNONYMS ?Ischnurus melampus C. L. Koch, 1842: 1-3, pl. CCCXXV, fig. 756 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 115). SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (ZMB 45), Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Ischnurus pectinator Thorell, 1876b: 258-261 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 115). SYNTYPES: I adult, l juv (NRS), 1 juv (ZMH), "Caffraria", now South Africa. Hadogenes pallidus Pocock, l 898h: 198 (synonymized by Hewitt, 1918: 166; see H. trichiurus pallidus). HOLOTYPE: ? ~ (BMNH), junction of Blaukrantz and Tugela Rivers, Natal, South Africa. Hadogenes whitei Purcell, 1899b: 436 (synonymized by Hewitt, 1918: 166; see H. trichiurus whitei). SYNTYPES: o ~ (SAM 1736), Brakkloof near Grahamstown, Albany district, South Africa. REFERENCES Scorpio (Jschnurus) trichiurus: Gervais, 1844a: 237-238, pl. XII, fig . 52-53; Gervais, 1844b: 70. /schnurus melampus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 88; Peters, 186lb: 511 ; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 318. Ischnurus trichiurus: Thorell, 1876a: 14; Karsch, 1879a: 21. Hadogenes trichiurus: Kraepelin, 1894a: 115-117 (part), pl. II, fig. 41; Pocock, 1896b: 317; Kraepelin, 1899: 144-145; Penther, 1900: 161; Kraepelin, 190la: 272; Werner, 1902: 603; Hewitt, 1918: 163-164; Werner, l 934a: 279; Roewer, 1943: 232; Lawrence, 1955: 252; BUcherl, 1964: 61 ; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 540; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovarik, 1998c: 133 . DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. NOTES: Kovaifk (1998c: 133) listed all described subspecies in synonymy to the nominotypic form, without a justification.

Hadogenes trichiurus trichiurus (Gervais, 1843) Scorpio trichiurus Gervais, 1843: 131. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes trichiurus caffer Hewitt, 1918 Hadogenes trichiurus caffer Hewitt, 1918: 166, pl. XXI, fig. 34, pl. XXXI, fig. 90, pl. XX.XII, fig. 96, text-fig. 5(3). SYNTYPES : 1 o (AM), Keilands, South Africa; 1 '? (AM), Kei Bridge, South Africa; 1 specimen (AM), Shawbury, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes trichiurus caffer: Lawrence, 1955: 252; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 540-541. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes trichiurus gracilioides Hewitt, 1918 Hadogenes trichiurus gracilioides Hewitt, 1918: 165, pl. XXI, fig. 35, pl. XXXII, fig. 93, 97, text-fig. 5(1-2). SYNTYPES: 1 o, 3 '? (AM), Cradock; l o, other specimens (AM), Rooispruit near Rosmead; 1 o (BMNH), Deelfontein, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes trichiurus gracilioides: Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lawrence, 1961: 155; Lamora} & Reyn­ ders, 1975: 541. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 391

Hadogenes trichiurus pallidus Pocock, 1898 Hadogenes pallidus Pocock, 1898h: 198. HoLOTYPE: ? 2 (BMNH), junction of Blaukrantz and Tugela Rivers, Natal, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes pallidus: Kraepelin, 1899: 145; Biicherl, 1964: 61. Hadogenes trichiurus pallidus: Hewitt, 1918: 166; Hewitt, 1921: 11; Lawrence, 1942: 232-233; Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 541. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes trichiurus parvus Hewitt, 1925 Hadogenes trichiurus parvus Hewitt, 1925: 292-294, pl. XIII, fig. 1. SYNTYPES: (AM), Fann Resolution, Fort Brown, Cape Province, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes trichiurus parvus: Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 541. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes trichiurus werneri Fet, 1997 Hadogenes trichiurus werneri Fet, 1997b: 248 (see Notes). SYNONYMS Hadogenes trichiurus paucidens Werner, 1939b: 362 (synonymized by Fet, 1997b: 248). HOLOTYPE: 1 specimen (ZFMK), "South Africa". DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. NOTES: This name was introduced as a new replacement name for Hadogenes trichiurus paucidens Werner, 1939, a junior homonym of Hadogenes paucidens Pocock, 1896. Werner's subspecies was not listed by Lamoral & Reynders (1975).

Hadogenes trichiurus whitei Purcell, 1899 Hadogenes whitei Purcell, 1899b: 436. SYNTYPES: o 2 (SAM 1736), Brakkloof near Grahamstown, Albany district, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes whitei: Hewitt, 1912: 303. Hadogenes trichiurus whitei: Hewitt, 1918: 164-165, pl. XXXII, fig. 94-95, text-fig. 5.4; Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 541. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes troglodytes (Peters, 1861) lschnurus troglodytes Peters, 1861b: 513. SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (ZMB 44), 12 (ZMB 2311), lo (ZMB 2313), 12 (ZMB 2314), 12 (ZMB 2315), 1 juv (ZMB 2316), Tette, Mozambique. SYNONYMS Hadogenes betschuanicus Penther, 1900: 162-163 (synonymized by Newlands, 1970: 200). HoLOTYPE: o (NMW 1697), Bechuanaland, now Botswana. Hadogenes gracilis rhodesianus Hewitt, 1935: 475, pl. XXIV, fig. 1-2 (synonymized by Newlands, . 1970: 200). SYNTYPES: o 2 (TM), 20 miles N of Limpopo between Fort Victoria and Messina, Southern Rhode- sia, now Zimbabwe. REFERENCES Hadogenes trichiurus: Kraepelin, 1894: 115 (part). : Laurie, 1896b: 122,; Pocock, 1896b: 317; Kraepelin, 1899: 145; Penther, 1900: 161; Hewitt, 1918: 156, 186, pl. XXIX, fig. 83-84, text-fig. 4 (1-2); Bacelar, 1950: 5; Lawrence, 1955: 253; Biicherl, 1964: 61; Weidner, 1959: 101; Lawrence, 1961: 155; Lawrence, 1964: 38; 392 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

Newlands, 1970: 200, 204; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975 : 541-542; Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovarik, l998c: 133. lschnurus troglodytes: Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 325. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe. NoTEs: Kovarik (1998c: 133) listed all described subspecies in synonymy to the nominotypic form, without a justification.

H adogenes troglodytes troglodytes (Peters, 1861) Ischnurus troglodytes Peters, 186lb: 513. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Mozambique, South Africa.

Hadogenes troglodytes crassicaudatus Hewitt, 1918 Hadogenes troglodytes crassicaudatus Hewitt, 1918: 157. HoLOTYPE: S? (AM), Serowe, Bechuanaland, now Botswana. REFERENCES Hadogenes troglodytes crassicaudatus: Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 542. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Botswana.

Hadogenes troglodytes dentatus Hewitt, 1918 Hadogenes troglodytes dentatus Hewitt, 1918: 157, 185-186. SYNTYPES: 1 o (TM), Vliesenport, Rustenburg district; 1 o (TM) (no label); 2 S? (MMK), Magaliesburg, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes troglodytes dentatus: Hewitt, 1935: 474; Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 542. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes troglodytes letabensis Werner, 1933 Hadogenes troglodytes letabensis Werner, 1933: 324, fig. 1-3. SYNTYPES: 2 S?, 1 juv (SMF 119), Letaba Camp, Kruger National Park, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes troglodytes letabensis: Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lawrence, 1964: 39; Lamora! & Reyn­ ders, 1975: 542. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa.

Hadogenes troglodytes matoppoanus Hewitt, 1918 Hadogenes troglodytes matoppoanus Hewitt, 1918: 159, 187, text-fig. 4(7). SYNTYPES: 3 S? (RM), Matopos; 1 S?, 1 o (MMK), Hillside, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. REFERENCES Hadogenes troglodytes matoppoanus: Hewitt, 1935: 474; Lawrence, 1955: 254; Lamora! & Reyn­ ders, 1975: 542. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Zimbabwe.

Hadogenes zuluanus Lawrence, 1937 Hadogenes trichiurus zuluanus Lawrence, 1937: 259-261, pl. 13, text fig. 25a-c. SYNTYPES: 5 S?, 3 o, 24 juv (NM), Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Zululand, South Africa. REFERENCES Hadogenes trichiurus zuluanus: Lawrence, 1942: 231-232; Lawrence, 1955: 253; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 541. Hadogenes zuluanus: Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 44; Kovaffk,1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 393

Hadogenes zumpti New lands & Cantrell, 1985 Hadogenes zumpti Newlands & Cantrell, 1985: 43. LECTOTYPE (designated by Newlands & Prendini, 1997): o (SAM B8945), Khubus, Richtersveld, South Africa. PARALECTOTYPES: 1 'i? (TM 18400), same locality as lectotype; 1 o (TM 11866), l sub 'i? (TM 11867), 3.4 km W of Numees Mine, Richtersveld, South Africa; juv (TM), Tatasberg, Richtersveld, South Africa; 1 juv o, 1 juv

Genus IOMACHUS Pocock, 1893 Jomachus Pocock, 1893b: 320, pl. XIV, fig. 5, 6; type species by original designation Hormu­ rus laeviceps Pocock, 1890 [= Jomachus laeviceps (Pocock, 1890)]. REFERENCES Jomachus (ISS): Kraepelin, 1894: 139; Kraepelin, 1897: 138-141, fig. 19-22; Kraepelin, 1913: 187; Bir­ ula, 1914a: 114-115; Birula, 1915a: 52; Birula, 1915c: 24-25; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Caporiacco, 1939: 307; Werner, 1934a: 280; Kastner, 1941: 234; Moriggi, 1941: 96; Mello­ Leitao, 1942a: 125; Caporiacco, 1949: 314. Iomachus: Laurie, 1896b: 128; Pocock, 1896b: 317; Lonnberg, 1897b: 199; Kraepelin, 1899: 155; Pocock, 1900d: 81; Sreenivasa-Reddy, 1969: 759-767; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 479; Francke, 1985: 9, 17; Lourenc;:o, 1989: 171; Sissom, 1990a: 126; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 15, 16, 19; Kovarfk, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Ethiopia, Kenya, ?Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda. ASIA. India. NOTES: Three Indian species of this genus have been redescribed and keyed by Sreenivasa­ Reddy (1968a, 1968b) and Tikader & Bastawade (1983); an additional species from India was described by Bastawade (1986a). Redescriptions of the two African species are published by Lourenc;o (1989); see also the key by Probst (1973).

Iomachus borana (Caporiacco, 1939) Jomachus (ISS) borana Caporiacco, 1939: 307-309, fig. 1. SYNTYPES: 2 'i? (MZUF 468 bis), Neghelli (Negele), Ethiopia. REFERENCES Jomachus (ISS) borana: Moriggi, 1941: 96; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295 . Iomachus borana: Sreenivasa-Reddy, 1969: 759; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 544; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Ethiopia.

Iomachus laeviceps (Pocock, 1890) Hormurus laeviceps Pocock, 1890a: 242-244, pl. XII, fig. 1, la. LECTOTYPE (designated by Sreenivasa-Reddy, 1968a):

lomachus laeviceps laeviceps Pocock, 1890 Hormurus laeviceps Pocock, 1890a: 242. REFERENCES Jomachus laeviceps laeviceps: Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 490-494, fig. 1334-1347. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu).

Iomachus laeviceps malabarensis Pocock, 1900 Iomachus laeviceps malabarensis Pocock, 1900d: 82. SYNTYPES: o <.( (BMNH 1896.7.30, 75.80), Mangalore, Karnataka, India. REFERENCES lomachus laeviceps malabarensis: Kraepelin, 1913: 165; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 495-499, fig. 1348-1361; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Karnataka).

Iomachus nitidus Pocock, 1900 Iomachus nitidus Pocock, 1900d: 83. HOLOTYPE: <.i! (BMNH), Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. REFERENCES lomachus nitidus: Takashima, 1945: 97; Sreenivasa-Reddy, 1968c: 518-526, fig. 1-14; Sreenivasa­ Reddy, 1969: 759; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 485-488, fig. 1320-1333; Lourenc;o, 1989: 166, pl. 5, fig. 4; Kovarik, l 998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Andhra Pradesh).

lomachus politus Pocock, 1896 lomachus politus Pocock, 1896b: 317-318. HoLOTYPE: o (BMNH), Mombasa, Kenya. REFERENCES Jomachus (ISS) politus: Kraepelin, 1896: 138-141, fig. 19-22; Kraepelin, 1913: 187; Birula, 1914a: 114-115; Birula, 1915a: 52; Birula, 1915c: 24-25; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Pavlovsky, 1925: 152; Caporiacco, 1939: 307; Vachon, 1940b: 252, fig. 24A, B; Moriggi, 1941 : 96; Caporiacco, 1949: 314. Jomachus politus: Pocock, 1898j: 499; Kraepelin, 1899: 156; Kraepelin, 190la: 273; Simon, 1909: 43; Loveridge, 1925: 305; Werner, 1936: 191; Roewer, 1943: 235; Bacelar, 1950: 5; Sreenivasa­ Reddy, 1969: 759; Probst, 1973: 328; Vachon, 1974, fig. 82, 122-124; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 544; Lourenc;o, 1989: 166, pl. 5, fig. 10; Kovarik, 1992a: 185; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Ethiopia, Kenya, ?Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda.

lomachus punctulatus Pocock, 1897 Iomachus punctulatus Pocock, 1897d: 116. SYNTYPES: o <.( (BMNH 88.16), Anamalai Hills, Koimator, Tamil Nadu, India. REFERENCES Jomachus punctulatus: Kraepelin, 1899: 156; Pocock, 1900d: 83; Takashima, 1945: 97; Sreenivasa­ Reddy, 1968b: 132-140, fig. 1-14; Sreenivasa-Reddy, 1969: 759; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 480-485, fig. 1306-1319; Lourenc;o, 1989: 166, pl. 4, fig. 6; pl. 6, fig. 3; Lourenc;o, 19971: 84, fig. 7; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Tamil Nadu).

lomachus surgani Bastawade, 1986 Iomachus surgani Bastawade, 1986a: 101-104, fig. 1-17. HoLOTYPE: <.( (ZSI), 42 km W of Vani on Nasik-Saputara Road, Surgana, Nasik District, Maharash­ tra, India. PARATYPES: 3 o, 2 ~, 1 juv o, 3 juv (ZSI), same locality as holotype. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 395

REFERENCES lomachus surgani: Kovarik, 1998c: 133. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Maharashtra).

Genus LIOCHELES Sundevall, 1833 Scorpio (Liocheles) Sundevall, 1833: 31; type species by monotypy Scorpio australasiae Fabricius, 1775 [= Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775)]. SYNONYMS Jschnurus C. L. Koch, 1837c: 37, pl. VI, fig. 69; type species by subsequent designation (Pocock, 1902a: 364) Jschnurus complanatus C. L. Koch, 1837 [= Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775)] (syn­ onymized with Hormurus Thorell by Pocock, 1902a: 364). Hormurus Thorell, 1876a: 14; type species by original designation Jschnurus caudicula L. Koch, 1867 [= Liocheles waigiensis (Gervais, 1843)] (synonymized by Karsch, 1880c: 408). Hormiops Fage, 1933: 30; type species Hormiops davidovi Fage, 1933 [? = Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775); see Notes] (synonymized by Lourenc;o, 1989: 170). REFERENCES Ischnurus: C. L. Koch, 1837b: 71-73; C. L. Koch, 1837c: 37 (part); Birula, 1917a: 162. Sisyphus C. L. Koch, 1837c, pl. VI, fig. 69 (lapsus calami; name created in the legend to fig. 69) (see Notes). Hormurus: Thorell, 1876b: 249; Karsch, 1879a: 21; Keyserling, 1885: 21; Pocock, 1893b: 320; Krae­ pelin, 1894: 131-132; Laurie, 1896a: 193; Laurie, 1896b: 128; Lonnberg, 1897b: 199; Kraepelin, 1899: 153; Pocock, 1900d: 78-79; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Werner, 1934a: 280; Kastner, 1941: 234; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 499-500. Liocheles: Karsch, 1880c: 408; L. E. Koch, 1977: 159-160; Lourenc;o, 1983a: 404; Francke, 1985: 9, 17; Lourenc;o, 1989: 171; Sissom, 1990a: 126; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 19, 20; Lourenc;o, 1996e: 40; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. Hormiops: Kastner, 1941: 234; Francke, 1985: 9, 17; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 19, 20; Kovarik, 1998c: 132. Jdocheles (ISS): Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 20. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Cameroon (imported). ASIA. Aru Islands, , ?Cambodia, , India (Andaman Islands, Nikobar Islands), , Japan (south), Korea, Laos, , Myanmar, ?Nepal, (with New Britain), , , . AUS­ TRALIA. Australia, Cocos Islands. OCEANIA. Federated States of Micronesia, , French Poly­ nesia, Key Islands, Kiribati (Christmas Island), Mariana Islands, , New Caledo­ nia, Palau, Ponape, Tuvalu (Funafuti), , , , Vanuatu (New Hebrides). NOTES 1. Sisyphus C. L. Koch, 1837 is a name used instead of Jschnurus by C. L. Koch (1837c) in a legend to the figure 69; in the text of the 1837 work the genus is called Jschnurus. We consider this name a lapsus calami (see also Pocock, 1902a: 364); it is not available and does not enter synonymy or homonymy. 2. Lourern;o (1989: 170) synonymized the genus Hormiops Page, 1933 with Liocheles Sun­ devall. However, the single type species, Hormiops davidovi Page, 1933 was not syn­ onymized or discussed; judging from its type locality, it could be possibly Liocheles aus­ tralasiae (Fabricius, 1775). 3. The genus includes six species and three subspecies (with one nominotypical form). A revi­ sion and keys were published for Australia by L. E. Koch (1977), and for India by Tikader & Bastawade (1983). For additional taxonomic information see Lourern;,:o (1983a, 1989). Two species were described recently: one by Francke & Lourengo (1991) from the Solomon Islands, and one by Locket ( 1997) from Australia.

Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) Scorpio australasiae Fabricius, 1775: 399. HOLOTYPE: (BMNH); "in insulis Oceani pacifici" (Zimsen, 1964: 637). SYNONYMS Jschnurus complanatus C. L. Koch, 1837c: 37 (synonymized by Thorell, 1888: 329). Holotype lost; type locality unknown. 396 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

Scorpio gracilicauda Guerin Meneville, 1843: 11 (synonymized by Gervais, 1844b: 69). Type(s): (formerly in MNHN, now lost), Java. Scorpio (lschnurus) cumingii Gervais, 1844a: 236-237 (synonymized by Thorell, 1888: 331). SYNTYPES: (sex unknown), (MNHN), Philippines. ?Chactas brunneus Bellevoye, 1870: 113-114, fig., new synonymy. HOLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (CNHM), . lschnurus pistaceus Simon, 1877a: 93 (synonymized by Simon, 1887: 113). SYNTYPES : (sex unknown), (MNHN), Manila, Philippines. Hormurus australasiae var. 'Y suspectus Thorell, 1888: 420-422 (synonymized by L. E. Koch, 1977: 161). HOLOTYPE: o (MCHNG), Burma, now Myanmar. Buthus brevicaudatus Rainbow, 1897: 107-108, pl. II, fig. 1, la, lb, le (synonymized by Chapin, 1957: 67). SYNTYPES: 4 S? (not 1 o, 3 S?) (AMS K2067), Atoll Funafuti, Ellice Islands. Hormurus boholiensis Kraepelin, 1914c: 333 (synonymized by L. E. Koch, 1977: 161). SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (ZMH), Bohol, Philippines. ?Hormiops davidovi Fage, 1933: 32-33, fig. 1-2, pl. I, fig. a-c (see Notes under Liocheles). SYNTYPES: 1 o, 1 S?, 1 juv (MNHN), Poulo Condor, now Con Son Island, S off the coast of Vietnam. REFERENCES Scorpio australasiae: Fabricius, 1781: 550; Fabricius, 1787: 348; Fabricius, 1793: 433; Herbst, 1800: 57-59, tab. VI, fig. l; Latreille, 1804: 124-125; Chamisso, 1821: 159; Zimsen, 1964: 637. Scorpio (Liocheles) australasiae: Sundevall, 1833: 31. lschnurus australasiae: C. L. Koch, 1837b: 71-73, pl. CXXVIII, fig. 294; Gervais, 1844b: 69; C. L. Koch, 1850: 89. Sisyphus complanatus: C. L. Koch, 1837c: 37. Scorpio (Jschnurus) cumingii: Gervais, 1843: 131 , nomen nudum (no description published); Gervais, 1844b: 69-70. lschnurus complanatus: Gervais, 1844b: 69; C. L. Koch, 1850: 89; Doleschall, 1857: 405; Cambridge, 1871: 617. Hormurus australasiae: Thorell, 1876b: 251-254; Karsch, 1880c: 409; Keyserling, 1885: 22-24; Thorell, 1888: 331, 419; Thorell, 1889: 525, 590; Simon, 1893b: 328; Kraepelin, 1894: 133-135, pl. II, fig. 46, 65; Pocock, 1894c: 96-97; Thorell, 1894: 15; Laurie, 1896a: 192; Laurie, 1896b: 127; Kraepelin, 1897: l; Pocock, 1898e: 458; Kraepelin, 1899: 154, fig. 41; Pocock, 1899i: 97; Simon, 1899a: 120; Pocock, 1900d: 79-80; Flower, 1901 : 36; Kraepelin, 190la: 272; Simon, 1901: 79; Werner, 1902: 603; Borelli, 1904b: 4; Iwakawa, 1906: 10; Kulczynski, 1910: 411 ; Henderson, 1913: 133; Kraepelin, 1913: 163-165, fig. 7b; Kraepelin, 1914c: 328, 334; Werner, 1916b: 91-92; Lampe, 1917: 201; Kopstein, 1921: 135-136; Kopstein, 1923: 185-186; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Pavlovsky, 1925: 152; Kopstein, 1926: 109; Banks, 1928: 505; Kopstein, 1929: 124; Giltay, 1931: 9-10, 18; Meise, 1932: 269; Werner, 1932a: 576; Page, 1933: 27; Werner, 1934a: 280; Kopstein, 1935: 210; Fage, 1936: 180; Pelt, 1936: 401-403; Wu, 1936: 121-123, fig. 4; Kastner, 1941 : 234; Roewer, 1943: 235; Savory, 1943: 355; Fage, 1946a: 71; Darnmerman, 1948: 72; Sachet, 1953: 3- 5; Chapin, 1957: 66-69, fig. la; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 501-505, fig. 1362-1375; Kerr, 1991: 211. Liocheles australasiae: Karsch, 1881c: 15; Simon, 1887: 113; Takashima, 1941: 279-280; Takashima, 1942: 7; Takashima, 1945: 95 ; Takashima, 1948a: 84-86; Takashima, 1949: 35; Takashima, 1950: 20; Takashima, 1952: 29; Perez, 1974: 37; L. E. Koch, 1977: 160-166, fig. 17, 46, 80, 81, map 8a, Sb; L. E. Koch, 1981: 877; Paddy, 1988: 51, 53 ; Vachon & Abe, 1988: 27; Louren90, 1989: 166, pl. 5, fig. 6, 13; Francke & Louren90, 1991: 200; Kovarfk, 1992a: 185; Louren90 & Cuellar, 1994: 20; Kovai'fk, 1995a: 201-202, fig. 20; Lourem;o, 1996e: 40, fig. 106, 110, 111; Kovarik, 1997d: 184; Kovarik, 1998c: 133. Hormurus australasiae complanatus: Thorell, 1888: 420; Thorell, 1889: 590. Hormurus australasiae suspectus: Thorell, 1889: 590; Kraepelin, 1899: 154; Pocock, 1900d: 80; Krae- pelin, 1913: 163. Hormurus australasiae var. complanatus: Thorell, 1890: 94-95; Hormurus australasiae var. suspecta: Kraepelin, 1899: 154. Hormurus caudicula boholiensis: Giltay, 1931 : 12-13, 18. ?Hormiops davidovi: Fage, 1936: 181; Kastner, 1941: 234, fig. 215; Takashima, 1945: 94-95; Fage, 1946a: 71 ; Vachon, 197 4, fig. 80; Kovaffk, 1998c: 132. Liocheles caudicula boholiensis: Takashima, 1945: 96. Hormurus boholiensis: Weidner, 1959: 101. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 397

DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA (south Indian Ocean). Reunion (introduced). ASIA. Bangladesh, China, India (Andaman Islands, Nikobar Islands), Indonesia, Japan (south), Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, ?Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Timor, Vietnam. AUSTRALIA. Australia, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands. OCEANIA. Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands, Yap), Fiji, French Poly­ nesia (Tahiti), Marianas, Marshall Islands, New Britain, New Caledonia (including Loyalty Islands), New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago), Palau, Ponape, Samoa, Solomon Islands (including Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Islands), Tonga, Tuvalu (Funafuti), Vanuatu (New Hebrides). NOTES 1. Birula (1917b: 90) stated that Chactas brunneus Bellevoye, 1870 belongs to the genus Hor­ murus (= Liocheles). It might refer to either Liocheles australasiae or L. waigiensis since both of these species are recorded from New Caledonia. We tentatively put it under L. aus­ tralasiae as suggested by the comparison of the original description and diagnoses of both species in L. E. Koch (1977). 2. At least some, especially island, populations of this species are parthenogenetic (Louren~o & Cuellar, 1994).

Liocheles australasiae australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) Scorpio australasiae Fabricius, 1775: 309. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. See species range.

Liocheles australasiae brevidigitatus Werner, 1936, new combination Hormurus australasiae brevidigitatus Werner, 1936: 190 HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (ZMH), Botanical Garden, Buitenzorg, Java, Indonesia. REFERENCES Hormurus australasiae brevidigitatus: Weidner, 1959: 101. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Indonesia (Java).

Liocheles australasiae longimanus (Werner, 1939) Hormurus australasiae longimanus Werner, 1939b: 362. SYNTYPES: 1 o (ZFMK 111), 1 ':( (ZFMK 110), Montes Battak, Sumatra, Indonesia. REFERENCES Liocheles australasiae longimanus: Locket, 1997: 331. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Indonesia (Sumatra).

Liocheles extensus Locket, 1997 Liocheles extensa (IOS) Locket, 1997: 331 (see Notes). SYNONYMS Liocheles longimanus Locket, 1995: 191-198, fig. 1-14; a homonym of Liocheles australasiae longi­ manus (Werner, 1939). HoLOTYPE: r3 (NTM), Oenpelli Cave, Northern Territory, Australia. PARATYPE: r3 (NTM), Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. REFERENCES Liocheles longimanus: Kovarik, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALIA (Northern Territory). NOTES: This name was introduced as a replacement name for Liocheles longimanus Locket, 1995. The name "extensa" was incorrectly formed (H. D. Cameron, pers. comm.) and is changed here to a correct masculine form.

Liocheles karschii (Keyserling, 1885) Hormurus karschii Keyserling, 1885: 31-33, pl. III, fig. 3. SYNTYPES: 3o ':( (ZMB 3016), SegaarBay, New Guinea. 398 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

SYNONYMS Hormurus karschi (UE) keyensis Kraepelin, 1914c: 331 (synonymized by L. E. Koch, 1977: 173). SYNTYPES : 2 specimens (ZMH), Key Islands. Hormurus papuanus Kraepelin, l 914c: 333 (synonymized by Giltay, 1931: 10). SYNTYPES: 23 specimens (formerly in ZMH; not listed in Weidner, 1959), New Guinea, Aru Islands. REFERENCES Hormurus waigiensis (nee Gervais, 1843; MIS): Thorell, 1888: 427. Hormurus caudicula karschii: Kraepelin, 1894: 137. Hormurus karschii: Pocock, 1898e: 458; Pocock, 1899i: 97; Belfield, 1956: 45. Hormurus caudicula karschi (UE): Kraepelin, 1899: 155; Kraepelin, 190la: 273 ; Giltay, 1931 : 13, 18; Roewer, 1943: 235. Hormurus karschi (UE): Kraepelin, 1914c: 332, 335-336; Kopstein, 1921: 138-139; Kopstein, 1923: 186; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 316. Hormurus karschi (UE) keyensis: Kraepelin, 1914c: 332. Hormurus papuanus: Hirst, 1914: 325; Kopstein, 1921: 138; Kopstein, 1923: 186. Hormurus karschii keyensis: Kopstein, 1921: 139; Weidner, 1959: 101. Hormurus caudicula papuanus: Giltay, 1931: 10-11, 13, 18, fig . 4. Hormurus caudicula karschi (UE) keyensis: Giltay, 1931: 13, 18. Liocheles caudicula papuanus: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula karschii: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula keyensis: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles karschii: L. E. Koch, 1977: 172-175, fig. 19, 48, 84-85, map 10; L. E. Koch, 1981: 877 ; Sey­ mour et al., 1995: 532; Kovai'fk, 1997d: 184; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Cameroon (imported). ASIA. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (with New Britain). AUSTRALIA (Queensland). OCEANIA. Key Islands, Solomon Islands.

Liocheles nigripes (Pocock, 1897) Hormurus nigripes Pocock, 1897d: 117. HOLOTYPE: 2 (BMNH 1896.9.26.84), Panch Mahal, Gujarat, India. REFERENCES Hormurus nigripes: Kraepelin, 1899: 155; Pocock, 1900d: 80; Kraepelin, 1913: 163-164, fig. 7a; Giltay, 1931: 13; Fage, 1933: 27; Page, 1936: 180; Caius, 1942: 112; Fage, 1946b: 71; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 506-510, fig. 1376-1389. Liocheles nigripes: Takashima, 1945: 95; Perez, 1974: 37; L. E. Koch, 1977: 160; Kovai'fk, 1995a: 202; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. India (Gujarat, Rajasthan), Laos; possibly also Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand.

Liocheles penta Francke & Lourenc;o, 1991 Liocheles penta Francke & Lourenc;o, 1991: 200-203, fig. 1-11. HOLOTYPE: o (UZM), Hutuna, Renne! Island, Solomon Islands. PARATYPES: 1 o (UZM), same locality as holotype; 1 o, 2 2 (UZM), Tigoa, Rennel Island, Solomon Islands; 1 o, 1 2 (UZM), Niupani, Rennel Island, Solomon Islands. REFERENCES Liocheles karschii (nee Keyserling, 1885; MIS): Browning & Hyatt, 1957: 71. Liocheles penta: Kovaifk, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: OCEANIA. Solomon Islands (Rennell Island).

Liocheles waigiensis (Gervais, 1843) Scorpio (lschnurus) waigiensis Gervais, 1843: 131. HOLOTYPE: (formerly in MNHN, now lost), "Waigiou Island", now Waigeo Island, Indonesia. SYNONYMS Ischnurus caudicula L. Koch, 1867: 237-238 (synonyrnized by Kraepelin, 190la: 272). HOLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (ZMH 244), Brisbane, Australia. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 399

/schnurus neocaledonicus Simon, 1877b: 237-238 (synonymized by K.raepelin, 1894: 135). HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (MNHN), New Caledonia. PARATYPE: (sex unknown) (ZMH), New Caledonia. Ischnurus dechangei Becker, 1880: 143-144, pl. III, fig. 3 ("De Changer') (synonymized by K.raepelin, 1894: 135). SYNTYPES: (sex unknown) (Bruxelles Museum), Manila, Philippines. Hormurus insculptus Thorell, 1888: 422-426 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 138). SYNTYPES: 2 ~ (MCSNG), New Guinea. Hormurus weberi Pocock, 1894c: 97-99, pl. VI, fig. 7-7b (synonymized by K.raepelin, 1894: 138). SYNTYPES: several o <( (BMNH), Luwu, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Opisthacanthus davydovi Birula, 1903d: XXXIV-XXXV (synonymized by Lourern;o, 1983a: 411). HoLOTYPE: o (ZISP 935), Dobo, Vammor Island, Aru Islands, Indonesia. Hormurus sarasini Kraepelin, 1914c: 332, 335-336 (synonymized by Giltay, 1931: 13). LECTOTYPE (designated by Forcart, 1961: 49): o (NMB 56-a), Chalabel, New Caledonia. PARALECTOTYPES: 6 o, 27 ~ (NMB 56-a), 5 specimens (ZMH), same locality as lectotype. Hormurus caudicula novaeguineae Giltay, 1931: 11-12, fig. 5 (synonymized by L. E. Koch, 1977: 166). HOLOTYPE: juv o (MRHNB), Sakoemi, New Guinea. REFERENCES Scorpio (lschnurus) waigiensis: Gervais, 1844a: 237, pl. XII, fig. 45-46; Gervais, 1844b: 69. Hormurus caudicula: Thorell, 1876a: 14; Thorell, 1876b: 249-251; Karsch, 1879a: 21; Keyserling, 1885: 27-31, pl. III, fig. 2; Thorell, 1888: 426-427; Kraepelin, 1894: 135-137, pl. II, fig. 66; K.raepelin, 1897: l; Kraepelin, 1899: 155; K.raepelin, 190la: 272; Simon, 1901: 79; Werner, 1902: 603; Krae­ pelin, 1914c: 333; Kraepelin, 1916: 43; Werner, 1916b: 92; Lampe, 1917: 201; Kopstein, 1921: 137-137; 38; Kopstein, 1923: 185-186; Fage, 1933: 27; Fage, 1936: 180; Fage, 1946a: 71; Chapin, 1957: 69; Weidner, 1959: 101; Vachon, 1974, fig. 98. Hormurus waigiensis: Thorell, 1888: 331, 427-428. Hormurus insculptus: Thorell, 1893: 387; Kopstein, 1921: 140-141; Roewer, 1943: 235. Hormurus caudicula weberi: Kraepelin, 1894: 138; Kraepelin, 190la: 273; Giltay, 1931: 13, 18. Hormurus caudicula insculptus: Kraepelin, 1894: 138; Kraepelin, 1897: 1. Hormurus caudicula insculpta (ISS): Kraepelin, 1899: 155; Kraepelin, 190la: 272. Hormurus caudicula weberi: Kraepelin, 1899: 155; Roewer, 1943: 235. Hormurus weberi: Kraepelin, 1914c: 332; Kopstein, 1921: 139-140; Kopstein, 1923: 186; Fage, 1936: 180. Hormurus neocaledonicus: K.raepelin, 1914c: 332, 334--335; Lampe, 1917: 201; Weidner, 1959: 101. Opisthacanthus davydovi: Kopstein, 1921: 141; Kopstein, 1923: 186; Takashima 1945: 94; Lourern;o, 1979c: 33. Hormurus caudicula caudicula: Giltay, 1931: 13, 18; Roewer, 1943: 235. Hormurus caudicula sarasini: Giltay, 1931: 13. Hormurus caudicula neocaledonicus: Giltay, 1931: 13. Opisthacanthus davidovi (ISS; nee Hormiops davidovi Fage, 1933): Giltay, 1931: 18; Fage, 1933: 26-27. Liocheles caudicula: Takashima, 1945: 95-96; Takashima, 1948a: 86-89; Takashima, 1950: 20; Takashima, 1952: 29; Louren~o, 1989: 166, pl. 4, fig. 2; pl. 6, fig. 4; Kovarik, 1992a: 185. Liocheles caudicula caudicula: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula novaeguineae: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula sarasini: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula neocaledonicus: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula weberi: Takashima, 1945: 96. Liocheles caudicula insculptus: Takashima, 1945: 96. Ischnurus caudicula: Weidner, 1959: 101. Hormurus sarasini: Weidner, 1959: 101; Forcart, 1961: 49. Liocheles waigiensis: L. E. Koch, 1977: 166-172, fig. 18, 47, 82-83, map 9a, 9b; Monteith, 1978: 53; L. E. Koch, 1981: 877; Kovarik, 1997d: 184; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. Liocheles weberi: Louren~o, 1983a: 411, fig. 18-21 (a holotype of Opisthacanthus davydovi). DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Aru Islands, Indonesia, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea (with New Britain), Philippines. AUSTRALIA. OCEANIA. New Caledonia, Palau, Solomon Islands. NOTES: Lourem;o (1983a: 411) doubted the validity of Liocheles waigiensis (Gervais) and L. weberi (Pocock). 400 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

Genus OPISTHACANTHUS Peters, 1861 Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861b: 511; type species by monotypy Ischnurus elatus Gervais, 1844 [= Opisthacanthus elatus (Gervais, 1844)]. SYNONYMS Dacurus Peters, 1861 b: 511 ; type species by original designation Dacurus galbineus Peters, 1861 (nee Centrurus galbineus C. L. Koch, 1838; MIS)[= Opisthacanthus elatus (Gervais, 1844)] (syn­ onymized by Karsch, 1879a: 20 as Opisthacanthus lepturus (Beauvais, 1805); MIS]. Opisthocentrus Pocock, 1893b: 316, pl. XIV, fig. 2, 3; a junior homonym (see Notes); type species by original designation Opisthacanthus africanus Simon, 1876 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 119). Metascorpiops Toledo-Piza, 1972: 27; type species Metascorpiops margaritatus Toledo-Piza, 1972 (= Opisthacanthus cayaporum Vellard, 1932) (synonymized by Lourern;o, 1987b: 896). Nepabellus Francke, 1974a: 31-35 (see Notes) (synonymized by Lourenc;o, 199lb: 31). REFERENCES Dacurus: Thorell, 1876a: 12. Opisthacanthus: Thorell, 1876a: 13; Karsch, 1879a: 20; Kraepelin, 1894: 118; Laurie, 1896b: 128; Pocock, 1896b: 312; Uinnberg, 1897b: 198; Kraepelin, 1899: 146; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Werner, 1934a: 279; Kastner, 1941: 234; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 26; Newlands, 1973: 91; Francke, 1974a: 33-35; Lourenc;o, 1989: 171; Lourenc;o, 199lb: 5-42; Francke, 1985 : 10, 17 ; Sissom, 1990a: 126; Lourenc;o, 1992b: 46-47; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21-22; Lourenc;o, 1996e: 34; Armas, 1998: 50; Kovai'fk, l 998c: 134; Lourenc;o, l 998d: 134. Opisthocentrus: Laurie, 1896a: 193; Laurie, 1896b: 128. Opistacanthus (ISS): Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125, 126. Nepabellus: Francke, 1985: 10, 17 . DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Angola, Botswana, ?Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, ?Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, ?Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Mada­ gascar, Malawi, Mozambique, ?Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN. Costa Rica (Isla del Coco), ?Guatemala, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti), Panama. SOUTH AMERICA. Brazil (Para), Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela. NOTES 1. Peters (186lb: 511-512) suggested that Centrurus sensu C. L. Koch, 1838 was a different genus from Centrurus Ehrenberg, 1829, and introduced a new replacement name for it, Dacurus Peters, 1861 , with "Centrurus galbineus Koch from Central America" as its type. Karsch (1879: 13-14) studied collections of Peters (1861) and discovered that the Central American specimens upon which the genus Dacurus Peters was based, were misidentified by Peters as Centrurus galbineus C. L. Koch. Karsch demonstrated that Dacurus galbineus sensu Peters, 1861 belonged to the genus Opisthacanthus (Ischnuridae), and introduced a new replacement name, Caucon Karsch, 1879, for Centrurus sensu C. L. Koch, 1838; both latter names are now considered junior synonyms of Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scor­ pionidae); see also Heterometrus longimanus (Herbst, 1800). 2. Nepabellus Francke, 1974 was introduced as a new replacement name for Opisthocentrus Pocock, 1893, a junior homonym of a fish genus Opisthocentrus Kner, 1868 (Osteichthyes: Pholidae). 3. This genus includes 19 species. It was a subject of detailed long-term studies by Dr. Wil­ son Lourenc;o who over the 1980s reviewed and revised its five Neotropical species as well as much more diverse (14 species) Afrotropical fauna. Two subgenera are recognized: Opisthacanthus s. str. which inludes all Neotropical and one African (0. lecomtei) species, and Nepabellus Francke with the remianing African ones. Within each subgenus, species­ groups are distinguished. For the comprehensive revision and keys see Lourenc;o ( 1987b ). For a key to African species see also Lawrence ( 1955). Later changes and descriptions were published by Lourenc;o (1991b, 1995a, 1996e) and Armas & Marcano Fondeur (1992). SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 401

Subgenus OPISTHACANTHUS Peters, 1861 Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861 b: 511 (part). SYNONYMS Metascorpiops Toledo-Piza, 1972: 27; type species Metascorpiops margaritatus Toledo-Piza, 1972 (= Opisthacanthus cayaporum Vellard, 1932) (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 896) REFERENCES Opisthacanthus (Opisthacanthus): Lourengo, 199lb: 31; Kovarfk, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Cameroon, Gabon. CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN. Costa Rica (Isla del Coco), ?Guatemala, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti), Panama. SOUTH AMERICA. Brazil (Goias, Para), Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela.

I. cayaporum group Opisthacanthus cayaporum Vellard, 1932 Opisthacanthus cayaporum Vellard, 1932: 540. HoLOTYPE: o (MNHMP RS-0264), campos W of Cayapos Mountains, southern Para, Brazil. PARATYPE: '? (MNHMP; allotype), same locality as holotype. SYNONYMS Metascorpiops margaritatus Toledo-Piza, 1972: 27-29 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 896). HOLOTYPE: o (ESAUSP), Araguaia, northeastern Goias, Brazil. Opisthacanthus heurtaultae Lourengo, 1980c: 182-184, fig. 15- 26 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1995c: 79). HOLOTYPE: o (MNHN RS-8085), Samaraca, environs of Kourou, French Guiana. REFERENCES Opistacanthus (ISS) cayaporum: Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125. Opisthacanthus cayaporum: Mello-Leitao, 1945: 27; Blicherl, 1967: 112; Bucher!, 1969: 768; Lourengo, 1979c: 29; Lourengo, 1980c: 179; Lourengo, 1981c: 343-349, fig. 1-2; Lourengo, 1983d: 425-438, fig. 1-19; Lourengo, 1984i: 15-16, fig. 2; Lourengo, 1986c: 170-171, fig. 8; Lourengo, 1987b: 896-897, pl. I, fig. 1-2, pl. II, fig. 5, 10, 11; Lourengo, 1988h: 44-49; Lourengo, 1991a: 116; Lourengo, 199lb: 16-22; Lourengo, 1992b: 46, 49; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 22; Lourengo, 1995c: 79; Lourengo, 1997i: 601; Kovarfk, 1998c: 134. Opisthacanthus heurtaultae: Lourengo, 1983c: 801; Lourern;o, 1984i: 15-16, fig. 2; Lourengo, 1986c: 170-171, fig. 8; Lourengo, 1987b: 899, pl. II, fig. 6, 9, 15; Lourengo, 1988h: 49-50; Lourenc;o, 199lb: 31; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 22. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Brazil (Goias, Para), French Guiana. NoTEs: Record for Colombia (Florez, 1991: 124) is a misidentification.

Opisthacanthus weyrauchi Mello-Leitao, 1948 Opisthacanthus weyrauchi Mello-Leitao in Mello-Leitao & Araujo-Feio, 1948: 313. HoLOTYPE: '? (MNRJ No. 17), Jaen, 700 m, northern Peru. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus weyrauchi: Lourengo, 1979c: 29; Lourenc;o, 1979e: 83-85, fig. 1-10; Lourengo, 1984i: 15-16, fig. 2; Lourenc;o, 1986c: 170-171, fig. 8; Lourengo, 1987b: 897-898, pl. III, 1-4; Lourenc;o, 1988h: 50; Lourengo, 1991a: 117 ; Lourengo, 1991b: 31; Lourengo, 1992b: 46; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 22; Lourengo, 1994a: 157; Lourenc;o, 1995c: 79; Kovarfk, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Peru.

IL lecomtei group Opisthacanthus lecomtei (Lucas, 1858) Scorpio (Jschnurus) lecomtei Lucas, 1858: 428. HOLOTYPE: (formerly in MNHN, now lost); West Africa. NEOTYPE (designated by Lourengo, 1982d): o (MNHN RS-4627), Yaounde, Ototomo forest reserve, Cameroon. 402 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

SYNONYMS Opisthacanthus duodecimdentatus Karsch, 1886: 79 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 122). HOLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (ZMB 4369), Sibangafarm, Gabon. REFERENCES Opisthocentrus lecomtei: Pocock, 1893b: 318; Pavlovsky, 1925: 200. Opisthacanthus lecomtei: Kraepelin, 1894: 122-123, pl. II, fig. 50; Kraepelin, 1899: 149; Pocock, 1899g: 836; Kraepelin, 1901a: 272; Simon, 1903: 123; Kraepelin, 1911: 73; Strand, 1916: 140; Werner, 1916b: 91; Lampe, 1917: 200; Werner, 1934a: 279; Roewer, 1943: 234; Belfield, 1956: 45 ; New­ lands, 1973: 92; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 547; Lourern;o, 1979c: 29; Lourern;o, 1982d: 1163-1168, fig. 1-13; Louren90, 1987b: 900-901, pl. III, fig. 5-9; Louren\:O, 199lb: 31; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 21; Lourern;o, 1995c: 79; Louren\:O, 1998d: 136, fig. l; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. Opisthacanthus duodecimdentatus: Louren\:O, 1979c: 30; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 314. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Cameroon, Gabon.

III. /epturus group Opisthacanthus lepturus (Beauvois, 1805) Scorpio lepturus Beauvois, 1805: 191, fig. 4. Holotype probably lost; "South America", wrong locality, probably Dominican Republic (see Notes). SYNONYMS Opisthacanthus kingbergii laevicauda Thorell, 1876b: 247-249 (synonyrnized by Lourern;o, 1979c: 28). SYNTYPES: 3 '?, 1 juv o (NMG), type locality unknown. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus elatus laevicauda: Kraepelin, 1899: 148-149; Werner, 1902: 603; Lampe, 1917: 200. Opisthacanthus lepturus: Louren90, 1979c: 28; Louren\:O, 1984i: 15-16, fig. 2 (part); Lourenc;o, 1987b: 894-896, pl. II, fig. 1-4 (part); Lourenc;o, l 988h: 43 (part); Sissom, 1990a: 125 , fig. 3.24A; Lourenc;o, 1992b: 48, 49; Rudloff, 1994a: 7; Rudloff, 1994b: 21-22; Louren\:O, 1995c: 79, fig. 1-2. Opisthacanthus laevicauda: Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1992: 2-7, fig. 1-3. DISTRIBUTION: CARIBBEAN. Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti). NOTES 1. Lourern;:o (1981i) designated a neotype of this species from Panama. However, later (Louren~o, 1995c: 77) he restricted the species to the island of Hispaniola; therefore, pop­ ulations from Panama belong to 0. elatus (Gervais). Therefore, the neotype of 0 . lepturus became the neotype of 0. elatus. 2. A male specimen from the old Simon collection (MNHN RS -0305, Dominican Republic) may be the holotype of 0. lepturus. 3. Armas & Marcano Fondeur (1992) elevated 0. kingbergii laevicauda Thorell to species status after comparing it to "O. lepturus from Panama"(= 0. elatus) .

IV. elatus group Opisthacanthus elatus (Gervais, 1844) Scorpio (lschnurus) elatus Gervais, 1844a: 235-236, fig. 46-49. Holotype lost; "Colombia", now Panama. NEOTYPE (designated by Louren90, 198li; see Notes): o (MNHN RS-7930), Madden Forest Preser­ vation, Canal Zone, Panama. SYNONYMS Opisthacanthus kingbergii Thorell, 1876b: 246-249 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 120). SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (NRS), "St. Joseph Island, Pacific coast of Panama".

REFERENCES Scorpio (!schnurus) elatus: Gervais, 1843: 131 , nomen nudum (no description published); Gervais, 1844b: 69. Opisthacanthus elatus: Peters, 1861b: 511; Thorell, 1876a: 13; Karsch, 1879a: 20; Pocock, 1893d: 398; Kraepelin, 1894: 120-122, pl. II, fig. 43, 49; Kraepelin, 1899: 148; Borelli, 1899: 3; Kraepelin, SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 403

190la: 272; Birula, 1903d: XXXIV; Kraepelin, 1914b: 22; Pavlovsky, 1924: 80; Pavlovsky, 1925: 200; Werner, 1934a: 279 (part); Kastner, 1941: 234; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 130; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 29; Biicherl, 1969: 768 (part); Newlands, 1973: 92; Louren~o, 1979c: 28; Fl6rez, 1991 : 124; Kovarik, 1992a: 185; Lourern;o, l 994a: 157; Louren~o, 199 Sc: 79, fig. 3; Louren\:O, 1997h: 63-64, fig. 1-2; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. Dacurus galbineus (nee Centrurus galbineus C. L. Koch, 1838; MIS): Peters, 1861b: 511; Thorell, 1876a: 12. Opisthacanthus lepturus (nee Beauvois, 1805; MIS): Pocock, 1902c: 2; Dagert, 1957: 101; Lourengo, 198lg: 45-51, fig. 1-12; Lourengo, 1988h: 43 (part); Lourengo & Mendez, 1984: 91 ; Fl6rez, 1991: 124; Lourengo, 1991a: 117 ; Lourern;o, 1991b: 22-27; Lourengo, 1993a: 87-88; Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1992: 2-7, fig . l-2; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 13. DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA. ?Guatemala, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA. Colombia, Venezuela. NOTES : Louren~o (1981i) designated a neotype of 0 . lepturus (Beauvois, 1805) from Panama. However, later (Louren~o. 1995c: 77) he restricted 0. lepturus to the populations from Hispan­ iola, and considered populations from Panama to be 0. elatus (Gervais). Therefore, the neotype of 0. lepturus became the neotype of 0. elatus.

Opisthacanthus valerioi Louren90, 1980 Opisthacanthus valerioi Louren90, 1980c: 180-182, fig. 1-14. HOLOTYPE: o (UCRMZ UCR 302 No. 2) , Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. PARATYPES: 12 (UCRMZ UCR 302 No. 1; allotype), 2o' 2 2 (MNHN), l 0' 12 (AMNH), other specimens (UCRMZ), same locality as holotype. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus lepturus (nee Beauvois, 1805; MIS): Francke, 1974a: 34. Opisthacanthus valerioi: Louren\:O, 1987b: 898-899, pl. II, fig. 7, 8, 12-14; Louren\:O, 1988h: 43-44; Louren\:o, 1991b: 31; Stockwell & Francke, 1985: 11; Francke & Stockwel, 1987: 32, fig. 107, 125-129, map 4; Louren~o, l992b: 46; Lourengo, 1995c: 79; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA. Costa Rica (Isla del Coco).

Subgenus NEPABELLUS Francke, 1974 Nepabellus Francke, 1974a: 31-35; a new replacement name for Opisthocentrus Pocock, 1893; type species Opisthacanthus africanus Simon, 1876. SYNONYMS Opisthocentrus Pocock, l 893b: 316, pl. XIV, fig. 2, 3 (part); type species by original designation Opisthacanthus africanus Simon, 1876; a junior homonym of Opisthocentrus Kner, 1868 (Oste­ ichthyes) (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 119). REFERENCES Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus): Lourem;o, 199lb: 31; Louren\:O, 1995: 79; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Angola, Botswana, ?Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, ?Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, ?Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Mada­ gascar, Malawi, Mozambique, ?Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. NOTES: Nepabellus Francke, 1974 was introduced as a replacement name for Opisthocentrus Pocock, 1893.

I. africanus group Opisthacanthus africanus Simon, 1876 Opisthacanthus africanus Simon, 1876: 221-222. HOLOTYPE: o (MNHN RS 289), Landana, "Congo", now Cabinda, Angola. SYNONYMS ?Scorpio 7-dentatus Beauvois, 1805: 191, pl. V, fig. 5 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 123) (see Notes). 404 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

REFERENCES Opisthacanthus africanus: Kraepelin, 1894: 123-125; Kraepelin, 1898: 4; Kraepelin, 1899: 149; Pocock, 1899g: 837; Kraepelin, 1901a: 272; Werner, 1902: 603; Simon, 1904: 444; Borelli, 1911: 13; Kraepelin, 1911: 76; Hewitt, 1912: 307; Borelli, 1913: 220; Giltay, 1929: 17; K.raepelin, 1929: 89; Bacelar, 1950: 5; Belfield, 1956: 45; Newlands, 1973: 92; Larnoral & Reynders, 1975: 544-545; Lourem;:o, 1979c: 30; Lourenc,:o, 1982i: 147-153, fig. 1-14; Lourenc,:o, 1987b: 904-905, pl. IV, fig. 9-11; Lourem;o, 199lb: 31; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. Opisthacanthus septemdentatus: Karsch, 1879c: 372-373; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 29. Opisthocentrus africanus: Pocock, 1893b: 317-318. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Angola, ?Central African Republic, Cameroon, ?Equatorial Guinea, Congo, ?Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Mozambique, ?Sierra Leone. NOTES: Louren\:O (1987b; 899-900) considered 0. septemdentatus (Beauvais, 1805) a dubious name. The type of this species is lost; its description is too vague.

Opisthacanthus capensis Thorell, 1876 Opisthacanthus validus capensis Thorell, 1876b: 243-246. HoLOTYPE: ~ (NRS), Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. SYNONYMS Opisthacanthus obscurus Kraepelin, 1911 : 76, 81-82 (synonymized by Hewitt, 1918: 169). HoLOTYPE: ~ (ZMH), Knysna, Cape Province, South Africa. PARATYPES: o ~, juv (ZMH), same locality as holotype. Opisthacanthus browni Hewitt, 1925: 295-297, pl. XIII, fig. 3 (synonymized by Lourem;:o, 1987b: 908). SYNTYPES: a large series of o ~ (AM), Assegai Bosch, Humansdorp district, Karreedouws, K.romme River, South Africa. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus capensis: Kraepelin, 1911: 75, 82; Hewitt, 1912: 306; Hewitt, 1918: 168-169, pl. XXVIII, fig. 82; Lawrence, 1942: 235; Lawrence, 1946: 403; Lawrence, 1955: 249; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 545; Lourenc;o, 1987b: 908, pl. VII, fig . 1-3, 5, 12, 13; Lourem;:o, 1991b: 22-27, 31; Kovaffk, 1998c: 134. Opisthacanthus browni: Lawrence, 1946: 404; Lawrence, 1955: 248; Larnoral & Reynders, 1975: 546; Lourem;:o, 1979c: 33. Opisthacanthus obscurus: Weidner, 1959: 102; Lourem;:o, l 979c: 31. Opisthacanthus validus capensis: Loureni;:o, l 979c: 30. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa, Zimbabwe.

Opisthacanthus diremptus (Karsch, 1879) Hormurus diremptus Karsch, 1879b: 129-130. HOLOTYPE: juv o (ZMB 3061), "Caffraria", now South Africa. SYNONYMS Hormurus asiaticus Keyserling, 1885: 24-26, pl. III, fig. 1 (synonymized by Lourenc;o, 1987b: 909). HoLOTYPE: juv ~ (BMNH), "East Indies", type locality incorrect. Opisthacanthus aequispinus Kraepelin, 1911: 75, 80-81 (synonymized by Lourenc;o, 1987b: 909) HoLOTYPE: o (ZMH), Zwarteberg Pass, Cape Province, South Africa. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus diremptus: Karsch, 1879b: 129; Kraepelin, 1911: 75; Lourem;:o, 1979c: 30; Lourenc;o, 1987b: 909, pl. VI, fig. 5-8; Lourenc,:o, 1991b: 31; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. Hormurus diremptus: Pocock, 1890a: 244; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 313. Opisthacanthus asiaticus: Kraepelin, 1911: 76; Hewitt, 1918: 169, pl. XXVIII, fig. 76; Fage, 1933: 27; Lawrence, 1955: 248; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 545; Lourenc,:o, 1979c: 30. Opisthacanthus aequispinus: Hewitt, 1918: 170; Lawrence, 1946: 403; Lawrence, 1955: 248; Weidner, 1959: 102; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 544; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 31. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. SCORPIONES: ISCHNURIDAE 405

II. asper group Opisthacanthus asper (Peters, 1861) Ischnurus asper Peters, 1861b: 513-514. SYNTYPES: 2 <:i!, 1 juv o (ZMB 47, ZMB 7241), lnhambane, Mozambique. SYNONYMS Opisthacanthus chrysopus Peters, 186lb: 514 (synonymized by Lourern;;o, 1987b: 902). SYNTYPES: 1 o (ZMB 2319), Inhambane, Mozambique; 3 specimens (ZMB 3058), "Java"; locality incorrect. Opisthacanthus chrysopus paucispinulatus Hewitt, 1918: 184-185 (synonymized by Lourern;o, 1987b: 902). HOLOTYPE: o (TM), Niwanedli River, Soutpansberg district; Du Toits Pan Mine; Transvaal, South Africa. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus asper: Pavesi, 1881: 538; Simon, 1890: 130; Karsch, 1884b: 134; Kraepelin, 1894: 126-128, pl. II, fig. 45, 52; Pavesi, 1897: 157; Kraepelin, 1898b: 4; Pocock, 1898a: 309; Krae­ pelin, 1899: 150, fig. 39; Penther, 1900: 163; Kraepelin, 1911: 74, 78-79; Werner, 1936: 190; Moriggi, 1941: 96; Roewer, 1943: 234; Bacelar, 1950: 5; Probst, 1973: 330; Perez, 1974: 37; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 537; Lourern;;o, 1979c: 29; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 313; Louren90, 1987b: 902-904, pl. IV, fig. 1-8; Louren90, 199lb: 12-16, 31; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 135; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. Opisthacanthus chrysopus: Kraepelin, 1911 : 74; Hewitt, 1918: 172-173, 184, pl. XXVIII, fig. 78; Hewitt, 1935: 475-476; Lawrence, 1937: 262; Lawrence, 1942: 228; Lawrence, 1955: 249; Lawrence, 1961: 154; Lawrence, 1964: 38; Lawrence, 1967a: 85; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 546; Aguiar, 1978: 112-113, fig. 5-6. Opisthacanthus chrysopus paucispinulatus: Lawrence, 1955: 249; Lawrence, 1964: 38; Lamora! & Reyn- ders, 1975: 546; Louren90, 1979c: 31. Opisthacanthus asper chrysopus: Louren90, 1979c: 30. lschnurus asper: Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 310. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Botswana, Mozambique, ?Somalia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.

Opisthacanthus basutus Lawrence, 1955 Opisthacanthus laevipes basutus Lawrence, 1955: 218-219, 249. HoLOTYPE: sub o (EMLU), Quthing, 5600 ft, Mt Hodimonate, Basutoland, now Lesotho. PARATYPES: 1 juv (EMLU), Quachas Nek, N of Matatiele; I juv Q, 1 juv o (EMLU), Quthing, 7000 ft, Mt Hodimonate; Basutoland, now Lesotho. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus laevipes basutus: Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 547; Opisthacanthus laevipes batusus (ISS): Louren90, 1979c: 33. Opisthacanthus basutus: Lourern;o, 1987b: 916-917; Lourem;o, 1991b: 31; Kovarik, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Lesotho.

Opisthacanthus rugiceps Pocock, 1897 Opisthacanthus rugiceps Pocock, 1897a: 116-117. HoLOTYPE: o (BMNH), Kata Kata, SW coast of Lake Nyasa, now Malawi; incorrect locality, proba­ bly E coast of Lake Nyasa (see Notes). SYNONYMS Opisthacanthusfischeri Kraepelin, 1911 : 74, 79 (synonymized by Louren90, 1987b: 915). SYNTYPES: o Q (ZMH), Kilimanjaro, Ngurumi, Tanganyika, now Tanzania. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus asper (nee Peters, 186lb; MIS): Simon, 1890: 130. Opisthacanthus rugiceps: Pocock, 1898i: 430; Kraepelin, 1911: 74; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 548; Louren90, 1979c: 31; Louren90, 1987b: 915; Louren90, 199lb: 31; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. Opisthacanthusfischeri: Kraepelin, 1913: 187; Birula, 1915c: 25-26; Borelli, 1930-1931: 219; Moriggi, 1941: 97; Weidner, 1959: 102; Probst, 1973: 328; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 546-547; Louren90, 1979c: 32; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 135; Kovarik, 1992a: 185. Opisthacanthus (Nepabellus) rugiceps: Kovarik, 1997 d: 184. 406 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Kenya, Malawi, ?Somalia, Tanzania. Norns: Pocock (1898: 430) indicates that correct type locality is the east coast of Lake Nyasa but not Kota Kota as originally stated.

III. laevipes group Opisthacanthus laevipes (Pocock, 1893) Opisthocentrus laevipes Pocock, l 893b: 319-320. HOLOTYPE:

IV. madagascariensis group Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894 Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894: 125-126, pl. II, fig. 44, 51. HOLOTYPE: <;? (ZMH), Majunga, Madagascar. PARATYPES: 3 specimens (BMNH, LM, ZMB 3823), same locality as holotype. REFERENCES Opisthocentrus madagascariensis: Laurie, 1896a: 192; Laurie, 1896b: 126; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Pavlovsky, 1925: 185. Opisthacanthus madagascariensis: Kraepelin, 1899: 149-150; Kraepelin, 1901a: 272; Birula, 1903d: XXXIV; Kraepelin, 1911: 73, 77-78; Fage, 1929: 685-689, fig. 15, pl. 2, fig. 8-9; Werner, 1934a: 279; Millot, 1949: 138; Weidner, 1959: 102; Legendre, 1972: 428; Probst, 1973: 330; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 547-548; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 31; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 318; Louren90, 1983a: 408, fig. 16-17; Lourenc;o, 1987b: 911-914, pl. VII, fig. 4, 6-8, pl. VIII, fig. 1-2; Lourenc;o, 1989: 167, pl. 5, fig. 3, 12; Sissom, 1990a: 125, fig. 3.24C, D; Lourenc;o, 199lb: 31; Louren\:o, 1996a: 444; Louren\:O, 1996e: 6, 34, fig. 76, 77, 79-82, 84-90, 92, 119, 155, 156; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Madagascar. NOTES: Three syntypes were formerly in ZMB (one specimen) and "Ltibecker Museum" (two specimens) (Kraepelin, 1894).

Opisthacanthus punctulatus Pocock, 1896 Opisthacanthus punctulatus Pocock, l 896b: 315-316. HoLOTYPE: <;? (BMNH), south-central Madagascar. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus punctulatus: Kraepelin, 1899: 150; Probst, 1973: 330; Louren\:O, I 979c: 31; Louren\:O, 1996a: 444; Lourenc;o, 1996e: 6, 34-35, fig. 78, 157, 158; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Madagascar.

V. rugulosus group Opisthacanthus lamorali Lourern;:o, 1981 Opisthacanthus lamorali Lourenc;o, 198la: 625-634, fig. 1-18. HoLOTYPE: o (NM 11483), Chimanimani Mountains, eastern Zimbabwe. PARATYPES: 1 <;? (NM 8380), lnyanga-lnyangani Mountains; 490'

REFERENCES Opisthacanthus lamorali: Lourengo, 1987b: 917, pl. IX, fig. 1-6; Lourengo, 199lb: 31; Kovarfk, 1998c: 134. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Zimbabwe.

Opisthacanthus rugulosus Pocock, 1896 Opisthacanthus rugulosus Pocock, 1896b: 314, fig. 1-2. SYNTYPES: 1o,2 juv 2 (BMNH 1894.1.15.4.6), Ishiromo (Zomba), Nyasaland, now Malawi. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus rugulosus: Pocock, l 898a: 309; Pocock, l 898i: 430; Kraepelin, 1899: 151; Kraepelin, 1911: 76; Hewitt, 1912: 306; Probst, 1973: 330; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 548; Lourengo, 1979c: 31; Lourengo, 1983f; 193-200, fig . 1-13; Lourengo, 1987b: 914; Lourengo, 199lb: 31; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Malawi. NOTES: This species is probably endemic to Malawi; former records from Botswana and South Africa were not confirmed by Louren\:O (1983f, 1987b).

VI. validus group Opisthacanthus piscatorius Lawrence, 1955 Opisthacanthus piscatorius Lawrence, 1955: 220, 249. HoLOTYPE: 2 (EMLU), Cape Hangklip, 14 miles S of Strand, Cape Province, South Africa. REFERENCES Opisthacanthus piscatorius: Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 548; Lourengo, l 979c: 33; Lourengo, l 987b: 916; Lourengo, 199lb: 31; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. South Africa. NOTES: L. Prendini (pers. comm., 1998) suggests that this species is synonymous with 0. capen­ sis (Thorell).

Opisthacanthus validus Thorell, 1876 Opisthacanthus validus Thorell, l 876b: 243-246. SYNTYPES: 1o,42, 1 juv (NRS), "Caffraria", ?South Africa. SYNONYMS Opisthacanthus fulvipes Pocock, 1899a: 412-413 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). HoLOTYPE: 2 (BMNH), Basutoland, now Lesotho. Opisthacanthus minor Kraepelin, 1911 : 75, 79-80 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (ZMB 7319), 5 specimens (ZMB 7321), Mphome, Transvaal; o 2 (ZMH), Mphome, Transvaal, and Frenchhoek, near Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa. Opisthacanthus transvaalicus Kraepelin, 1911: 77, 82- 83 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). HOLOTYPE: 2 (ZMH), Transvaal, South Africa. PARATYPES: 3 specimens (ZMH), same locality as holotype. Opisthacanthus transvaalicus ochripes Kraepelin, 1911: 82 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). HOLOTYPE: o (ZMH), Transvaal, South Africa. PARATYPES: 5 specimens (ZMH), same locality as holotype. Opisthacanthus validus albanicus Hewitt, 1918: 170-171, 185 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). HoLOTYPE: 2 (TM), Grahamstown, Albany district, Cape Province, South Africa. PARATYPES: numerous specimens (TM) from Albany district, Bathurst district, Peddie, and many other localities in Cape Province, South Africa. Opisthacanthus validus laevis Hewitt, 1918: 172 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). SYNTYPES: 8 specimens (TM), Drakensberg, Basutoland, now Lesotho. Opisthacanthus validus swazianus Hewitt, 1918: 172 (synonymized by Lourengo, 1987b: 905). SYNTYPES: o 2 (TM), Forbes Reef, Swaziland; 1 r3 (DM), Utrecht, Natal, South Africa. Opisthacanthus validus montanus Lawrence, 1942: 228-229 (synonymized by Lourengo, l 987b: 905). SYNTYPES: 1l o, 16 S? (NM), Van Reenen, Drakensberg, Natal, South Africa. 408 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD

REFERENCES Opisthocentrus validus: Pocock, 1893b: 318-319; Laurie, 1896a: 192. Opisthacanthus validus: Kraepelin, 1894: 128-130; Pocock, 1898a: 309; Pocock, l 898h: 198; Kraepelin, 1899: 150-151; Penther, 1900: 163; Kraepelin, 190la: 272; Purcell, 1903: 303; Kraepelin, 1911: 76; Hewitt, 1912: 305-306; Hewitt, 1918: 170, 185, pl. XXVIII, fig. 79; Lawrence, 1942: 228; Lawrence, 1955: 249; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975 : 548-549; Lourem;o, 1979c: 30; Lourern;o, 1987b: 905-907, pl. V, fig. 1-10, pl. VI, fig. 1-4; Lourem;o, 1989: 166, pl. 6, fig . 5; Lourern;o, 199lb: 31; Kovarik, 1992a: 185; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. Opisthacanthus validusfulvipes: Hewitt, 1918: 171, 185, pl. XXVlII, fig. 77; Lawrence, 1942: 235 ; Lawrence, 1955: 250; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 549. Opisthacanthus validus transvaalicus: Hewitt, 1918: 171-172; Lawrence, 1955: 250; Lamora! & Reyn­ ders, 1975: 549. Opisthacanthus validus swazianus: Lawrence, 1942: 228; Lawrence, 1955: 250; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 549; Loureni;o, 1979c: 32. Opisthacanthus minor: Lawrence, 1955: 249; Weidner, 1959: 102; Lamoral & Reynders, 1975: 548; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 32; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 319. Opisthacanthus validus montanus: Lawrence, 1955: 250; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 549; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 33. Opisthacanthus validus laevis: Lawrence, 1955: 250; Lamora! & Reynders, 1975: 549; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 32. Opisthacanthus transvaalicus: Weidner, 1959: 102; Lourenc;o, 1979c: 32. Opisthacanthus transvaalicus ochripes: Weidner, 1959: 102; Louren~o. l 979c: 32. Opisthacanthus fulvipes: Lourenc;o, 1979c: 31. Opisthacanthus validus albanicus: Lourenc;o, 1979c: 32. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland.

Genus PALAEOCHELOCTONUS Lourern;o, 1996 Palaeocheloctonus Lourern;o, 1996e: 36-37; type species Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Louren90, 1996. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Madagascar. REFERENCES Paleocheloctonus (ISS): Kovarik, 1998c: 135. NOTES: This recently described monotypic genus is close to Cheloctonus Pocock, from which it is distinguished by the granulation of the movable finger of pedipalp and details of mor­ phosculpture.

Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Louren90, 1996 Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Louren90, 1996e: 37-38, fig. 95-104, 159, 161, 162. HOLOTYPE: o (MNHN), next to Behahitso, Mahafaly Plateau, Madagascar Sud, Madagascar. PARATYPES: 1 <.;? (MNHN; allotype), same locality as holotype; numerous specimens (MHNG, ZMH), various localities in Madagascar Sud and Madagascar Quest, Madagascar. REFERENCES Paleocheloctonus pauliani: Loureni;o, 1996a: 444, nomen nudum (no description published). Paleocheloctonus (ISS) pauliani: Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Madagascar.