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Habitat Characteristics of Two Scorpion Species, Liocheles Australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) and Isometrus Maculatus (De Geer, 1778) in Miyako Islands, Japan

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Habitat Characteristics of Two Scorpion Species, Liocheles Australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) and Isometrus Maculatus (De Geer, 1778) in Miyako Islands, Japan Habitat characteristics of two scorpion species, Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) and Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778) in Miyako Islands, Japan Kazusa Kawai February 2021 — No. 331 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology EDITOR: Victor Fet, Marshall University, ‘[email protected]’ ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Michael E. Soleglad, ‘[email protected]’ TECHNICAL EDITOR: František Kovařík, ‘[email protected]’ Euscorpius is the first research publication completely devoted to scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius takes advantage of the rapidly evolving medium of quick online publication, at the same time maintaining high research standards for the burgeoning field of scorpion science (scorpiology).Euscorpius is an expedient and viable medium for the publication of serious papers in scorpiology, including (but not limited to): systematics, evolution, ecology, biogeography, and general biology of scorpions. Review papers, descriptions of new taxa, faunistic surveys, lists of museum collections, and book reviews are welcome. Derivatio Nominis The name Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 refers to the most common genus of scorpions in the Mediterranean region and southern Europe (family Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius is located at: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/ Archive of issues 1-270 see also at: http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/Euscorpius (Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755-2510, USA) ICZN COMPLIANCE OF ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS: Electronic (“e-only”) publications are fully compliant with ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) (i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts) when properly archived and registered. All Euscorpius issues starting from No. 156 (2013) are archived in two electronic archives: • Biotaxa, http://biotaxa.org/Euscorpius (ICZN-approved and ZooBank-enabled) • Marshall Digital Scholar, http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/. (This website also archives all Euscorpius issues previously published on CD-ROMs.) Between 2000 and 2013, ICZN did not accept online texts as “published work” (Article 9.8). At this time, Euscorpius was produced in two identical versions: online (ISSN 1536-9307) and CD-ROM (ISSN 1536-9293) (laser disk) in archive-quality, read-only format. Both versions had the identical date of publication, as well as identical page and figure numbers. Only copies distributed on a CD-ROM from Euscorpius in 2001-2012 represent published work in compliance with the ICZN, i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts. In September 2012, ICZN Article 8. What constitutes published work, has been amended and allowed for electronic publications, disallowing publication on optical discs. From January 2013, Euscorpius discontinued CD-ROM production; only online electronic version (ISSN 1536-9307) is published. For further details on the new ICZN amendment, see http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3944/. Publication date: 11 February 2021 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:899DB2B0-E072-410F-9C0E-CE1D32D37391 Euscorpius - Occasional Publications in Scorpiology. 2021, No. 331 Habitat characteristics of two scorpion species, Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) and Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778) in Miyako Islands, Japan Kazusa Kawai The Japan Scorpion Laboratory, 4-7, Motomachi, Gifu-shi, Gifu-ken, 500-8185, Japan; email: [email protected] http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:899DB2B0-E072-410F-9C0E-CE1D32D37391 Summary Scorpion surveys were conducted in the five islands: Miyakojima, Ikemajima, Kurimajima, Irabujima, and Shimojishima (Miyako Islands, part of Nansei/Ryukyu Islands of Japan). Eight individuals of Liocheles australasiae (Hormuridae) and 16 individuals of Isometrus maculatus (Buthidae) were observed in a total of 10 points on four islands, except Ikemajima. The localities of both species are recorded in this survey, focusing on altitude, distance from the nearest coast, and sunlight. The lowest temperatures in the habitat are also examined, and the cold tolerance of the species is discussed. Introduction The populations on Chichijima and Hahajima (Ogasawara Islands) are thought to be invasive (Takashima, Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) (Hormuriae) and 1945). Geographic information suggests that the Ioto Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778) (Buthidae) are the only population may also have been introduced. However, this two species of scorpions found in Japan, specifically in its species has not been seen in Chichijima and Hahajima in southern chain of islands, usually referred to as “Ryukyu recent years, and it is not clear whether it is still established Islands” in English literature. Both species have been there. historically recorded in the Ryukyu Islands (Iwakawa, 1906), We surveyed this species in the Miyako Islands and I. maculatus has been later introduced to the (Miyakojima, Irabujima, and Shimojishima). Ogasawara Islands (Bonin and Volcano Islands; Takashima, The subgrouping of Japanese Islands (Fig. 1) is given 1945). Both species have a very wide range of distribution below. outside Japan, with L. australasiae distributed from South NANSEI ISLANDS Asia to East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania Satsunan Islands, no scorpions recorded (Fet et al., 2000), and I. maculatus is thought to be the most Ryukyu Islands widely distributed scorpion in the world, be found in tropical Okinawa Islands, no scorpions recorded and subtropical areas worldwide (Fet et al., 2000; Lourenço & Sakishima Islands Cloudsley-Thompson, 2012). Miyako Islands The Japanese distribution area of L. australasiae is the Ikemajima Island, no scorpions recorded Ryukyu Islands (Iwakawa, 1906), and it has been Irabujima Island, L. australasiae (see Kawai, 2020a; this confirmed on 11 islands: Miyakojima, Irabujima, survey), I. maculatus (this survey) Shimojishima, Taramajima, Ishigakijima, Iriomotejima, Shimojishima Island, L. australasiae (see Kawai, 2020a), Kohamajima, Taketomijima, Kuroshima, Haterumajima, and I. maculatus (this survey) Yonagunijima (Shimojana, 1972, 2015; Takashima, 1942; Miyakojima Island, L. australasiae, I. maculatus (see Chigira & Tanaka, 2004; Tanaka, 2012; Karasawa & Shimojana, 1972; this survey) Kawazoe, 2005; Kawai, 2020a, 2020b) (Fig. 2). We surveyed Kurimajima Island, L. australasiae (this survey) this species in the Miyako Islands (Miyakojima, Kurimajima, Taramajima Island, L. australasiae (see Shimojana, 1999) and Irabujima). Yaeyama Islands Isometrus maculatus has been previously recorded from Ishigakijima Island, L. australasiae (see Shimojana, eight islands in Japan: Ishigakijima, Iriomotejima, Kamijijima, 1972), I. maculatus (see Takashima, 1948) Haterumajima, Yonagunijima, Chichijima, Hahajima, and Iriomotejima Island, L. australasiae (see Takashima, Ioto (Shimojana, 1972; Kawai, 2020b; Yokotsuka, 2011; 1942), I. maculatus (see Yokotsuka, 2011) Yamazaki et al., 2016; Muramatsu, 2007; Takashima, 1943, 1945, 1948, 1949; Kubo, 2001) (Fig. 3). 2 Euscorpius - 2021, No. 331 Figures 1–3: Figure 1. Location of Nansei Islands and Bonin Islands. Figure 2. Distribution of Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) in the Nansei Islands. Figure 3. Distribution of Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778) in the Nansei Islands. Kawai: Scorpions of Miyako Islands, Japan 3 Location Species Figure A Date/time Quantity Density Microhabitat D Kurimajima, L. australasiae Fig. 4 47 m 12/29/2020, 4 ♀ ad. 4 / fallen Under a bark of a 160 m 1 NE 17:30-18.00 tree fallen tree Irabujima, I. maculatus Fig. 5 70 m 12/29/2020, 3 ♀ ad., 1 / tree Under bark of 520 m SE - A 20:15-20:45 2 second Pinus luchuensis 2 instars and on the surface of a sign Irabujima, L. australasiae Fig. 6 74 m 12/29/2020, 1 ♀ ad, 2 / m² Under a bark of 380 m 3 SE - B 20:15-20:45 1 ♀ sbad decayed wood and in the grass Irabujima, S L. australasiae Fig. 7 59 m 12/29/2020, 1 ♀ ad 1 / m² Under a stone in a 730 m 4 12:00-12:15 cave Shimojishima, I. maculatus Fig. 8 10 m 12/29/2020, 1 ♀ ad 1 / tree Under bark of 35 m 5 NE 22:00-22:15 Pinus luchuensis Shimojishima, I. maculatus Fig. 9 13 m 12/29/2020, 1 ♂ ad 1 / fallen On a fallen tree 170 m 6 NW 22:30-22:45 tree Shimojishima, I. maculatus Fig.10 18 m 12/29/2020, 1 second 1 / branch On a branch in the 170 m SW 23:00-23:15 instar grass under 7 Pandanus odoratissimus Shimojishima, I. maculatus Fig. 11 7 m 12/30/2020, 7 ♀ ad 7 / fallen Under bark of a 960 m 8 center 11:30-11:45 tree fallen tree Miyakojima, L. australasiae Fig. 12 76 m 12/31/2020, 1 ♀ ad 1 / tree Under bark of 400 m 9 SE 01:15-01:30 Pinus luchuensis Miyakojima, I. maculatus Fig. 13 4 m 12/31/2020, 1 ♀ ad 1 / tree Under bark of 75 m 10 SW 02:10-02:45 Pinus luchuensis Table 1. The survey sites. Abbreviations: A – altitude, D – distance from nearest coast. Kohamajima Island, L. australasiae (see Chigira & Material and Methods Tanaka, 2004) Taketomijima Island, L. australasiae (Tanaka, 2012) In this survey, scorpions were searched for in Miyako Islands: Aragusukujima (Kamijijima) Island, I. maculatus (see Miyakojima, where both species are known to be distributed, Yamazaki et. al., 2016) and four surrounding islands (Ikemajima, Irabujima, Kuroshima Island, L. australasiae (see Karasawa & Shimojishima, and Kurimajima). Liocheles australasiae Kawazoe, 2005) has been previously recorded from Miyakojima, Irabujima, Haterumajima Island, L. australasiae, I. maculatus (see and Shimojishima but not from the remaining two islands. Kawai, 2020b) Isometrus maculatus has been previously recorded only from Yonagunijima Island,
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