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WASHINGTON-THESIS-2013.Pdf (4.949Mb) © Copyright by J. Philip Washington August, 2013 HURRICANES AND HABITATIONS: CULTURAL ADAPTATIONS TO ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS ON THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA COAST _______________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _______________ By J. Philip Washington August 2013 HURRICANES AND HABITATIONS: CULTURAL ADAPTATIONS TO ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS ON THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA COAST _______________ An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _______________ By J. Philip Washington August 2013 Abstract In the early 20th century, the Shell Island site was identified during an explosion of interest in the southwest Florida region and was initially described as a habitation site by C. B. Moore in 1907 and later by Hrdlicka in 1919. After 1997 excavations at the site performed by Widmer, he also hypothesized that the site was indeed utilized as a domestic habitation. Using data derived from these excavations, this thesis will empirically test hypotheses of the diagenesis and function of this site using criteria and methodology developed by Gill (1954), Pickering (1998) and Widmer (1989). Furthermore, results from investigations at other coastal habitation site types in Collier County Florida where site diagenesis and function theories have been tested will be used as a comparative dataset from which to deductively assess Shell Island. Finally, geographic information systems and remote sensing technology will be employed in an effort to better understand the environmental pressures that resulted in cultural adaptations that are evident across southwest Florida. This investigation finds that the cost of living in the rich estuarine environment which facilitated so much sociocultural development was the continued threat of storm surge events. The cultural adaptation of building shell platforms with raised-floor habitation structures on top of them allowed the aboriginal populations to continue to benefit from the environment without being wiped out during these regular events. iv Acknowledgements I am sincerely grateful to my committee members, Dr. Randolph J. Widmer, committee chair, Dr. Rebecca Storey, and Darren K. Schubert for their support, patience, and criticisms throughout the preparation of this thesis. Dr. Widmer graciously allowed me access to his vast amounts of research and also made himself available for the spirited discussion of any topic or question I may have had. His direction and constant encouragement to question everything I read from an anthropological perspective has resulted in the entirely new approach that I will take towards archaeology for the rest of my life. Dr. Storey has been a source of steady guidance throughout my graduate career and provided me with useful intuitions that have been invaluable to me as a student. Darren Schubert has been an irreplaceable source of advice and editing concerning both this thesis and my graduate studies in general. The guidance of these three individuals has made me a better archaeologist, and I am forever indebted to them for their gifts. I appreciate the support of my friends and family over the years that it took to produce this document, especially my loving parents Mrs. Stephanie Gilmore and Mr. Jim Washington, as well as my grandparents Mrs. Myrtle Smith and Justice Jackson Smith. Thank you to my delightful mother in law Ann Gibbs for help with final editing and bringing this thesis to a close. Finally, I am particularly thankful to my beautiful wife, Dr. Ashley Washington for putting up with me and making me smile when times became increasingly stressful. I am also eternally grateful for those who assisted and influenced me both at Texas Tech University and throughout my professional career whom I do not have room to acknowledge here. May God bless you all. v Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ....... 1 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 II. Shell-Bearing Site Typology at Shell Island .............................................................. 3 III. Problem ..................................................................................................................... 5 IV. Differentiating Natural Shell Beds from Shell-Bearing Sites ................................... 7 V. Shell-bearing Site Formation Processes Theoretical Background ............................. 9 VI. Identifying and Analyzing Construction Fill .......................................................... 15 VII. Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Technology to Human Behavioral Ecology Modeling ...................................................................... 16 VIII. Theoretical and Methodological Considerations .................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO BACKGROUND ................................................................................. 23 II. Climate ...................................................................................................................... 28 III. Coastal Ecological Systems in Southwest Florida .................................................. 30 IV. Geology ................................................................................................................... 36 V. Shell Bearing Research Overview ............................................................................ 38 VI. Previous Investigations ........................................................................................... 46 VII. Established Prehistoric Cultural Taxonomy .......................................................... 66 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS AND MATERIALS ................................................... 71 I. Methods...................................................................................................................... 71 II. Laboratory Procedures .............................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ........... 84 I. Stratigraphy and Field Descriptions of the Deposits at Shell Island ......................... 84 II. Distribution and depth of postmolds at Shell Island ................................................. 97 III. Elevated, Non Shell-Bearing Habitation Site Comparison, Key Marco Site 8CR48, OP1 West..................................................................................................................... 104 IV. Elevated, Shell-Bearing Habitation, Temple Site Comparison (Mound A), Key Marco Site 8CR48 OP1, East ...................................................................................... 107 V. Elevated, Shell-Bearing Habitation Site Comparison, Key Marco site 8CR48, Operation Two ............................................................................................................. 112 vi VI. Non-Shell-Bearing, Non-Elevated Habitation Structure Site Comparison, Horr’s Island site 8CR209 ...................................................................................................... 122 VII. Hurricane Impacts to Southwest Florida’s Estuarine Environment .................... 124 CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS OF APPLICATION OF GIS & REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 128 I. ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Analysis and Digital Elevation Model Production Results .. 128 II. Remote Sensing Technology and Hurricane Impact Results ................................. 145 III. NDVI, Rectification, Classification and Post-classification Comparison Change Detection Results......................................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 155 Discussion and Conclusion ............................................................................................. 155 I. Discussion: Correlation of the Depositional History of Shell Island ....................... 155 II. Elevated, Non-shell-bearing Habitation Site Comparison, Key Marco 8CR48, OP1 West Discussion .......................................................................................................... 171 III. Non-Shell-bearing, Non-elevated Habitation Structure Site Comparison, Horr’s Island 8CR209 Discussion .......................................................................................... 172 IV. Elevated, Shell-bearing Habitation, Temple Site Comparison, Key Marco Site 8CR48 OP1 East Discussion ....................................................................................... 173 V. Elevated, Shell-bearing Habitation Comparison, Operation Two Key Marco Site 8CR48 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 175 VI. ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Analysis and Digital Elevation Model Production Discussion ....................................................................................................................................
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