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Violent Becomings VIOLENT BECOMINGS This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. Ethnography, Theory, Experiment Series Editors: Martin Holbraad, Department of Anthropology, University College London Morten Axel Pedersen, Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen Rane Willerslev, Department of Anthropology, Aarhus University In recent years, ethnography has been increasingly recognized as a core method for generating qualitative data within the social sciences and humanities. This series explores a more radical, methodological potential of ethnography: its role as an arena of theoretical experimentation. It includes volumes that call for a rethinking of the relationship between ethnography and theory in order to ques- tion, and experimentally transform, existing understandings of the contemporary world. Volume 1 AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL TROMPE L’OEIL FOR A COMMON WORLD AN ESSAY ON THE ECONOMY OF KNOWLEDGE By Alberto Corsín Jiménez Volume 2 FIGURATIONS OF THE FUTURE FORMS AND TEMPORALITIES OF LEFT RADICAL POLITICS IN NORTHERN EUROPE By Stine Krøijer Volume 3 WATERWORLDS ANTHROPOLOGY IN FLUID ENVIRONMENTS Edited by Kirsten Hastrup and Frida Hastrup Volume 4 VIOLENT BECOMINGS STATE FORMATION, SOCIALITY, AND POWER IN MOZAMBIQUE By Bjørn Enge Bertelsen This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. VIOLENT BECOMINGS State Formation, Sociality, and Power in Mozambique Bjørn Enge Bertelsen berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. Published by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2016 Bjørn Enge Bertelsen All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bertelsen, Bjorn Enge, author. Title: Violent becomings : state formation, sociality, and power in Mozambique / Bjorn Enge Bertelsen. Other titles: Ethnography, theory, experiment ; v. 4. Description: New York : Berghahn Books, 2016. | Series : Ethnography, theory, experiment ; v. 4 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2016021928| ISBN 9781785332364 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781785332937 (paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Political violence—Mozambique. | Nation-building—Mozambique. | Mozambique—Politics and government. | Mozambique—Social conditions. Classifi cation: LCC HN798.Z9 V52 2016 | DDC 303.609679—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021928 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. The terms of the license can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For permission to publish commercial volumes, please contact Berghahn Books. Supported by the University of Bergen ISBN 978-1-78533-236-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-78533-293-7 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-78533-237-1 (ebook) ISBN 978-1-78533-429-0 (open access ebook) This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. CONTENTS List of Illustrations, Figures, and Maps vii Acknowledgements x A Note on Anonymity and Fieldwork xiii A Note on Language xv Glossary xviii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiv List of Key Historical and Contemporary Persons xxvi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Violence. War, State, and Anthropology in Mozambique 26 Chapter 2. Territory. Spatio-Historical Approaches to State Formation 56 Chapter 3. Spirit. Chiefl y Authority, Soil, and Medium 90 Chapter 4. Body. Illness, Memory, and the Dynamics of Healing 121 This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. vi Contents Chapter 5. Sovereignty. The Mozambican President and the Ordering of Sorcery 160 Chapter 6. Economy. Substance, Production, and Accumulation 197 Chapter 7. Law. Political Authority and Multiple Sovereignties 229 Conclusion. Uncapturability, Dynamics, and Power 263 Bibliography 271 Index 311 This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES, AND MAPS Illustrations 0.1 Remnants of a military vehicle destroyed during the civil war 6 1.1 View of the mountain Bengo 34 1.2 The goero that the author shared with António and Ana’s son 45 1.3 Mhamba with tchirenge 47 2.1 Rebels beheaded by colonial Nguni forces following the 1917 Báruè rebellion 67 2.2 Samora Machel as reproduced in a Chimoio mural 72 2.3 Interior wall in a Chimoio secondary school celebrating Frelimo 77 3.1 Acidente mágico (magical accident) 92 4.1 Banner of a n’anga in Chimoio 124 4.2 Tchitumba tchonanga 127 4.3 The Zionist church Zione Jerusalem Kanaan Jehova, Chimoio 128 4.4 Objects João brought the profete 132 This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. viii Illustrations, Figures, and Maps 4.5 Example of objects used for possession by a n’anga 135 4.6 N’anga administering hot stones to the concoction 136 4.7 João sitting stooped over the fumes 137 4.8 Kutenda adzimo edu, Honde 143 4.9 A gotokoto photographed as it was running away 147 5.1 The head of AMETRAMO in Manica Province, Mr. Cerveija 165 6.1 Digging António’s grave together, Honde 205 6.2 Bhutu on mussekessa leaves as part of kubatidzana 206 6.3 Salt and the fl esh of the hen put into the sadza pot as part of kubatidzana 206 6.4 The production of charcoal, Honde 207 6.5 A pendekari, pot for cooking sadza 213 6.6 Women walking with maize to the mill in Chimoio 215 6.7 Theft of mandioka (cassava) from someone’s machamba, Honde 221 7.1 Xylogravure (woodcut) by Matias Ntundu Mzanyoka of colonial-era tax collection 232 7.2 The tire procured to burn the mbava 237 7.3 Street children sleeping in front of a bank, Chimoio’s bairro cimento 244 Figures 1.1 Layout of typical Honde household 33 4.1 Muturica interior as seen from above 140 4.2 Simplifi ed layout of kutenda adzimu edu 141 This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. Illustrations, Figures, and Maps ix Maps 1. Political map of Mozambique xxvii 2. Simplifi ed map of administrative districts and their borders, Manica Province xxviii This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Seeing a book published signals closure: an end to searching for an- alytical angles, theoretical direction, and, most importantly, capturing the elusive ethnographic realities at the heart of the anthropological en- deavor. While this book centers around a single author, and although fl aws, faults, and other shortcomings are my own, I am greatly indebted to a number of people and institutions who have aided me in a host of ways. Most importantly and above all, I am greatly indebted to all the peo- ple of Honde and Chimoio who shared with me their time, efforts, help, concern, and knowledge. Had I not been received so hospitably in, fi rst, Honde in 1999, I sincerely doubt this book would ever have seen the light of day. This muZungu is forever thankful for having been given the chance to participate fully in their daily life—in multiple periods of fi eldwork from 1999 onward. Maitabassa maningue! At the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Bergen I could include everyone, as almost all have, at some point, contributed positively to the project. However, I would like to thank, in particular, Bruce Kapferer, Ørnulf Gulbrandsen, Knut Rio, Annelin Eriksen, Mar- git Ystanes, Cecilie Ødegaard, Vigdis Broch-Due, Edvard Hviding, John Christian Knudsen, Iselin Å. Strønen, Andrew Lattas, Espen Helgesen, Tord Austdal, Synnøve Bendixsen, Ståle Knudsen, Olaf Smedal, Michelle MacCarthy, Alessandro Zagato, Theodoros Rakopoulos, Anna Szolucha, Maria Dyveke Styve, Mari H. Korsbrekke, Jacob Hjortsberg, Axel Rudi, Mohammad Tareq Hasan, and Ruy Llera Blanes for being fantastic col- leagues, critics, and discussion partners. In addition, the whole group of past PhD students deserves special mention, including Bård Kårt- veit, Jessica Jemima Mzamu, Samson Abebe Bezabeh, Janne Bøe, Rita This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bergen. Not for resale. Acknowledgements xi Cunningham, Jon Harald Sande Lie, Alexander Manuylov, Robert Mon- gwe, Eria Olowo Onyango, Rolf Scott, Hanna Skartveit, Inger Lise Teig, Dinesan Vadakkinyil, Mathew Varghese, and Zerihun A. Woldeselassie. Thank you all. UiB Global, formerly the Centre for Development Studies, at the Uni- versity of Bergen (UiB) has also kindly facilitated parts of the research drawn upon here. I am grateful for the opportunity to have been part of such an open-minded institution and research environment for so many years. My thanks here are extended to all academic and administrative staff, including Anne K. Bang, Erlend Eidsvik, Per Ditlef Fredriksen, Kirsten Alsaker Kjerland, Leif Manger, Nefi ssa Naguib, Kristin Holst Paulsen, Ove Stoknes, Inger Thorsen, Terje Tvedt, Ole Reidar Vetaas, Terje Østigård, and many others. A special thanks also to Tore and Eva Sætersdal for being so inclusive in helping me facilitate my project and for welcoming me to their home in Vila Manica. As all projects do, this one has depended on the goodwill and sup- port of a number of institutions and funding bodies. Thanks to the Melt- zer fund for fi nancing several periods of fi eldwork in Mozambique as well as participation at academic conferences. Fieldwork funding was also received from the Faculty of Social Sciences, UiB.
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