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Cost-Effective Communication and Control Architectures for Active Low Voltage Grids

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Cost-Effective Communication and Control Architectures for Active Low Voltage Grids Cost-effective Communication and Control Architectures for Active Low Voltage Grids MIKEL ARMENDÁRIZ Doctoral Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2017 i TRITA-EE 2017:160 Electric Power and Energy Systems ISSN 1653-5146 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology ISBN 978-91-7729-588-4 Stockholm, Sweden Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Mikel Armendáriz, November 2017. Copyrighted articles are reprinted with kind permission from IET, IEEE and Elsevier. Printed by Universitetsservice US AB ii Abstract: The monitoring and control of low voltage distribution grids has historically been disregarded due to the unidirectional flow of power. However, nowadays the electric power system is being modernized to enable a sustainable energy system. This is assisted by the smart grids concept, which incorporates the new types of loads, the active energy consumers, often called 'prosumers', and the higher requirements for reliability and quality of service. The number of prosumers is increasing since many houses, apartments, commercial building and public institutions are beginning to produce energy, mainly through solar photovoltaic panels on their rooftop. These installations are principally promoted by the fall in the cost of renewable energy technologies, especially solar panels. Thus, while the small-scale renewables can reduce the electricity bill for the consumers, they can also generate problems for the distribution grid operators because the non- consumed energy surplus is exported to the grid and that requires updating the existing electricity infrastructures. This new paradigm adds new regulatory, economic, and technical type of challenges. In response to this new situation, this thesis investigates the communication and control architectures that are required for active low voltage grid monitoring and control applications, considering the regulatory constraints and the efficient utilization of the assets from a distribution system operator’s perspective. Hence, this thesis contributes by proposing a framework and optimization studies to assess the required communication and the control solutions (i.e., sensors and actuators) from a cost-effective point of view. This is done by including the economic aspects (CAPEX & OPEX) into the optimization formulation. The communication solutions are twofold: first, the optimal sensor placement configuration that is required to perform low voltage state estimation is covered. Then, the optimal metering infrastructure designs for active low voltage monitoring application are studied. The control solutions are threefold and cover the decentralized and coordinated distribution automation applications: first, control strategies are proposed to allow the integration of microgrid-like structures into the distribution grids. Second, the procedure to optimally place the control actuators (i.e., tap changers) for running the control strategies is studied. Third, a decentralized and multiagent-based control solution is proposed for self-healing and feeder reconfiguration applications. In addition, a framework model and its corresponding simulation tool are developed for studying and assessing the reliability of the ICT infrastructure that enables the active low voltage grid monitoring and control applications. As concluding remarks, the technology readiness level shows that the required communication and control architectures for enhancing the active low voltage grids with new services are mature, as they are for high voltage grids. However, the deployment of technology at low voltage grids is restricted to assets owned by the distribution system operator. This condition limits the operability of the grid and requires solutions that prioritize cost-effectiveness over comprehensiveness and complexity. Thus, the results from the presented studies show that it is essential to perform thorough cost-benefit analyses of the potential improvement solutions for each grid, because this will allow deploying the right technology only at the necessary locations. Keywords: Active low voltage distribution grids, CAPEX & OPEX, communication & control architectures, cost-effectiveness, MPC, multiagent systems, photovoltaics, voltage control. iii Sammanfattning: Övervakning och styrning av lågspänningsnät har historiskt sett förbisetts på grund av enkelriktat effektflöde. Nuförtiden moderniseras dock elsystemet för att möjliggöra ett hållbart energisystem. Detta stöds av smartgrids-konceptet, som medföljer aktiva energikonsumenter, ofta kallade "prosumers", och högre krav på tillförlitlighet och servicekvalitet. Antalet prosumers ökar eftersom många hus, lägenheter, kommersiella byggnader och offentliga institutioner börjar producera energi, främst genom solpaneler på taket. Dessa installationer främjas främst av nedgången i kostnaden för förnybar energiteknik, särskilt solpaneler. Även om små förnyelsebara förnybara energikällor kan minska elräkningen för konsumenterna, kan de också skapa problem för distributionsnätoperatörerna eftersom den oförbrukade energin exporteras till nätet, vilket kräver en uppdatering av den befintlig elinfrastrukturen. Detta nya paradigm medför både ekonomiska och tekniska utmaningar. Denna avhandling undersöker de kommunikations- och kontrollarkitekturer som krävs för aktiva övervaknings- och kontrollapplikationer för lågspänningsnät, med tanke på de lagstadgade begränsningarna och det effektiva utnyttjandet av tillgångarna från en distributionssystemoperatörs perspektiv. Denna avhandling bidrar med en ram- och optimeringsstudie för att bedöma den nödvändiga kommunikationen och kontrollösningarna (d.v.s. sensorer och manöverdon) från en kostnadseffektiv synvinkel. Detta görs genom att inkludera de ekonomiska aspekterna (CAPEX & OPEX) i optimeringsformuleringen. Studierna i den här avhandlingen behandlar två typer av kommunikationslösningar: Dels uppskattas den optimala sensorplaceringskonfigurationen som krävs för att utföra tillståndsestimering av lågspänningsnätet. Dels studeras de optimala mätningsinfrastrukturerna för lågspänningsövervakning av aktiva applikationer. Tre typer av kontrollösningar inkluderas i studien och täcker de decentraliserade och samordnade distributionsautomatiseringsapplikationerna: För det första föreslås kontrollstrategier för att möjliggöra integration av mikrogridliknande strukturer i distributionsnätet. För det andra studeras hur styrmanövreringsorganen (d.v.s. kretsväxlare) kan placeras för att driva styrstrategierna optimalt. För det tredje föreslås en decentraliserad och multiagentbaserad kontrolllösning för självläkning och feederkonfigurationsapplikationer. Dessutom utvecklas en rammodell och motsvarande simuleringsverktyg för att studera och bedöma tillförlitligheten för IKT-infrastrukturen, som möjliggör aktiva övervaknings- och kontrollapplikationer för lågspänningsnät. Teknikens beredskapsnivå visar att de nödvändiga kommunikations- och kontrollarkitekturerna för att förbättra aktiva lågspänningsnät med nya tjänster är lika mogna som för högspänningsnät. Den tekniska implementeringen vid lågspänningsnät begränsas dock till de tillgångar som endast kan ägas av distributionssystemoperatören. Detta faktum begränsar operativiteten och kräver lösningar som prioriterar kostnadseffektivitet över omfattning och komplexitet. Det är därför viktigt att genomföra en grundlig kostnads-nyttoanalys av de potentiella förbättringslösningarna för varje enskilt nät, eftersom detta kommer bidra till en ökad förståelse för när och var en viss teknik bör användas. Nyckelord: Aktiva lågspänningsdistributionsnät, CAPEX & OPEX, kommunikations- och kontrollarkitekturer, kostnadseffektivitet, MPC, multiagent-system, solceller, spänningsreglering. iv Acknowledgements First of all I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Professor Lars Nordström for his guidance, support and patience throughout this project; this thesis would not have been possible without him. I also want to acknowledge the Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage (SweGRIDS) which has been the main sponsor of this PhD project. Special thanks to Professor Hans Edin for proofreading the thesis and providing me with useful feedback. Likewise, my colleagues Liv Gingnell and Daniel Brodén kindly helped me with the Swedish version of the abstract of this thesis. Furthermore, many thanks to the current and former colleagues and administrators at KTH EPE and former ICS department for setting up a friendly and great working environment during these five years: Annica Johannesson, Arshad Saleem, Brigitt Högberg, Claes Sandels, Dan Pettersson, Daniel Brodén, Davood Babazadeh, Eleni Nylén, Elvan Helander, Fabian Hohn, Harold Chamorro, Jan Henning Jürgensen, Joakim Lilliesköld, Kaveh Paridari, Margus Välja, Mathias Ekstedt, Matus Korman, Moustafa Chenine, Nicholas Honeth, Liv Gingnell, Pontus Johnson, Robert Lagerström, Tin Rabuzin, Yiming Wu, and many others. It was fan and I learned a lot being part of the Project Management course during these five years. Here I should acknowledge Associate Professor Joakim Lilliesköld and my TA colleagues: Matus Korman, Claes Sandels, Daniel Brodén, Liv Gingnell and Dan Pettersson. I would also like to thank the students that I have been supervising and the co-authors in my publications for their collaboration, discussions and constructive feedback. Fortunately, I was part of the EU FP7 DISCERN project, which was a good school to learn the necessary practical and real-life aspects beyond the pure academic research,
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