Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete Author(S): Paul Rehak and John G

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete Author(S): Paul Rehak and John G Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete Author(s): Paul Rehak and John G. Younger Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 102, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 91-173 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/506138 . Accessed: 31/12/2010 14:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aia. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Institute of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete PAUL REHAK AND JOHN G. YOUNGER Dedicated to our teachers, Machteldj. Mellink and John L. Caskey* INTRODUCTION Some changes have occurred since the earlier re- view and new sources of information have become In an earlier article in this series, Watrous reviewed available:Nestor, a listing of bibliography,has moved the archaeology of Crete from earliest times to the from Indiana University to the University of Cincin- end of the Protopalatial period (MM II).' We con- nati and is published in hard copy and on diskette, tinue from where he left off, focusing on Crete from and will be responsible for future updates of the Inter- MM III to the end of the Bronze Age (ca. 1700-1100 nationalDirectory of AegeanPrehistorians (IDAP). The B.C.). Our main goals are twofold: to summarize crit- electronic mail discussion networkAegeaNet has pro- ically the present state of the field, concentrating vided a public forum for a wide range of Aegean especially on developments of the last 25 years, and topics since 1993. Increasing use is being made of to indicate issues, problems, and areas of investiga- the Internet by archaeologists, and the scholarly ac- tion that need to be addressed in the future. ceptance of electronic publication is steadily gain- * We are grateful to Fred Kleiner and TraceyCullen for Eikon R. Laffineur and J.L. Crowley eds., the invitation to write this article and for their editorial ElxoKcv:Aegean Bronze Age Iconography. assistance. We are also indebted to many individuals who Shapinga Methodology(Aegaeum 8, Liege gave freely of their knowledge,especiallyJ. Bennet, H. Blit- 1992). zer, G. E.H. Cline, L.H. Cole, W Coulson, C. To Epyov rtl Cadogan, Ergon ApXazoioyr•Kjc EraZpeiaC. Davaras,L.P. Day, J. Driessen, T Eliopoulos, G. Gesell, B.P. Gesell G. Gesell, Town, Palace and House Cult Hallager, E. Hallager, B. Hayden, L. Hitchcock, S. Hood, in Minoan Crete (SIMA 67, Goteborg A. Kanta, P. Kienzle, O.H. Krzyszkowska,R. Laffineur, M. 1985). Lee, A. Lembesi, C. Lilyquist,L. Little, C.E Macdonald,J.A. Hallager E. Hallager, The Minoan Roundel and MacGillivray,S.W. Manning, J. Moody, P. Muhly, M. Ni- Other Sealed Documents in the Neopala- kolaidou, B. Olsen, C. Palyvou, I. Pini, G. Rethemiotakis, tial Linear A Administration I-II (Aegae- J. Rutter, L.H. Sackett, I.A. Sakellarakis, E. Sapouna- um 14, Liege 1996). Sakellaraki, M. Schmid, C. Shelmerdine, J. Soles, M. Tsi- Immerwahr S. Immerwahr, Aegean Painting in the popoulou, A.M.P.A.Van de Moortel, L.V.Watrous,J. Wein- Bronze Age (London 1991). garten, and J. Zielinski. Jones R.E.Jones, Greekand CypriotPottery (BSA The following abbreviations have been used: FitchLaboratory Occasional Paper 1, Lon- Aegeanand Orient E.H. Cline and D. Harris-Clineeds., The don 1986). Aegean and the Orient in the Second Mil- Kanta A. Kanta, The Late Minoan III Period on lennium. Proceedings of the 50th Anni- Crete:A SurveyofSites, Pottery,and Their versary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18-20 Distribution (SIMA 58, G6teborg 1980). April 1997 (Aegaeum18, forthcoming). Kommos I J. Shaw and M. Shaw eds., KommosI: The Archanes I.A. Sakellarakis and E. Sapouna- KommosRegion and the Houses of the Mi- Sakellaraki,Archanes (Athens 1991). noan Town,pt. 1 (Princeton 1995); Atlas J.W.Myers, E.E. Myers,and G. Cadogan pt. 2 (Princeton 1996). eds., The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete Kommos III L.V.Watrous, KommosIII: TheLate Bronze (Berkeley 1992). Age Pottery (Princeton 1992). Begg I. Begg, Minoan Storerooms in the Late Palaces R. Hagg and N. Marinatos eds., TheFunc- BronzeAge (Diss. Univ. of Toronto tion of the Minoan Palaces (Stockholm 1975). 1987). Cline E.H. Cline, Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea. PGC H.-G.Buchholz and V. Karageorghis, Pre- International Tradeand the Late Bronze historic Greece and Cyprus (New York Age Aegean(BAR-IS 591, Oxford 1994). 1973). CM S. Marinatos and M. Hirmer, Creteand Politeia R. Laffineur and W-D. Niemeier eds., Mycenae (New York 1960). Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean CretCong Ta HIErpay3pva tro AwEOvot5qKpqTro- Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12, Liege 1995). 5Evve5piov. Sanctuaries R. Hdigg and N. Marinatos eds., Sanctu- ,oyzKoto Doumas C. Doumas, The Wall-Paintings of Thera aries and Cults in the Aegean BronzeAge (Athens 1992). (Stockholm 1981). 91 American journal of Archaeology 102 (1998) 91-173 92 PAUL REHAK AND JOHN G. YOUNGER [AJA 102 ing ground.2 Other important tools include the con- plex period and presents a variety of problems, be- tinuing publication of seals and sealings in the CMS ginning with terminology and chronology. There is and its Beihefte,and the compilation of Linear A texts general agreement that the Neopalatial period be- in GORILA. gan after widespread destruction of the Protopala- Since 1987, the Aegaeumseries has provided a timely tial centers at the end of MM II and endured through venue for the publication of conferences and mono- the pottery phases MM III, LM IA, and LM IB. The graphs on Aegean subjects, and the latest Cretolog- beginning of this period and the distinction between ical Congress took place in Herakleion on 10-13 MM IIIA and B remain hazy, however. In particu- September 1996. Authoritative publication volumes lar, little agreement exists about the causes of the for a number of important sites are appearing or MM II destructions. imminent, including Mallia, Mochlos, Chania, Ka- The era following another destruction horizon at vousi, Kommos, Kato Syme, and Pseira. The palace the end of the Neopalatial period in LM IB has been at Knossos, which never received a final report in called "Postpalatial,' based largely on developments the modern sense, is now being published by areas.3 observed at Knossos. In recent years, however, it has Much important information can be gleaned on in- become clear that palatial administrative activity con- dividual sites from the photographs and bibliogra- tinued at Knossos until LM IIIA2-B early (discussed phies in The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete (Atlas). An below), and certainly into LM IIIB at Chania. It there- important archaeological resource, the East Cretan fore seems misleading to use the term "Postpalatial" Center, endowed by the Institute for Aegean Prehis- for the pottery phases LM II-LM IIIB early, which tory, was inaugurated on 19 July 1997, and will be represent a period of Mycenaean Linear B admin- used by excavations all over the east end of the is- istration on the island at Knossos and Chania, and land primarily for study and the storage of finds. perhaps elsewhere; we have abandoned it in favor On Crete, the Late Bronze Age is a long and com- of the designation "Final Palatial."5 and L. Nixon Society O.H. Krzyszkowska eds., :J. Raison, Le palais du second millinaire at Knossos 1.1-2: Minoan Society.Proceedings of the Cam- Le quartier nord (Paris 1988); 11.1-2: Lefront ouest et ses mag- bridgeColloquium, 1981 (Bristol 1983). azins (Paris 1993); R. Laffineur, "Habitat egeen et reconstruc- TAW C. Doumas I-III ed., Thera and the Aegean tions: Quelques reflexions methodologiques a propos du WorldI (London 1978);Doumas ed., quartier nord-est du palais de Cnossos," in P. Darcque and Theraand the Aegean WorldII (London R. Treuil eds., L'habitategeen prehistorique (Paris 1990) 3-19; 1980); D.A. Hardy et al. eds., Theraand S. Hood and W. Taylour, The Bronze Age Palace of Knossos. the Aegean World III.1: Archaeology;2: Plan and Sections (London 1981); S. Hood and D. Smyth, Earth Sciences; 3: Chronology(London Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area (London 1981). 1990). P.P. Betancourt, The History of Minoan Pottery (Prince- Techne R. Laffineur and PP. Betancourt eds., ton 1985) 103; P.M. Warren and V. Hankey, The Absolute TgXvil: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age (Bristol 1988) 54-60, Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age 135-37; Warren, 'A New Minoan Deposit from Knossos c. (Aegaeum 16, Liege 1997). 1600 B.C., and Its Wider Relations," BSA 86 (1991) 319-40. Thalassocracy R. Hagg and N. Marinatos eds., The 5"Postpalatial" is used by N.
Recommended publications
  • Minoan Religion
    MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS MINOAN RELIGION STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE RELIGION Frederick M. Denny, Editor The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Edited by Frederick M. Denny and Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory Rodney L. Taylor By Ruth Cecily Katz Dr. Strangegod: Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation: On the Symbolic Meaning of Nuclear Weapons A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics By Ira Chernus Edited by Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer Native American Religious Action: A Performance Approach to Religion By Ritual Criticism: Sam Gill Case Studies in Its Practice, Essays on Its Theory By Ronald L. Grimes The Confucian Way of Contemplation: Okada Takehiko and the Tradition of The Dragons of Tiananmen: Quiet-Sitting Beijing as a Sacred City By By Rodney L. Taylor Jeffrey F. Meyer Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: The Other Sides of Paradise: Western and Islamic Perspectives Explorations into the Religious Meanings on Religious Liberty of Domestic Space in Islam By David Little, John Kelsay, By Juan Eduardo Campo and Abdulaziz A. Sachedina Sacred Masks: Deceptions and Revelations By Henry Pernet The Munshidin of Egypt: Their World and Their Song The Third Disestablishment: By Earle H. Waugh Regional Difference in Religion and Personal Autonomy 77u' Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: By Phillip E. Hammond Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol By By George D. Bond Nanno Marinatos A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam By Gordon Darnell Newby MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS University of South Carolina Press Copyright © 1993 University of South Carolina Published in Columbia, South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marinatos, Nanno.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Reduction and a Polis Lee Ann Turner Boise State University
    Boise State University ScholarWorks Art Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Art 1-1-2017 Population Reduction and a Polis Lee Ann Turner Boise State University This document was originally published in The Galatas Survey: Socio-Economic and Political Development of a Contested Territory in Central Crete During the Neolithic to Ottoman Periods by INSTAP Academic Press. Copyright restrictions may apply. Further works by this publisher can be located at: www.instappress.com and http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=instappress& 11 Population Reduction and a Polis Lee Ann Turner The first three sections of this chapter present our area. The fourth section discusses the chang­ the survey data and sites of the Protogeometric­ ing settlement patterns that occurred during these Orientalizing, Archaic, and Classical periods in periods. The Protogeometric-Orientalizing Period Some 24 sites have material dating to the period. Of the 52 LM mA-IIIB and 17 LM me Protogeometric-Orientalizing period (Fig. 20), sites, the vast majority are small. The LM me small which represents an increase in overall numbers sites are comprised of 16 farmstead- or hamlet­ from the 17 LM me sites. All sites from this peri­ sized sites and one small village, Prophetes Elias od are located in the western portion of the survey (28). During the Protogeometric-Orientalizing pe­ area, continuing a trend established in the preced­ riod (Table 7), however, only 71% of the sites are ing period. The hilly area east of Galatiani Kepha­ small: 46% are farmsteads (44, 80, 91, 99, 102, 118, la (44) and the northeastern lowlands are entirely 130, 133, 144, 151, 154) and 25% are hamlets (22, abandoned at this time.
    [Show full text]
  • This Pdf Is a Digital Offprint of Your Contribution in E. Alram-Stern, F
    This pdf is a digital offprint of your contribution in E. Alram-Stern, F. Blakolmer, S. Deger-Jalkotzy, R. Laffineur & J. Weilhartner (eds), Metaphysis. Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 39), ISBN 978-90-429-3366-8. The copyright on this publication belongs to Peeters Publishers. As author you are licensed to make printed copies of the pdf or to send the unaltered pdf file to up to 50 relations. You may not publish this pdf on the World Wide Web – including websites such as academia.edu and open-access repositories – until three years after publication. Please ensure that anyone receiving an offprint from you observes these rules as well. If you wish to publish your article immediately on open- access sites, please contact the publisher with regard to the payment of the article processing fee. For queries about offprints, copyright and republication of your article, please contact the publisher via [email protected] AEGAEUM 39 Annales liégeoises et PASPiennes d’archéologie égéenne METAPHYSIS RITUAL, MYTH AND SYMBOLISM IN THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna, 22-25 April 2014 Edited by Eva ALRAM-STERN, Fritz BLAKOLMER, Sigrid DEGER-JALKOTZY, Robert LAFFINEUR and Jörg WEILHARTNER PEETERS LEUVEN - LIEGE 2016 98738_Aegaeum 39 vwk.indd 1 25/03/16 08:06 CONTENTS Obituaries ix Preface xiii Abbreviations xv KEYNOTE LECTURE Nanno MARINATOS Myth, Ritual, Symbolism and the Solar Goddess in Thera 3 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
    i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece
    water Review Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece V. A. Tzanakakis 1,2,*, A. N. Angelakis 3,4 , N. V. Paranychianakis 5, Y. G. Dialynas 6 and G. Tchobanoglous 7 1 Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Soil and Water Resources Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece 2 Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Iraklion, 71410 Crete, Greece 3 HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion, Greece 4 Union of Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprises, 41222 Larissa, Greece; [email protected] 5 School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece; [email protected] 6 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; [email protected] 7 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 April 2020; Accepted: 16 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: Crete, located in the South Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by long coastal areas, varied terrain relief and geology, and great spatial and inter-annual variations in precipitation. Under average meteorological conditions, the island is water-sufficient (969 mm precipitation; theoretical water potential 3284 hm3; and total water use 610 hm3). Agriculture is by far the greatest user of water (78% of total water use), followed by domestic use (21%). Despite the high average water availability, water scarcity events commonly occur, particularly in the eastern-south part of the island, driven by local climatic conditions and seasonal or geographical mismatches between water availability and demand.
    [Show full text]
  • “International Handbook on Green Local Fiscal Policy Models”
    “International handbook on green local fiscal policy models” LOCAL Policies for GREEN Energy – LOCAL4GREEN 1 Meritxell Bennasar Casasa Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Background. Description Local Policies for Green Energy Project 1.2. About this document: main objectives and characteristics of this manual 1.3. Target Groups: Local authorities Consultants specializing in public management Decision makers of national and regional authorities Other interested parties in the promotion of renewable energy sources 1.4. Partners 2. Description of the 9 Mediterranean countries 2.1. Albania Lezha Vau i Dejës Kukës 2.2. Croatia Brdovec Jastrebarsko Klanjec Dugo Selo Pregrada 2.3. Cyprus Lakatamia Nicosia Aradippou 2.4. Greece Amariou Edessa Farsala Kozani Lagadas Leros Malevizi Milos Pilea-Hortiatis Platania Sithonia Tanagra Thermi Volvi 2.5. Italy 2 2.6. Malta San Lawrenz Sannat Kercem 2.7. Portugal Albufeira Alcoutim Aljezur Castro Marim Faro Lagoa Lagos Loulé Monchique Olhão Portimão São Brás de Alportel Silves Tavira Vila do Bispo Vila Real de Santo António 2.8. Slovenia Grosuplje Ivančna Gorica Kamnik Kočevje Kranj Križevci Lenart Trebnje 2.9. Spain Dolores Muro d’Alcoi Pedreguer Alfàs del Pi Altea Callosa d’en Sarrià Almussafes Godella Quart de Poblet Alaquàs Xeresa 3. Comparative study of national regulations 3.1. Albania 3.1.1. Albanian Tax System 3.1.2. Description of Fiscal Policies of Pilot Municipalities 3.2. Croatia 3.2.1. Croatian Tax Sytem 3.2.2. Description of Fiscal Policies of Pilot Municipalities 3.3. Cyprus 3.3.1. Cypriot Tax Sytem 3 3.3.2. Description of Fiscal Policies of Pilot Municipalities 3.4.
    [Show full text]
  • A Great Minoan Triangle: the Changing
    SCRIPTA MEDITERRANEA, Vol. VI (1985) A GREAT MINOAN TRIANGLE: THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF PHAISTOS, HAGIA TRIADHA, AND KOMMOS DURING THE MIDDLE MINOAN IB-LATE MINOAN III PERIODS Philip Betancourt Kommos, Hagia Triadha, and Phaistos hold many of the clues to the historical interpretation of the Messara in the second millennium B.C. I have benefited from discussions with numerous persons in the formation of these observations, especially my Italian colleague Vincenzo La Rosa. Phaistos, at the western end of the fertile Messara Plain, is strategically situated to administer the plain's rich agricultural production. Hagia Triadha is on the last hill between Phaistos and the Libyan Sea. Kommos, located to the south, lies at an excellent harbour near a good fresh water spring, with a productive hinterland of small plots and hills. The preeminent position of these three sites in the second millennium may be contrasted with the situation in earlier times. The first known settlement of this part of Crete dates to the Final Neolithic.(1) Phaistos and Kommos were already settled by this period, along with many other small raised hills used as open village sites. The earliest habitation of Hagia Triadha is less well known, but certainly by the Early Bronze Age it was settled as well because its residents were buried in two nearby tholos tombs (Banti 1930-31). Before Middle Minoan IB, we have little archaeological evidence to single out these three sites as among the most important sites of southern Crete. It is possible we are misguided by the clearing and levelling operations of MM I-II that may have destroyed much of the earlier remains, but it is clear that wealth was shared more generally within the Messara in EM and MM than it was in later times.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycenaean Seminar List
    THE MYCENAEAN SEMINAR 1954–2017 Olga Krzyszkowska and Andrew Shapland This list gives titles of individual seminars (and related events) with links and references to their publication in BICS. Initially discussions and some summaries were printed in the Seminar minutes, which were privately circulated (only from 21st January 1959 were minutes headed ‘Mycenaean Seminar’). The first published summaries appeared in BICS 13 (1966), soon superseding the minutes. Some seminars/public lectures were published as full-length articles (page references to these are given in bold). Summaries were usually, but not always, published in the subsequent year’s BICS and some never appeared at all. However, from 1993–94 onwards summaries of all Seminars and virtually all public lectures relating to Aegean prehistory held at the Institute were published in BICS. The summaries for 2014–15 were the last to appear in the print edition of BICS, which has now become thematic. The summaries for 2015–16 and 2016–17 are published in an online supplement to BICS available at the Humanities Digital Library. 1953–1954 The first meeting was on 27 January 1954, and there were four subsequent meetings that academic year. Minutes were kept from the second meeting onwards. 1954–55 Papers were given by J. Chadwick, P. B. S. Andrews, R. D. Barnett, O. Gurney, F. Stubbings, L. R. Palmer, T. B. L. Webster and M. Ventris. 1955–56 M. Ventris ‘Pylos Ta series’ S. Piggott ‘Mycenaeans and the West’ R. A. Higgins ‘Archaeological basis for the Ta tablets’ (BICS 3: 39–44) G. L. Huxley ‘Mycenaean history and the Homeric Catalogue of Ships’ (BICS 3: 19–30) M.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution Through the Millennia
    water Review Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia Andreas N. Angelakιs 1 , Daniele Zaccaria 2,*, Jens Krasilnikoff 3, Miquel Salgot 4, Mohamed Bazza 5, Paolo Roccaro 6, Blanca Jimenez 7, Arun Kumar 8 , Wang Yinghua 9, Alper Baba 10, Jessica Anne Harrison 11, Andrea Garduno-Jimenez 12 and Elias Fereres 13 1 HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion and Union of Hellenic Water Supply and Sewerage Operators, 41222 Larissa, Greece; [email protected] 2 Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, California, CA 95064, USA 3 School of Culture and Society, Department of History and Classical Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; [email protected] 4 Soil Science Unit, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 5 Formerly at Land and Water Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 6 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania, 2 I-95131 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 7 The Comisión Nacional del Agua in Mexico City, Del. Coyoacán, México 04340, Mexico; [email protected] 8 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India; [email protected] 9 Department of Water Conservancy History, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; [email protected] 10 Izmir Institute of Technology, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil
    [Show full text]
  • Looking Back at Fifty Years of Nautical Archaeology a Review Article of Archaeologist Beneath the Sea
    LOOKING BACK AT FIFTY YEARS OF NauTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY A Review Article of Archaeologist Beneath the Sea BY JAMES D. MUhlY In recent decades nautical archaeology and George MY First FiftY Years ❱❱ Bass have tended to be almost synonymous. To ArchaeoLogist Beneath consider one was to engage with the other. The reasons the SEA: Ancient Ships in for this are obvious, for Bass practically created the field Bodrum of nautical archaeology himself, at least in its modern By George F. Bass manifestation. Over the past 50 years Bass has been (Istanbul, Turkey: Boyut Publishing, a tireless proponent and proselytizer for what is still 2012). 402 pages, numerous something of a new field of archaeological research. color and black and white photographs and drawings, The remarkable thing is that this is true for all periods: hardcover, $37.50; Amazon Kindle edition also available Bronze Age, Iron Age, Greek and Roman, Byzantine, at $4.99, titled Archaeology Beneath the Sea, ISBN and Islamic. For every period there is an INA project 9789752310315. directed by George Bass. The four-handled copper ingots pictured here were a major discovery for Bass’ team at Cape Gelidonya (1960). EXPEDITION Fall 2014 17 LEFT TO RIGHT, One of Bass’ archaeologists, Elizabeth Greene, displays a table amphora that was hidden beneath the sand at Tektaş Burnu. The amphora was part of the cargo of a coastal merchant ship that sank in the 5th century BCE, the Golden Age of Classical Greece. A member of Bass’ crew, Robin Piercy, removes the sediment from an amphora, hoping to discover seeds as clues to what may have been stored in the jar.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    Byzantina Symmeikta Vol. 29, 2019 Byzantine families in Venetian context: The Gavalas and Ialinas family in Venetian Crete (XIIIth- XIVth centuries) ΓΑΣΠΑΡΗΣ Χαράλαμπος Institute of Historical Research, Athens https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.16249 Copyright © 2019 Χαράλαμπος Γάσπαρης To cite this article: ΓΑΣΠΑΡΗΣ, (2019). Byzantine families in Venetian context: The Gavalas and Ialinas family in Venetian Crete (XIIIth- XIVth centuries). Byzantina Symmeikta, 29, 1-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.16249 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ SECTION OF BYZANTINE RESEARCH ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION ΕΘΝΙΚΟ IΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ CHARALAMBOS GASPARIS EFI RAGIA Byzantine Families in Venetian Context: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE TheBYZAN GavalasTINE E andMPI REIalinas (CA 600-1200):Families I.1.in T HVenetianE APOTHE CreteKAI OF (XIIIth–XIVthASIA MINOR (7T HCenturies)-8TH C.) ΤΟΜΟΣ 29 VOLUME ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ / APPENDIX ΑΘΗΝΑ • 20092019 • ATHENS http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ ΣΥΜΜΕΙΚΤΑ 29 ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ SYMMEIKTA 29 APPENDIX http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION INSTITUTE OF
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Revision of the Cretan Fauna of the Genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with Notes on the Endemism of Ant Fauna of Crete
    ANNALES ZOOLOGICI (Warszawa), 2018, 68(4): 769-808 TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE CRETAN FAUNA OF THE GENUS TEMNOTHORAX MAYR, 1861 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), WITH NOTES ON THE ENDEMISM OF ANT FAUNA OF CRETE SEBASTIAN SALATA1*, LECH BOROWIEC2, APOSTOLOS TRICHAS3 1Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60-809 Poznań, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 65, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 3Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Greece; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract.— We revise the Cretan species of the ant genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861. Sixteen species are recognized, including seven new species which are possiblyendemic to Crete: T. crassistriatus sp. nov., T. daidalosi sp. nov., T. ikarosi sp. nov., T. incompletus sp. nov., T. minotaurosi sp. nov., T. proteii sp. nov., and T. variabilis sp. nov. A new synonymy is proposed, Temnothorax exilis (Emery, 1869) =Temnothorax specularis (Emery, 1916) syn. nov. An identification key to Cretan Temnothorax, based on worker caste is given. We provide a checklist of ant species described from Crete and discuss their status, distribution and endemism. Ë Key words.— Key, checklist, Myrmicinae, new species, Mediterranean Subregion, new synonymy INTRODUCTION 2000 mm in the high White Mountains range (Lefka Ori) (Grove et al. 1993). Temperature on mountains Crete is the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean seems to fall at a rate of about 6°C per 1000 m (Rack- ham & Moody 1996). Above 1600 m most of the precipi- Sea and the biggest island of Greece.
    [Show full text]